@article{mullens_watson_gerry_sandelin_soto_rawls_denning_guisewite_cammack_2017, title={Field trials of fatty acids and geraniol applied to cattle for suppression of horn flies, Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae), with observations on fly defensive behaviors}, volume={245}, ISSN={["1873-2550"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.08.005}, abstractNote={Adult horn fly populations were tracked on cattle for 2-week periods before, during and after multiple treatments (every 3-4days) with two repellents in a mineral oil carrier. Cattle were sprayed four times in a two-week period either with 2% geraniol (125ml/cow) or a 15% mixture of short chain fatty acids (C8-C9-C10)(250ml/cow), and there were untreated control cattle. Trials were conducted in California and North Carolina for 3 summers. Short-term fly counts (same day) on treated cattle were reduced by 61-99%, depending on material and trial, and the fatty acid mixture provided better control than geraniol. Horn fly counts were suppressed for 1-3 d and rebounded somewhat after both treatments. Consecutive treatments showed evidence of persistent impact in California where herds were more isolated. Rebounds to pre-treatment levels 3-4 d after treatment occurred more often in North Carolina, where other infested cattle were closer to treated herds. By 3-4 d post-treatment, horn flies were reduced by 29-61% in California and 0-83% in North Carolina, relative to pre-treatment. Background behavior frequencies were assessed from hundreds of counts on untreated, infested California cattle, where horn flies were the only abundant biting fly. Behavior averages were 16.5 tail flicks, 7.6 skin twitches, 1.2 head throws, or 0.2 leg stamps per 2min observation period. At horn fly densities from about 200 to more than 1000 flies per animal (moderate to high numbers), fly defensive behaviors on control cattle were poorly related (or unrelated) to fly numbers. Immediately after repellent application, however, flies were almost absent and behavior frequencies dropped distinctly. Cattle fly defensive behaviors therefore seem to be quite sensitive to low (less than 100 flies/animal) horn fly densities, and behaviors would be a poor quantitative tool to track fly stress at moderate densities and above. Both geraniol and the fatty acids show promise for horn fly control, especially in organic agriculture. Treatments at 1-2 d intervals probably would keep infestations below the economic threshold (200 flies/cow).}, journal={VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY}, author={Mullens, Bradley A. and Watson, D. Wes and Gerry, Alec C. and Sandelin, Broc A. and Soto, Diane and Rawls, Diana and Denning, Steve and Guisewite, Lena and Cammack, Jonathan}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={14–28} }
 @article{cammack_reiskind_guisewite_denning_watson_2017, title={Quantifying pteridines in the heads of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae): Application for forensic entomology}, volume={280}, ISSN={["1872-6283"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.09.006}, abstractNote={In forensic cases involving entomological evidence, establishing the postcolonization interval (post-CI) is a critical component of the investigation. Traditional methods of estimating the post-CI rely on estimating the age of immature blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) collected from remains. However, in cases of delayed discovery (e.g., when remains are located indoors), these insects may have completed their development and be present in the environment as adults. Adult fly collections are often ignored in cases of advanced decomposition because of a presumed little relevance to the investigation; herein we present information on how these insects can be of value. In this study we applied an age-grading technique to estimate the age of adults of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius), and Phormia regina (Meigen), based on the temperature-dependent accumulation of pteridines in the compound eyes, when reared at temperatures ranging from 5 to 35 °C. Age could be estimated for all species*sex*rearing temperature combinations (mean r2 ± SE: 0.90 ± 0.01) for all but P. regina reared at 5.4 °C. These models can be used to increase the precision of post-CI estimates for remains found indoors, and the high r2 values of 22 of the 24 regression equations indicates that this is a valid method for estimating the age of adult blow flies at temperatures ≥15 °C.}, journal={FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL}, author={Cammack, J. A. and Reiskind, M. H. and Guisewite, L. M. and Denning, S. S. and Watson, D. W.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={44–48} }
 @article{balme_denning_cammack_watson_2012, title={Blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) survive burial: Evidence of ascending vertical dispersal}, volume={216}, ISSN={["1872-6283"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.07.017}, abstractNote={This study was undertaken to determine if immature blow flies could complete development following burial and emerge from the soil as adults. Two species of blow flies, Cochliomyia macellaria and Protophormia terraenovae, were placed at three depths and at three different life stages, in a simulated burial to evaluate the impact of soil on ascending vertical dispersal and fly survival. In soil columns, immature stages of each species were covered with 5, 25 and 50cm of soil. Emerging adult flies of both species reached the surface from all depths at all three immature stages (2nd instar, 3rd instar and pupae). At the 50-cm depth, flies were least successful in reaching the surface when buried as pupae and most successful as late 3rd instar larvae (prepupae). Collectively, more adult flies emerged from the soil if buried as 3rd instars (79.6%) than either 2nd instars or pupae (59.6% and 59.3%, respectively (F(2,159)=14.76, P<0.0001)). Similarly, at shallow burial depths of 5 and 25cm, 75.6% and 70.4% of the adults successfully reached the surface, compared with 52.6% at the 50-cm depth (F(2,159)=15.95, P<0.0001). Second instars demonstrated ascending vertical dispersal behaviours in the soil column by pupating closer to the surface. Nearly half (46.6%) of the C. macellaria 2nd instars buried in 25cm of soil pupated nearer to the surface. Similarly, 45.4% of the P. terraenovae 2nd instars pupated nearer to the surface. When buried at 50cm, approximately 25% of 2nd instars of both species pupated nearer to the surface. When 3rd instars of C. macellaria and P. terraenovae were buried at 120cm, 40% and 4.3% of the adults, respectively, successfully reached the soil surface.}, number={1-3}, journal={FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL}, author={Balme, G. R. and Denning, S. S. and Cammack, J. A. and Watson, D. W.}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={E1–E4} }
 @article{cammack_nelder_2010, title={Cool-weather activity of the forensically important hairy maggot blow fly Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) on carrion in Upstate South Carolina, United States}, volume={195}, number={1-3}, journal={Forensic Science International}, author={Cammack, J. A. and Nelder, M. P.}, year={2010}, pages={139–142} }
 @article{cammack_adler_tomberlin_arai_bridges_2010, title={Influence of parasitism and soil compaction on pupation of the green bottle fly, Lucilia sericata}, volume={136}, number={2}, journal={Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, author={Cammack, J. A. and Adler, P. H. and Tomberlin, J. K. and Arai, Y. and Bridges, W. C.}, year={2010}, pages={134–141} }