@article{strayer-scherer_sharpe_louws_meadows_2024, title={Evaluation of systemic acquired resistance inducers for the management of copper and streptomycin resistant strains of<i> Xanthomonas</i><i> perforans</i> on tomato}, volume={175}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2023.106430}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2023.106430}, abstractNote={Bacterial spot (Xanthomonas spp.) is one of the most detrimental diseases of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) worldwide. Bacterial spot Xanthomonads are either endemic or spread by contaminated seed or transplant material into tomato production areas. Due to limited disease management options, transplant producers rely on copper- and streptomycin-based bactericides that are often ineffective due to the predominance of resistant Xanthomonas strains. In this study, transplant production facilities located across eight counties in western North Carolina were surveyed for bacterial spot symptoms from 2018 to 2019. In total, 29 strains (n = 6 in 2018 and n = 23 in 2019) were isolated and identified as Xanthomonas perforans. All strains were resistant to copper, while only 24% of the strains were resistant to streptomycin. Therefore, the ability of three systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducers, methyl salicylate, Bacillus mycoides isolate J, and acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), alone or in combination with copper or streptomycin were evaluated as potential alternatives to copper-mancozeb (grower standard) to manage bacterial spot under greenhouse and field conditions. Under greenhouse conditions, applications of ASM at 0.4 g/L alone, or in combination with copper or streptomycin, significantly reduced bacterial spot disease severity when compared to the grower standard and nontreated controls (P < 0.05). However, none of the SAR inducers significantly reduced disease severity or improved yield when compared to copper-mancozeb-ASM under field conditions (P < 0.05). This study highlights the potential of using ASM for the management of bacterial spot of tomato transplant production to reduce bacterial spot introduction into the field.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Strayer-Scherer, Amanda L. and Sharpe, Suzette R. and Louws, Frank J. and Meadows, Inga M.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{gorny_reeves_scruggs_meadows_2024, title={Prevalence, Spatial Distribution, and Population Density of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Vegetable Fields of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee Counties}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1535-1025"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-05-23-0044-S}, DOI={10.1094/PHP-05-23-0044-S}, abstractNote={Plant-parasitic nematodes are a diverse group of soilborne plant pathogens that limit the yield of numerous vegetable crops globally. Few studies have investigated nematode populations affecting vegetable crops in Tennessee and North and South Carolinas. Between December 2020 and October 2022, vegetable fields in selected counties of these states were sampled for plant-parasitic nematodes. Data on the prevalence, spatial distribution, and population density of seven genera of plant-parasitic nematodes, identified via morphology, were collected. Root-knot nematodes were identified in 60% of the total fields sampled, with population densities ranging from 10 to 10,400 nematodes per 500 cc soil. Detection rates of other genera as percentage of total fields sampled were as follows: spiral (42%), stubby root (32%), stunt (21%), ring (13%), and lesion (8%) nematodes. Out of eight crops sampled, fields either currently or formerly planted to tomato or pepper were the most frequently sampled in the survey (77% of total fields). This is the first survey to collect data on populations of plant-parasitic nematodes in this region, and results highlight the need for continued surveillance and study of their impact in vegetable production.}, journal={PLANT HEALTH PROGRESS}, author={Gorny, Adrienne and Reeves, Ella and Scruggs, Andrew and Meadows, Inga}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{fill_meadows_walker_crandall_kerrigan_2024, title={Smut fungus (<i>Langdonia walkerae</i>) incidence is lower in two bunchgrass species (<i>Aristida stricta</i> and <i>A. beyrichiana</i>) after fires early in the year}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1537-2197"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.16286}, DOI={10.1002/ajb2.16286}, abstractNote={PREMISE
In frequently burned southeastern USA pine-grassland communities, wiregrass (Aristida stricta and A. beyrichiana) are dominant bunchgrasses whose flowers are infected during flowering by a smut fungus (Langdonia walkerae). We hypothesized that because prescribed fire timing affects wiregrass flowering patterns, it could affect smut incidence (occurrence of smut on plants) and severity of infection in inflorescences and spikelets. Because soil order could influence plant susceptibility, we hypothesized that these patterns would differ between soil orders. We hypothesized differences between species as representative of geographic variation in this ecosystem.


METHODS
We surveyed the incidence and severity of L. walkerae in wiregrass populations (85 populations at 14 sites) that had been prescription burned at different times during the previous year. We used binomial regressions to test whether incidence and severity differed by burn day, soil order, or species, with site as a random effect.


RESULTS
Fires that occurred in the winter were associated with significantly lower incidence than fires later in the year (as the months progressed into summer). Plants growing on Spodosol soils were significantly less likely to be infected than those on other soils. More variation in incidence, however, was explained by site, suggesting that site-specific characteristics were important. Smut severity in inflorescences and spikelets was greater overall in populations of A. stricta than in southern populations (A. beyrichiana).


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings indicate that fire timing and soil order affect L. walkerae incidence in wiregrass plants, but neither appears to be associated with greater severity. Patterns of smut infection are related to site history and geographic variation.}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}, author={Fill, Jennifer M. and Meadows, Inga and Walker, Joan L. and Crandall, Raelene M. and Kerrigan, Julia L.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{meadows_mcgrath_rotondo_miller_2023, title={Biopesticides provide inadequate control of three foliar bacterial diseases of tomato transplants}, volume={172}, ISSN={["1873-6904"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2023.106329}, DOI={10.1016/j.cropro.2023.106329}, abstractNote={There are three important diseases caused by bacterial pathogens affecting tomato foliage on seedlings in the greenhouse and on mature plants in the field: bacterial canker, bacterial spot, and bacterial speck. Their causal agents are seedborne and the greenhouse environment is conducive for their multiplication and spread; therefore, control measures should be targeted to transplant production to reduce the risk of epidemics in the field. A tank-mix of copper and mancozeb or streptomycin are standard treatments to prevent or manage these diseases in the greenhouse, but the presence of copper and/or streptomycin resistant strains makes it difficult to achieve consistent control. Increasing demand for biopesticides to avoid control failure due to pesticide resistance and reduce the use of conventional pesticides has led to many products being developed. We evaluated three registered biopesticides (Regalia, Stargus, and TerraGrow) and five products in development: three botanicals (AOMMA-Agro, CranShield Plus, and CranProtect), a biological bacterial biofilm inhibitor (SP8010), and Zinkicide. Products were applied singly or in combination to assess their efficacy against three bacterial diseases of tomato seedlings caused by four pathogens, compared to a tank mixture of copper plus mancozeb alternated with streptomycin (grower standard) and a non-treated control. The grower standard provided the best control in three of the four experiments, while the biopesticides were inconsistent or ineffective in controlling each of the four pathogens in this study.}, journal={CROP PROTECTION}, author={Meadows, Inga M. and McGrath, Margaret T. and Rotondo, Francesca and Miller, Sally A.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{reeves_washburn_meadows_2023, title={Economic Analysis of Pruning Grafted Fresh-market Tomato Plants under Field Conditions in North Carolina}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17156-23}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci17156-23}, abstractNote={Grafted tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants have the potential to increase yield in the absence of soilborne disease; however, success is dependent on geographic location and rootstock–scion combination. Pruning axillary shoots on field-grown tomato plants is a standard practice for fresh-market production in the southeastern United States, although few studies have evaluated the effects of pruning grafted tomato plants. In this study, we evaluated six field grown tomato rootstock–scion combinations and their nongrafted counterparts, pruned or not pruned, over the course of 2 years at one location in North Carolina. Total yield, fruit size, variable cost of inputs, and net return data were analyzed. In both years of the study, cultivars Mountain Gem and Jolene had high yield of jumbo and extra-large fruit when grafted onto ‘Maxifort’ or ‘Beaufort’ rootstock. Yield was higher (P < 0.0001) for plants that were grafted and not pruned compared with nongrafted pruned plants (grower standard). Net return from the treatment where plants were grafted onto ‘Maxifort’ rootstock and not pruned was greater than that from the grower standard practice, although this was not the case in both years of the study. The variable cost of growing grafted plants that were not pruned was always greater than that of the grower standard practice due to the greater cost of transplants and labor associated with harvest. The results from this study emphasize the importance of evaluating a small number of prospective rootstock–scion combinations on-farm and considering the balance between higher input costs of the grafted plants and potential increased yields before planting an entire field.}, journal={HortScience}, author={Reeves, Ella R. and Washburn, Derek and Meadows, Inga M.}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{lahre_shekasteband_meadows_whitfield_rotenberg_2023, title={First Report of Resistance-Breaking Variants of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) Infecting Tomatoes with the Sw-5 Resistance Gene in North Carolina}, volume={1}, ISSN={["1943-7692"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-22-2637-PDN}, DOI={10.1094/PDIS-11-22-2637-PDN}, abstractNote={Widespread use of tomato cultivars with the Sw-5 resistance gene has led to the emergence of resistance-breaking (RB) strains of tomato spotted wilt virus across the globe. In June of 2022, tomato spotted wilt (TSW) symptoms were observed at two farms (A and B, within 15 miles of each other) in Rowan County, NC on several commercial TSW resistant tomato cultivars (all heterozygous for the Sw-5 gene). At farm A, ~10% of plants had symptomatic foliage with ~30% of fruit with symptoms, while at farm B, up to 50% of plants had symptomatic foliage with ~80% of fruit with symptoms. Visual symptoms included stunting, severe leaf curling and bronzing, necrotic lesions on leaves, petioles and stems, and concentric ring spots on fruit (Supplementary Fig. 1). TSWV ImmunoStrips (AgDia, Elkhart, IN) and reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR with NSm primers (di Rienzo et al 2018) confirmed the presence of TSWV in 12 symptomatic plants sampled across the two farms. Primers designed to detect Impatiens necrotic spot virus, groundnut ringspot virus, tomato chlorotic spot virus, tomato chlorosis virus, alfalfa mosaic virus, and tomato necrotic streak virus (ilarvirus, Badillo et al., 2016) failed to generate amplicons of the expected size from cDNA generated from these field samples. The amplicons from full-length NSm cDNA were sequenced from independent, single-leaflet isolates from the TSWV-positive plants (three from farm A, nine from farm B) with the expectation of finding an amino acid (aa) substitution associated with the Sw-5 RB phenotype identified previously in CA (C118Y, Batuman et al. 2017) or Spain (C118Y and T120N, Lopez et al. 2011). All three nucleotide sequences from farm A contained the NSm C118Y substitution reported in CA. All three sequences were 99% identical (including the C118Y mutation) to NCBI GenBank accession KU179600.1, a TSWV isolate collected from GA in 2014 with no cultivar information reported. The nine nucleotide sequences from farm B contained neither of the two previously reported aa substitutions associated with the RB phenotype. Instead, all contained a D122G substitution within a conserved region of the TSWV NSm protein reported to be involved in direct interaction with the Sw-5 protein (Zhu et al 2017). Likewise, Huang et al (2021) generated a D122A mutation in TSWV-NSm, resulting in failure to elicit a Sw-5 mediated hypersensitive response. Three NSm sequences retrieved from GenBank contained the D122G substitution (AY848921.1, HM015516.1, KU179582.1), however, this mutation was not implicated directly with RB phenotypes (Ciuffo et al., 2005; Lopez et al., 2011; Marshall, 2016). The RB phenotype was confirmed with the NC variants on 'Mountain Merit' (Sw-5) by two means of virus inoculation: mechanical, rub-inoculation with extracted sap from infected plants, and thrips transmission assays with lab colony-maintained, Frankliniella occidentalis, the western flower thrips. Symptomatic leaf tissue obtained from these inoculation assays tested positive for TSWV by DAS-ELISA (AgDia, Elkhart, IN) and RT-PCR with NSm primers, providing definitive evidence of the occurrence of RB-TSWV at both farms, and subsequent sequencing confirmed the C118Y and D122G substitutions. This report warrants further investigation of the putative origins, prevalence and epidemiological implications of RB-TSWV variants in NC tomato production, and the development of new sources of resistance to TSWV.}, journal={PLANT DISEASE}, author={Lahre, K. and Shekasteband, R. and Meadows, I. and Whitfield, A. E. and Rotenberg, D.}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{reeves_strayer-scherer_panthee_gardner_meadows_2023, title={Variable Yield Responses among Grafted and Nongrafted Late blight-resistant Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Hybrids in North Carolina}, volume={58}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI17145-23}, abstractNote={Host resistance is an environmentally and economically sustainable disease management strategy that may be especially beneficial to small-scale and organic growers for whom other management tools such as synthetic pesticides are too costly or not permitted. In western North Carolina, the demand for vine-ripened tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) from local and organic farms has led to the development of cultivars bred for resistance to geographically relevant diseases, including late blight of tomato, which causes rapid defoliation and lesions on fruit. Grafting tomato plants has the potential to increase plant vigor and yield; however, this effect is known to be dependent on multiple factors, including scion and geographic location. In this study, we evaluated the yield response of one determinate (‘Mountain Gem’) and four indeterminate (‘Mountain Heritage’, ‘Mountain Girl’, ‘Mountain Rouge’, and ‘NC10291’) late blight–resistant tomato cultivars, grafted on tomato rootstock ‘Maxifort’ or nongrafted, on a commercial farm and at two research facilities in western North Carolina. Yield of marketable fruit from grafted plants was greater than that from nongrafted plants at one location (P = 0.008); however, yield response of each cultivar, grafted or not grafted, differed by location. Yield was consistently greater from ‘Mountain Gem’ plants than other cultivars, and grafted ‘Mountain Gem’ plants had greater yields later in the season at two locations than nongrafted plants. Because of the late planting date intended to expose cultivars to the late blight pathogen, the full yield potential of the indeterminate cultivars was not realized at all locations. Disease severity caused by Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae Kleb., Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold) was lowest for cultivar Mountain Heritage at two of three locations. Results from this study emphasize the importance of conducting evaluations of grafted tomato plants at multiple locations, including on farm, to optimize the benefits associated with their use.}, number={8}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Reeves, Ella R. and Strayer-Scherer, Amanda and Panthee, Dilip R. and Gardner, Randolph and Meadows, Inga M.}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={943–948} }
 @article{daniel-gomez_reeves_meadows_2022, title={Practical and Comprehensive Diagnostic Guide for Black Rot of Brassicas}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1535-1025"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-08-21-0109-DG}, DOI={10.1094/PHP-08-21-0109-DG}, abstractNote={Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pammel 1895; Dowson 1939) is the bacterial pathogen responsible for black rot of brassicas that affects all cultivated brassicas worldwide. Black rot is considered the most devastating disease of brassica, affecting crops such as cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) and rapeseed (Brassica napus subsp. napus). Working with X. campestris pv. campestris can pose challenges due to the complex taxonomical race division and similarities to other species of Xanthomonas. As such, this diagnostic guide aims to provide information about the importance, taxonomy, geographic and host ranges, and best methods for pathogen isolation, identification, storage and pathogenicity testing for the successful diagnosis of this pathogen.}, journal={PLANT HEALTH PROGRESS}, author={Daniel-Gomez, Mario and Reeves, Ella and Meadows, Inga M.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{ingram_sharpe_trandel_perkins-veazie_louws_meadows_2022, title={Vigorous rootstocks improve yields and increase fruit sizes in grafted fresh market tomatoes}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fhort.2022.1091342}, DOI={10.3389/fhort.2022.1091342}, abstractNote={Grafting high yielding tomato cultivars (Solanum lycopersicum L.) onto vigorous rootstocks can increase marketable yields, but questions remain regarding optimal cultural and growing conditions such as pinching and plant spacing. This study addressed some of the dynamics between grafted plants and cultural practices. Two scions, ‘Tasti-Lee’ (TL) and ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’ (MFP) were grafted onto each of three rootstocks, ‘Beaufort’, ‘Arnold’, and ‘Shield’. Plants were pinched (removal of main shoot to induce both axillary shoots to grow) or non-pinched, and spaced at 56 or 61 cm. All 32 grafted treatments were compared to the grower standard: non-grafted TL and MFP spaced at 46 cm, which were non-pinched. Fruit quality traits including soluble solids content, pH, lycopene concentration, and titratable acidity were recorded for fruit harvested from tomatoes grafted onto ‘Arnold’, ‘Beaufort’, ‘Shield’ and non-grafted TL. The overall effect of grafting TL and MFP onto vigorous rootstocks ‘Arnold’, ‘Beaufort’, and ‘Fortamino’ increased marketable yields per hectare by 24-35% compared to non-grafted grower standards. The rootstock ‘Shield’ did not significantly increase yields with either scion. TL had a more positive response to grafting than MFP. ‘Arnold’, ‘Beaufort’, and ‘Fortamino’ significantly increased TL fruit size, but the fruit size results were not as significantly impacted by graft treatments for MFP. Plants spaced at 56 compared to 61 cm generated similar yields. Pinched plants significantly increased yields over non-pinched plants by 15% in 2018 but did not impact yield in 2017. No consistent difference was observed between pinched and non-pinched plants with regard to fruit size, only plants grafted with ‘Shield’ benefited significantly from being pinched. Soluble solids content, pH, total lycopene concentration, and titratable acidity differed slightly between grafted and non-grafted plants but was unlikely to positively or negatively affect overall perception of fruit quality in tomatoes. A partial budget analysis revealed that grafting with ‘Arnold’ or ‘Beaufort’ consistently increased profits in this low-disease field.}, journal={Frontiers in Horticulture}, author={Ingram, Thomas W. and Sharpe, Suzette and Trandel, Marlee and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope and Louws, Frank J. and Meadows, Inga}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{ingram_sharpe_louws_meadows_2021, title={Pruning reduces yields in grafted tomatoes planted in the field}, volume={1302}, ISSN={["2406-6168"]}, url={https://publons.com/wos-op/publon/56007336/}, DOI={10.17660/ActaHortic.2021.1302.9}, journal={II INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VEGETABLE GRAFTING}, author={Ingram, T. and Sharpe, S. and Louws, F. J. and Meadows, I}, year={2021}, pages={65–71} }
 @article{standish_sharpe_butler_quesada-ocampo_meadows_2020, title={First Report of Downy Mildew, Caused by Peronospora effusa, on Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in North Carolina}, volume={21}, url={https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-04-20-0025-BR}, DOI={10.1094/PHP-04-20-0025-BR}, abstractNote={In this brief, we report the first observation of downy mildew caused by Peronospora effusa on spinach grown in North Carolina. To this end, we characterized the morphology of sporangiophores and sporangia, and compared the internal transcribed spacer region and cytochrome oxidase I sequences to confirm pathogen identity.}, number={3}, journal={Plant Health Progress}, publisher={Scientific Societies}, author={Standish, Jeffrey R. and Sharpe, Suzette and Butler, Shawn and Quesada-Ocampo, Lina M. and Meadows, Inga}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={194–196} }
 @article{meadows_gaskill_stefanile_sharpe_davis_2020, title={Persistence of Tuber melanosporum in truffle orchards in North Carolina, USA (vol 30, pg 705, 2020)}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1432-1890"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-020-00988-2}, DOI={10.1007/s00572-020-00988-2}, abstractNote={The original version of this article contained an error. The sentence on page 6 lines 5-7.}, number={6}, journal={MYCORRHIZA}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Meadows, Inga and Gaskill, Kelly and Stefanile, Leonora and Sharpe, Suzette and Davis, Jeanine}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={713–713} }
 @article{meadows_gaskill_stefanile_sharpe_davis_2020, title={Persistence ofTuber melanosporumin truffle orchards in North Carolina, USA}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1432-1890"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-020-00982-8}, DOI={10.1007/s00572-020-00982-8}, abstractNote={A survey was conducted to determine the persistence of mycorrhization by Tuber melanosporum in truffle orchards established with European and American species of oak and common hazel trees in North Carolina. The trees had reportedly been inoculated and colonized by T. melanosporum prior to planting. Root samples were collected from 95 trees among seven orchards in 2015 and roots were analyzed by morphology and quantitative PCR. Samples that tested negative for T. melanosporum or where ectomycorrhizal morphology was not observed were analyzed by sequencing to identify the mycorrhizal fungal symbiont present. The presence of T. melanosporum was detected in all seven orchards. In six orchards, T. melanosporum was detected on all trees, but in only two of fifteen trees in one orchard. Other species of Tuber including T. brennemanii, T. canaliculatum, and T. lyonii, species of Scleroderma, and members of the Pezizales were also detected by sequence analysis. Sporocarps of T. aestivum and T. brumale were found in 2017 and 2018 in separate orchards in North Carolina after the survey was conducted. Overall, results indicate that T. melanosporum has persisted in truffle orchards sampled in North Carolina. Indigenous and contaminating fungal species, including Tuber species, were also detected and present a challenge to the truffle industry in North Carolina.}, number={6}, journal={MYCORRHIZA}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Meadows, Inga and Gaskill, Kelly and Stefanile, Leonora and Sharpe, Suzette and Davis, Jeanine}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={705–711} }
 @article{adhikari_adhikari_timilsina_meadows_jones_panthee_louws_2019, title={Phenotypic and Genetic Diversity of Xanthomonas perforans Populations from Tomato in North Carolina}, volume={109}, ISSN={["1943-7684"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-01-19-0019-r}, DOI={10.1094/PHYTO-01-19-0019-R}, abstractNote={Bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas spp. is one of the most devastating diseases of tomato-producing regions in North Carolina (NC). Among 293 strains collected from tomato in NC in 2015 and 2016, 290 strains were analyzed in vitro copper and streptomycin sensitivity assays and data revealed that over 95% of the strains were copper tolerant in both years while 46% and 25% were streptomycin tolerant in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Using BOX repetitive element polymerase chain reaction (BOX-PCR) assay, fingerprint patterns showed four haplotypes: H1, H2, H3, and H4 among the strains analyzed. The multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) on a subset of representative strains (n = 45) targeting the highly conserved hrcN gene identified Xanthomonas strains from tomato in NC belonged to X. perforans. Race profiling of the representative strains (n = 45) on tomato and pepper differentials confirmed that approximately 9% and 91% of strains are tomato races T3 and T4, respectively. Additionally, PCR assays and sequence alignments confirmed that the copL, copA, and copB (copLAB copper tolerance gene cluster) and the avrXv4 genes are present in the strains analyzed. Phylogenetic and comparative sequence analysis of six genomic regions: elongation factor G (fusA), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase A (gapA), citrate synthase (gltA), gyrase subunit B (gyrB), ABC transporter sugar permease (lacF), and GTP binding protein (lepA) suggested that 13% and 74% of X. perforans strains from NC were genetically similar to races T3 and T4 from Florida, respectively. Our results provide insights into bacterial spot management strategies in tomato should focus on deploying resistance genes to combat emerging pathogenic races of X. perforans and overcome the challenges currently posed by intense use of copper-based bactericides.}, number={9}, journal={PHYTOPATHOLOGY}, author={Adhikari, Pragya and Adhikari, Tika B. and Timilsina, Sujan and Meadows, Inga and Jones, Jeffrey B. and Panthee, Dilip R. and Louws, Frank J.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={1533–1543} }