@article{weaver_see_hansen_kim_de souza_middleton_kim_2013, title={The Use of Feed Additives to Reduce the Effects of Aflatoxin and Deoxynivalenol on Pig Growth, Organ Health and Immune Status during Chronic Exposure}, volume={5}, ISSN={2072-6651}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins5071261}, DOI={10.3390/toxins5071261}, abstractNote={Three feed additives were tested to improve the growth and health of pigs chronically challenged with aflatoxin (AF) and deoxynivalenol (DON). Gilts (n = 225, 8.8 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted to five treatments: CON (uncontaminated control); MT (contaminated with 150 µg/kg AF and 1100 µg/kg DON); A (MT + a clay additive); B (MT + a clay and dried yeast additive); and C (MT + a clay and yeast culture additive). Average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake (ADFI) were recorded for 42 days, blood collected for immune analysis and tissue samples to measure damage. Feeding mycotoxins tended to decrease ADG and altered the immune system through a tendency to increase monocytes and immunoglobulins. Mycotoxins caused tissue damage in the form of liver bile ductule hyperplasia and karyomegaly. The additives in diets A and B reduced mycotoxin effects on the immune system and the liver and showed some ability to improve growth. The diet C additive played a role in reducing liver damage. Collectively, we conclude that AF and DON can be harmful to the growth and health of pigs consuming mycotoxins chronically. The selected feed additives improved pig health and may play a role in pig growth.}, number={7}, journal={Toxins}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Weaver, Alexandra and See, M. and Hansen, Jeff and Kim, Yong and De Souza, Anna and Middleton, Teena and Kim, Sung}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={1261–1281} }
 @misc{chaytor_hansen_heugten_see_kim_2011, title={Occurrence and Decontamination of Mycotoxins in Swine Feed}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1976-5517"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79960243133&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5713/ajas.2011.10358}, abstractNote={Contamination of agricultural crops by mycotoxins results in significant economic losses for grain producers and, when consumed, it can cause reduced growth and health in a wide range of animal species. Hundreds of mycotoxin producing molds exist, however each has a different frequency and pattern of occurrence, as well as differences in the severity of the diseases (mycotoxicoses) they cause. Among the mycotoxins considered to be major contaminates are aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin, ochratoxin, and zearalenone. Although a multitude of species can be harmed by consumption of these mycotoxins, swine appear to be the most commonly affected commodity species. The swine industry can thus experience great losses due to the presence of mycotoxin contamination in feeds. Subsequently, recognition and prevention of mycotoxicoses is extremely important and dependent on adequate grain sampling and analysis methods pre-harvest, as well as effective strategies post-harvest to reduce consumption by animals. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the major mycotoxin contaminants in grains, to describe methods of analysis and prevention to reduce mycotoxicoses in swine and other animals, and finally to discuss how mycotoxins directly affect swine production. (}, number={5}, journal={ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES}, author={Chaytor, Alexandra C. and Hansen, Jeff A. and Heugten, Eric and See, M. Todd and Kim, Sung Woo}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={723–738} }