@article{peterson_larson_hipp_beall_lerose_desrochers_lauder_torres_tarr_stukes_et al._2024, title={Birdwatching linked to increased psychological well-being on college campuses: A pilot-scale experimental study}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1522-9610"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102306}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Peterson, M. Nils and Larson, Lincoln R. and Hipp, Aaron and Beall, Justin M. and Lerose, Catherine and Desrochers, Hannah and Lauder, Summer and Torres, Sophia and Tarr, Nathan A. and Stukes, Kayla and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{oh_lee_hipp_2024, title={Food deserts exposure, density of fast-food restaurants, and park access: Exploring the association of food and recreation environments with obesity and diabetes using global and local regression models}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301121}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0301121}, abstractNote={To prevent obesity and diabetes environmental interventions such as eliminating food deserts, restricting proliferation of food swamps, and improving park access are essential. In the United States, however, studies that examine the food and park access relationship with obesity and diabetes using both global and local regression are lacking. To guide county, state, and federal policy in combating obesity and diabetes, there is a need for cross-scale analyses to identify that relationship at national and local levels. This study applied spatial regression and geographically weighted regression to the 3,108 counties in the contiguous United States. Global regression show food deserts exposure and density of fast-food restaurants have non-significant association with obesity and diabetes while park access has a significant inverse association with both diseases. Geographically weighted regression that takes into account spatial heterogeneity shows that, among southern states that show high prevalence of obesity and diabetes, Alabama and Mississippi stand out as having opportunity to improve park access. Results suggest food deserts exposure are positively associated with obesity and diabetes in counties close to Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee while density of fast-food restaurants show positive association with two diseases in counties of western New York and northwestern Pennsylvania. These findings will help policymakers and public health agencies in determining which geographic areas need to be prioritized when implementing public interventions such as promoting healthy food access, limiting unhealthy food options, and increasing park access.}, number={4}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Oh, Jae In and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Hipp, Aaron}, editor={Xiong, ChenfengEditor}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{wende_hughey_mclain_hallum_hipp_schipperijn_stowe_kaczynski_2024, title={Identifying multilevel predictors of behavioral outcomes like park use: A comparison of conditional and marginal modeling approaches}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301549}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0301549}, abstractNote={This study compared marginal and conditional modeling approaches for identifying individual, park and neighborhood park use predictors. Data were derived from the ParkIndex study, which occurred in 128 block groups in Brooklyn (New York), Seattle (Washington), Raleigh (North Carolina), and Greenville (South Carolina). Survey respondents (n = 320) indicated parks within one half-mile of their block group used within the past month. Parks (n = 263) were audited using the Community Park Audit Tool. Measures were collected at the individual (park visitation, physical activity, sociodemographic characteristics), park (distance, quality, size), and block group (park count, population density, age structure, racial composition, walkability) levels. Generalized linear mixed models and generalized estimating equations were used. Ten-fold cross validation compared predictive performance of models. Conditional and marginal models identified common park use predictors: participant race, participant education, distance to parks, park quality, and population >65yrs. Additionally, the conditional mode identified park size as a park use predictor. The conditional model exhibited superior predictive value compared to the marginal model, and they exhibited similar generalizability. Future research should consider conditional and marginal approaches for analyzing health behavior data and employ cross-validation techniques to identify instances where marginal models display superior or comparable performance.}, number={4}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Wende, Marilyn E. and Hughey, S. Morgan and McLain, Alexander C. and Hallum, Shirelle and Hipp, J. Aaron and Schipperijn, Jasper and Stowe, Ellen W. and Kaczynski, Andrew T.}, editor={Easwaramoorthy, Sathishkumar VeerappampalayamEditor}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
 @article{thompson-spain_bunds_larson_cutts_hipp_2024, title={Patient capital and no net loss: Applying institutional theory to understand publicly-owned mitigation banking in an urban context at a United States port}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1467-9299"]}, DOI={10.1111/padm.13010}, journal={PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION}, author={Thompson-Spain, Austin and Bunds, Kyle S. and Larson, Lincoln and Cutts, Bethany and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2024}, month={Jul} }
 @article{alberico_zweig_carter_hughey_huang_schipperijn_floyd_hipp_2024, title={Use of accelerometry and Global Positioning System (GPS) to describe children’s park-based physical activity among racial/ethnic minority youth}, url={https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4644165/v1}, DOI={10.21203/rs.3.rs-4644165/v1}, author={Alberico, Claudia and Zweig, Maria and Carter, Allison and Hughey, S. Morgan and Huang, Jing-Heui and Schipperijn, Jasper and Floyd, Myron F and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2024}, month={Jul} }
 @article{kaczynski_wende_hughey_stowe_schipperijn_hipp_koohsari_2023, title={Association of composite park quality with park use in four diverse cities}, volume={35}, ISSN={["2211-3355"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102381}, abstractNote={Park use has numerous health benefits. However, little research has investigated how the combination of park facilities, amenities, and conditions are related to park visitation. This study examined the association between a novel composite park quality metric and the use of specific parks, including variations by demographics. Data were collected in 128 census block groups across four diverse cities in the USA. Adults (n=262) used an online, map-based survey to indicate which parks within one half-mile they had used within the past 30 days. All parks (n=263) were audited using the Community Park Audit Tool, and a composite quality metric was calculated by standardizing and averaging six key components: access, facilities, amenities, aesthetic features, quality concerns, and neighborhood concerns. A total of 2429 participant-park pairs were analyzed. The average park quality score was 40.4/100 (s.d.=30.2). For the full sample, a greater park quality score was significantly related to park use (OR=1.02, 95% CI=1.01-1.03) such that for each one unit increase in a park’s quality score, there was a 2% increase in the likelihood of the park being used. There was also a significant interaction by gender, with park quality associated with park use among females (OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.02-1.05) but not males (OR=1.00, 95% CI=0.99-1.02). Enhancing overall park quality may increase the likelihood of a park being used. Future research can explore the utility of this comprehensive quality metric for predicting other health behaviors and outcomes and how interventions to enhance park quality augment park use and health over time.}, journal={PREVENTIVE MEDICINE REPORTS}, author={Kaczynski, Andrew T. and Wende, Marilyn and Hughey, Morgan and Stowe, Ellen and Schipperijn, Jasper and Hipp, Aaron and Koohsari, Mohammad Javad}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{dagostino_zhao_zewdie_ogletree_messiah_armstrong_skinner_hipp_day_konty_et al._2023, title={Associations Between Neighborhood Opportunity and Indicators of Physical Fitness for New York City Public School Youth}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2153-2176"]}, DOI={10.1089/chi.2023.0079}, abstractNote={Background: Fewer than 1/4th of US children and adolescents meet physical activity (PA) guidelines, leading to health disparities that track into adulthood. Neighborhood opportunity may serve as a critical modifiable factor to improve fitness attainment and reduce these disparities. We drew data from the Child Opportunity Index to examine associations between neighborhood indicators of opportunity for PA and multiple fitness indicators among New York City public school youth. Methods: Multilevel generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate the overall and sex-stratified associations between neighborhood indicators (green space, healthy food, walkability, commute time) and indicators for physical fitness [curl-ups, push-ups, Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER), sit-and-reach] using the New York City FITNESSGRAM data set. Results: The analytic sample [n = 299,839; median (interquartile range) age = 16 (12-17)] was 50.1% female, 37.5% Hispanic, 26.2% non-Hispanic Black, and most (69.5%) qualified for free/reduced price school meals. Neighborhood indicators were positively associated with higher values of indicators for physical fitness. The strongest associations were observed between walkability and both BMI and PACER, and commute time with BMI, push-ups, and PACER. For example, walkability had the greatest magnitude of effects for BMI and muscular strength and endurance (BMI: β: -0.75, 95% confidence interval, CI: -1.01 to -0.49; PACER: β: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.59 to 2.37), and particularly for girls compared with boys (BMI, girls: β: -0.91, 95% CI: -1.22 to -0.66); BMI, boys: β: -0.56, 95% CI: -0.86 to -0.25); PACER, girls: β: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.68 to 2.54; push-ups, boys: β: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.31 to 2.12). Conclusion: Neighborhood indicators were associated with multiple measures of youth fitness. Continued research on neighborhood opportunity and youth fitness may better inform place-based public health interventions to reduce disparities.}, journal={CHILDHOOD OBESITY}, author={DAgostino, Emily M. and Zhao, Amy Y. and Zewdie, Hiwot Y. and Ogletree, S. Scott and Messiah, Sarah E. and Armstrong, Sarah C. and Skinner, Asheley C. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Day, Sophia E. and Konty, Kevin J. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{hipp_larson_2023, title={Better Health is Right Outside Your Door}, url={https://doi.org/10.52750/216089}, DOI={10.52750/216089}, abstractNote={Parks and greenspaces are key to supporting a happier and healthier population, yet many people don't realize the unique health benefits that nature can provide.Learn how researchers at NC State are exploring connections between nature and human health, and discover ways that you can be part of this natural solution.}, author={Hipp, J. Aaron and Larson, Lincoln}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{koo_guhathakurta_botchwey_hipp_2023, title={Can good microscale pedestrian streetscapes enhance the benefits of macroscale accessible urban form? An automated audit approach using Google street view images}, volume={237}, ISSN={["1872-6062"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104816}, abstractNote={While pedestrian accessibility measures have been widely used interchangeably with walkability, walkability is not just about accessibility. Microscale streetscape factors can provide qualities that pedestrians seek, including safety from crime, traffic safety, and pleasurability. These qualities can encourage walking through direct contributions or by enhancing the benefits of macroscale accessibility measures, or both. This study examines the main and interaction effects of microscale streetscape factors measured from street view images using computer vision in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. The correlation analysis showed that many microscale factors have moderate to strong correlations with the pedestrian accessibility measure. Binary logistic regressions demonstrated that safety from crime, pleasurability, and composite microscale index have direct contributions to walking mode choice. Regarding moderating effects, traffic safety, safety from crime, and composite microscale index enhanced the benefits of pedestrian accessibility measure. Policies designed to encourage walking can focus on streetscape features for short term efforts. Important caveats for policymakers in using machine-driven data collection are discussed.}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, author={Koo, Bon Woo and Guhathakurta, Subhrajit and Botchwey, Nisha and Hipp, Aaron}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{zewdie_zhao_ogletree_messiah_armstrong_skinner_neshteruk_hipp_day_konty_et al._2023, title={Longitudinal Associations Between Neighborhood Child Opportunity and Physical Fitness for New York City Public School Youth}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1476-6256"]}, DOI={10.1093/aje/kwad101}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY}, author={Zewdie, Hiwot Y. and Zhao, Amy Y. and Ogletree, S. Scott and Messiah, Sarah E. and Armstrong, Sarah C. and Skinner, Asheley C. and Neshteruk, Cody D. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Day, Sophia E. and Konty, Kevin J. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Apr} }
 @article{astell-burt_hipp_gatersleben_adlakha_marselle_olcon_pappas_kondo_booth_bacon_et al._2023, title={Need and Interest in Nature Prescriptions to Protect Cardiovascular and Mental Health: A Nationally-Representative Study With Insights for Future Randomised Trials}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1444-2892"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.hlc.2022.11.008}, abstractNote={"Nature prescriptions" are increasingly being adopted by health sectors as an adjunct to standard care to attend to health and social needs. We investigated levels of need and interest in nature prescriptions in adults with cardiovascular diseases, psychological distress and concomitants (e.g. physical inactivity, sedentary behaviour, obesity, loneliness, burn-out).A nationally-representative survey of 3,319 adults across all states and territories of Australia was completed in February 2021 (response 84.0%). Participants were classified across 15 target groups using validated health indicators and surveyed on (1) time and frequency of visits to green and blue spaces (nature spaces), (2) interest in a nature prescription, and (3) potential confounders (e.g. age, income). Analyses were done using weighted logistic regressions.The sample was 50.5% female, 52.0% were aged ≥45 years, 15.2% were living alone and 19.3% were born overseas in non-English-speaking countries. Two-thirds of the sample spent 2 hours or more a week in nature, but these levels were generally lower in target groups (e.g. 57.7% in adults with type 2 diabetes). Most participants (81.9%) were interested in a nature prescription, even among those spending fewer than 2 hours a week in nature (76.4%). For example, 2 hours a week or more in nature was lowest among sedentary adults (36.9%) yet interest in nature prescriptions in this group was still high (74.0%). Lower levels of nature contact in target groups was not explained by differences in access to or preference for local nature spaces.High levels of interest in nature prescriptions amid low levels of nature contact in many target health groups provides impetus for developing randomised trials of interventions that enable people to spend more time in nature. These findings can inform intervention co-design processes with a wide range of community stakeholders, end-users in target health groups, and the health professionals who support them.}, number={1}, journal={HEART LUNG AND CIRCULATION}, author={Astell-Burt, Thomas and Hipp, J. Aaron and Gatersleben, Birgitta and Adlakha, Deepti and Marselle, Melissa and Olcon, Katarzyna and Pappas, Evangelos and Kondo, Michelle and Booth, Gillian and Bacon, Simon and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={114–123} }
 @article{thompson_bunds_larson_cutts_hipp_2023, title={Paying for nature‐based solutions: A review of funding and financing mechanisms for ecosystem services and their impacts on social equity}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2510}, DOI={10.1002/sd.2510}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Sustainable Development}, author={Thompson, Austin and Bunds, Kyle and Larson, Lincoln and Cutts, Bethany and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{ogletree_huang_reif_yang_dunstan_osakwe_oh_hipp_2023, title={The relationship between greenspace exposure and telomere length in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey}, volume={905}, ISSN={["1879-1026"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167452}, abstractNote={The exposome, reflecting the range of environmental exposures individuals encounter throughout their life, can influence a variety of health outcomes and can play a role in how the environment impacts our genes. Telomeres, genetic structures regulating cell growth and senescence, are one pathway through which the exposome may impact health. Greenspace exposure, representing the amount of green areas in one's neighborhood, is one component of the exposome and has been associated with multiple health benefits. To investigate the potential link between greenspace exposure and telomere length, we analyzed data from the 1999-2001 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) sample. Our study examined individual, risk, and contextual factors. We found that greater greenspace exposure in one's neighborhood was associated with longer telomere lengths when considering individual and risk factors, suggesting a positive effect of living in greener neighborhoods. However, this relationship became non-significant when contextual factors, such as air pollution and deprivation, were included in the analysis. These findings highlight a complex relationship between greenspace and telomere length, warranting further research to explore contextual factors in detail.}, journal={SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT}, author={Ogletree, S. Scott and Huang, Jing-Huei and Reif, David and Yang, Lin and Dunstan, Christopher and Osakwe, Nnamdi and Oh, Jae In and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{benton_evans_mourby_elliot_anderson_hipp_french_2023, title={Using Video Cameras as a Research Tool in Public Spaces: Addressing Ethical and Information Governance Challenges Under Data Protection Legislation}, url={https://doi.org/10.1123/jmpb.2022-0037}, DOI={10.1123/jmpb.2022-0037}, abstractNote={Systematic observation is a promising unobtrusive method of assessing human behavior in urban environments without many issues typically associated with self-report measures (e.g., recall bias, low response rates). Improvements in video camera technologies make it more feasible for researchers to conduct systematic observation, which could reduce the time, labor, and cost to facilitate high-quality observational research in urban environments at scale. However, there are important ethical and information governance challenges driven by data protection laws, which discourage many researchers from using camera-based observation methods. The European Union General Data Protection Regulation is a leading global standard for data protection. Drawing on our experiences of conducting three studies using video cameras in public spaces, we discuss how to conduct this kind of research in line with General Data Protection Regulation requirements. The paper outlines issues concerning data protection, privacy, informed consent, and confidentiality, and how we addressed them. In doing this, the paper provides support for responsible use of camera-based observation methods, which will be of value to researchers, ethics committees, and funders. Outlining how to use video cameras responsibly will enable more research to be conducted that, in turn, will build the case for its benefits to researchers and society.}, journal={Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour}, author={Benton, Jack S. and Evans, James and Mourby, Miranda and Elliot, Mark J. and Anderson, Jamie and Hipp, J. Aaron and French, David P.}, year={2023} }
 @article{penbrooke_edwards_bocarro_henderson_hipp_2022, title={Applying Systems Thinking Approaches to Address Preventive Health Factors through Public Parks and Recreation Agencies}, volume={40}, ISSN={["2160-6862"]}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2021.11007}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARK AND RECREATION ADMINISTRATION}, author={Penbrooke, Teresa and Edwards, Michael and Bocarro, Jason and Henderson, Karla and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2022}, pages={98–114} }
 @article{mullenbach_larson_floyd_marquet_huang_alberico_ogletree_hipp_2022, title={Cultivating social capital in diverse, low-income neighborhoods: The value of parks for parents with young children}, volume={219}, ISSN={["1872-6062"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.lurbplan.2021.104313}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, author={Mullenbach, Lauren E. and Larson, Lincoln R. and Floyd, Myron F. and Marquet, Oriol and Huang, Jing-Huei and Alberico, Claudia and Ogletree, S. Scott and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @article{huang_floyd_tateosian_hipp_2022, title={Exploring public values through Twitter data associated with urban parks pre- and post- COVID-19}, volume={227}, ISSN={["1872-6062"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104517}, abstractNote={Since school and business closures due to the evolving COVID-19 outbreak, urban parks have been a popular destination, offering spaces for daily fitness activities and an escape from the home environment. There is a need for evidence for parks and recreation departments and agencies to base decisions when adapting policies in response to the rapid change in demand and preferences during the pandemic. The application of social media data analytic techniques permits a qualitative and quantitative big-data approach to gain unobtrusive and prompt insights on how parks are valued. This study investigates how public values associated with NYC parks has shifted between pre- COVID (i.e., from March 2019 to February 2020) and post- COVID (i.e., from March 2020 to February 2021) through a social media microblogging platform -Twitter. A topic modeling technique for short text identified common traits of the changes in Twitter topics regarding impressions and values associated with the parks over two years. While the NYC lockdown resulted in much fewer social activities in parks, some parks continued to be valued for physical activity and nature contact during the pandemic. Concerns about people not keeping physical distance arose in parks where frequent human interactions and crowding seemed to cause a higher probability of the coronavirus transmission. This study demonstrates social media data could be used to capture park values and be specific per park. Results could inform park management during disruptions when use is altered and the needs of the public may be changing.}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, author={Huang, Jing-Huei and Floyd, Myron F. and Tateosian, Laura G. and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{vukomanovic_walden-schreiner_hipp_leung_2022, title={GIS&T in Recreation Planning and Management}, volume={2022}, url={https://doi.org/10.22224/gistbok/2022.1.8}, DOI={10.22224/gistbok/2022.1.8}, number={Q1}, journal={Geographic Information Science & Technology Body of Knowledge}, publisher={University Consortium for Geographic Information Science (UCGIS)}, author={Vukomanovic, Jelena and Walden-Schreiner, Chelsey and Hipp, Aaron and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{marquet_hirsch_kerr_jankowska_mitchell_hart_laden_aaron hipp_james_2022, title={GPS-based activity space exposure to greenness and walkability is associated with increased accelerometer-based physical activity}, volume={165}, ISSN={["1873-6750"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.envint.2022.107317}, abstractNote={Built and natural environments may provide opportunities for physical activity. However, studies are limited by primarily using residential addresses to define exposure and self-report to measure physical activity. We quantified associations between global positioning systems (GPS)-based activity space measures of environmental exposure and accelerometer-based physical activity. Using a nationwide sample of working female adults (N = 354), we obtained seven days of GPS and accelerometry data. We created Daily Path Area activity spaces using GPS data and linked these activity spaces to spatial datasets on walkability (EPA Smart Location Database at the Census block group level) and greenness (satellite vegetation at 250 m resolution). We utilized generalized additive models to examine nonlinear associations between activity space exposures and accelerometer-derived physical activity outcomes adjusted for demographic characteristics, socioeconomic factors, and self-rated health. Higher activity space walkability was associated with higher levels of moderate-vigorous physical activity, and higher activity space greenness was associated with greater numbers of steps per week. No strong relationships were observed for sedentary behavior or light physical activity. Highest levels of moderate-vigorous physical activity were observed for participants with both high walkability and high greenness in their activity spaces. This study contributes evidence that higher levels of physical activity occur in environments with more dense, diverse, and well-connected built environments, and with higher amounts of vegetation. These data suggest that urban planners, landscape architects, and policy makers should implement and evaluate environmental interventions to encourage higher levels of physical activity.}, journal={ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL}, author={Marquet, Oriol and Hirsch, Jana A. and Kerr, Jacqueline and Jankowska, Marta M. and Mitchell, Jonathan and Hart, Jaime E. and Laden, Francine and Aaron Hipp, J. and James, Peter}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{hughey_wende_stowe_kaczynski_schipperijn_hipp_2021, title={Frequency of Neighborhood Park Use Is Associated With Physical Activity Among Adults in Four US Cities}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1543-5474"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85105567571&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.2020-0540}, abstractNote={Background: Neighborhood parks are recognized as important spaces for facilitating physical activity (PA); however, it remains unclear how the frequency of park use is associated with PA. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between minutes of moderate to vigorous PA and multiple park use indicators: (1) use of a neighborhood park, (2) unique number of neighborhood parks used, and (3) frequency of neighborhood park use. Methods: Adults were surveyed from 4 US cities (Brooklyn, NY; Greenville County, SC; Raleigh, NC; and Seattle, WA). Using a map-based survey platform, participants indicated all neighborhood parks they used and the frequency of use in the past 30 days. Participants self-reported their weekly moderate to vigorous PA. Quantile regression was used to examine associations between PA and park use indicators. Results: Of all respondents (N = 360), 60% indicated visiting a neighborhood park in the past 30 days, with an average of about 13 total neighborhood park visits (SD = 17.5). Significant, positive associations were found between moderate to vigorous PA and both unique neighborhood park visits and total number of neighborhood parks visits. Conclusions: Frequency of park visitation is associated with PA among US adults. Ensuring equitable and safe access to neighborhood parks has the potential for population-level PA health benefits.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & HEALTH}, author={Hughey, S. Morgan and Wende, Marilyn E. and Stowe, Ellen W. and Kaczynski, Andrew T. and Schipperijn, Jasper and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={603–609} }
 @article{fry_hipp_alberico_huang_lovasi_floyd_2021, title={Land use diversity and park use in New York City}, volume={22}, ISSN={["2211-3355"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101321}, abstractNote={Neighborhood parks and mixed-use land development are both understood to be important independent contributors to physical activity levels. It has been hypothesized that mixed-use land development could increase park use as a result of mixed-use neighborhoods being consistently activated throughout the day, but the results of previous research on this question have been inconsistent and the mediational role of neighborhood activation has not been tested. This study leverages data from Google Places Popular Times and the National Establishment Time Series to directly test the mediational role of the daily temporal distribution of neighborhood activation, to construct a novel measure of commercial activity diversity, and to help disentangle built-environment density from commercial diversity. Park use data was measured from 10,004 systematic observations of 20 neighborhood parks in New York City in the spring and summer of 2017. The hypothesis that commercial activity diversity is positively associated with park use was not supported in any models. However, a positive relationship between built-environment density and park use was found, which may help to explain prior inconsistent findings.}, journal={PREVENTIVE MEDICINE REPORTS}, author={Fry, Dustin and Hipp, J. Aaron and Alberico, Claudia and Huang, Jing-Huei and Lovasi, Gina S. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @misc{holland_deville_browning_buehler_hart_hipp_mitchell_rakow_schiff_white_et al._2021, title={Measuring Nature Contact: A Narrative Review}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1660-4601"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084092}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph18084092}, abstractNote={While many studies suggest evidence for the health benefits of nature, there is currently no standardized method to measure time spent in nature or nature contact, nor agreement on how best to define nature contact in research. The purpose of this review is to summarize how nature contact has been measured in recent health research and provide insight into current metrics of exposure to nature at individual and population scales. The most common methods include surrounding greenness, questionnaires, and global positioning systems (GPS) tracking. Several national-level surveys exist, though these are limited by their cross-sectional design, often measuring only a single component of time spent in nature, and poor links to measures of health. In future research, exposure assessment combining the quantifying (e.g., time spent in nature and frequency of visits to nature) and qualifying (e.g., greenness by the normalized difference of vegetation index (NDVI) and ratings on perception by individuals) aspects of current methods and leveraging innovative methods (e.g., experience sampling methods, ecological momentary assessment) will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the health effects of nature exposure and inform health policy and urban planning.}, number={8}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Holland, Isabel and DeVille, Nicole V. and Browning, Matthew H. E. M. and Buehler, Ryan M. and Hart, Jaime E. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Mitchell, Richard and Rakow, Donald A. and Schiff, Jessica E. and White, Mathew P. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{zewdie_zhao_patel_hansen_messiah_armstrong_skinner_neshteruk_hipp_emily m. d'agostino_2021, title={The association between neighborhood quality, youth physical fitness, and modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1873-2585"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85102443182&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.02.004}, abstractNote={Striking disparities persist in cardiovascular disease risk factors among minority youth. We examined the association between multiple indicators of neighborhood quality and minority youth fitness. The primary exposure was the Child Opportunity Index (COI), a measure comprised of indicators that facilitate healthy child development. Outcome data were drawn from the 2018–2019 Fit2Play Study (Miami-Dade County, FL). Hotspot analysis evaluated COI spatial clustering. Generalized linear mixed models examined cross-sectional COI-fitness associations. The sample included 725 youth (53% Black, 43% Hispanic; 5–17 years). Significant neighborhood quality spatial clusters were identified (Gi*z-score = −4.85 to 5.36). Adjusting for sociodemographics, walkability was associated with lower percentiles in body mass index (BMI) and diastolic blood pressure percentiles (DBP) (β = −5.25, 95% CI: −8.88, −1.62 and β = −3.95, 95% CI: −7.02, −0.89, respectively) for all, lower skinfold thickness (β = −4.83, 95% CI: −9.97, 0.31 and higher sit-ups (β = 1.67, 95% CI: −0.17, 3.50) among girls, and lower systolic blood pressure percentiles (SBP) (β = −4.75, 95% CI: −8.99, −0.52) among boys. Greenspace was associated with higher BMI (β = 6.17, 95% CI: 2.47, 9.87), SBP (β = 3.47, 95% CI: −0.05, 6.99), and DBP (β = 4.11, 95% CI: 1.08, 7.13). COI indicators were positively associated with youth fitness. Disparities in youth cardiovascular disease risk may be modifiable through community interventions and built environment initiatives targeting select neighborhood factors.}, journal={ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY}, author={Zewdie, Hiwot and Zhao, Amy Y. and Patel, Hersila H. and Hansen, Eric and Messiah, Sarah E. and Armstrong, Sarah C. and Skinner, Asheley C. and Neshteruk, Cody D. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Emily M. D'Agostino}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={30–39} }
 @article{larson_zhang_oh_beam_ogletree_bocarro_lee_casper_stevenson_hipp_et al._2021, title={Urban Park Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are Socially Vulnerable Communities Disproportionately Impacted?}, volume={3}, ISSN={2624-9634}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2021.710243}, DOI={10.3389/frsc.2021.710243}, abstractNote={The COVID-19 pandemic altered human behavior around the world. To maintain mental and physical health during periods of lockdown and quarantine, people often engaged in outdoor, physically distanced activities such as visits to parks and greenspace. However, research tracking outdoor recreation patterns during the pandemic has yielded inconsistent results, and few studies have explored the impacts of COVID-19 on park use across diverse neighborhoods. We used a mixed methods approach to examine changes in park use patterns in cities across North Carolina, USA, during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an emphasis on impacts in socially vulnerable communities (based on racial/ethnic composition and socioeconomic status). First, we surveyed a demographically representative sample of 611 urban residents during August 2020 to assess their use of outdoor park spaces before and during the pandemic. Second, we used cell phone location (i.e., geo-tracking) data to document changes in park visits within 605 socioeconomically diverse urban census tracts before (July 2019) and during (July 2020) the pandemic. Data from both methods revealed urban park use declined during the pandemic; 56% of survey respondents said they stopped or reduced park use, and geo-tracked park visits dropped by 15%. Park users also became more homogenous, with visits increasing the most for past park visitors and declining the most in socially vulnerable communities and among individuals who were BIPOC or lower-income. Our results raise concerns about urban park use during the COVID-19 pandemic and suggest pre-existing health disparities in socially vulnerable communities might be exacerbated by inequitable access and utilization of parks and greenspace.}, journal={Frontiers in Sustainable Cities}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Larson, Lincoln R. and Zhang, Zhenzhen and Oh, Jae In and Beam, Will and Ogletree, S. Scott and Bocarro, Jason N. and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Casper, Jonathan and Stevenson, Kathryn T. and Hipp, J. Aaron and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{carlson_liu_sallis_hipp_staggs_kerr_papa_dean_vasconcelos_2020, title={Automated High-Frequency Observations of Physical Activity Using Computer Vision}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1530-0315"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85090279722&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1249/MSS.0000000000002341}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={9}, journal={MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE}, author={Carlson, Jordan A. and Liu, Bo and Sallis, James F. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Staggs, Vincent S. and Kerr, Jacqueline and Papa, Amy and Dean, Kelsey and Vasconcelos, Nuno M.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={2029–2036} }
 @article{botchwey_conway_floyd_hipp_kim_porter_meyer_burnett_sallis_2020, title={Challenges recruiting diverse youth for physical activity research}, volume={131}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105888}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105888}, abstractNote={• Experiences recruiting low-income diverse youth for physical activity studies are reported. • Recruiting multiple race/ethnic groups requires adequate time and diverse staff. • Teams had to adjust recruitment plans and implement multiple strategies.}, journal={Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Botchwey, Nisha and Conway, Terry L. and Floyd, Myron and Hipp, Aaron and Kim, Anna and Porter, Keshia M. Pollack and Meyer, M. Renée Umstattd and Burnett, Jasmine and Sallis, James F.}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={105888} }
 @article{marquet_ogletree_hipp_suau_horvath_sinykin_floyd_2020, title={Effects of crime type and location on park use behavior}, volume={17}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85088885720&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.5888/PCD17.190434}, abstractNote={Introduction Crime and the fear of crime can be a barrier to park use, and locations of crimes can have varied effects. Unsafe areas in or around the park, around the residence, or along the route to the park can alter park use behavior. Our study aimed to examine associations between objective measures of types and location of crimes and park use behaviors. Methods In 2013 we surveyed a sample (N = 230) of residents in Greensboro, North Carolina, about park use, with responses matched to objective crime and spatial measures. We measured all crimes and violent crimes near home, near the closest park, and along the shortest route between home and park. By using ordered and binary logistic modeling, we examined the relationships between the locations of crime and park use and duration of park visit, park rating, and never visiting parks. Additional models included distance to the closest park. Results Increased crime in parks and near home was associated with fewer park visits. Greater violent crime in all locations was related to fewer park visits. Park ratings were lower for parks with high violent crime rates. Conclusion Given the importance of parks as settings for outdoor recreation and physical activity, crime may have a detrimental effect on physical activity and, therefore, public health.}, journal={Preventing Chronic Disease}, author={Marquet, O. and Ogletree, S.S. and Hipp, J.A. and Suau, L.J. and Horvath, C.B. and Sinykin, A. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={2020} }
 @article{kondo_oyekanmi_gibson_south_bocarro_hipp_2020, title={Nature Prescriptions for Health: A Review of Evidence and Research Opportunities}, volume={17}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124213}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph17124213}, abstractNote={Nature prescription programs have emerged to address the high burden of chronic disease and increasingly sedentary and screen-based lifestyles. This study examines the base of evidence regarding such programs. We conducted a narrative review of published literature using four electronic databases. We included case studies, research design articles, and empirical studies that discussed any type of outdoor exposure or activities initiated by a health-care provider from an outpatient clinic. We examined articles for information on target populations, health outcomes, and structural and procedural elements. We also summarized evidence of the effectiveness of nature prescription programs, and discussed needs and challenges for both practice and research. Eleven studies, including eight empirical studies, have evaluated nature prescription programs with either structured or unstructured formats, referring patients either to nearby parks or to formal outdoor activity programs. Empirical studies evaluate a wide variety of health behaviors and outcomes among the most at-risk children and families. Research is too sparse to draw patterns in health outcome responses. Studies largely tested program structures to increase adherence, or patient follow-through, however findings were mixed. Three published studies explore providers’ perspectives. More research is necessary to understand how to measure and increase patient adherence, short and long-term health outcomes for patients and their families, and determinants of provider participation and participation impacts on providers’ own health.}, number={12}, journal={International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Kondo, Michelle C. and Oyekanmi, Kehinde O. and Gibson, Allison and South, Eugenia C. and Bocarro, Jason and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={4213} }
 @article{huang_hipp_marquet_alberico_fry_mazak_lovasi_robinson_floyd_2020, title={Neighborhood characteristics associated with park use and park-based physical activity among children in low-income diverse neighborhoods in New York City}, volume={131}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85076341472&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105948}, abstractNote={Urban parks provide spaces and facilities for children's physical activity (PA) and can be a free resource in low-income communities. This study examined whether neighborhood characteristics were associated with children's park use and park-based moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) in low-income diverse communities and how associations differed between ethnic groups. Data on park visits and MVPA came from 16,402 children 5–10-years old directly observed using the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities in 20 parks in low-income neighborhoods with majority Latino or Asian populations in New York City. Neighborhood characteristics included land use mix (LUM), street audits, crime rates, and an area deprivation index. We employed Poisson and negative binomial models to estimate effects of neighborhood-level variables on the number of children observed in parks and engaging in MVPA, overall and by ethnicity. Results for Asian, Latino, and African American children indicated that higher levels of LUM and pedestrian-friendly streets were associated with greater numbers of children in parks and higher MVPA across all three groups. For Asian and Latino children only, quality of environment was positively associated with MVPA, whereas level of deprivation and crime rates in the surrounding neighborhood were negatively associated with children's park-based MVPA. In contrast, a park's access to public transportation was negatively associated with number of all children observed and engaging in MVPA. Study findings suggest that park-based MVPA interventions can be informed by understanding how neighborhood characteristics facilitate and constrain park use and park-based MVPA.}, journal={PREVENTIVE MEDICINE}, author={Huang, Jing-Huei and Hipp, J. Aaron and Marquet, Oriol and Alberico, Claudia and Fry, Dustin and Mazak, Elizabeth and Lovasi, Gina S. and Robinson, Whitney R. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2020} }
 @article{kaczynski_hughey_stowe_wende_hipp_oliphant_schipperijn_2020, title={ParkIndex: Validation and application of a pragmatic measure of park access and use}, volume={20}, ISSN={["2211-3355"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85097746497&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101218}, abstractNote={Composite metrics integrating park availability, features, and quality for a given address or neighborhood are lacking. The purposes of this study were to describe the validation, application, and demonstration of ParkIndex in four diverse communities. This study occurred in Fall 2018 in 128 census block groups within Seattle(WA), Brooklyn(NY), Raleigh(NC), and Greenville County(SC). All parks within a half-mile buffer were audited to calculate a composite park quality score, and select households provided data about use of proximal parks via an online, map-based survey. For each household, the number of parks, total park acreage, and average park quality score within one half-mile were calculated using GIS. Logistic regression was used to identify a parsimonious model predicting park use. ParkIndex values (representing the probability of park use) were mapped for all study areas and after scenarios involving the addition and renovation/improvement of parks. Out of 360 participants, 23.3% reported visiting a park within the past 30 days. The number of parks (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.15-1.62), total park acreage (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.07-1.19), and average park quality score (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01-1.06) within one half-mile were all associated with park use. Composite ParkIndex values across the study areas ranged from 0 to 100. Hypothetical additions of or renovations to study area parks resulted in ParkIndex increases of 22.7% and 19.2%, respectively. ParkIndex has substantial value for park and urban planners, citizens, and researchers as a common metric to facilitate awareness, decision-making, and intervention planning related to park access, environmental justice, and community health.}, journal={PREVENTIVE MEDICINE REPORTS}, author={Kaczynski, Andrew T. and Hughey, S. Morgan and Stowe, Ellen W. and Wende, Marilyn E. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Oliphant, Elizabeth L. and Schipperijn, Jasper}, year={2020}, month={Dec} }
 @article{beck_eyler_aaron hipp_king_tabak_yan_reis_duncan_gilbert_serrano_et al._2019, title={A multilevel approach for promoting physical activity in rural communities: a cluster randomized controlled trial}, volume={19}, ISSN={1471-2458}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6443-8}, DOI={10.1186/s12889-019-6443-8}, abstractNote={Physical activity (PA) has demonstrated a decreased risk in various cancers and other chronic diseases; however, rural residents are less likely to attain recommended levels of PA compared to urban and suburban counterparts. Given rural residents make up 15% of the United States population, there is a need for novel approaches to increase PA among this population. The goal of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of a multilevel intervention to increase PA rates among rural residents. Guided by an ecological framework, a group-randomized design will be used to evaluate the effects of a three-level intervention for increasing PA among adult residents residing in 6 rural communities (n = 600) along with 6 control communities (n = 600). The intervention includes components at the individual (short message service [SMS] text messages), interpersonal (social support in walking groups), and community levels (events at existing trails). Innovative methods to encourage participation will be employed as well as a focus on life priorities (family, recreation, hobbies) other than health. Aim 1 includes a literature review and key informant interviews to determine the local contexts for intervention adaptation. Aim 2 will employ a set of interventions at the individual, interpersonal, and community-levels to evaluate their impact on moderate-to-vigorous PA as measured by self-reported (telephone survey) and objectively assessed (accelerometry) measures. These data are supplemented by location based on Global Positioning System and community audits, which provide information on recreational amenities, programs/policies, and street segments. This study is among the first of its kind to test a multilevel intervention in a rural setting, address life priorities that compliment health outcomes, and examine moderation between behavioral interventions and the natural environments where people are physically active. Our results will influence the field by enhancing the ability to scale-up innovative, PA interventions with the potential to reach high-risk, rural populations. Clinical Trials NCT03683173 , September 25, 2018.}, number={1}, journal={BMC Public Health}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Beck, Alan M. and Eyler, Amy A. and Aaron Hipp, J. and King, Abby C. and Tabak, Rachel G. and Yan, Yan and Reis, Rodrigo S. and Duncan, Dixie D. and Gilbert, Amanda S. and Serrano, Natalicio H. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Jan} }
 @article{alberico_hipp_reis_2019, title={Association Between Neighborhood Income, Patterns of Use, and Physical Activity Levels in Fitness Zones of Curitiba, Brazil}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1543-5474"]}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.2018-0234}, abstractNote={Background: Socioeconomic characteristics of locations where physical activity equipment is installed may affect the activity level of users. The purpose of this study was to verify patterns of use and physical activity levels in fitness zones installed in low- and high-income neighborhoods in the city of Curitiba, Brazil. Methods: Over 1200 observations were conducted in 20 fitness zones in the city of Curitiba, Brazil. Data were collected during the months of November and December 2012, in 4 periods of the day (8 AM, 11 AM, 2 PM, and 5 PM), on 2 weekdays and 2 weekend days. Results: A total of 2232 people were observed in the fitness zones. Age group, level of physical activity in the area, use of fitness zones during weekend days, and occupation of spaces were significantly associated with neighborhood income. Moreover, users of fitness zones located in high-income neighborhoods showed higher odds ratio (OR = 1.74; 95% confidence interval, 1.46-2.07) of moderate to vigorous physical activity than light or sedentary activities, regardless of gender or day of the week. Conclusions: The sole presence of equipment does not seem to favor the use of fitness zones in low-income neighborhoods. Future studies should investigate intrinsic factors for the use of fitness zones for physical activity.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & HEALTH}, author={Alberico, Claudia O. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Reis, Rodrigo S.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={447–454} }
 @article{chen_hipp_morrison_henriksen_swetter_linos_2019, title={Association of Number of Indoor Tanning Salons With Neighborhoods With Higher Concentrations of Male-Male Partnered Households}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2574-3805"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85072912306&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.12443}, abstractNote={Key Points Question Are indoor tanning salons more likely to be located in neighborhoods with higher proportions of gay men? Findings In this cross-sectional study of 10 US cities with the largest proportion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations, the odds of indoor tanning salons being located in census tracts with higher concentrations of male-male partnered households were approximately 2-fold higher than in areas with lower concentrations of male-male partnered households. After sensitivity analyses, the association remained significant. Meaning The results of this study suggest that tanning salons may be more common in areas with higher populations of male-male partnered households in US cities, possibly contributing to the disproportionate use of indoor tanning by sexual-minority men.}, number={10}, journal={JAMA Network Open}, author={Chen, R. and Hipp, J.A. and Morrison, L. and Henriksen, L. and Swetter, S.M. and Linos, E.}, year={2019}, pages={e1912443} }
 @article{marinac_quante_mariani_weng_redline_cespedes feliciano_hipp_wang_kaplan_james_et al._2019, title={Associations Between Timing of Meals, Physical Activity, Light Exposure, and Sleep With Body Mass Index in Free-Living Adults}, volume={16}, ISSN={1543-3080 1543-5474}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0389}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.2017-0389}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
This study tested if the timing of meals, physical activity, light exposure, and sleep cluster within individuals and are associated with body mass index (BMI) in a sample of free-living adults (N = 125).


METHODS
Data were collected between November 2015 and March 2016 at the University of California, San Diego, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Washington University in St Louis. Height and weight were measured, and BMI (kg/m2) was calculated. Sleep timing was estimated using actigraphy, and timing of meals, physical activity, and light exposure were self-reported using a smartphone application. General linear models estimated the mean BMI across time categories of behaviors, adjusting for covariates. A latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of timing variables that clustered within individuals and test for associations between identified patterns and BMI.


RESULTS
Later exposure to outdoor light was associated with a lower BMI (P trend < .01). The timing of other behaviors was not independently associated with BMI. The latent class analysis identified 2 distinct groups related to behavioral timing, reflecting an "early bird" and "night owl" phenotype. These phenotypes were not associated with BMI (P > .05).


CONCLUSION
Timing of exposures to light, meals, sleep, and physical activity were not strongly associated with BMI in this sample.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Physical Activity and Health}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Marinac, Catherine R. and Quante, Mirja and Mariani, Sara and Weng, Jia and Redline, Susan and Cespedes Feliciano, Elizabeth M. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Wang, Daniel and Kaplan, Emily R. and James, Peter and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={214–221} }
 @article{sallis_botchwey_floyd_porter_meyer_hipp_kim_conway_2019, title={Building evidence to reduce inequities in youth physical activity and obesity: Introduction to the Physical Activity Research Center (PARC) Special Section}, volume={129}, ISSN={["1096-0260"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85075094408&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105767}, abstractNote={This guest editorial introduces the rationale and goals of the Physical Activity Research Center. It provides an overview of the five papers in this Special Section plus six commissioned studies intended to inform advocacy efforts.}, journal={PREVENTIVE MEDICINE}, author={Sallis, James F. and Botchwey, Nisha and Floyd, Myron F. and Porter, Keshia M. Pollack and Meyer, M. Renee Umstattd and Hipp, J. Aaron and Kim, Anna and Conway, Terry L.}, year={2019}, month={Dec} }
 @inproceedings{rider_van bakergem_park_wang_hipp_2019, place={Toronto, Ontario, Canada}, title={Exploring developers’ understanding of health strategies in multifamily development}, url={https://www.arcc-repository.org/index.php/repository/article/view/634}, booktitle={Proceedings from the 2019 Architectural Research Centers Consortium Conference Repository: The Future of Praxis: Applied Research as a Bridge Between Theory and Practice}, publisher={Ryerson University}, author={Rider, T. and van Bakergem, M. and Park, J. and Wang, X. and Hipp, J.A.}, year={2019} }
 @article{marquet_hipp_alberico_huang_mazak_fry_lovasi_floyd_2019, title={How Does Park Use and Physical Activity Differ between Childhood and Adolescence? A Focus on Gender and Race-Ethnicity}, volume={96}, ISSN={1099-3460 1468-2869}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-019-00388-8}, DOI={10.1007/s11524-019-00388-8}, abstractNote={Physical activity typically declines between childhood and adolescence. Despite urban parks being a great venue for physical activity, children change both the frequency of park use and their park use habits as they age into adolescence. However, little is known about how these differences vary by gender and how distinct race/ethnicity groups differentially change their park habits. This study analyzed the differences in park use and per capita energy expenditure between children and teenagers of different gender and race/ethnicity backgrounds. Using the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC), systematic observations were conducted in 20 New York City parks in 2017, located in low-income areas with high presence of Latino or Asian residents. A total of 9963 scans in 167 distinct target areas counted 16,602 children (5-10 years old) and 11,269 teenagers (11 or older). Using adjusted marginal means, we estimated the number of park users of each age range, gender, and race/ethnicity expected to be found in each park activity setting. Teenagers of both genders and most race/ethnicity groups were less likely to be in a park and had lower per capita energy expenditure, compared with children. The difference in park attendance was greater than the difference in per capita energy expenditure. Dissimilarities were clearly gendered and race/ethnicity dependent. Asian and Latino females showed the greatest divergence between childhood and adolescence. African American boys were the only group to show a positive age contrast in park attendance and per capita energy expenditure.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Urban Health}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Marquet, Oriol and Hipp, J. Aaron and Alberico, Claudia and Huang, Jing-Huei and Mazak, Elizabeth and Fry, Dustin and Lovasi, Gina S. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={692–702} }
 @article{umstattd meyer_hipp_botchwey_floyd_kim_pollack porter_sallis_2019, title={How to improve physical activity and health for all children and families}, journal={Stanford Social Innovation Review}, author={Umstattd Meyer, R. and Hipp, J.A. and Botchwey, N. and Floyd, M.F. and Kim, A.J. and Pollack Porter, K.M. and Sallis, J.F.}, year={2019} }
 @article{full_moran_carlson_godbole_natarajan_hipp_glanz_mitchell_laden_james_et al._2019, title={Latent profile analysis of accelerometer-measured sleep, physical activity, and sedentary time and differences in health characteristics in adult women}, volume={14}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218595}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0218595}, abstractNote={Objectives Independently, physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep are related to the development and progression of chronic diseases. Less is known about how rest-activity behaviors cluster within individuals and how rest-activity behavior profiles relate to health. In this study we aimed to investigate if adult women cluster into profiles based on how they accumulate rest-activity behavior (including accelerometer-measured PA, SB, and sleep), and if participant characteristics and health outcomes differ by profile membership. Methods A convenience sample of 372 women (mean age 55.38 + 10.16) were recruited from four US cities. Participants wore ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers on the hip and wrist for a week. Total daily minutes in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and percentage of wear-time spent in SB was estimated from the hip device. Total sleep time (hours/minutes) and sleep efficiency (% of in bed time asleep) were estimated from the wrist device. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was performed to identify clusters of participants based on accumulation of the four rest-activity variables. Adjusted ANOVAs were conducted to explore differences in demographic characteristics and health outcomes across profiles. Results Rest-activity variables clustered to form five behavior profiles: Moderately Active Poor Sleepers (7%), Highly Actives (9%), Inactives (41%), Moderately Actives (28%), and Actives (15%). The Moderately Active Poor Sleepers (profile 1) had the lowest proportion of whites (35% vs 78–91%, p < .001) and college graduates (28% vs 68–90%, p = .004). Health outcomes did not vary significantly across all rest-activity profiles. Conclusions In this sample, women clustered within daily rest-activity behavior profiles. Identifying 24-hour behavior profiles can inform intervention population targets and innovative behavioral goals of multiple health behavior interventions.}, number={6}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Full, Kelsie M. and Moran, Kevin and Carlson, Jordan and Godbole, Suneeta and Natarajan, Loki and Hipp, Aaron and Glanz, Karen and Mitchell, Jonathan and Laden, Francine and James, Peter and et al.}, editor={Newton, Robert L.Editor}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={e0218595} }
 @article{marquet_aaron hipp_alberico_huang_fry_mazak_lovasi_floyd_2019, title={Park use preferences and physical activity among ethnic minority children in low-income neighborhoods in New York City}, volume={38}, ISSN={1618-8667}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.01.018}, DOI={10.1016/j.ufug.2019.01.018}, abstractNote={Urban parks offer a broad range of opportunities for children's recreation and physical activity. Park use patterns however are not equal in terms of race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. In order to design policies to improve park design and to provide healthy park experiences among children of communities of color, insight on park use patterns is needed. This research examines the association between park characteristics and park use among children 5–10 years old from Asian, Latino and African American backgrounds. Using the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC), systematic observations were conducted in 20 New York City parks in 2017, located in low-income areas with high presence of Latino or Asian residents. 16,577 children from 5 to 10 years old were observed. Playgrounds and swings were common use areas across ethnicities, both in terms of number of children and their physical activity. Other activity settings such as basketball courts, handball and baseball fields showed distinct patterns of use among the different ethnicities. Significant associations between park use, physical activity levels and the characteristics of the park area, with distinct patterns by race/ethnicity. Findings underline the importance of considering different design and features when trying to appeal to different populations.}, journal={Urban Forestry & Urban Greening}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Marquet, Oriol and Aaron Hipp, J. and Alberico, Claudia and Huang, Jing-Huei and Fry, Dustin and Mazak, Elizabeth and Lovasi, Gina S. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={346–353} }
 @article{oliphant_hughey_stowe_kaczynski_schipperijn_hipp_2019, title={ParkIndex: Using Key Informant Interviews to Inform the Development of a New Park Access Evaluation Tool}, volume={37}, ISSN={["2160-6862"]}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2019-8926}, abstractNote={The relationship between park availability, physical activity, and positive health outcomes has been documented across the globe. However, studying how people access parks and why they use the parks is difficult due to a lack of consensus with respect to measurement approaches and assessment of park environments. Establishing a parsimonious method and tool for quantifying both park availability and park quality represents a major step that could advance park and physical activity research and practice. This paper describes phase one of the effort to develop such a measurement tool, known as ParkIndex. ParkIndex is a two-year National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded study to create an evidence-based tool that will assist citizens and professionals in understanding and using information regarding community park access and use. Phase one consisted of key informant interviews conducted with research and practice leaders to inform development and provide insight on the essential foundations of ParkIndex. Twelve professionals from practice and academia, including parks and recreation, landscape design, and public health sectors, were interviewed in fall 2016. Key informants were interviewed on four topics concerning the content, value, feasibility, and dissemination of ParkIndex. Trained research assistants employed double, emergent, open, and axial coding methods to develop key themes and concepts to guide phase 2 and further development of ParkIndex. Key themes throughout the interviews included measures for park use, including distance, safety, neighborhood characteristics, route and travel mode to park, and overall park characteristics. Park elements discussed included quality of, and availability of, amenities, activity spaces, programming, and park management, as well as the context of the park and the engagement of the local community. Respondents determined that ParkIndex could benefit park planning and community development and provide for a standardized method for evaluating park access. Interviews and themes offer parks and public health practitioners and researchers-and this specific ParkIndex development team-the opportunity to refine and evaluate measures to be included in a comprehensive park access and use tool. Key informants repeatedly referenced the need, especially within parks and recreation management, for consistent, reliable, and valid measures of park access and use, such as ParkIndex seeks to provide. We believe a well-conceived, integrated index will at the very least allow for greater comparison between parks and park systems and at best will facilitate the many park stakeholders to best design, maintain, program, research, and advocate for their local parks.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARK AND RECREATION ADMINISTRATION}, author={Oliphant, Elizabeth L. and Hughey, S. Morgan and Stowe, Ellen W. and Kaczynski, Andrew T. and Schipperijn, Jasper and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2019}, pages={1–19} }
 @article{bunds_casper_hipp_koenigstorfer_2019, title={Recreational walking decisions in urban away-from-home environments: The relevance of air quality, noise, traffic, and the natural environment}, volume={65}, ISSN={1369-8478}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.08.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.trf.2019.08.006}, abstractNote={Walking is one mode of active transportation that cities around the world promote not only to increase public health, but also to fight climate change. The goal of the present study is to assess the relevance of air quality, noise, green environment, and traffic as well as time and distance considerations on individuals stated walking preferences. In total, 501 US residents participated in an adaptive choice based conjoint study. The following seven attributes were considered (with three levels each): air pollution level, air pollution source, noise level, noise source, natural environment, traffic, as well as walking time and distance. Part-worth utility and relative importance scores were estimated using hierarchical Bayes analyses. Air pollution level was the most important attribute, followed by traffic, noise level, and the natural environment. The findings help identify burdens for walking in urban areas, particularly with regard to air pollution levels and traffic condition (which have a combined relative importance of 41%). Pro-environmentalists select their routes based on both air pollution and noise levels, thus they might be particularly interested in informing themselves about, and monitoring, these attributes. City planners should create opportunities for active routes that offer clean air, some greenery, natural sound, and low traffic, and inform city residents better about these attributes.}, journal={Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Bunds, Kyle S. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Hipp, James A. and Koenigstorfer, Joerg}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={363–375} }
 @article{marquet_hipp_alberico_huang_fry_mazak_lovasi_floyd_2019, title={Short-term associations between objective crime, park-use, and park-based physical activity in low-income neighborhoods}, volume={126}, ISSN={0091-7435}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.023}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.023}, abstractNote={Crime and safety perceptions are commonly cited barriers to park use and physical activity (PA). Given the importance of parks as settings for outdoor recreation and physical activity, the presence of crime may have a detrimental effect on public health. This study uses objective police crime reports and observational park use data to assess type of crime and the time when the crime was committed effects on park user behaviors in 20 parks located in low-income neighborhoods in New York City. The System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) was used to assess the number of park users and their physical activity during 78 park visits in Spring 2017. The association between crime rates and park use was assessed using two types of crimes (violent and property crimes). The timing of the crime was assessed using the crimes committed within periods of one week, one month, and three months prior to the visit to the park. By including objective measures of crime together with the exact time on which they were committed, we were able to analyze the short and long term effects of crime on park behavior. Overall, there was a consistent negative association between crime and park use. This relationship was stronger at the 1 month and 3 months' period and weaker at the 1-week period. Violent crimes were strongly associated with lower park use, and crimes proved to be associated with child park use to a greater degree. Girls were more affected by crime than boys.}, journal={Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Marquet, Oriol and Hipp, J. Aaron and Alberico, Claudia and Huang, Jing-Huei and Fry, Dustin and Mazak, Elizabeth and Lovasi, Gina S. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={105735} }
 @article{marquet_hipp_alberico_huang_fry_mazak_lovasi_floyd_2019, title={Use of SOPARC to assess physical activity in parks: do race/ethnicity, contextual conditions, and settings of the target area, affect reliability?}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1471-2458"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85077054262&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1186/s12889-019-8107-0}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={BMC PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Marquet, Oriol and Hipp, J. Aaron and Alberico, Claudia and Huang, Jing-Huei and Fry, Dustin and Mazak, Elizabeth and Lovasi, Gina S. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2019}, month={Dec} }
 @article{petrasova_hipp_mitasova_2019, title={Visualization of Pedestrian Density Dynamics Using Data Extracted from Public Webcams}, volume={8}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8120559}, DOI={10.3390/ijgi8120559}, abstractNote={Accurate information on the number and distribution of pedestrians in space and time helps urban planners maintain current city infrastructure and design better public spaces for local residents and visitors. Previous studies have demonstrated that using webcams together with crowdsourcing platforms to locate pedestrians in the captured images is a promising technique for analyzing pedestrian activity. However, it is challenging to efficiently transform the time series of pedestrian locations in the images to information suitable for geospatial analytics, as well as visualize data in a meaningful way to inform urban design or decision making. In this study, we propose to use a space-time cube (STC) representation of pedestrian data to analyze the spatio-temporal patterns of pedestrians in public spaces. We take advantage of AMOS (The Archive of Many Outdoor Scenes), a large database of images captured by thousands of publicly available, outdoor webcams. We developed a method to obtain georeferenced spatio-temporal data from webcams and to transform them into high-resolution continuous representation of pedestrian densities by combining bivariate kernel density estimation with trivariate, spatio-temporal spline interpolation. We demonstrate our method on two case studies analyzing pedestrian activity of two city plazas. The first case study explores daily and weekly spatio-temporal patterns of pedestrian activity while the second one highlights the differences in pattern before and after plaza’s redevelopment. While STC has already been used to visualize urban dynamics, this is the first study analyzing the evolution of pedestrian density based on crowdsourced time series of pedestrian occurrences captured by webcam images.}, number={12}, journal={ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Petrasova, Anna and Hipp, J. Aaron and Mitasova, Helena}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={559} }
 @article{marquet_hipp_2019, title={Worksite Built Environment and Objectively Measured Physical Activity While at Work: An Analysis Using Perceived and Objective Walkability and Greenness}, volume={81}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85062230626&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Environmental Health}, author={Marquet, O. and Hipp, A.J.}, year={2019}, month={Mar}, pages={20–26} }
 @article{quante_mariani_weng_marinac_kaplan_rueschman_mitchell_james_hipp_feliciano_et al._2019, title={Zeitgebers and their association with rest-activity patterns}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1525-6073"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85055719258&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/07420528.2018.1527347}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Zeitgebers such as light, eating and physical activity provide input to the circadian clock. Chronic circadian misalignment is associated with significant adverse health effects. An improved understanding of the impact of the timing of zeitgebers on the stability of 24-hour rest-activity rhythm in free-living settings may identify behavioural and environmental intervention targets. A total of 133 healthy adults, aged 21–60 years, wore a wrist actigraph for 7 consecutive days. We applied a non-parametric analysis to activity counts to derive rest-activity patterns. We administered a questionnaire through a smartphone app to collect self-reported timing of light exposure, eating episodes and physical activity. To assess the relationship between timing exposures (first and last exposure to outdoor light, first exposure to indoor light, last eating episode, first eating episode, morning physical activity proportion, evening physical activity proportion) and rest-activity or sleep outcomes (bedtimes, total sleep time, inter-daily stability, intra-daily variability, L5 and M10 midpoint), we first calculated Spearman correlations, using the false discovery rate method to control for multiple comparisons. From those significant associations, we then fit regression models adjusting for age, sex, race, household income, education level, study site, body mass index, as well as physical activity. Finally, we tested for interaction between chronotype and each timing-related exposure and stratified the analysis by morning type. All zeitgebers, except for evening physical activity proportion, were correlated with at least four of the seven sleep and rest-activity outcomes. In adjusted analysis, later timing of first (after 6:30 to 7:45 AM versus earlier) and last exposure to indoor light (after 11:00 PM versus earlier) and first (after 7:45–9:45 AM versus earlier) and last eating episode (after 8:00–09:00 PM versus earlier) were associated with a shift of 0.60–1.39 hours to later bedtimes, M10 and L5 midpoints (i.e. timing of peak activities or inactivities). Later timing of first exposure to outdoor light (after 09:30 AM versus earlier) was also associated with 0.51 (95% CI: 0.19 to 0.83) hours longer total sleep time. Higher morning physical activity proportion (> 33%) was associated with 0.95 (95% CI: −1.38 to −0.53) hours earlier in-bed time and 0.69 (95% CI: −1.14 to −0.24) hours earlier out-of-bed time, 0.92 (95% CI: −1.41 to −0.42) hours earlier M10 and 0.96 (95% CI: −1.42 to −0.49) min earlier L5 midpoint. The results did not change substantially with further adjustment for total activity. There was a significant interaction between morning chronotype and first eating episode with rest-activity patterns (p < 0.05), with first eating episode associating with timing of activities only in non-morning type adults. Timing of zeitgebers was associated with sleep and rest-activity patterns, including bedtimes, L5 and M10 midpoint. Future research should evaluate the impact of manipulating zeitgebers on both circadian rhythms and health outcomes.}, number={2}, journal={CHRONOBIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL}, author={Quante, Mirja and Mariani, Sara and Weng, Jia and Marinac, Catherine R. and Kaplan, Emily R. and Rueschman, Michael and Mitchell, Jonathan A. and James, Peter and Hipp, J. Aaron and Feliciano, Elizabeth M. Cespedes and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={203–213} }
 @article{marquet_floyd_james_glanz_jennings_jankowska_kerr_hipp_2018, title={Associations Between Worksite Walkability, Greenness, and Physical Activity Around Work}, volume={52}, ISSN={0013-9165 1552-390X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916518797165}, DOI={10.1177/0013916518797165}, abstractNote={ This article explores the role of the work environment in determining physical activity gained within and around the workplace. With most adults spending more than half of their waking day at work, the workplace is a promising venue for promoting physical activity. We used a sample of 147 employed women—median age = 53 years old; 42% meeting Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) physical activity recommendations—wearing a GPS device and accelerometer on the hip for 7 days to assess location and physical activity at minute-level epochs. We analyzed the association between geographic information systems (GIS) measures of walkability and greenness around the workplace and the amount of physical activity gained while in the work neighborhood. Our results showed that working in high walkable environments was associated with higher levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity while at work, and with higher moderate to vigorous physical activity gained within the work neighborhood. Increasing walkability levels around workplaces can contribute to increasing physical activity of employees. }, number={2}, journal={Environment and Behavior}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Marquet, Oriol and Floyd, Myron F. and James, Peter and Glanz, Karen and Jennings, Viniece and Jankowska, Marta M. and Kerr, Jacqueline and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={001391651879716} }
 @article{groshong_wilhelm stanis_kaczynski_hipp_2018, title={Attitudes About Perceived Park Safety Among Residents in Low-Income and High Minority Kansas City, Missouri, Neighborhoods}, volume={52}, ISSN={0013-9165 1552-390X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916518814291}, DOI={10.1177/0013916518814291}, abstractNote={ Parks benefit communities by supporting the physical, mental, and social health of their residents. This is especially important in urban areas, where parks provide essential access to green space, and especially among low-income populations who may lack alternative venues for outdoor recreation. However, although urban parks may ostensibly be accessible, their use can be influenced by factors including perceptions and realities of safety. This qualitative study explored the issue of safety as it relates to park use and park-based physical activity from six focus groups with 41 total participants in urban Kansas City, Missouri. As a facilitator to safety, participants described social interactions and structural environment factors. Safety constraints emerged along five main themes: violence, concerning behavior, lack of maintenance, lack of lighting, and traffic/busy roads. This study adds to the literature establishing safety as a complex and multidimensional factor influencing park usage and physical activity. }, number={6}, journal={Environment and Behavior}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Groshong, Lisa and Wilhelm Stanis, Sonja A. and Kaczynski, Andrew T. and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={001391651881429} }
 @article{dale_enke_buckner-petty_hipp_marx_strickland_evanoff_2018, title={Availability and Use of Workplace Supports for Health Promotion Among Employees of Small and Large Businesses}, volume={33}, ISSN={0890-1171 2168-6602}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117118772510}, DOI={10.1177/0890117118772510}, abstractNote={Purpose: To explore the availability and utilization of workplace health supports by employees of small and large-sized employers. }, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Health Promotion}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Dale, Ann Marie and Enke, Chris and Buckner-Petty, Skye and Hipp, James Aaron and Marx, Christine and Strickland, Jaime and Evanoff, Bradley}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={30–38} }
 @article{eyler_hipp_valko_ramadas_zwald_2018, title={Can Building Design Impact Physical Activity? A Natural Experiment}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1543-5474"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85046099284&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.2017-0319}, abstractNote={Background: Workplace design can impact workday physical activity (PA) and sedentary time. The purpose of this study was to evaluate PA behavior among university employees before and after moving into a new building. Methods: A pre–post, experimental versus control group study design was used. PA data were collected using surveys and accelerometers from university faculty and staff. Accelerometry was used to compare those moving into the new building (MOVERS) and those remaining in existing buildings (NONMOVERS) and from a control group (CONTROLS). Results: Survey results showed increased self-reported PA for MOVERS and NONMOVERS. All 3 groups significantly increased in objectively collected daily energy expenditure and steps per day. The greatest steps per day increase was in CONTROLS (29.8%) compared with MOVERS (27.5%) and NONMOVERS (15.9%), but there were no significant differences between groups at pretest or posttest. Conclusions: Self-reported and objectively measured PA increased from pretest to posttest in all groups; thus, the increase cannot be attributed to the new building. Confounding factors may include contamination bias due to proximity of control site to experimental site and introduction of a university PA tracking contest during postdata collection. Methodology and results can inform future studies on best design practices for increasing PA.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & HEALTH}, author={Eyler, Amy A. and Hipp, Aaron and Valko, Cheryl Ann and Ramadas, Ramya and Zwald, Marissa}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={355–360} }
 @article{yang_hu_hipp_imm_schutte_stubbs_colditz_smith_2018, title={Cross-sectional associations of active transport, employment status and objectively measured physical activity: analyses from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey}, volume={72}, ISSN={0143-005X 1470-2738}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-210265}, DOI={10.1136/jech-2017-210265}, abstractNote={BackgroundTo investigate associations between active transport, employment status and objectively measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in a representative sample of US adults.}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health}, publisher={BMJ}, author={Yang, Lin and Hu, Liang and Hipp, J Aaron and Imm, Kellie R and Schutte, Rudolph and Stubbs, Brendon and Colditz, Graham A and Smith, Lee}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={764–769} }
 @article{rider_bakergem_park_wang_hipp_2018, title={Design, development, and public health: Conceptualizing health and wellness strategies for multifamily projects through a private development lens}, volume={15}, ISSN={2329-9339}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17831/enq:arcc.v15i1.571}, DOI={10.17831/enq:arcc.v15i1.571}, abstractNote={As awareness of the built environment's impact on individual and community health spreads through design and construction, different stakeholders are engaging in conversations of strategies and metrics. This paper explores the structure, methodology, and findings of research supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation addressing how multifamily developers conceptualize, discuss and implement health strategies in their projects.
Framed in a Critical Theory perspective, this research first explores the traditional multifamily development decision-making process, specifically targeting how early adopters in multifamily development are discussing health and wellness in their projects. By unpacking the discussions around health and wellbeing in design, real estate development, and public health, aligned concepts are identified to operationalize these concepts for further exploration.
Using a comparative case study strategy addressing how and why (Yin 2017), five developers positioned as early adopters were engaged to better understand how they each conceptualize, implement and measure health strategies in their multifamily projects. Two-day in-depth interviews were held in two initial developers' home offices, addressing their standard design and decision-making processes and evolving into specific consideration of various health strategies. Four additional developers were engaged either over the phone or in person. Interview protocol ensured that discussion topics were standardized at the outset, with the following topics addressed with each partner: (1) company mission, (2) organizational structure, (3) differentiation in the market, (4) company evaluation metrics, (5) assessment scales, (6) decision-making processes, (7) market trends, (8) use of evidence-based data, (9) internal health discussions, and (10) investor relationships. Cyclical data collection, transcription, and analysis allowed the interview protocol to be modified for emergent topics. Site visits, website analysis, and clicks through national online real estate databases also contributed to a holistic perspective of this complex problem.
Findings indicate that multifamily developers are focusing on upfront, marketable strategies that are likely to foster mental and social health, but with little regard of applying any form of evaluative metrics. Rating systems addressing health are of little help. When asked directly about choices to influence the health of residents, participants heavily cited (1) location, emphasizing access to community amenities; (2) place making, for community building and social and mental wellbeing; and (3) physical fitness opportunities through fitness spaces. Even those developers viewed as early adopters are uncomfortable discussing health strategies using a public health lens. This research intends to highlight interdisciplinary conversations surrounding health in multifamily real estate, contributing to more rigorous adoption of health strategies in this challenging building type. These findings can be valuable to stakeholders in design, development, private investment, property management, public health, community design, and policy.   }, number={1}, journal={ENQ | Enquiry, the ARCC Journal of Architectural Research}, publisher={Enquiry:  The ARCC Journal of Architectural Research}, author={Rider, T.R. and Bakergem, M. and Park, J. and Wang, X. and Hipp, J.A.}, year={2018}, pages={62–74} }
 @article{adlakha_hipp_sallis_brownson_2018, title={Exploring Neighborhood Environments and Active Commuting in Chennai, India}, volume={15}, ISSN={1660-4601}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091840}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph15091840}, abstractNote={Few studies assess built environment correlates of active commuting in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs), but the different context could yield distinct findings. Policies and investments to promote active commuting remain under-developed in LMICs like India, which grapples with traffic congestion, lack of activity-supportive infrastructure, poor enforcement of traffic rules and regulations, air pollution, and overcrowding. This cross-sectional study investigated associations between home neighborhood environment characteristics and active commuting in Chennai, India. Adults (N = 370, 47.2% female, mean age =37.9 years) were recruited from 155 wards in the metropolitan area of Chennai in southern India between January and June 2015. Participants self-reported their usual mode of commute to work, with responses recoded into three categories: (1) multi-modal or active commuting (walking and bicycling; n = 56); (2) public transit (n = 52); and (3) private transport (n = 111). Environmental attributes around participants’ homes were assessed using the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for India (NEWS-India). Associations between environmental characteristics and likelihood of active commuting and public transit use were modeled using logistic regression with private transport (driving alone or carpool) as the reference category, adjusting for age, gender, and household car ownership. Consistent with other international studies, participants living in neighborhoods with a mix of land uses and a transit stop within a 10-minute walk from home were more likely to use active commuting (both p < 0.01). Land-use mix was significantly associated with the use of public transit compared to private transport (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) =5.2, p = 0.002). Contrary to findings in high-income countries, the odds of active commuting were reduced with improved safety from crime (aOR =0.2, p = 0.003), aesthetics (aOR =0.2, p = 0.05), and street connectivity (aOR =0.2, p = 0.003). Different environmental attributes were associated with active commuting, suggesting that these relationships are complex and may distinctly differ from those in high-income countries. Unexpected inverse associations of perceived safety from crime and aesthetics with active commuting emphasize the need for high-quality epidemiologic studies with greater context specificity in the study of physical activity in LMICs. Findings have public health implications for India and suggest that caution should be taken when translating evidence across countries.}, number={9}, journal={International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Adlakha, Deepti and Hipp, J. and Sallis, James and Brownson, Ross}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={1840} }
 @article{goodman_lyons_dean_arroyo_hipp_2018, title={How Segregation Makes Us Fat: Food Behaviors and Food Environment as Mediators of the Relationship Between Residential Segregation and Individual Body Mass Index}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2296-2565"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85045239188&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3389/fpubh.2018.00092}, abstractNote={Objectives Racial residential segregation affects food landscapes that dictate residents’ food environments and is associated with obesity risk factors, including individual dietary patterns and behaviors. We examine if food behaviors and environments mediate the association between segregation and body mass index (BMI). Methods Non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks living in the St. Louis and Kansas City metro regions from 2012 to 2013 were surveyed on dietary behaviors, food environment, and BMI (n = 1,412). These data were combined with the CDC’s modified retail food environment index and 2012 American Community Survey data to calculate racial segregation using various evenness and exposure indices. Multi-level mediation analyses were conducted to determine if dietary behavior and food environment mediate the association between racial residential segregation and individual BMI. Results The positive association between racial segregation and individual BMI is partially mediated by dietary behaviors and fully mediated by food environments. Conclusion Racial segregation (evenness and exposure) is associated with BMI, mediated by dietary behaviors and food environment. Elements of the food environment, which form the context for dietary behaviors, are potential targets for interventions to reduce obesity in residentially segregated areas.}, number={MAR}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Goodman, Melody and Lyons, Sarah and Dean, Lorraine T. and Arroyo, Cassandra and Hipp, James Aaron}, year={2018}, month={Mar} }
 @article{marquet_alberico_hipp_2018, title={Pokémon GO and physical activity among college students. A study using Ecological Momentary Assessment}, volume={81}, ISSN={0747-5632}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.028}, DOI={10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.028}, abstractNote={The popularity of the augmented reality smartphone game, Pokémon GO, prompted multiple possibilities regarding its utilization as a mechanism to increase physical activity (PA) levels among young adults. A better comprehension of the gameplay characteristics may aid researchers and game developers in the implementation/design of interventions and games which provide the greatest chances at promoting health. A sample of 74 US college students were asked to complete a pre and post online survey and to install an Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) tool and a step counter on their smartphones. The EMA tool prompted a set of questions on playing behavior and PA three times per day (12pm, 7pm, 10pm) for seven days. Linear mixed effects regression models were used to address the relationship between gameplay characteristics (time of play, play context, playing environment, social play) and PA at each time of the day. Playing Pokémon GO was associated with higher PA when playing occurred during weekdays and during daytime and also among those who played while being active (i.e., walking). During weekends, this association was only found in the morning or late in the evening (after 7pm). Accumulating three or more active playing episodes per day was associated with an increase of 1526 daily steps. Pokémon GO has uneven effects on player's PA. However, under the right circumstances such as the time of day during which playing occurs, or where the playing takes place, Pokémon GO can become a useful tool for health promotion among young adults.}, journal={Computers in Human Behavior}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Marquet, Oriol and Alberico, Claudia and Hipp, Aaron J.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={215–222} }
 @article{botchwey_floyd_pollack porter_cutter_spoon_schmid_conway_hipp_kim_umstattd meyer_et al._2018, title={Policy and Practice-Relevant Youth Physical Activity Research Center Agenda}, volume={15}, ISSN={1543-3080 1543-5474}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0327}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.2017-0327}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
The Physical Activity Research Center developed a research agenda that addresses youth physical activity (PA) and healthy weight, and aligns with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Culture of Health. This paper summarizes prioritized research studies with a focus on youth at higher risk for inactive lifestyles and childhood obesity in urban and rural communities.


METHODS
Systematic literature reviews, a survey, and discussions with practitioners and researchers provided guidance on research questions to build evidence and inform effective strategies to promote healthy weight and PA in youth across race, cultural, and economic groups.


RESULTS
The research team developed a matrix of potential research questions, identified priority questions, and designed targeted studies to address some of the priority questions and inform advocacy efforts. The studies selected examine strategies advocating for activity-friendly communities, Play Streets, park use, and PA of youth in the summer. A broader set of research priorities for youth PA is proposed.


CONCLUSION
Establishing the Physical Activity Research Center research agenda identified important initial and future research studies to promote and ensure healthy weight and healthy levels of PA for at-risk youth. Results will be disseminated with the goal of promoting equitable access to PA for youth.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Physical Activity and Health}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Botchwey, Nisha and Floyd, Myron F. and Pollack Porter, Keshia and Cutter, Carmen L. and Spoon, Chad and Schmid, Tom L. and Conway, Terry L. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Kim, Anna J. and Umstattd Meyer, M. Renee and et al.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={626–634} }
 @article{tsai_mchale_jennings_marquet_hipp_leung_floyd_2018, title={Relationships between Characteristics of Urban Green Land Cover and Mental Health in U.S. Metropolitan Areas}, volume={15}, ISSN={1660-4601}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020340}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph15020340}, abstractNote={Urbanization increases risk for depression and other mental disorders. A growing body of research indicates the natural environment confers numerous psychological benefits including alleviation of mental distress. This study examined land cover types and landscape metrics in relation to mental health for 276 U.S. counties within metropolitan areas having a population of 1 million or more. County Health Rankings and Behavioral Risk and Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) provided a measure of mental health. The 2011 National Land Cover Database (NLCD) provided data on green land cover types, from which seven landscape metrics were generated to characterize landscape patterns. Spearman’s rho correlation and stepwise logistic regression models, respectively, were employed to examine bivariate and multivariate relationships. Models were adjusted for county population and housing density, region, race, and income to account for potential confounding. Overall, individual measures of landscape patterns showed stronger associations with mental health than percent total cover alone. Greater edge contrast was associated with 3.81% lower odds of Frequent Mental Distress (FMD) (Adjusted Odd’s Ratio (AOR) = 0.9619, 95% CI = 0.9371, 0.9860). Shrubland cohesion was associated with greater odds of FMD (AOR = 1.0751, 95% CI = 1.0196, 1.1379). In addition, distance between shrubland cover was associated with greater odds of FMD (AOR = 1.0027, 95% CI = 1.0016, 1.0041). Although effect sizes were small, findings suggest different types of landscape characteristics may have different roles in improving mental health.}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Tsai, Wei-Lun and McHale, Melissa and Jennings, Viniece and Marquet, Oriol and Hipp, J. and Leung, Yu-Fai and Floyd, Myron}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={340} }
 @article{hipp_2018, title={Seeing Change in Environments and Behavior}, volume={17}, ISSN={1536-5042 1537-6052}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536504218792531}, DOI={10.1177/1536504218792531}, abstractNote={ J. Aaron Hipp on measuring activity in public spaces. }, number={3}, journal={Contexts}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={71–73} }
 @article{zieff_musselman_sarmiento_gonzalez_aguilar-farias_winter_hipp_quijano_king_2018, title={Talking the Walk: Perceptions of Neighborhood Characteristics from Users of Open Streets Programs in Latin America and the USA}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1468-2869"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85048369667&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s11524-018-0262-6}, abstractNote={Physical inactivity is estimated to be the fourth leading cause of global mortality. Strategies to increase physical activity (PA) increasingly emphasize environmental and policy changes including the modification of neighborhood environments to promote walking and other forms of healthy activity. Open Streets (OS) initiatives, an important and growing strategy to modify neighborhood environments for PA, create temporary parks for recreational activity by closing streets to motor vehicle traffic, thereby offering health and community building benefits. We used the Stanford Neighborhood Discovery Tool (DT)-photo/voice software on a tablet-to train neighborhood residents to act as "citizen scientist" observers of the local built environment on a non-event day and during an OS initiative. The purposes of this project were as follows: (1) to assess adult residents' perceptions of neighborhood characteristics of the OS initiative in three socioeconomically diverse sites and (2) to test the DT for use in three international urban settings with OS initiatives; Bogota, Colombia; San Francisco, USA; and Temuco, Chile, among a multigenerational, multiethnic sample of adults including, for the first time, a vulnerable population of homeless adults (Bogota). Using the DT, participants walked an OS route taking photos and recording reasons for the photos, then completed a 25-item demographic/environmental observation survey and a 16-item Reflection Survey on perceived environmental changes. A total of 18 themes were reported by participants with areas of overlapping themes (e.g., Community and Social Connectedness) and areas where a single site reported a theme (e.g., Social Isolation in Older Adults). Ten of the 18 themes were identified by at least two sites including "Bike Resources" and "Services", indicating the value of programming at OS initiatives. The themes of "Festive Environment" and "Family Friendly Environment" reflect the quality of the overall environment for participants. Four themes (Community and Social Connectedness, Family Friendly Environment, PA, and Safety) were reported by all sites. Three of the four unifying themes were also ranked among the highest reported categories of "seemed better" on the Reflection Survey (Ease of Walking, Overall Safety of Neighborhood, and Friendliness of Environment), providing additional confirmation of the shared experience of social, health, and psychological benefits from OS initiatives. OS initiatives offer a global strategy for increasing neighborhood opportunities for PA and a potential site for training citizen scientists to document environmental influences on PA.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE}, author={Zieff, Susan G. and Musselman, Elaine A. and Sarmiento, Olga L. and Gonzalez, Silvia A. and Aguilar-Farias, Nicolas and Winter, Sandra J. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Quijano, Karoll and King, Abby C.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={899–912} }
 @article{zieff_musselman_sarmiento_gonzalez_aguilar-farias_winter_hipp_quijano_king_2018, title={Talking the Walk: Perceptions of Neighborhood Characteristics from Users of Open Streets Programs in Latin America and the USA (vol 95, pg 899, 2018)}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1468-2869"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11524-018-0300-4}, abstractNote={There were two errors in this article as originally published: Coauthor Olga L. Sarmiento was listed with an affiliation—Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute—that does not apply to her (only “Universidad de los Andes Bogota, Colombia” is a correct affiliation for her).}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE}, author={Zieff, Susan G. and Musselman, Elaine A. and Sarmiento, Olga L. and Gonzalez, Silvia A. and Aguilar-Farias, Nicolas and Winter, Sandra J. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Quijano, Karoll and King, Abby C.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={913–913} }
 @article{carlson_hipp_kerr_horowitz_berrigan_2018, title={Unique Views on Obesity-Related Behaviors and Environments: Research Using Still and Video Images}, volume={1}, ISSN={2575-6605 2575-6613}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmpb.2018-0021}, DOI={10.1123/jmpb.2018-0021}, abstractNote={Objectives: To document challenges to and benefits from research involving the use of images by capturing examples of such research to assess physical activity– or nutrition-related behaviors and/or environments.Methods: Researchers (i.e., key informants) using image capture in their research were identified through knowledge and networks of the authors of this paper and through literature search. Twenty-nine key informants completed a survey covering the type of research, source of images, and challenges and benefits experienced, developed specifically for this study.Results: Most respondents used still images in their research, with only 26.7% using video. Image sources were categorized as participant generated (n = 13; e.g., participants using smartphones for dietary assessment), researcher generated (n = 10; e.g., wearable cameras with automatic image capture), or curated from third parties (n = 7; e.g., Google Street View). Two of the major challenges that emerged included the need for automated processing of large datasets (58.8%) and participant recruitment/compliance (41.2%). Benefit-related themes included greater perspectives on obesity with increased data coverage (34.6%) and improved accuracy of behavior and environment assessment (34.6%).Conclusions: Technological advances will support the increased use of images in the assessment of physical activity, nutrition behaviors, and environments. To advance this area of research, more effective collaborations are needed between health and computer scientists. In particular development of automated data extraction methods for diverse aspects of behavior, environment, and food characteristics are needed. Additionally, progress in standards for addressing ethical issues related to image capture for research purposes is critical.}, number={3}, journal={Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Carlson, Jordan A. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Kerr, Jacqueline and Horowitz, Todd S. and Berrigan, David}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={143–154} }
 @article{cespedes feliciano_quante_weng_mitchell_james_marinac_mariani_redline_kerr_godbole_et al._2017, title={Actigraphy-Derived Daily Rest–Activity Patterns and Body Mass Index in Community-Dwelling Adults}, volume={40}, ISSN={0161-8105 1550-9109}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsx168}, DOI={10.1093/sleep/zsx168}, abstractNote={Study Objectives
To examine associations between 24-hour rest-activity patterns and body mass index (BMI) among community-dwelling US adults. Rest-activity patterns provide a field method to study exposures related to circadian rhythms.


Methods
Adults (N = 578) wore an actigraph on their nondominant wrist for 7 days. Intradaily variability and interdaily stability (IS), M10 (most active 10-hours), L5 (least active 5-hours), and relative amplitude (RA) were derived using nonparametric rhythm analysis. Mesor, acrophase, and amplitude were calculated from log-transformed count data using the parametric cosinor approach.


Results
Participants were 80% female and mean (standard deviation) age was 52 (15) years. Participants with higher BMI had lower values for magnitude, RA, IS, total sleep time (TST), and sleep efficiency. In multivariable analyses, less robust 24-hour rest-activity patterns as represented by lower RA were consistently associated with higher BMI: comparing the bottom quintile (least robust) to the top quintile (most robust 24-hour rest-activity pattern) of RA, BMI was 3-kg/m2 higher (p = .02). Associations were similar in magnitude to an hour less of TST (1-kg/m2 higher BMI) or a 10% decrease in sleep efficiency (2-kg/m2 higher BMI), and independent of age, sex, race, education, and the duration of rest and/or activity.


Conclusions
Lower RA, reflecting both higher night activity and lower daytime activity, was associated with higher BMI. Independent of the duration of rest or activity during the day or night, 24-hour rest, and activity patterns from actigraphy provide aggregated measures of activity that associate with BMI in community-dwelling adults.}, number={12}, journal={Sleep}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Cespedes Feliciano, Elizabeth M and Quante, Mirja and Weng, Jia and Mitchell, Jonathan A and James, Peter and Marinac, Catherine R and Mariani, Sara and Redline, Susan and Kerr, Jacqueline and Godbole, Suneeta and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Oct} }
 @article{carlson_liu_sallis_kerr_hipp_staggs_papa_dean_vasconcelos_2017, title={Automated Ecological Assessment of Physical Activity: Advancing Direct Observation}, volume={14}, ISSN={1660-4601}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121487}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph14121487}, abstractNote={Technological advances provide opportunities for automating direct observations of physical activity, which allow for continuous monitoring and feedback. This pilot study evaluated the initial validity of computer vision algorithms for ecological assessment of physical activity. The sample comprised 6630 seconds per camera (three cameras in total) of video capturing up to nine participants engaged in sitting, standing, walking, and jogging in an open outdoor space while wearing accelerometers. Computer vision algorithms were developed to assess the number and proportion of people in sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous activity, and group-based metabolic equivalents of tasks (MET)-minutes. Means and standard deviations (SD) of bias/difference values, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) assessed the criterion validity compared to accelerometry separately for each camera. The number and proportion of participants sedentary and in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) had small biases (within 20% of the criterion mean) and the ICCs were excellent (0.82–0.98). Total MET-minutes were slightly underestimated by 9.3–17.1% and the ICCs were good (0.68–0.79). The standard deviations of the bias estimates were moderate-to-large relative to the means. The computer vision algorithms appeared to have acceptable sample-level validity (i.e., across a sample of time intervals) and are promising for automated ecological assessment of activity in open outdoor settings, but further development and testing is needed before such tools can be used in a diverse range of settings.}, number={12}, journal={International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Carlson, Jordan and Liu, Bo and Sallis, James and Kerr, Jacqueline and Hipp, J. and Staggs, Vincent and Papa, Amy and Dean, Kelsey and Vasconcelos, Nuno}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={1487} }
 @article{kerr_marinac_ellis_godbole_hipp_glanz_mitchell_laden_james_berrigan_et al._2017, title={Comparison of Accelerometry Methods for Estimating Physical Activity}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1530-0315"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84991489948&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1249/mss.0000000000001124}, abstractNote={Purpose This study aimed to compare physical activity estimates across different accelerometer wear locations, wear time protocols, and data processing techniques. Methods A convenience sample of middle-age to older women wore a GT3X+ accelerometer at the wrist and hip for 7 d. Physical activity estimates were calculated using three data processing techniques: single-axis cut points, raw vector magnitude thresholds, and machine learning algorithms applied to the raw data from the three axes. Daily estimates were compared for the 321 women using generalized estimating equations. Results A total of 1420 d were analyzed. Compliance rates for the hip versus wrist location only varied by 2.7%. All differences between techniques, wear locations, and wear time protocols were statistically different (P < 0.05). Mean minutes per day in physical activity varied from 22 to 67 depending on location and method. On the hip, the 1952-count cut point found at least 150 min·wk−1 of physical activity in 22% of participants, raw vector magnitude found 32%, and the machine-learned algorithm found 74% of participants with 150 min of walking/running per week. The wrist algorithms found 59% and 60% of participants with 150 min of physical activity per week using the raw vector magnitude and machine-learned techniques, respectively. When the wrist device was worn overnight, up to 4% more participants met guidelines. Conclusion Estimates varied by 52% across techniques and by as much as 41% across wear locations. Findings suggest that researchers should be cautious when comparing physical activity estimates from different studies. Efforts to standardize accelerometry-based estimates of physical activity are needed. A first step might be to report on multiple procedures until a consensus is achieved.}, number={3}, journal={MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE}, author={Kerr, J. and Marinac, C. R. and Ellis, K. and Godbole, S. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Glanz, K. and Mitchell, J. and Laden, F. and James, P. and Berrigan, D. and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={617–624} }
 @article{marquet_alberico_adlakha_hipp_2017, title={Examining motivations to play Pokémon GO and their influence on perceived outcomes and physical activity}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2291-9279"]}, url={https://games.jmir.org/2017/4/e21}, DOI={10.2196/games.8048}, abstractNote={Background Pokémon GO is the most played augmented reality game in history. With more than 44 million players at the peak of its popularity, the game has sparked interest on its effects on the young population’s health. Objective This pilot study examined motivations to start playing Pokémon GO among a sample of US college students, and how motivations were associated with perceived outcomes of the playing experience and physical activity derived while playing. Methods In November 2016, we asked a sample of 47 US college students (all Pokémon GO players) to complete online surveys and install an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) tool and step counter on their smartphones. The EMA tool prompted a set of questions on playing behavior and physical activity, 3 times per day (12:00 PM, 7:00 PM, and 10:00 PM), for 7 days. We used a factorial analysis to identify 3 distinctive groups of players based on their motivations to start playing Pokémon GO. We tested differences across motivation groups related to 5 unique outcomes using 1-way analysis of variance. Results We extracted 3 interpretable factors from the clustering of motivations to start playing Pokémon GO: Pokémon and video game fans (n=26, 55% of the sample), physical activity seekers (n=8, 17%), and curious & social (n=13, 28%). The clusters differed significantly on the enjoyment of different aspects of the game, particularly battling, discovering new places, and meeting new people, as well as differences in agreement that playing improved mood and made them more social. Days when playing Pokémon GO were associated with higher number of steps reported at the end of the day, especially among physical activity seekers, but also for Pokémon and video game fans. All groups perceived traffic as a major threat to playing. Conclusions Days during which Pokémon GO was played were positively associated with a set of beneficial health behaviors, including higher physical activity levels, more socialization, and better mood. Results, however, depended on personal motivations and expectations when joining the game. These results highlight the importance of taking motivation into account when attempting to extract conclusions from the Pokémon GO phenomenon to enhance future exergames’ designs or health interventions.}, number={4}, journal={JMIR Serious Games}, publisher={JMIR Publications Inc.}, author={Marquet, O. and Alberico, C. and Adlakha, D. and Hipp, J.A.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={21} }
 @article{groshong_stanis_kaczynski_hipp_besenyi_2017, title={Exploring Attitudes, Perceived Norms, and Personal Agency: Insights Into Theory-Based Messages to Encourage Park-Based Physical Activity in Low-Income Urban Neighborhoods}, volume={14}, ISSN={1543-3080 1543-5474}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0069}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.2016-0069}, abstractNote={Background:Public parks hold promise for promoting population-level PA, but studies show a significant portion of park use is sedentary. Past research has documented the effectiveness of message-based strategies for influencing diverse behaviors in park settings and for increasing PA in nonpark contexts. Therefore, to inform message-based interventions (eg, point-ofdecision prompts) to increase park-based PA, the purpose of this study was to elicit insights about key attitudes, perceived norms, and personal agency that affect park use and park-based PA in low-income urban neighborhoods.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Physical Activity and Health}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Groshong, Lisa and Stanis, Sonja A. Wilhelm and Kaczynski, Andrew T. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Besenyi, Gina M.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={108–116} }
 @article{james_hart_hipp_mitchell_kerr_hurvitz_glanz_laden_2017, title={GPS-Based Exposure to Greenness and Walkability and Accelerometry-Based Physical Activity}, volume={26}, ISSN={1055-9965 1538-7755}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0925}, DOI={10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0925}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention}, publisher={American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)}, author={James, Peter and Hart, Jaime E. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Mitchell, Jonathan A. and Kerr, Jacqueline and Hurvitz, Philip M. and Glanz, Karen and Laden, Francine}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={525–532} }
 @inproceedings{rider_hipp_van bakergem_2017, place={Salt Lake City, UT}, title={In Search of Healthy Communities: A Conceptual Framework for Engaging Developers}, url={http://www.cap.utah.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ARCC-Proceedings-2017-FINAL.pdf}, booktitle={Proceedings from the 2017 Architectural Research Centers Consortium Conference: Architecture of Complexity: design, systems, society and environment}, publisher={University of Utah}, author={Rider, T. and Hipp, J.A. and van Bakergem, M.}, year={2017}, pages={411–416} }
 @inbook{hipp_adlakha_eyler_gernes_kargol_stylianou_pless_2017, title={Learning from outdoor webcams: Surveillance of physical activity across environments}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85036629931&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-40902-3_26}, abstractNote={Publicly available, outdoor webcams continuously view the world and share images. These cameras include traffic cams, campus cams, ski-resort cams, etc. The Archive of Many Outdoor Scenes (AMOS) is a project aiming to geolocate, annotate, archive, and visualize these cameras and images to serve as a resource for a wide variety of scientific applications. The AMOS dataset has archived over 750 million images of outdoor environments from 27,000 webcams since 2006. Our goal is to utilize the AMOS image dataset and crowdsourcing to develop reliable and valid tools to improve physical activity assessment via online, outdoor webcam capture of global physical activity patterns and urban built environment characteristics. This project’s grand scale-up of capturing physical activity patterns and built environments is a methodological step forward in advancing a real-time, non-labor intensive assessment using webcams, crowdsourcing, and eventually machine learning. The combined use of webcams capturing outdoor scenes every 30 min and crowdsources providing the labor of annotating the scenes allows for accelerated public health surveillance related to physical activity across numerous built environments. The ultimate goal of this public health and computer vision collaboration is to develop machine learning algorithms that will automatically identify and calculate physical activity patterns.}, booktitle={Springer Geography}, author={Hipp, J.A. and Adlakha, D. and Eyler, A.A. and Gernes, R. and Kargol, A. and Stylianou, A.H. and Pless, R.}, year={2017}, pages={471–490} }
 @article{hipp_adlakha_eyler_gernes_kargol_stylianou_pless_2017, title={Learning from outdoor webcams: Surveillance of physical activity across environments}, journal={Seeing cities through big data: research, methods and applications in urban informatics}, author={Hipp, J. A. and Adlakha, D. and Eyler, A. A. and Gernes, R. and Kargol, A. and Stylianou, A. H. and Pless, R.}, year={2017}, pages={471–490} }
 @article{hipp_dodson_lee_marx_yang_tabak_hoehner_marquet_brownson_2017, title={Mixed methods analysis of eighteen worksite policies, programs, and environments for physical activity}, volume={14}, ISSN={1479-5868}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0533-8}, DOI={10.1186/s12966-017-0533-8}, abstractNote={This study examined whether specific worksite supports for physical activity (PA) were associated with total and domain-specific PA.A cross-sectional, telephone-based study was conducted in four Missouri, USA, metropolitan areas in 2012 and 2013. Outcome variables included total PA and sub-domains (leisure, work, travel) measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Logistic regression determined odds of meeting PA recommendations, given access to and use of 18 unique PA worksite supports. A subsample of 119 participants also wore hip accelerometry for seven consecutive days and maintained a wear-time diary. Access to worksite supports were associated with odds of meeting objective moderate and vigorous (MV) PA above 150 min per week.Among 2013 survey participants, meeting PA recommendations while performing work-related tasks was significantly associated with several supports (e.g., walking maps, stair prompts), as was meeting recommendations during travel (e.g., flextime for PA, incentives for public transportation, walking/bicycling to work). Access to 11 worksite supports increased odds of meeting PA recommendations through leisure-time PA; five supports were associated with total PA. There were significant differences between access to and use of supports. Using objective MVPA, access to worksite challenges and bike storage were significantly associated with five and three times greater odds of meeting 150 min of MVPA per week, respectively.Worksite wellness plans are increasing across the US and employers are eager for evidence-based supports for increasing PA. This study provides insights into the utility of multiple worksite supports for PA to increase odds that employees meet PA recommendations.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Hipp, J. Aaron and Dodson, Elizabeth A. and Lee, Jung Ae and Marx, Christine M. and Yang, Lin and Tabak, Rachel G. and Hoehner, Christine and Marquet, Oriol and Brownson, Ross C.}, year={2017}, month={Jun} }
 @article{hipp_bird_van bakergem_yarnall_2017, title={Moving targets: Promoting physical activity in public spaces via open streets in the US}, volume={103}, ISSN={0091-7435}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.10.014}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.10.014}, abstractNote={Popularity of Open Streets, temporarily opening streets to communities and closing streets to vehicles, in the US has recently surged. As of January 2016, 122 cities have hosted an Open Streets program. Even with this great expansion, the sustainability of Open Streets remains a challenge in many cities and overall Open Streets in the US differ from their successful counterparts in Central and South America. Between summer 2015 and winter 2016, we reviewed the websites and social media of the 122 identified programs and interviewed 32 unique Open Streets programs. Websites and social media were reviewed for program initiation, number of Open Streets days, length of routes, duration of program, and reported participation. Interview questions focused on barriers and facilitators of expanding Open Streets and specific questioning regarding local evaluation activities. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed with constant comparative methodology. Over three-quarters of US Open Streets programs have been initiated since 2010, with median frequency of one time per year, 4h per date, and 5000-9999 participants. Seventy-seven percent of program routes are under 5km in length. Success of programs was measured by enthusiasm, attendance, social media, survey metrics, and sustainability. Thirteen of 32 program organizers expressed interest in expanding their programs to 12 dates per year, but noted consistent barriers to expansion including funding, permitting, and branding. Though many cities now host Open Streets programs, their ability to effect public health remains limited with few program dates per year. Coordinated efforts, especially around funding, permitting, and branding may assist in expanding program dates.}, journal={Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hipp, J. Aaron and Bird, Alyssa and van Bakergem, Margaret and Yarnall, Elizabeth}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={S15–S20} }
 @article{marquet_hipp_miralles-guasch_2017, title={Neighborhood walkability and active ageing: A difference in differences assessment of active transportation over ten years}, volume={7}, ISSN={2214-1405}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.09.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.jth.2017.09.006}, abstractNote={The effects of neighborhood morphology and walkability over active travel patterns of ageing older adults are still largely unknown. We used a difference-in-differences design to compare the changes in active transport indicators on older adults ageing for ten years in different areas of the Barcelona Metropolitan Region (Spain). Participants were drawn from two large cross-sectional travel surveys in 2004 and 2014 creating a 10 year span in which they aged from 65–75 y.o. to 75–85 y.o. High walkability was associated with more minutes spent walking, and higher odds of meeting Physical Activity (PA) recommendations. Ageing in low walkable areas, in contrast, was associated with lower amounts of PA derived from transportation.}, journal={Journal of Transport & Health}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Marquet, Oriol and Hipp, J. Aaron and Miralles-Guasch, Carme}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={190–201} }
 @article{van bakergem_sommer_heerman_hipp_barkin_2017, title={Objective reports versus subjective perceptions of crime and their relationships to accelerometer-measured physical activity in Hispanic caretaker-child dyads}, volume={95}, ISSN={0091-7435}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.001}, abstractNote={Crime and safety are commonly cited barriers to physical activity (PA). We had three objectives, 1) describe the association between objective crime measures and perceptions of crime, 2) analyze the relationships between each type of crime and accelerometer-measured physical activity in caretakers and young children (ages 3–5 years), and 3) explore for early gender differences in the relationship between crime and physical activity in young children. Data are from the cross-sectional baseline data of an ongoing randomized controlled trial in Nashville, Tennessee spanning September 2012 through May 2014. Data was analyzed from 480 Hispanic dyads (adult caretaker and 3–5 year old child). Objective crime rate was assessed in ArcGIS and perception of crime was measured by caretaker agreement with the statement "The crime rate in my neighborhood makes it unsafe to go on walks." The primary outcome was accelerometer-measured physical activity over seven consecutive days. Objective and perceived crime were significantly positively correlated. Caretaker vigorous PA was significantly related to perceptions of crime; however, its relationship to objective crime was not significant. Child PA was not significantly related to caretaker perceptions of crime. However, interactions suggested that the relationship between crime rate and PA was significantly more negative for girls than for boys. Objective and subjective measures of crime rate are expected to be important correlates of PA, but they appear to have complex relationships that are different for adults than they are for young children, as well as for young girls compared to boys, and research has produced conflicting findings.}, journal={Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={van Bakergem, Margaret and Sommer, Evan C. and Heerman, William J. and Hipp, James Aaron and Barkin, Shari L.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={S68–S74} }
 @book{bird_diaz del castillo_hipp_sarmiento_2017, place={Toronto, ON}, title={Open Streets Trends & Opportunities}, url={http://www.880cities.org/images/880tools/openstreets-policy-brief-english.pdf}, institution={8 80 Cities}, author={Bird, A. and Diaz del Castillo, A. and Hipp, A. and Sarmiento, O.L.}, year={2017}, pages={9} }
 @article{adlakha_marquet_hipp_tully_2017, title={Pokémon GO or Pokémon Gone: How can cities respond to trends in technology linking people and space?}, volume={1}, ISSN={2374-8834 2374-8842}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2017.1358560}, DOI={10.1080/23748834.2017.1358560}, abstractNote={Abstract Pokemon GO and its ability to get people moving highlights new beginnings for gamification of health and social life of urban spaces with implications for people–space interaction.}, number={1}, journal={Cities & Health}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Adlakha, Deepti and Marquet, Oriol and Hipp, J. Aaron and Tully, Mark A.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={89–94} }
 @article{murray_godbole_natarajan_full_hipp_glanz_mitchell_laden_james_quante_et al._2017, title={The relations between sleep, time of physical activity, and time outdoors among adult women}, volume={12}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182013}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0182013}, abstractNote={Physical activity and time spent outdoors may be important non-pharmacological approaches to improve sleep quality and duration (or sleep patterns) but there is little empirical research evaluating the two simultaneously. The current study assesses the role of physical activity and time outdoors in predicting sleep health by using objective measurement of the three variables. A convenience sample of 360 adult women (mean age = 55.38 ±9.89 years; mean body mass index = 27.74 ±6.12) was recruited from different regions of the U.S. Participants wore a Global Positioning System device and ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers on the hip for 7 days and on the wrist for 7 days and 7 nights to assess total time and time of day spent outdoors, total minutes in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per day, and 4 measures of sleep health, respectively. A generalized mixed-effects model was used to assess temporal associations between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, outdoor time, and sleep at the daily level (days = 1931) within individuals. There was a significant interaction (p = 0.04) between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and time spent outdoors in predicting total sleep time but not for predicting sleep efficiency. Increasing time outdoors in the afternoon (versus morning) predicted lower sleep efficiency, but had no effect on total sleep time. Time spent outdoors and the time of day spent outdoors may be important moderators in assessing the relation between physical activity and sleep. More research is needed in larger populations using experimental designs.}, number={9}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Murray, Kate and Godbole, Suneeta and Natarajan, Loki and Full, Kelsie and Hipp, J. Aaron and Glanz, Karen and Mitchell, Jonathan and Laden, Francine and James, Peter and Quante, Mirja and et al.}, editor={Romigi, AndreaEditor}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={e0182013} }
 @article{mitchell_quante_godbole_james_hipp_marinac_mariani_cespedes feliciano_glanz_laden_et al._2017, title={Variation in actigraphy-estimated rest-activity patterns by demographic factors}, volume={34}, ISSN={0742-0528 1525-6073}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2017.1337032}, DOI={10.1080/07420528.2017.1337032}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Rest-activity patterns provide an indication of circadian rhythmicity in the free-living setting. We aimed to describe the distributions of rest-activity patterns in a sample of adults and children across demographic variables. A sample of adults (N = 590) and children (N = 58) wore an actigraph on their nondominant wrist for 7 days and nights. We generated rest-activity patterns from cosinor analysis (MESOR, acrophase and magnitude) and nonparametric circadian rhythm analysis (IS: interdaily stability; IV: intradaily variability; L5: least active 5-hour period; M10: most active 10-hour period; and RA: relative amplitude). Demographic variables included age, sex, race, education, marital status, and income. Linear mixed-effects models were used to test for demographic differences in rest-activity patterns. Adolescents, compared to younger children, had (1) later M10 midpoints (β = 1.12 hours [95% CI: 0.43, 1.18] and lower M10 activity levels; (2) later L5 midpoints (β = 1.6 hours [95% CI: 0.9, 2.3]) and lower L5 activity levels; (3) less regular rest-activity patterns (lower IS and higher IV); and 4) lower magnitudes (β = −0.95 [95% CI: −1.28, −0.63]) and relative amplitudes (β = −0.1 [95% CI: −0.14, −0.06]). Mid-to-older adults, compared to younger adults (aged 18–29 years), had (1) earlier M10 midpoints (β = −1.0 hours [95% CI: −1.6, −0.4]; (2) earlier L5 midpoints (β = −0.7 hours [95% CI: −1.2, −0.2]); and (3) more regular rest-activity patterns (higher IS and lower IV). The magnitudes and relative amplitudes were similar across the adult age categories. Sex, race and education level rest-activity differences were also observed. Rest-activity patterns vary across the lifespan, and differ by race, sex and education. Understanding population variation in these patterns provides a foundation for further elucidating the health implications of rest-activity patterns across the lifespan.}, number={8}, journal={Chronobiology International}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Mitchell, Jonathan A and Quante, Mirja and Godbole, Suneeta and James, Peter and Hipp, J. Aaron and Marinac, Catherine R and Mariani, Sara and Cespedes Feliciano, Elizabeth M. and Glanz, Karen and Laden, Francine and et al.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={1042–1056} }
 @article{yang_hipp_lee_tabak_dodson_marx_brownson_2017, title={Work-related correlates of occupational sitting in a diverse sample of employees in Midwest metropolitan cities}, volume={6}, ISSN={2211-3355}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.03.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.03.008}, abstractNote={The worksite serves as an ideal setting to reduce sedentary time. Yet little research has focused on occupational sitting, and few have considered factors beyond the personal or socio-demographic level. The current study i) examined variation in occupational sitting across different occupations, ii) explored whether worksite level factors (e.g., employer size, worksite supports and policies) may be associated with occupational sitting. Between 2012 and 2013, participants residing in four Missouri metropolitan areas were interviewed via telephone and provided information on socio-demographic characteristics, schedule flexibility, occupation, work related factors, and worksite supports and policies. Occupational sitting was self-reported (daily minutes spent sitting at work), and dichotomized. Occupation-stratified analyses were conducted to identify correlates of occupational sitting using multiple logistic regressions. A total of 1668 participants provided completed data. Those employed in business and office/administrative support spent more daily occupational sitting time (median 330 min) compared to service and blue collar employees (median 30 min). Few worksite supports and policies were sitting specific, yet factors such as having a full-time job, larger employer size, schedule flexibility, and stair prompt signage were associated with occupational sitting. For example, larger employer size was associated with higher occupational sitting in health care, education/professional, and service occupations. Work-related factors, worksite supports and policies are associated with occupational sitting. The pattern of association varies among different occupation groups. This exploratory work adds to the body of research on worksite level correlates of occupational sitting. This may provide information on priority venues for targeting highly sedentary occupation groups.}, journal={Preventive Medicine Reports}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Yang, Lin and Hipp, J. Aaron and Lee, Jung Ae and Tabak, Rachel G. and Dodson, Elizabeth A. and Marx, Christine M. and Brownson, Ross C.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={197–202} }
 @article{adlakha_hipp_brownson_a. eyler_k. lesorogol_raghavan_2017, title={“Can we walk?” Environmental supports for physical activity in India}, volume={103}, ISSN={0091-7435}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.09.020}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.09.020}, abstractNote={India is currently facing a non-communicable disease epidemic. Physical activity (PA) is a preventative factor for non-communicable diseases. Understanding the role of the built environment (BE) to facilitate or constrain PA is essential for public health interventions to increase population PA. The objective of this study was to understand BEs associations with PA occurring in two major life domains or life areas—travel and leisure—in urban India. Between December 2014 and April 2015, in-person surveys were conducted with participants (N = 370; female = 47.2%) in Chennai, India. Perceived BE characteristics regarding residential density, land use mix-diversity, land use mix-access, street connectivity, infrastructure for walking and bicycling, aesthetics, traffic safety, and safety from crime were measured using the adapted Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale-India (NEWS-India). Self-reported PA was measured the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. High residential density was associated with greater odds of travel PA (aOR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.2, 3.2). Land use mix-diversity was positively related to travel PA (aOR = 2.1, 95%CI = 1.2, 3.6), but not associated with leisure or total PA. The aggregate NEWS-India score predicted a two-fold increase in odds of travel PA (aOR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.1, 3.1) and a 40% decrease in odds of leisure PA (aOR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4, 1.0). However, the association of the aggregated score with leisure PA was not significant. Results suggest that relationships between BE and PA in low-and-middle income countries may be context-specific, and may differ markedly from higher income countries. Findings have public health implications for India suggesting that caution should be taken when translating evidence across countries.}, journal={Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Adlakha, Deepti and Hipp, J. Aaron and Brownson, Ross C. and A. Eyler, Amy and K. Lesorogol, Carolyn and Raghavan, Ramesh}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={S81–S89} }
 @article{adlakha_hipp_brownson_2016, title={Adaptation and Evaluation of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale in India (NEWS-India)}, volume={13}, ISSN={1660-4601}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040401}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph13040401}, abstractNote={Physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality, with most of these deaths occurring in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) like India. Research from developed countries has consistently demonstrated associations between built environment features and physical activity levels of populations. The development of culturally sensitive and reliable measures of the built environment is a necessary first step for accurate analysis of environmental correlates of physical activity in LMICs. This study systematically adapted the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) for India and evaluated aspects of test-retest reliability of the adapted version among Indian adults. Cultural adaptation of the NEWS was conducted by Indian and international experts. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with local residents and key informants in the city of Chennai, India. At baseline, participants (N = 370; female = 47.2%) from Chennai completed the adapted NEWS-India surveys on perceived residential density, land use mix-diversity, land use mix-access, street connectivity, infrastructure and safety for walking and cycling, aesthetics, traffic safety, and safety from crime. NEWS-India was administered for a second time to consenting participants (N = 62; female = 53.2%) with a gap of 2–3 weeks between successive administrations. Qualitative findings demonstrated that built environment barriers and constraints to active commuting and physical activity behaviors intersected with social ecological systems. The adapted NEWS subscales had moderate to high test-retest reliability (ICC range 0.48–0.99). The NEWS-India demonstrated acceptable measurement properties among Indian adults and may be a useful tool for evaluation of built environment attributes in India. Further adaptation and evaluation in rural and suburban settings in India is essential to create a version that could be used throughout India.}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Adlakha, Deepti and Hipp, J. and Brownson, Ross}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={401} }
 @article{dodson_hipp_lee_yang_marx_tabak_brownson_2016, title={Does Availability of Worksite Supports for Physical Activity Differ by Industry and Occupation?}, volume={32}, ISSN={0890-1171 2168-6602}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117116668795}, DOI={10.1177/0890117116668795}, abstractNote={Purpose: To explore combinations of worksite supports (WSS) for physical activity (PA) that may assist employees in meeting PA recommendations and to investigate how availability of WSS differs across industries and occupations. }, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Health Promotion}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Dodson, Elizabeth A. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Lee, Jung Ae and Yang, Lin and Marx, Christine M. and Tabak, Rachel G. and Brownson, Ross C.}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={517–526} }
 @book{gernes_hertzberg_macdonell_rice_wright_beresin_miller_africa_donovan_hipp_et al._2016, place={Washington, DC}, title={Estimating Greenspace Exposure and Benefits for Cumulative Risk Assessment Applications}, number={EPA/600/R-16/025}, institution={U.S. Environmental Protection Agency}, author={Gernes, R. and Hertzberg, R. and MacDonell, M. and Rice, G. and Wright, J. and Beresin, G. and Miller, T. and Africa, J. and Donovan, G. and Hipp, J. and et al.}, year={2016} }
 @article{tabak_hipp_dodson_yang_adlakha_brownson_2016, title={Exploring associations between perceived home and work neighborhood environments, diet behaviors, and obesity: Results from a survey of employed adults in Missouri}, volume={4}, ISSN={2211-3355}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.10.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.10.008}, abstractNote={Dietary behaviors are associated with obesity, and may be influenced by the environment. The objective of the current work was to investigate whether perceptions of built environment factors related to eating in the residential neighborhood will have different, independent associations with BMI and dietary behaviors than perceived built environment factors in the worksite neighborhood. In 2012–2013, a cross-sectional telephone-survey of Missouri adults (n = 2015) assessed perceptions of home and workplace built environment factors related to eating, dietary behaviors, and height and weight. Logistic regression models explored associations between perceived neighborhood built environment variables, diet, and obesity. The only variable associated with any of the outcomes explored in the fully adjusted models was the home neighborhood composite scale. None of the work environment variables were significantly associated with any of the health/behavior outcomes after adjustment. Few associations were found after adjustment for personal and job-related characteristics, and none were identified with the workplace neighborhood environment. While few home environment associations were found after adjustment, and none were identified with the perceived workplace neighborhood environment, the current study adds to the limited literature looking at associations between the perceived neighborhood around the workplace neighborhood and the perceived neighborhood around the home and dietary behaviors and obesity in adults. Future studies are needed to determine whether relationships between these environments and behavior exist, and if so, if they are causal and warrant intervention attempts.}, journal={Preventive Medicine Reports}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Tabak, Rachel and Hipp, J. Aaron and Dodson, Elizabeth A. and Yang, Lin and Adlakha, Deepti and Brownson, Ross C.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={591–596} }
 @article{adlakha_hipp_brownson_2016, title={Neighborhood-based differences in walkability, physical activity, and weight status in India}, volume={3}, ISSN={2214-1405}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2016.10.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.jth.2016.10.008}, abstractNote={Data on built environment (BE) and physical activity (PA) in low- and middle- income countries is sparse. This study compared BE features, PA levels, and weight status among adults living in neighborhoods stratified by walkability and socio-economic status (SES) in the city of Chennai, India. This cross sectional study design surveyed 370 adults (≥18 years) from four neighborhoods with differing walkability and socio-economic status. Participants were asked to complete a survey on their neighborhood environment, leisure and travel PA, height, weight, and demographic characteristics. One-way analysis of variance tests were used to examine differences across neighborhoods. Residents of high-walkability/high-SES neighborhoods reported higher land use mix diversity, land use mix access, street connectivity, aesthetics, and safety from crime. Residential density and walking/bicycling infrastructure were highest in the high-walkability/low-SES neighborhood. Transport PA was the maximum contributor to total PA in low-SES neighborhoods, while residents of high-SES neighborhoods reported greater levels of leisure-time PA. Sitting time and BMI were greater among high-SES participants. Patterns of PA, sedentary time, and weight status varied significantly by neighborhood walkability and SES. An understanding of BE correlates of domain-specific PA can support the development of contextually tailored interventions to promote physical activity and reverse the determinants of inactivity occurring through patterns of urbanization and sedentary behaviors in India.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Transport & Health}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Adlakha, Deepti and Hipp, J. Aaron and Brownson, Ross C.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={485–499} }
 @article{mitchell_godbole_moran_murray_james_laden_hipp_kerr_glanz_2016, title={No Evidence of Reciprocal Associations between Daily Sleep and Physical Activity}, volume={48}, ISSN={0195-9131}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001000}, DOI={10.1249/mss.0000000000001000}, abstractNote={PURPOSE
This study aimed to determine whether physical activity patterns are associated with sleep later at night and if nighttime sleep is associated with physical activity patterns the next day among adult women.


METHODS
Women (N = 353) living throughout the United States wore a wrist and a hip accelerometer for 7 d. Total sleep time (TST, hours per night) and sleep efficiency (SE, %) were estimated from the wrist accelerometer, and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA, >1040 counts per minute, h·d) and sedentary behavior (SB, <100 counts per minute, h·d) were estimated from the hip accelerometer. Mixed-effects models adjusted for age, race, body mass index, education, employment, marital status, health status, and hip accelerometer wear time were used to analyze the data. Follow-up analyses using quantile regression were used to investigate associations among women with below average TST and MVPA and above average SB.


RESULTS
The average age of our sample was 55.5 yr (SD = 10.2 yr). The majority of participants were White (79%) and married (72%), and half were employed full time (49%). The participants spent on average 8.9 and 1.1 h·d in SB and MVPA, respectively, and 6.8 h per night asleep. No associations were observed between MVPA and SB with nighttime TST or SE. There were no associations between nighttime TST and SE with MVPA or SB the next day. The findings were the same in the quantile regression analyses.


CONCLUSION
In free-living adult women, accelerometry-estimated nighttime sleep and physical activity patterns were not associated with one another. On the basis of our observational study involving a sample of adult women, higher physical activity will not necessarily improve sleep at night on a day-to-day basis (and vice versa).}, number={10}, journal={Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise}, publisher={Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)}, author={Mitchell, Jonathan A. and Godbole, Suneeta and Moran, Kevin and Murray, Kate and James, Peter and Laden, Francine and Hipp, J. Aaron and Kerr, Jacqueline and Glanz, Karen}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={1950–1956} }
 @article{kaczynski_schipperijn_hipp_besenyi_wilhelm stanis_hughey_wilcox_2016, title={ParkIndex: Development of a standardized metric of park access for research and planning}, volume={87}, ISSN={0091-7435}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.02.012}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.02.012}, abstractNote={A lack of comprehensive and standardized metrics for measuring park exposure limits park-related research and health promotion efforts. This study aimed to develop and demonstrate an empirically-derived and spatially-represented index of park access (ParkIndex) that would allow researchers, planners, and citizens to evaluate the potential for park use for a given area. Data used for developing ParkIndex were collected in 2010 in Kansas City, Missouri (KCMO). Adult study participants (n = 891) reported whether they used a park within the past month, and all parks in KCMO were mapped and audited using ArcGIS 9.3 and the Community Park Audit Tool. Four park summary variables — distance to nearest park, and the number of parks, amount of park space, and average park quality index within 1 mile were analyzed in relation to park use using logistic regression. Coefficients for significant park summary variables were used to create a raster surface (ParkIndex) representing the probability of park use for all 100 m × 100 m cells in KCMO. Two park summary variables were positively associated with park use — the number of parks and the average park quality index within 1 mile. The ParkIndex probability of park use across all cells in KCMO ranged from 17 to 77 out of 100. ParkIndex represents a standardized metric of park access that combines elements of both park availability and quality, which was developed empirically and can be represented spatially. This tool has both practical and conceptual significance for researchers and professionals in diverse disciplines.}, journal={Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kaczynski, Andrew T. and Schipperijn, Jasper and Hipp, J. Aaron and Besenyi, Gina M. and Wilhelm Stanis, Sonja A. and Hughey, S. Morgan and Wilcox, Sara}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={110–114} }
 @article{arroyo-johnson_woodward_milam_ackermann_komaie_goodman_hipp_2016, title={Still Separate, Still Unequal: Social Determinants of Playground Safety and Proximity Disparities in St. Louis}, volume={93}, ISSN={1099-3460 1468-2869}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-016-0063-8}, DOI={10.1007/s11524-016-0063-8}, abstractNote={Physical activity among youth is shaped by the natural and built environment within which they live; however, few studies have focused on assessing playground safety and proximity in detail as part of the built environment for youth physical activity. We analyzed data on 100 publicly accessible playgrounds from Play Across St. Louis, a community-partnered study of the built environment for youth physical activity. Outcomes included overall playground safety, maintenance, and construction scores; distance to nearest playground; and distance to nearest top playground. Independent variables included neighborhood % youth, % black residents, % owner-occupied units, and % vacant units. Playgrounds in the city have varying degrees of safety and proximity. Mean overall playground safety score was 67.0 % (CI = 63.5, 70.4). Neighborhood % youth and % black residents were inversely associated with overall playground safety (p = 0.03 and p < 0.01) and maintenance (p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001). Mean distance to nearest playground was 638.1 and 1488.3 m to nearest top playground. Clusters of low safety scores were found in the northern and central areas while all high safety score clusters were found in the southern part of St. Louis. Public playground safety and proximity vary across St. Louis neighborhoods, especially by neighborhood demographics. Disparities in playground safety and proximity reveal an opportunity to develop community-wide interventions focused on playgrounds for youth activity. Further work is needed to examine the association between playground safety, proximity, and use and youth physical activity and weight.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Urban Health}, publisher={Springer Nature}, author={Arroyo-Johnson, Cassandra and Woodward, Krista and Milam, Laurel and Ackermann, Nicole and Komaie, Goldie and Goodman, Melody S and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={627–638} }
 @article{dodson_hipp_gao_tabak_yang_brownson_2016, title={The Impact of Worksite Supports for Healthy Eating on Dietary Behaviors}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1536-5948"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84978524349&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1097/jom.0000000000000813}, abstractNote={Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the availability of worksite supports (WSS) for healthy eating and examine associations between existing supports and dietary behaviors. Methods: A cross-sectional, telephone-based study was conducted with 2013 participants in four metropolitan areas in 2012. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between dietary behaviors and the availability or use of WSS. Results: Those reporting the availability of a cafeteria/snack bar/food services at the worksite were more likely to consume fruits and vegetables more than twice/day, and less likely to consume fast food more than twice/week. Conclusions: Study results highlight the utility of specific WSS to improve employee dietary behaviors while raising questions about why the presence of healthy foods at the worksite may not translate into employee consumption of such foods.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE}, author={Dodson, Elizabeth Anne and Hipp, James Aaron and Gao, Mengchao and Tabak, Rachel Gail and Yang, Lin and Brownson, Ross Charles}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={E287–E293} }
 @article{hipp_gulwadi_alves_sequeira_2016, title={The Relationship Between Perceived Greenness and Perceived Restorativeness of University Campuses and Student-Reported Quality of Life}, volume={48}, ISSN={0013-9165 1552-390X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916515598200}, DOI={10.1177/0013916515598200}, abstractNote={ University students are exposed to many stressors, necessitating opportunities for restoration. Research has indicated that actual experiences in nearby green spaces are associated with restorative psychological and physiological health benefits. However, the perception of greenness and restorativeness of environments might also impact health outcomes. Can green campus spaces provide restorative potential to university students? Do students perceive the greenness and restorative benefits? To explore these questions, students at three universities (convenience sample) were surveyed with items on perceived greenness of campus, perceived restorativeness of campus, and the World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Scale. Results indicate that those with higher perceived campus greenness report greater quality of life, a pathway significantly and partially mediated by perceived campus restorativeness. Future research should help identify effective ways in which university green spaces can be developed as health resources for students. }, number={10}, journal={Environment and Behavior}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Hipp, J. Aaron and Gulwadi, Gowri Betrabet and Alves, Susana and Sequeira, Sonia}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={1292–1308} }
 @article{hipp_manteiga_burgess_stylianou_pless_2016, title={Webcams, Crowdsourcing, and Enhanced Crosswalks: Developing a Novel Method to Analyze Active Transportation}, volume={4}, ISSN={2296-2565}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00097}, DOI={10.3389/fpubh.2016.00097}, abstractNote={Introduction Active transportation opportunities and infrastructure are an important component of a community’s design, livability, and health. Features of the built environment influence active transportation, but objective study of the natural experiment effects of built environment improvements on active transportation is challenging. The purpose of this study was to develop and present a novel method of active transportation research using webcams and crowdsourcing, and to determine if crosswalk enhancement was associated with changes in active transportation rates, including across a variety of weather conditions. Methods The 20,529 publicly available webcam images from two street intersections in Washington, DC, USA were used to examine the impact of an improved crosswalk on active transportation. A crowdsource, Amazon Mechanical Turk, annotated image data. Temperature data were collected from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and precipitation data were annotated from images by trained research assistants. Results Summary analyses demonstrated slight, bi-directional differences in the percent of images with pedestrians and bicyclists captured before and after the enhancement of the crosswalks. Chi-square analyses revealed these changes were not significant. In general, pedestrian presence increased in images captured during moderate temperatures compared to images captured during hot or cold temperatures. Chi-square analyses indicated the crosswalk improvement may have encouraged walking and biking in uncomfortable outdoor conditions (P < 0.5). Conclusion The methods employed provide an objective, cost-effective alternative to traditional means of examining the effects of built environment changes on active transportation. The use of webcams to collect active transportation data has applications for community policymakers, planners, and health professionals. Future research will work to validate this method in a variety of settings as well as across different built environment and community policy initiatives.}, journal={Frontiers in Public Health}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Hipp, J. Aaron and Manteiga, Alicia and Burgess, Amanda and Stylianou, Abby and Pless, Robert}, year={2016}, month={May} }
 @article{hipp_becker_marx_tabak_brownson_yang_2016, title={Worksite nutrition supports and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption}, volume={2}, ISSN={2055-2238}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/osp4.44}, DOI={10.1002/osp4.44}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={2}, journal={Obesity Science & Practice}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Hipp, J. A. and Becker, H. V. and Marx, C. M. and Tabak, R. G. and Brownson, R. C. and Yang, L.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={144–153} }
 @article{james_jankowska_marx_hart_berrigan_kerr_hurvitz_hipp_laden_2016, title={“Spatial Energetics”}, volume={51}, ISSN={0749-3797}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.06.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.amepre.2016.06.006}, abstractNote={To address the current obesity and inactivity epidemics, public health researchers have attempted to identify spatial factors that influence physical inactivity and obesity. Technologic and methodologic developments have led to a revolutionary ability to examine dynamic, high-resolution measures of temporally matched location and behavior data through GPS, accelerometry, and GIS. These advances allow the investigation of spatial energetics, high-spatiotemporal resolution data on location and time-matched energetics, to examine how environmental characteristics, space, and time are linked to activity-related health behaviors with far more robust and detailed data than in previous work. Although the transdisciplinary field of spatial energetics demonstrates promise to provide novel insights on how individuals and populations interact with their environment, there remain significant conceptual, technical, analytical, and ethical challenges stemming from the complex data streams that spatial energetics research generates. First, it is essential to better understand what spatial energetics data represent, the relevant spatial context of analysis for these data, and if spatial energetics can establish causality for development of spatially relevant interventions. Second, there are significant technical problems for analysis of voluminous and complex data that may require development of spatially aware scalable computational infrastructures. Third, the field must come to agreement on appropriate statistical methodologies to account for multiple observations per person. Finally, these challenges must be considered within the context of maintaining participant privacy and security. This article describes gaps in current practice and understanding and suggests solutions to move this promising area of research forward.}, number={5}, journal={American Journal of Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={James, Peter and Jankowska, Marta and Marx, Christine and Hart, Jaime E. and Berrigan, David and Kerr, Jacqueline and Hurvitz, Philip M. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Laden, Francine}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={792–800} }
 @inproceedings{hipp_manteiga_burgess_stylianou_pless_2015, title={Cameras and crowds in transportation tracking}, ISBN={9781450338516}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2811780.2811941}, DOI={10.1145/2811780.2811941}, abstractNote={Active transportation is an important contributor to physical activity. Understanding active transportation trends and transportation mode share is important to public health research and city planners. Objective measurement of active transportation can be costly and time-consuming, and existing camera-based algorithms, while developing, are functionally limited to specific settings and distances. In this study, 28,992 publicly available webcam images from two intersections in Washington, D.C., were used to establish trends in active transportation. Amazon Mechanical Turk workers were found to be reliable identifiers of pedestrian and vehicular activity, data validated against trained research assistant image annotation. Webcam and crowdsource annotation provides a cost-effective alternative to traditional objective measures of active transportation and mode share through the use of publicly available wireless webcams. Additional research is needed to expand the utility and external validity of publicly available imaged-based active transportation methodology and image annotation.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the conference on Wireless Health - WH '15}, publisher={ACM Press}, author={Hipp, J. Aaron and Manteiga, Alicia and Burgess, Amanda and Stylianou, Abby and Pless, Robert}, year={2015} }
 @article{yang_hipp_adlakha_marx_tabak_brownson_2015, title={Choice of commuting mode among employees: Do home neighborhood environment, worksite neighborhood environment, and worksite policy and supports matter?}, volume={2}, ISSN={2214-1405}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2015.02.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.jth.2015.02.003}, abstractNote={Promoting the use of public transit and active transport (walking and cycling) instead of car driving is an appealing strategy to increase overall physical activity.To quantify the combined associations between self-reported home and worksite neighborhood environments, worksite support and policies, and employees' commuting modes.Between 2012 and 2013, participants residing in four Missouri metropolitan areas were interviewed via telephone (n = 1,338) and provided information on socio-demographic characteristics, home and worksite neighborhoods, and worksite support and policies. Commuting mode was self-reported and categorized into car driving, public transit, and active commuting. Commuting distance was calculated using geographic information systems. Commuters providing completed data were included in the analysis. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the correlates of using public transit and active commuting.The majority of participants reported commuting by driving (88.9%); only 4.9% used public transit and 6.2% used active modes. After multivariate adjustment, having transit stops within 10-15 minutes walking distance from home (p=0.05) and using worksite incentive for public transit (p<0.001) were associated with commuting by public transit. Commuting distance (p<0.001) was negatively associated with active commuting. Having free or low cost recreation facilities around the worksite (p=0.04) and using bike facilities to lock bikes at the worksite (p<0.001) were associated with active commuting.Both environment features and worksite supports and policies are associated with the choice of commuting mode. Future studies should use longitudinal designs to investigate the potential of promoting alternative commuting modes through worksite efforts that support sustainable commuting behaviors as well as the potential of built environment improvements.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Transport & Health}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Yang, Lin and Hipp, J. Aaron and Adlakha, Deepti and Marx, Christine M. and Tabak, Rachel G. and Brownson, Ross C.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={212–218} }
 @article{adlakha_budd_gernes_sequeira_hipp_2015, title={Corrigendum: Use of emerging technologies to assess differences in outdoor physical activity in St. Louis, Missouri}, volume={3}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85029366817&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3389/fpubh.2015.00041}, abstractNote={[This corrects the article on p. 41 in vol. 2, PMID: 24904908.].}, number={MAR}, journal={Frontiers in Public Health}, author={Adlakha, D. and Budd, E.L. and Gernes, R. and Sequeira, S. and Hipp, J.A.}, year={2015} }
 @article{berrigan_hipp_hurvitz_james_jankowska_kerr_laden_leonard_mckinnon_powell-wiley_et al._2015, title={Geospatial and contextual approaches to energy balance and health}, volume={21}, ISSN={1947-5683 1947-5691}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2015.1019925}, DOI={10.1080/19475683.2015.1019925}, abstractNote={In the past 15 years, a major research enterprise has emerged that is aimed at understanding associations between geographic and contextual features of the environment (especially the built environment) and elements of human energy balance, including diet, weight and physical activity. Here we highlight aspects of this research area with a particular focus on research and opportunities in the United States as an example. We address four main areas: (1) the importance of valid and comparable data concerning behaviour across geographies; (2) the ongoing need to identify and explore new environmental variables; (3) the challenge of identifying the causally relevant context; and (4) the pressing need for stronger study designs and analytical methods. Additionally, we discuss existing sources of geo-referenced health data which might be exploited by interdisciplinary research teams, personnel challenges and some aspects of funding for geospatial research by the US National Institutes of Health in the past decade, including funding for international collaboration and training opportunities.}, number={2}, journal={Annals of GIS}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Berrigan, D. and Hipp, J.A. and Hurvitz, P.M. and James, P. and Jankowska, M.M. and Kerr, J. and Laden, F. and Leonard, T. and McKinnon, R.A. and Powell-Wiley, T.M. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={157–168} }
 @article{adlakha_hipp_marx_yang_tabak_dodson_brownson_2015, title={Home and Workplace Built Environment Supports for Physical Activity}, volume={48}, ISSN={0749-3797}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.08.023}, DOI={10.1016/j.amepre.2014.08.023}, abstractNote={<h3>Background</h3> Physical inactivity has been associated with obesity and related chronic diseases. Understanding built environment (BE) influences on specific domains of physical activity (PA) around homes and workplaces is important for public health interventions to increase population PA. <h3>Purpose</h3> To examine the association of home and workplace BE features with PA occurring across specific life domains (work, leisure, and travel). <h3>Methods</h3> Between 2012 and 2013, telephone interviews were conducted with participants in four Missouri metropolitan areas. Questions included sociodemographic characteristics, home and workplace supports for PA, and dietary behaviors. Data analysis was conducted in 2013; logistic regression was used to examine associations between BE features and domain-specific PA. <h3>Results</h3> In home neighborhoods, seven of 12 BE features (availability of fruits and vegetables, presence of shops and stores, bike facilities, recreation facilities, crime rate, seeing others active, and interesting things) were associated with leisure PA. The global average score of home neighborhood BE features was associated with greater odds of travel PA (AOR=1.99, 95% CI=1.46, 2.72); leisure PA (AOR=1.84, 95% CI=1.44, 2.34); and total PA (AOR=1.41, 95% CI=1.04, 1.92). Associations between workplace neighborhoods' BE features and workplace PA were small but in the expected direction. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This study offers empirical evidence on BE supports for domain-specific PA. Findings suggest that diverse, attractive, and walkable neighborhoods around workplaces support walking, bicycling, and use of public transit. Public health practitioners, researchers, and worksite leaders could benefit by utilizing worksite domains and measures from this study for future BE assessments.}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Adlakha, Deepti and Hipp, Aaron J. and Marx, Christine and Yang, Lin and Tabak, Rachel and Dodson, Elizabeth A. and Brownson, Ross C.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={104–107} }
 @article{eyler_hipp_lokuta_2015, title={Moving the Barricades to Physical Activity: A Qualitative Analysis of Open Streets Initiatives across the United States}, volume={30}, ISSN={0890-1171 2168-6602}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.131212-qual-633}, DOI={10.4278/ajhp.131212-qual-633}, abstractNote={Purpose. Ciclovía, or Open Streets initiatives, are events where streets are opened for physical activity and closed to motorized traffic. Although the initiatives are gaining popularity in the United States, little is known about planning and implementing them. The goals of this paper are to explore the development and implementation of Open Streets initiatives and make recommendations for increasing the capacity of organizers to enhance initiative success. }, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Health Promotion}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Eyler, Amy A. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Lokuta, Julie}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={e50–e58} }
 @article{harris_wong_thompson_haire-joshu_hipp_2015, title={Networks of Collaboration among Scientists in a Center for Diabetes Translation Research}, volume={10}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136457}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0136457}, abstractNote={Background Transdisciplinary collaboration is essential in addressing the translation gap between scientific discovery and delivery of evidence-based interventions to prevent and treat diabetes. We examined patterns of collaboration among scientists at the Washington University Center for Diabetes Translation Research. Methods Members (n = 56) of the Washington University Center for Diabetes Translation Research were surveyed about collaboration overall and on publications, presentations, and grants; 87.5% responded (n = 49). We used traditional and network descriptive statistics and visualization to examine the networks and exponential random graph modeling to identify predictors of collaboration. Results The 56 network members represented nine disciplines. On average, network members had been affiliated with the center for 3.86 years (s.d. = 1.41). The director was by far the most central in all networks. The overall and publication networks were the densest, while the overall and grant networks were the most centralized. The grant network was the most transdisciplinary. The presentation network was the least dense, least centralized, and least transdisciplinary. For every year of center affiliation, network members were 10% more likely to collaborate (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.00–1.21) and 13% more likely to write a paper together (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.02–1.25). Network members in the same discipline were over twice as likely to collaborate in the overall network (OR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.40–3.15); however, discipline was not associated with collaboration in the other networks. Rank was not associated with collaboration in any network. Conclusions As transdisciplinary centers become more common, it is important to identify structural features, such as a central leader and ongoing collaboration over time, associated with scholarly productivity and, ultimately, with advancing science and practice.}, number={8}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Harris, Jenine K. and Wong, Roger and Thompson, Kellie and Haire-Joshu, Debra and Hipp, J. Aaron}, editor={Amaral, Luís A. NunesEditor}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={e0136457} }
 @book{spilker_batteate_bird_hipp_torres_2015, place={Toronto, ON}, title={Open Streets and Local Economies}, url={http://880cities.org/images/openstreets-template/pdf/open-streets-local-economies.pdf}, institution={8 80 Cities}, author={Spilker, S. and Batteate, C.M. and Bird, A. and Hipp, J.A. and Torres, A.}, year={2015} }
 @book{spilker_batteate_bird_hipp_torres_2015, place={Toronto, ON}, title={Open Streets and Physical Activity}, url={http://880cities.org/images/openstreets-template/pdf/open-streets-physical-activity.pdf}, institution={8 80 Cities}, author={Spilker, S. and Batteate, C.M. and Bird, A. and Hipp, J.A. and Torres, A.}, year={2015} }
 @book{spilker_batteate_bird_hipp_torres_2015, place={Toronto, ON}, title={Open Streets and Social Benefits}, url={http://880cities.org/images/openstreets-template/pdf/open-streets-social-benefits.pdf}, institution={8 80 Cities}, author={Spilker, S. and Batteate, C.M. and Bird, A. and Hipp, A. and Torres, A.}, year={2015} }
 @article{budd_aaron hipp_geary_dodson_2015, title={Racial differences in parental perceptions of the neighborhood as predictors of children's physical activity and sedentary behavior}, volume={2}, ISSN={2211-3355}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.04.021}, DOI={10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.04.021}, abstractNote={Most U.S. children engage in insufficient physical activity (PA) and spend too much time in sedentary behaviors (SBs), leading to increased risk of obesity and chronic disease. Evidence remains inconsistent on relationships between parental perceptions of the neighborhood and children's PA and SB. This study examines parental neighborhood perceptions, stratified by race, as predictors of children's PA and SB.Relationships were tested with regressions stratified by parental race. The sample included 196 parents, residing in St. Louis, Missouri with a child at home. Participants responded to a mailed survey in 2012. Parental neighborhood perceptions were examined by mean composite scores and individual items.For parents of all races, perceived barriers negatively predicted the number of days in a week children engaged in ≥ 60 min of PA. Examining parental neighborhood perceptions by individual item, the perception that drivers exceed neighborhood speed limits was a positive predictor of their children's SB only among white parents. Only among minority-race parents was perceived neighborhood crime rate a positive predictor of their children's SB.While predictors of children's PA did not differ widely, several distinct predictors of children's SB by parental race lend support toward further examination of this topic.}, journal={Preventive Medicine Reports}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Budd, Elizabeth L. and Aaron Hipp, J. and Geary, Nora and Dodson, Elizabeth A.}, year={2015}, pages={397–402} }
 @article{hipp_reeds_van bakergem_marx_brownson_pamulapati_hoehner_2015, title={Review of Measures of Worksite Environmental and Policy Supports for Physical Activity and Healthy Eating}, volume={12}, ISSN={1545-1151}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140410}, DOI={10.5888/pcd12.140410}, abstractNote={Introduction Obesity prevention strategies are needed that target multiple settings, including the worksite. The objective of this study was to assess the state of science concerning available measures of worksite environmental and policy supports for physical activity (PA) and healthy eating (HE). Methods We searched multiple databases for instruments used to assess worksite environments and policies. Two commonly cited instruments developed by state public health departments were also included. Studies that were published from 1991 through 2013 in peer-reviewed publications and gray literature that discussed the development or use of these instruments were analyzed. Instrument administration mode and measurement properties were documented. Items were classified by general health topic, 5 domains of general worksite strategy, and 19 subdomains of worksite strategy specific to PA or HE. Characteristics of worksite measures were described including measurement properties, length, and administration mode, as well as frequencies of items by domain and subdomain. Results Seventeen instruments met inclusion criteria (9 employee surveys, 5 manager surveys, 1 observational assessment, and 2 studies that used multiple administration modes). Fourteen instruments included reliability testing. More items were related to PA than HE. Most instruments (n = 10) lacked items in the internal social environment domain. The most common PA subdomains were exercise facilities and lockers/showers; the most common HE subdomain was healthy options/vending. Conclusion This review highlights gaps in measurement of the worksite social environment. The findings provide a useful resource for researchers and practitioners and should inform future instrument development.}, number={5}, journal={Preventing Chronic Disease}, publisher={Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}, author={Hipp, J. Aaron and Reeds, Dominic N. and van Bakergem, Margaret A. and Marx, Christine M. and Brownson, Ross C. and Pamulapati, Surya C. and Hoehner, Christine M.}, year={2015}, month={May} }
 @article{hipp_chalise_2015, title={Spatial Analysis and Correlates of County-Level Diabetes Prevalence, 2009–2010}, volume={12}, ISSN={1545-1151}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140404}, DOI={10.5888/pcd12.140404}, abstractNote={Introduction Information on the relationship between diabetes prevalence and built environment attributes could allow public health programs to better target populations at risk for diabetes. This study sought to determine the spatial prevalence of diabetes in the United States and how this distribution is associated with the geography of common diabetes correlates. Methods Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the US Census Bureau were integrated to perform geographically weighted regression at the county level on the following variables: percentage nonwhite population, percentage Hispanic population, education level, percentage unemployed, percentage living below the federal poverty level, population density, percentage obese, percentage physically inactive, percentage population that cycles or walks to work, and percentage neighborhood food deserts. Results We found significant spatial clustering of county-level diabetes prevalence in the United States; however, diabetes prevalence was inconsistently correlated with significant predictors. Percentage living below the federal poverty level and percentage nonwhite population were associated with diabetes in some regions. The percentage of population cycling or walking to work was the only significant built environment–related variable correlated with diabetes, and this association varied in magnitude across the nation. Conclusion Sociodemographic and built environment–related variables correlated with diabetes prevalence in some regions of the United States. The variation in magnitude and direction of these relationships highlights the need to understand local context in the prevention and maintenance of diabetes. Geographically weighted regression shows promise for public health research in detecting variations in associations between health behaviors, outcomes, and predictors across geographic space.}, number={1}, journal={Preventing Chronic Disease}, publisher={Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}, author={Hipp, J. Aaron and Chalise, Nishesh}, year={2015}, month={Jan} }
 @article{hunter_christian_veitch_astell-burt_hipp_schipperijn_2015, title={The impact of interventions to promote physical activity in urban green space: A systematic review and recommendations for future research}, volume={124}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84913554187&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.051}, abstractNote={Evidence is mounting on the association between the built environment and physical activity (PA) with a call for intervention research. A broader approach which recognizes the role of supportive environments that can make healthy choices easier is required. A systematic review was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of interventions to encourage PA in urban green space. Five databases were searched independently by two reviewers using search terms relating to 'physical activity', 'urban green space' and 'intervention' in July 2014. Eligibility criteria included: (i) intervention to encourage PA in urban green space which involved either a physical change to the urban green space or a PA intervention to promote use of urban green space or a combination of both; and (ii) primary outcome of PA. Of the 2405 studies identified, 12 were included. There was some evidence (4/9 studies showed positive effect) to support built environment only interventions for encouraging use and increasing PA in urban green space. There was more promising evidence (3/3 studies showed positive effect) to support PAprograms or PA programs combined with a physical change to the built environment, for increasing urban green space use and PA of users. Recommendations for future research include the need for longer term follow-up post-intervention, adequate control groups, sufficiently powered studies, and consideration of the social environment, which was identified as a significantly under-utilized resource in this area. Interventions that involve the use of PA programs combined with a physical change to the built environment are likely to have a positive effect on PA. Robust evaluations of such interventions are urgently required. The findings provide a platform to inform the design, implementation and evaluation of future urban green space and PAintervention research.}, journal={Social Science & Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hunter, Ruth F. and Christian, Hayley and Veitch, Jenny and Astell-Burt, Thomas and Hipp, J.Aaron and Schipperijn, Jasper}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={246–256} }
 @article{tabak_hipp_marx_yang_brownson_2015, title={Which Worksite Supports for Healthy Weight Do Employees Use?}, volume={48}, ISSN={0013-9165 1552-390X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916515607311}, DOI={10.1177/0013916515607311}, abstractNote={ This article explores factors associated with employee use of available supports for improving nutrition and activity behaviors. A cross-sectional telephone survey assessed presence and use of available program, facility, and policy supports. Logistic regression was used to explore associations between job characteristics (e.g., supervising others) and use of available supports, adjusting for demographic characteristics. After adjustment, most supports were associated with at least one job-related factor. Participants supervising others were more likely to utilize eight supports, including personal services for fitness, indoor exercise and shower facilities, and flextime for physical activity. The programs and facilities associated with the most factors were health fairs (e.g., increased likelihood with increased hours worked per week) and indoor exercise and shower facilities (e.g., increased likelihood with increased flexibility at work), respectively. Policies were associated with fewer factors. As use of many programs and facilities differed based on job-related factors, employers might target supports based on job-related factors. }, number={1}, journal={Environment and Behavior}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Tabak, Rachel G. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Marx, Christine M. and Yang, Lin and Brownson, Ross C.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={131–149} }
 @article{tabak_hipp_marx_brownson_2015, title={Workplace Social and Organizational Environments and Healthy-Weight Behaviors}, volume={10}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125424}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0125424}, abstractNote={Background The workplace is an important setting for health promotion including nutrition and physical activity behaviors to prevent obesity. This paper explores the relationship between workplace social environment and cultural factors and diet and physical activity (PA) behaviors and obesity among employees. Methods Between 2012 and 2013, telephone interviews were conducted with participants residing in four Missouri metropolitan areas. Questions included demographic characteristics, workplace socio/organizational factors related to activity and diet, and individual diet and PA behaviors, and obesity. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine associations between the workplace socio/organizational environment and nutrition, PA, and obesity. Results There were differences in reported health behaviors and socio/organizational environment by gender, race, age, income, and worksite size. For example, agreement with the statement the ‘company values my health’ was highest among Whites, older employees, and higher income workers. As worksite size increased, the frequency of reporting seeing co-workers doing several types of healthy behaviors (eat fruits and vegetables, doing PA, and doing PA on breaks at work) increased. In adjusted analyses, employees agreeing the company values my health were more likely to engage in higher PA levels (aOR=1.54, 95% CI: 1.09-2.16) and less likely to be obese (aOR=0.73, 95% CI: 0.54-0.98). Seeing co-workers eating fruits and vegetables was associated with increased reporting of eating at least one vegetable per day (aOR=1.43, 95% CI: 1.06-1.91) and seeing co-workers being active was associated with higher PA levels (aOR 1.56, 95% CI: 1.19-2.05). Conclusions This research suggests that social/organizational characteristics of the workplace environment, particularly feeling the company values the workers’ health and to seeing co-workers engaging in healthy behaviors, may be related to nutrition and PA behaviors and obesity. These findings point to the potential for intervention targets including environment and policy changes.}, number={4}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Tabak, Rachel G. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Marx, Christine M. and Brownson, Ross C.}, editor={Dorner, Thomas ErnstEditor}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={e0125424} }
 @book{hipp_manteiga_valko_2015, place={St. Louis, MO}, title={You Bike. You Walk. You Count.}, url={https://wustl.app.box.com/s/uh7ygcvsvb84ck2h48t88xac4tr1uln3}, institution={Great Rivers Greenway}, author={Hipp, J.A. and Manteiga, A. and Valko, C.}, year={2015} }
 @inproceedings{freixas_fernandez_hipp_2014, place={Lisbon}, title={A quantitative sustainability assessment: Effectiveness of green-blue infrastructure in a shrinking city}, booktitle={Cities in Europe, cities in the world: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Urban History}, publisher={European Association for Urban History}, author={Freixas, C. and Fernandez, P.I.M. and Hipp, J.A}, year={2014} }
 @article{zwald_hipp_corseuil_dodson_2014, title={Correlates of Walking for Transportation and Use of Public Transportation Among Adults in St Louis, Missouri, 2012}, volume={11}, ISSN={1545-1151}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd11.140125}, DOI={10.5888/pcd11.140125}, abstractNote={Introduction Attributes of the built environment can influence active transportation, including use of public transportation. However, the relationship between perceptions of the built environment and use of public transportation deserves further attention. The objectives of this study were 1) to assess the relationship between personal characteristics and public transportation use with meeting national recommendations for moderate physical activity through walking for transportation and 2) to examine associations between personal and perceived environmental factors and frequency of public transportation use. Methods In 2012, we administered a mail-based survey to 772 adults in St Louis, Missouri, to assess perceptions of the built environment, physical activity, and transportation behaviors. The abbreviated International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess walking for transportation and use of public transportation. The Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale was used to examine perceptions of the built environment. Associations were assessed by using multinomial logistic regression. Results People who used public transportation at least once in the previous week were more likely to meet moderate physical activity recommendations by walking for transportation. Age and employment were significantly associated with public transportation use. Perceptions of high traffic speed and high crime were negatively associated with public transportation use. Conclusion Our results were consistent with previous research suggesting that public transportation use is related to walking for transportation. More importantly, our study suggests that perceptions of traffic speed and crime are related to frequency of public transportation use. Future interventions to encourage public transportation use should consider policy and planning decisions that reduce traffic speed and improve safety.}, number={7}, journal={Preventing Chronic Disease}, publisher={Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}, author={Zwald, Marissa L. and Hipp, James A. and Corseuil, Marui W. and Dodson, Elizabeth A.}, year={2014}, month={Jul} }
 @article{james_berrigan_hart_hipp_hoehner_kerr_major_oka_laden_2014, title={Effects of buffer size and shape on associations between the built environment and energy balance}, volume={27}, ISSN={1353-8292}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.02.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.02.003}, abstractNote={Uncertainty in the relevant spatial context may drive heterogeneity in findings on the built environment and energy balance. To estimate the effect of this uncertainty, we conducted a sensitivity analysis defining intersection and business densities and counts within different buffer sizes and shapes on associations with self-reported walking and body mass index. Linear regression results indicated that the scale and shape of buffers influenced study results and may partly explain the inconsistent findings in the built environment and energy balance literature.}, journal={Health & Place}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={James, Peter and Berrigan, David and Hart, Jaime E. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Hoehner, Christine M. and Kerr, Jacqueline and Major, Jacqueline M. and Oka, Masayoshi and Laden, Francine}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={162–170} }
 @article{graham_hipp_2014, title={Emerging Technologies to Promote and Evaluate Physical Activity: Cutting-Edge Research and Future Directions}, volume={2}, ISSN={2296-2565}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00066}, DOI={10.3389/fpubh.2014.00066}, abstractNote={Physical activity (PA) promotion and measurement efforts are achieving greater precision, ease of use, and scope by incorporating emerging technologies. This is significant for PA promotion because more precise measurement allows investigators to better understand where, when, and how PA occurs, thus enabling more effective targeting of particular behavior settings. Emerging technologies associated with measuring and evaluating PA are noteworthy because they can: (1) greatly increase external validity of measures and findings through ease of use and transferability; (2) significantly increase the ability to analyze patterns; (3) improve the ongoing, systematic collection and analysis of public health surveillance due to real-time capabilities; and (4) address the need for research about the cyber infrastructure required to cope with big data (multiple streams, aggregation, visualization, etc.). This special issue brings together a collection of the latest innovations and research on the application of technology to promote and measure PA, ranging from new video games aimed at children to measurement programs targeted at obese adults. The first eight articles present emerging methodologies used to increase measurement specificity with regard to PA, the built environment, and geolocation. Combining multiple methodolo}, number={JUN}, journal={Frontiers in Public Health}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Graham, Dan J. and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2014}, month={Jun} }
 @article{yang_hipp_marx_brownson_2014, title={Occupational Sitting and Weight Status in a Diverse Sample of Employees in Midwest Metropolitan Cities, 2012–2013}, volume={11}, ISSN={1545-1151}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd11.140286}, DOI={10.5888/pcd11.140286}, abstractNote={Introduction Few studies have examined the association between occupational sitting and body mass index (BMI). There is a particular lack of evidence among diverse populations. The objective of this study was to quantify the association between self-reported occupational sitting time and BMI by sex and race, independent of levels of occupational and leisure-time physical activity. Methods In 2012 and 2013, participants residing in 4 Missouri metropolitan areas were interviewed via telephone. The interview included questions on sociodemographic characteristics and time spent sitting at work. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to examine the association between occupational sitting and BMI between men and women and between black and white women. Results Overall 1,891 participants (66.9% women, 29.5% black) provided complete data. Median daily time spent by both men and women in occupational sitting was 180 minutes (interquartile range, 30 to 360 minutes); most participants were overweight (32.3%) or obese (33.6%). After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that black women in 3 categories of sitting time (31–180 minutes, 181–360 minutes, and >360 minutes) were approximately 2.5 times as likely (P for trend, .02) to be obese as black women who reported sitting for 30 minutes or less, independent of occupational and leisure-time physical activity. This association was not seen among white women. No significant associations were found among men. Conclusion Occupational sitting is associated with an increased likelihood of obesity among black women, independent of occupational and leisure-time physical activity. Areas of future research include evaluating associations among various occupations and industries, assessing the association in prospective cohorts, and exploring the feasibility of worksite interventions that target sitting.}, number={11}, journal={Preventing Chronic Disease}, publisher={Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}, author={Yang, Lin and Hipp, J. Aaron and Marx, Christine M. and Brownson, Ross C.}, year={2014}, month={Nov} }
 @article{kuhlberg_hipp_eyler_chang_2014, title={Open Streets Initiatives in the United States: Closed to Traffic, Open to Physical Activity}, volume={11}, ISSN={1543-3080 1543-5474}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2012-0376}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.2012-0376}, abstractNote={Background:The ciclovía, or open streets concept, is a community-level physical activity (PA) promotion strategy where streets are closed to motorized traffic and open for individuals to engage in PA. This paper presents an overview of such initiatives in the United States (US) to understand their potential in PA promotion, comparing event and city characteristics.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Physical Activity and Health}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Kuhlberg, Jill A. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Eyler, Amy and Chang, Genevieve}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={1468–1474} }
 @article{besenyi_kaczynski_stanis_bergstrom_lightner_hipp_2014, title={Planning for health: A community-based spatial analysis of park availability and chronic disease across the lifespan}, volume={27}, ISSN={1353-8292}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.02.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.02.005}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to explore the spatial relationship between park availability and chronic health conditions (CHCs) across age groups in Kansas City, MO. Multinomial logistic regression examined the association between having a park within one-half mile from home and the likelihood of having 0, 1, or 2 or more CHCs. Among respondents aged 40–59, those without a park within one-half mile from home were more than twice as likely to have 2 or more CHCs compared to respondents that had a park nearby. Parks may be an important protective factor for chronic diseases, especially among middle-aged adults among whom access to neighborhood recreational environments may be particularly important.}, journal={Health & Place}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Besenyi, Gina M. and Kaczynski, Andrew T. and Stanis, Sonja A. Wilhelm and Bergstrom, Ryan D. and Lightner, Joseph S. and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={102–105} }
 @article{kaczynski_wilhelm stanis_hipp_2014, title={Point-of-decision prompts for increasing park-based physical activity: A crowdsource analysis}, volume={69}, ISSN={0091-7435}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.08.029}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.08.029}, abstractNote={To examine the potential efficacy of using point-of-decision prompts to influence intentions to be active in a park setting.}, journal={Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kaczynski, Andrew T. and Wilhelm Stanis, Sonja A. and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={87–89} }
 @article{hipp_eyler_zieff_samuelson_2014, title={Taking Physical Activity to the Streets: The Popularity of Ciclovía and Open Streets Initiatives in the United States}, volume={28}, ISSN={0890-1171 2168-6602}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.28.3s.S114}, DOI={10.4278/ajhp.28.3s.S114}, abstractNote={As a way to reduce chronic diseases associated with increasingly sedentary lifestyles, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advocates community-wide initiatives promoting physical activity. One such initiative gaining popularity in the United States is the Ciclovı́a, or Open Streets initiative, where city streets are opened to residents for physical activity and closed to motorized traffic. Open Streets gained international prominence in Bogota, Colombia, and are viewed by policy makers and health and community advocates as being beneficial to social, environmental, and community health. The interest in initiatives is demonstrated by the increase in the number of events within and across the United States in recent years; between 2008 and 2013, over 90 U.S. cities hosted at least one event. The cities hosting events range in size from small suburban towns to large metropolitan areas and also range in socioeconomic demographics and diversity. Open Streets offer a potentially effective public health intervention in a variety of contexts.}, number={3_suppl}, journal={American Journal of Health Promotion}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Hipp, J. Aaron and Eyler, Amy A. and Zieff, Susan G. and Samuelson, Michael A.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={S114–S115} }
 @article{adlakha_budd_gernes_sequeira_hipp_2014, title={Use of Emerging Technologies to Assess Differences in Outdoor Physical Activity in St. Louis, Missouri}, volume={2}, ISSN={2296-2565}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00041}, DOI={10.3389/fpubh.2014.00041}, abstractNote={Introduction: Abundant evidence shows that regular physical activity (PA) is an effective strategy for preventing obesity in people of diverse socioeconomic status (SES) and racial groups. The proportion of PA performed in parks and how this differs by proximate neighborhood SES has not been thoroughly investigated. The present project analyzes online public web data feeds to assess differences in outdoor PA by neighborhood SES in St. Louis, MO, USA. Methods: First, running and walking routes submitted by users of the website MapMyRun.com were downloaded. The website enables participants to plan, map, record, and share their exercise routes and outdoor activities like runs, walks, and hikes in an online database. Next, the routes were visually illustrated using geographic information systems. Thereafter, using park data and 2010 Missouri census poverty data, the odds of running and walking routes traversing a low-SES neighborhood, and traversing a park in a low-SES neighborhood were examined in comparison to the odds of routes traversing higher-SES neighborhoods and higher-SES parks. Results: Results show that a majority of running and walking routes occur in or at least traverse through a park. However, this finding does not hold when comparing low-SES neighborhoods to higher-SES neighborhoods in St. Louis. The odds of running in a park in a low-SES neighborhood were 54% lower than running in a park in a higher-SES neighborhood (OR = 0.46, CI = 0.17–1.23). The odds of walking in a park in a low-SES neighborhood were 17% lower than walking in a park in a higher-SES neighborhood (OR = 0.83, CI = 0.26–2.61). Conclusion: The novel methods of this study include the use of inexpensive, unobtrusive, and publicly available web data feeds to examine PA in parks and differences by neighborhood SES. Emerging technologies like MapMyRun.com present significant advantages to enhance tracking of user-defined PA across large geographic and temporal settings.}, number={MAY}, journal={Frontiers in Public Health}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Adlakha, Deepti and Budd, Elizabeth L. and Gernes, Rebecca and Sequeira, Sonia and Hipp, James A.}, year={2014}, month={May} }
 @article{zieff_hipp_eyler_kim_2013, title={Ciclovía Initiatives:  Engaging Communities, Partners, and Policy Makers Along the Route to Success}, volume={19}, ISSN={1078-4659}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/phh.0b013e3182841982}, DOI={10.1097/phh.0b013e3182841982}, abstractNote={CONTEXT
Recent efforts to increase physical activity through changes to the built environment have led to strategies and programs that use existing public space, including bicycle lanes, temporary parks, and the ciclovia initiative (scheduled events in which streets are closed to motorized vehicles and opened for recreational activities) popularized in South America.


OBJECTIVE
This article describes and compares the processes and structures involved in developing and implementing a ciclovia-type program in 2 US urban contexts: San Francisco, California, and St Louis, Missouri. Considering the current growth of and interest in ciclovia initiatives, important outcomes, lessons learned are offered for application in other, similar settings.


DESIGN
Primary sources from both initiatives and from published research on ciclovias constitute the body of evidence and include year-end reports, grant applications, meeting minutes, budgets, published ciclovia guidelines, evaluation studies and Web sites, media sources, and interviews and personal communication with the organizers.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Primary source documents were reviewed and included in this analysis if they offered information on 3 grounded questions: What processes were used in developing the initiative? What are the current structures and practices used in implementation of initiatives? What are important lessons learned and best practices from initiatives for recommendations to stakeholders and policy makers in other contexts?


RESULTS
Among the categories compared, the structures and processes for implementation regarding buy-in and city department collaboration, route selection, programming, partnerships, media promotion, community outreach, and merchant support were relatively similar among the 2 initiatives. The categories that differed included staffing and volunteer engagement and funding.


CONCLUSION
Buy-in from community partners, merchants, residents, and city agencies is critical for a positive experience in developing and implementing ciclovia-type initiatives in urban environments. When funding and staffing are inconsistent or limited, the quality and sustainability of the initiative is less certain.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Public Health Management and Practice}, publisher={Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)}, author={Zieff, Susan G. and Hipp, J. Aaron and Eyler, Amy A. and Kim, Mi-Sook}, year={2013}, pages={S74–S82} }
 @article{moreland-russell_eyler_barbero_hipp_walsh_2013, title={Diffusion of Complete Streets Policies Across US Communities}, volume={19}, ISSN={1078-4659}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/phh.0b013e3182849ec2}, DOI={10.1097/phh.0b013e3182849ec2}, abstractNote={CONTEXT
Complete Streets policies guide planning in communities by making the transportation system accommodating to all users including vehicle drivers, pedestrians, and bicyclists, as well as those using public transportation. While the number of Complete Streets policies has increased over the past decade, no research has explored the factors attributing to the widespread diffusion of these policies.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to apply concepts of the Diffusion of Innovation Theory to data related to Complete Streets policies in order to identify potential patterns and correlates.


METHODS
The main outcome of this study was policy adoption. Using the Diffusion of Innovation Theory and results from previous literature, we identified several factors that had the potential to affect the rate of Complete Streets policy diffusion: rural/urban status, state obesity rate, state funding for transportation, state obesity prevention funding, percentage of people who walk or bike to work in the state, presence of a state Complete Streets policy, and the number of bordering communities with Complete Streets policy. We used event history analysis as the main analysis method.


RESULTS
Data from 49 community-level policies were analyzed, with a "community" defined as a city, a county, or a regional/Metropolitan Planning Organization. Three variables were significant predictors of Complete Streets policy adoption: state obesity rate (odds ratio [OR] = 1.465; confidence interval [CI] = 1.10-1.96) percentage of people who bike or walk to work in the state (OR = 1.726; CI = 1.069-2.79), and presence of a border community with a Complete Streets policy (OR = 3.859; CI = 1.084-13.742).


CONCLUSION
Communities with Complete Streets policies varied in geographic and sociodemographic factors. Information about communities that are more likely to adopt a policy can be a tool for advocates and policy makers interested in this topic. Because adoption does not imply implementation, further research is needed to study outcomes of Complete Streets policies.}, number={3 E-SUPPL}, journal={Journal of Public Health Management and Practice}, publisher={Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)}, author={Moreland-Russell, Sarah and Eyler, Amy and Barbero, Colleen and Hipp, J. Aaron and Walsh, Heidi}, year={2013}, pages={S89–S96} }
 @inproceedings{hipp_adlakha_gernes_kargol_pless_2013, place={San Diego, CA, USA}, title={Do you see what I see: crowdsource annotation of captured scenes}, ISBN={9781450322478}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2526667.2526671}, DOI={10.1145/2526667.2526671}, abstractNote={The Archive of Many Outdoor Scenes has captured 400 million images. Many of these cameras and images are of street intersections, a subset of which has experienced built environment improvements during the past seven years. We identified six cameras in Washington, DC, and uploaded 120 images from each before a built environment change (2007) and after (2010) to the crowdsourcing website Amazon Mechanical Turk (n=1,440). Five unique MTurk workers annotated each image, counting the number of pedestrians, cyclists, and vehicles. Two trained Research Assistants completed the same tasks. Reliability and validity statistics of MTurk workers revealed substantial agreement in annotating captured images of pedestrians and vehicles. Using the mean annotation of four MTurk workers proved most parsimonious for valid results. Crowdsourcing was shown to be a reliable and valid workforce for annotating images of outdoor human behavior.}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 4th International SenseCam & Pervasive Imaging Conference on - SenseCam '13}, publisher={ACM Press}, author={Hipp, J. Aaron and Adlakha, Deepti and Gernes, Rebecca and Kargol, Agata and Pless, Robert}, year={2013}, pages={24–25} }
 @article{hipp_adlakha_eyler_chang_pless_2013, title={Emerging Technologies: Webcams And Crowd-sourcing To Identify Active Transportation}, volume={44}, ISSN={0749-3797}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.09.051}, DOI={10.1016/j.amepre.2012.09.051}, abstractNote={More than 25% of adults in the U.S. are obese,1CDC, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesitywww.cdc.gov/obesity/data/facts.htmlDate: 2009Google Scholar contributing to 300,000 deaths and costing the U.S. healthcare system $147 billion annually.2Finkelstein E. Trogdon J. Cohen J. Dietz W. Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: payer-and service-specific estimates.Health Aff. 2009; 28: 822-831Crossref Scopus (1930) Google Scholar A range of institutions, from federal governments to local nonprofit agencies, have implemented policy and built-environment changes in efforts to reduce obesity and increase physical activity. A challenge in evaluating the success of policy and built-environment change is the capacity to capture a priori physical activity behaviors and to eliminate researcher and respondent bias in assessing postchange environments. This research letter presents a novel transdisciplinary collaboration between public health and computer science, developed with the goal of automatically analyzing existing public data feeds in innovative ways to quantify built-environment intervention effectiveness. The Archive of Many Outdoor Scenes (AMOS) has collected more than 225 million images of outdoor environments from more than 12,000 public webcams since 2006.3Pless R. Jacobs N. The Archive of Many Outdoor Scenes.amosweb.cse.wustl.edu/Date: 2006Google Scholar AMOS uses publicly available webcams and a custom web crawler (similar to a web search engine or Google) to capture webcam images with a time stamp, capturing one photographic image per camera every half hour.4Jacobs N. Burgin W. Fridrich N. et al.The global network of outdoor webcams: properties and applications.in: ACM International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems (SIGSPATIAL GIS)2009: 111-120Google Scholar Many of these environments have been affected by built-environment improvements or policy change (e.g., complete street policies, bike-share programs, and walking school bus programs). AMOS provides a unique opportunity to measure built-environment change and associated behavioral modification. Available webcams were matched spatially with policy and built-environment changes, identifying pilot areas in the U.S. that have instituted built-environment change since 2006. One example is the addition of protected bike lanes and a bike-share program in Washington DC, during 2009–2010. An AMOS webcam captured an example built-environment change (addition of cycle paths; Figure 1) at the intersection of Pennsylvania Avenue NW and 9th Street NW. Using the AMOS data set, all 120 webcam photographs were captured from between 7:00am and 7:00pm during the first work week of June 2009; the 120 photographs taken during the same week in June 2010 also were captured. The use of this webcam data allowed for a pre–post cycle path travel-mode analysis. The Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) website was used to crowd-source the image annotation.5Bohannon J. Social science for pennies.Science. 2011; 334: 307Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar MTurks are simple tasks that have not yet been automated by computers. MTurk workers were paid $0.01 in March 2012 to mark each pedestrian, cyclist, and vehicle in a photograph. Each image was counted five unique times (n=1200), a process completed in less than 8 hours. Counts per transportation mode were downloaded to SPSS, version 19, for analysis in April 2012. The odds of observing each transportation mode in Year 2 compared to Year 1 was examined and a multivariate ANOVA was conducted to establish overall mode variance between the years. With five unique workers, the range and variance of counts differed per photo. A test for difference in variation between the 2 years was not significantly different for any one travel mode. Recent research has revealed MTurk workers to be reliable.6Mason W. Suri S. Conducting behavioral research on Amazon's Mechanical Turk.Behavior Res Methods. 2012; 44: 1-23Crossref PubMed Scopus (2206) Google Scholar, 7Buhrmester M. Kwang T. Gosling S.D. Amazon's Mechanical Turk.Perspect Psychol Sci. 2011; 6: 3-5Crossref PubMed Scopus (7377) Google Scholar The odds of the webcam at Pennsylvania Avenue NW and 9th Street NW capturing a cyclist present in the scene in 2010 increased by 3.5 times compared to 2009 (OR=3.57, p<0.001). The number of cyclists per scene increased fourfold between 2009 (M=0.03, SD=0.20) and 2010 (M=0.14, SD=0.90), F(36.72, 1198), p=0.002, the same period in which the addition of a new cycle path was captured in the webcam scene. There was not an increase in pedestrians between years, but there was an increase in number of vehicles (F=16.81, 1198, p<0.001; Figure 2). Overall, the multivariate ANOVA test revealed a difference in transportation-mode share between the 2 years, F(3, 1196)=11.265, p<0.001. The findings suggest that publicly available web data feeds and crowd-sourcing have great potential for capturing behavioral change associated with built environments. This initial evaluation indicates that this novel mode of research presents an unobtrusive method of surveillance of the effectiveness of a physical activity policy and built-environment intervention. The use of public webcam scenes and MTurks offers an inexpensive ($12.00) means for public health workers, urban designers, and governments to evaluate effectiveness of built-environment policy change and interventions. Future research plans include testing with additional bike-lane scenes in Washington DC, and expanding to include parks and safe routes to schools. Current efforts also are focused on the utilization of computer algorithms to automate the counting of transportation modes per scene. The authors acknowledge the Washington University in St. Louis University Research Strategic Alliance for providing the funding for this cross-university research. No financial disclosures were reported by the authors of this research letter.}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hipp, J. Aaron and Adlakha, Deepti and Eyler, Amy A. and Chang, Bill and Pless, Robert}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={96–97} }
 @article{harris_lecy_hipp_brownson_parra_2013, title={Mapping the development of research on physical activity and the built environment}, volume={57}, ISSN={0091-7435}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.07.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.07.005}, abstractNote={The importance of the built environment for physical activity has been recognized in recent decades, resulting in new research. This study aims to understand the current structure of physical activity and built environment (PABE) research and identify gaps to address as the field continues to rapidly develop.Key PABE articles were nominated by top scholars and a snowball sample of 2764 articles was collected in 2013 using citation network links. Article abstracts were examined to determine research focus and network analysis was used to examine the evolution of scholarship.The network included 318 PABE articles. Of these, 191 were discovery-focused, examining the relationship between physical activity and built environment; 79 were reviews summarizing previous PABE work; 38 focused on theory and methods for studying PABE; six were delivery-focused, examining PABE interventions; and four addressed other topics.Network composition suggested that PABE is in the discovery phase, although may be transitioning given the large number and central position of review documents that summarize existing literature. The small amount of delivery research was not well integrated into the field. PABE delivery researchers may wish to make explicit connections to the discovery literature in order to better integrate the field.}, number={5}, journal={Preventive Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Harris, Jenine K. and Lecy, Jesse and Hipp, J. Aaron and Brownson, Ross C. and Parra, Diana C.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={533–540} }
 @article{shacham_hipp_scheuermann_önen_overton_2013, title={Parks as a Tool for HIV Management}, volume={14}, ISSN={2325-9574 2325-9582}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325957413500853}, DOI={10.1177/2325957413500853}, abstractNote={ Access to parks improves overall health outcomes in the general population. Given that HIV infection has become a chronic disease to manage, among populations engaged in medical care, parks may be promoted as physical activity opportunities in order to manage chronic comorbid conditions. We conducted a cross-sectional examination of the relationships between sociodemographic and biomedical characteristics to park proximity among 635 individuals receiving outpatient HIV care. The data collected included HIV-related biomarkers, depression, and diagnoses of other chronic diseases. The total acres of parks an individual is exposed within one-quarter mile from their home were assessed. The cohort included 635 individuals (67% men, 73% black, and 21% white, mean age 42 years). Unemployment was negatively associated with park availability. Park proximity was not associated with depression or HIV biomarkers. As yet, little effort has been committed to promoting park usage as a low-cost, sustainable method to addressing comorbidities among individuals with HIV. }, number={1}, journal={Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC)}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Shacham, Enbal and Hipp, J. Aaron and Scheuermann, Mary and Önen, Nur and Overton, E. Turner}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={8–11} }
 @article{hipp_2013, title={Physical activity surveillance and emerging technologies}, volume={18}, ISSN={1413-3482 2317-1634}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.12820/2317-1634.2013v18n1p2}, DOI={10.12820/2317-1634.2013v18n1p2}, abstractNote={Public health surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of outcome-specific data (e.g., physical activity) essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health programs, policies, and intervention. 1Two critical features of public health surveillance are that the system is active and ongoing, and that the function of surveillance is the expeditious dissemination of data. 2 The consistent and up-to-date surveillance and evaluation of physical activity (PA) in built environments (BE) is critical for use in community to international obesity prevention evaluation.Recent work conducted at Washington University in St. Louis shows emerging technologies are able to facilitate both the active uptake and the timely dissemination of PA and BE data.4][5] The research has followed traditional patterns of growth beginning with ecological studies of association, 6 then local validation of associations via retrospective surveys and researcher-present observation. 7-10Presently, natural experiments related to PA patterns and BEs are growing in popularity. 11These studies have been of great benefit to the field by informing public health and urban design.While there is now a substantial body of evidence to inform local interventions and policies, 4, 12-17 currently used methodologies and the use of small, local samples limit the PA surveillance, external validity, and dissemination of many results, interventions, and policies.There is a need for large-scale, evidence-informed surveillance of PA to increase the external validity of programs, policies, and BE change. 18,19 erging technologies are now able to capitalize on the ubiquity and heterogeneity of data sources as well as employ crowdsourcing to evaluate and manage large datasets in an effort to increase public health surveillance.As an example, colleagues and I have recently embarked on a series of studies to validate the use of over 23,000 outdoor, publically-available on the Internet, webcams.The Archive of Many Outdoor Scenes (AMOS; http://amos.cse.wustl.edu) is a Washington University project which aims to capture and archive images from every publically-available, online, outdoor webcam (e.g., traffic cams, campus cams, ski-resort cams, etc.).This capture is archival, systematic, searchable, and ongoing, with images archived on average every thirty minutes (over 500 new images each minute).These webcams are capturing a wide array of PA patterns and BE characteristics and AMOS is very much an international dataset with over 9,000 non-US webcams, including at least 125 from Brazil.We have been working to demonstrate and evaluate the potential for the AMOS dataset, and additional new outdoor webcams, to be re-purposed as a surveillance tool to evaluate patterns of human PA behavior in the urban BE. 20ur recent study annotated, or counted, the number of pedestrians, bicyclists, and vehicles present in photographs from one webcam, and found measurable changes in PA patterns after BE change (addition of a bicycle lane and new crosswalks).}, number={1}, journal={Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde}, publisher={Brazilian Society of Physical Activity and Health}, author={Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={2–4} }
 @article{hipp_chockalingam_adlakha_2013, title={Social ecological constraints to park use in communities with proximate park access}, volume={16}, url={http://larnet.org/2013-04.pdf}, number={4}, journal={LARNet: The Cyber Journal of Applied Leisure and Recreation Research}, author={Hipp, J.A. and Chockalingam, R. and Adlakha, D.}, year={2013}, pages={23–36} }
 @article{spray_eddy_hipp_iannotti_2013, title={Spatial Analysis of Undernutrition of Children in Léogâne Commune, Haiti}, volume={34}, ISSN={0379-5721 1564-8265}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482651303400410}, DOI={10.1177/156482651303400410}, abstractNote={Background Over a fifth (21.9%) of children under 5 years of age in Haiti suffer from chronic malnutrition, 11.4% are underweight, and 5.1% suffer from acute malnutrition. Léogâne Commune has one of the highest under-five mortality rates in the country. Ordinary least squares regression conducted using data from household surveys to assess the impact of causal factors on child undernutrition may mask important local variations. }, number={4}, journal={Food and Nutrition Bulletin}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Spray, Andrea L. and Eddy, Brittany and Hipp, James Aaron and Iannotti, Lora}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={444–461} }
 @inbook{arnold_sebert kuhlman_hipp_budd_2013, place={San Francisco}, title={Transdisciplinary Competencies}, ISBN={978-0-470-62199-8}, booktitle={Transdisciplinary Public Health: Research, Education, and Practice}, publisher={Jossey-Bass}, author={Arnold, L.D. and Sebert Kuhlman, A. and Hipp, J.A. and Budd, E.}, editor={Haire-Joshu, D. and McBride, T.D.Editors}, year={2013}, pages={53–78} }
 @article{hipp_pless_adlakha_chang_eyler_2012, title={Can publicly available webcameras and mechanical Turks be used to evaluate physical activity policy and built environment change?}, volume={15}, ISSN={1440-2440}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.078}, DOI={10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.078}, abstractNote={Introduction: Fewer than 50% of adults and 40% of youth meet US CDC guidelines for physical activity (PA) with the built environment (BE) a culprit for limited PA. A challenge in evaluating policy and BE change is the forethought to capture a priori PA behaviors and the ability to eliminate bias in post-change environments. The present objective was to analyze existing public data feeds to quantify effectiveness of BE interventions. The Archive of Many Outdoor Scenes (AMOS) has collected 135 million images of outdoor environments from 12,000 webcams since 2006. Many of these environments have experienced BE change.}, number={S1}, journal={Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hipp, J. and Pless, R. and Adlakha, D. and Chang, B. and Eyler, A.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={S33} }
 @article{hipp_eyler_kuhlberg_2012, title={Target Population Involvement in Urban Ciclovias: A Preliminary Evaluation of St. Louis Open Streets}, volume={90}, ISSN={1099-3460 1468-2869}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-012-9759-6}, DOI={10.1007/s11524-012-9759-6}, abstractNote={Ciclovias are active street events when roads are open to walkers, cyclists, and families and closed to automobiles. Over 70 cities in the USA have implemented ciclovias to promote physical activity. The authors evaluated four events during 2010 to determine what activities participants perform and who is attending. For two ciclovia events in St. Louis, Missouri, observation reports of activities, gender, and age of 1,452 participants were collected, and 82 adults were interviewed via direct approach. The survey covered six domains: physical activity, travel to event, sense of community, marketing, economic impact, and demographics. Each event occurred within the city, along multiple streets. Domains were selected from Ciclovia Recreativa developed by Ciclovia Bogota, Pan American Health Organization, and CDC. Additional questions addressed city-specific goals and matched similar evaluations in other cities. Over 50 % of participants met CDC-defined weekly minute thresholds for physical activity. Participants, primarily (>80 %) middle class, college educated, and white, were not representative of the majority minority city population, which has high rates of poverty, and low percentage of college graduates. Cities must work with residents to increase low-income minority population participation in ciclovia-based physical activity.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Urban Health}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Hipp, J. Aaron and Eyler, Amy A. and Kuhlberg, Jill A.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={1010–1015} }
 @article{foster_hipp_2011, title={Defining Neighborhood Boundaries for Social Measurement: Advancing Social Work Research}, volume={35}, ISSN={1070-5309 1545-6838}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/swr/35.1.25}, DOI={10.1093/swr/35.1.25}, abstractNote={Much of the current neighborhood-based research uses variables aggregated on administrative boundaries such as zip codes, census tracts, and block groups. However, other methods using current technological advances in geographic sciences may broaden our ability to explore the spatial concentration of neighborhood factors affecting individuals and groups. This article builds on extant neighborhood-based research methods and proposes using a geographic information system (GIS) to explore a conceptually new method of defining neighborhood boundaries for social measurement. Geospatial factors are important in the formation of neighborhoods, and a GIS can be used to define neighborhood boundaries that account for the spatial factors influencing the natural flow and pattern of neighbor interactions. Georeferenced data from the 2000 U.S. census for a midwestern city are presented to elucidate the potential aggregation problems and theoretical arguments. Moran's I statistics show that administrative boundaries may not be valid aggregate measures of neighborhoods or their effects. KEY WORDS: geographic information system; measurement; neighborhood boundaries; neighborhood effects ********** The effects of place on social outcomes have long been an interest of social work research. Much of the current neighborhood-based research uses variables aggregated on administrative boundaries such as census tracts, block groups, and zip codes to explore phenomena occurring within these geospatially bound social networks (Coulton, 2005; Coulton, Cook, & Irwin, 2004; Coulton, Korbin, Chan, & Su, 2001; Coulton, Korbin, & Su, 1999; Dietz, 2002; Grannis, 1998, 2005; Mayer & Jencks, 1989; Raudenbush & Sampson, 1999; Sampson, Morenoff, & Gannon-Rowley, 2002; Sampson & Raudenbush, 1999). Census tract- and similar-level data have a place in social work research; however, novel methods using current technological advances in geographic sciences may broaden our ability to explore the spatial concentration of neighborhood factors affecting individuals and groups. BACKGROUND Neighborhoods are geographically bounded groupings of households and institutions connected through structures and processes (Coulton et al., 1999). Collective attributes of neighborhoods are important to measure because of their potential to elucidate how ecological factors moderate the effects of other variables or interventions. The homological problem, hence a problem of social measurement, inherent in this approach is the assumption that aggregate data based on administratively defined neighborhoods are an accurate and adequate representation of the "true" neighborhood (Coulton, 2005; Coulton et al., 2001, 2004; Sampson et al., 2002). Approaches that disregard how individuals themselves define the neighborhoods in which they live may introduce significant measurement error (Coulton et al., 2001). In addition, misspecified boundaries result in ambiguities that "have undermined the authenticity and statistical power of community studies and biased downward the estimates of community effects" (Coulton, 2005, p. 75). It is argued here that neighborhoods are more than a summary of attributes; they are collectives that grow out of and share an ecological context with certain geospatial boundaries. The literature on neighborhood effects points to the challenges of accurately defining neighborhood boundaries for social work research. Accurate specification of boundaries in research is necessary to meet the basic statistical and measurement principal of maximizing between-group variance and minimizing within-group variance. Inaccurately specified boundaries may lead to excessive variance within the groups (problematic heterogeneity), increased measurement error, and unreliable results. Limited between-group variance (problematic homogeneity) may show little differences across groups and yield spurious null results. …}, number={1}, journal={Social Work Research}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Foster, K. A. and Hipp, J. A.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={25–35} }
 @article{hipp_ogunseitan_2011, title={Effect of environmental conditions on perceived psychological restorativeness of coastal parks}, volume={31}, ISSN={0272-4944}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.08.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.08.008}, abstractNote={We investigated the hypothesis that perception of psychological restorativeness during visits to coastal parks is modified by objective and perceived environmental conditions. Visitors (n = 1153) to California beaches completed a survey on perceived weather, environmental quality, and perceived restorativeness. We used generalized ordinal logistic models to estimate the association between environmental parameters and odds of perceiving higher levels of restorativeness. Visitors perceived greater restorativeness at beaches when ambient temperatures were at or below mean monthly temperatures and during low tides. The odds of perceiving the environment as more psychologically restorative were three times greater when visiting on days defined by government policy as having good air quality (OR = 3.25; CI: 1.69–6.28). Visitors' perception of air (OR = 1.56; CI: 1.14–2.18) and water quality (OR = 1.78; CI: 1.28–2.49) also affected perceived restorativeness; with perceived healthy days more restorative. Warmer temperatures with less space due to sea level rise and poor environmental quality will restrict restorative experiences in recreational facilities designed for urban populations.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Environmental Psychology}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hipp, J. Aaron and Ogunseitan, Oladele A.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={421–429} }
 @book{hipp_eyler_casey_2011, place={La Jolla, CA}, title={Open and shut: the case for Open Streets in St. Louis}, url={http://activelivingresearch.org/files/Hipp_GranteeUpdate_OpenStreets2011_PolicyBrief.pdf}, institution={Active Living Research}, author={Hipp, J.A. and Eyler, A. and Casey, C.}, year={2011} }
 @inbook{sable_schild_hipp_2011, place={Hoboken, New Jersey}, title={Public Health and Social Work}, ISBN={978047064365}, booktitle={Handbook of Health Social Work}, publisher={John Wiley & Sons}, author={Sable, M.R. and Schild, D.R. and Hipp, J.A.}, editor={Gehlert, S. and Browne, T.A.Editors}, year={2011}, pages={64–99} }
 @book{hipp_chockalingam_adlakha_2011, place={St. Louis, MO}, title={Social ecological constraints to park use in communities with quality access}, number={11-36}, institution={Washington University, Center for Social Development}, author={Hipp, J.A. and Chockalingam, R. and Adlakha, D.}, year={2011}, month={Nov} }
 @book{hipp_eyler_casey_2011, place={La Jolla,CA}, title={St. Louis speaks about Open Streets}, url={http://activelivingresearch.org/files/Hipp_GranteeUpdate_OpenStreets2011_PolicyBrief2.pdf}, institution={Active Living Research}, author={Hipp, J.A. and Eyler, A. and Casey, C.}, year={2011} }
 @inproceedings{hipp_2009, place={Edmond, Oklahoma}, title={Ecological context of restorative environments}, volume={40}, booktitle={Proceedings of the annual conference of the Environmental Design Research Association}, publisher={Environmental Design Research Association}, author={Hipp, J.A.}, year={2009} }
 @article{stokols_misra_runnerstrom_hipp_2009, title={Psychology in an age of ecological crisis: From personal angst to collective action.}, volume={64}, ISSN={1935-990X 0003-066X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014717}, DOI={10.1037/a0014717}, abstractNote={Recent technological, geophysical, and societal forces have fundamentally altered the structure and functioning of human environments. Prominent among these forces are the rise of the Internet; rapid rates of global environmental change; and widening rifts among different socioeconomic, racial, religious, and ethnic groups. The present article traces the influence of these conditions on individuals' cognition, behavior, and well-being. New theoretical questions are raised and conceptual frameworks proposed to understand how global conditions are restructuring people's relationships with their everyday environments. New directions for psychological research and practice aimed at reducing global threats to personal and societal well-being are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={American Psychologist}, publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)}, author={Stokols, Daniel and Misra, Shalini and Runnerstrom, Miryha Gould and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2009}, pages={181–193} }
 @article{smith_lejano_ogunseitan_hipp_2007, title={Cost Effectiveness of Regulation-Compliant Filtration To Control Sediment and Metal Pollution in Urban Runoff}, volume={41}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es062775z}, DOI={10.1021/es062775z}, abstractNote={The implementation of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) to control urban runoff presents major structural and managerial challenges for cities. We developed a decision support system (DSS) for TMDL compliance at the city level to solve for a phased, least-cost strategy toward meeting four TMDLs using stormwater filtration. Based on a case-study city, we modeled wet weather flows and associated discharge of Total Suspended Sediment (TSS), cadmium, copper, and zinc to receiving waters by coupling U.S. EPA's Storm Water Management Model (SWMM v. 5.0) with the geographic dataset of the urban drainage network. We linked a mixed integer linear programming algorithm to the watershed model for deriving cost-effective selection and placement of curb inlet filters to meet mass- and concentration-based TMDL requirements. The least cost solution for meeting the city's TMDL waste load allocations for TSS (73.9% reduction), Cd (50.6% reduction), Cu (30.0% reduction), and Zn (55.7% reduction) would require 1071 filter inserts at a cost of $1.7 million. In contrast, random placement of 1071 filters or uniform placement of 1266 filters is effective only for TSS and would cost $4.0 million and $4.8 million, respectively. Our results demonstrate the increases in cost-effectiveness of using an optimization-based DSS for urban watershed management.}, number={21}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Smith, C. Scott and Lejano, Raul P. and Ogunseitan, Oladele A. and Hipp, J. Aaron}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={7451–7458} }
 @article{hipp_ogunseitan_lejano_smith_2006, title={Optimization of Stormwater Filtration at the Urban/Watershed Interface}, volume={40}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es060520f}, DOI={10.1021/es060520f}, abstractNote={Environmental pollution from cities is a major ecological problem attributed to contaminated runoff from nonpoint sources. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's guidance on implementation of total maximum daily loads (TMDL) does not adequately cover methods to improve waters impaired by nonpoint sources. To comply with TMDLs, cities may install filters in curb inlets, or use other Best Management Practices (BMPs). We tested 10 different filters and found their effectiveness in retaining pollutants ranged from 0 to >90%, depending on combinations of pollutant types (metals, pathogens, and total suspended sediments (TSS)) and filter materials. Hence, the decision to deploy filters into curb inlets must consider land use patterns associated with specific categories of pollutants generated within cities. We developed a geographic information system (GIS)-enabled model for estimating and mitigating emissions of pollutants from urban regions into watersheds. The model uses land use categories and pollutant loadings to optimize strategic placement of filters to accommodate TMDLs. For example, in a city where the landuse pattern generates 4 x 10(6) kg of TSS, 55 kg of Cd, and 2 x 10(3) kg of Zn per year into 498 curb inlets that discharge into a sensitive watershed, the optimized placement of 137, 92, and 148 filters can achieve TMDL endpoints for each pollutant, respectively. We show further that 158 strategically placed filters effectively meet the requirements simultaneously for all three pollutants, a result at least 5 times more effective than random placement of filters.}, number={15}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Hipp, J. Aaron and Ogunseitan, Oladele and Lejano, Raul and Smith, C. Scott}, year={2006}, month={Aug}, pages={4794–4801} }