@article{walters_frisch_yasuhara_kaminsky_2025, title={The Impacts of Humanitarian Engineering Context on Students’ Sociotechnical Thinking}, url={https://doi.org/10.1061/JCEECD.EIENG-2085}, DOI={10.1061/JCEECD.EIENG-2085}, journal={Journal of Civil Engineering Education}, author={Walters, Jeffrey P. and Frisch, Kayt and Yasuhara, Ken and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2025}, month={Jan} }
 @article{drake_poleacovschi_faust_true‐funk_kaminsky_2023, title={Civil engineering students as avoidant actors: Using culturally relevant problem‐solving to increase critical action attitudes}, volume={112}, ISSN={1069-4730 2168-9830}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jee.20507}, DOI={10.1002/jee.20507}, abstractNote={Abstract Background Civil engineers design systems that have the potential to impact existing oppressive societal conditions. Critical action—the ability to recognize and act against oppressive conditions—is an obligation for civil engineers committed to building a more just world. Purpose/Hypothesis History reveals that civil engineers often do not take critical action and accrediting bodies (e.g., ABET) have responded by creating requirements to consider social factors and contexts. Considering these endeavors, we ask: To what extent do civil engineering students demonstrate critical action attitudes when prompted by engineering problem‐solving? In what ways does culturally relevant problem‐solving influence critical action attitudes? Design/Method Employing transformative action as a theoretical framework, we assessed students' responses to a design question on three levels that perpetuate or disrupt oppression (avoidant, destructive, and critical action). The empirical study used qualitative and quantitative analysis to examine survey responses of 375 civil engineering undergraduate students across 12 US universities. Results The results showed that engineering students largely avoided discussing taking critical action, remaining focused on technical and nontechnical factors that evaded acknowledgement of sociopolitical factors. Nevertheless, when exposed to culturally relevant problem‐solving, students showed a statistically significant increase in both critical and destructive action responses. Conclusions We posit that students' exposure to culturally relevant problem‐solving can enhance students' critical action attitudes. The results call on the need for civil engineering educators to cultivate culturally relevant problem‐solving in civil engineering curriculum.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Engineering Education}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Drake, Riley and Poleacovschi, Cristina and Faust, Kasey M. and True‐Funk, Arie and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={262–283} }
 @article{thelemaque_kaminsky_2024, title={Corporate Climate Pledges of High-Revenue Design Firms and Contractors}, volume={150}, ISSN={0733-9364 1943-7862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/JCEMD4.COENG-13719}, DOI={10.1061/JCEMD4.COENG-13719}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Thelemaque, Nathalie A. and Kaminsky, Jessica A.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{hamlet_chakrabarti_kaminsky_2023, title={Environmental sanitation and undernutrition among China’s children and adolescents from 1989 to 2011}, volume={1}, ISSN={2731-6084}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s44221-023-00112-6}, DOI={10.1038/s44221-023-00112-6}, number={8}, journal={Nature Water}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Hamlet, Leigh C. and Chakrabarti, Suman and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2023}, month={Aug}, pages={736–749} }
 @article{thelemaque_spearing_faust_kaminsky_2023, title={Small Drinking Water Utilities’ Resilience: The Case of the COVID-19 Pandemic}, volume={3}, ISSN={2690-0637 2690-0637}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.2c00641}, DOI={10.1021/acsestwater.2c00641}, abstractNote={Extreme events can significantly disrupt the operation and maintenance (O&M) of drinking water utilities (DWUs), compromising community access to water in critical times. However, we posit that utility size can influence DWUs' resilience, as large DWUs may have a greater capacity to handle extreme and sudden changes characteristic of emergencies. Here, we explore the resilience of small DWUs by understanding how a global crisis (i.e., the COVID-19 pandemic) affected small DWUs and how these impacts statistically differ from those of large DWUs using statistical inferencing. We used two data sets that reflect the perspectives of 28 large and 26 small DWUs from 14 states. We found that small DWUs experienced issues involving supply chain, finances, and personnel management that pre-existing issues may have magnified. Additionally, small and large DWUs experienced statistically significant differences in personnel management, revenue change, increase in delinquent accounts, and emergency response plan activation. For example, large DWUs experienced more revenue loss than small DWUs due to economies of scale and larger changes from status quo operations. This study reveals areas of concern (and opportunities) regarding the resiliency of small DWUs in the face of emergencies that can allow policymakers to assist small DWUs.}, number={4}, journal={ACS ES&T Water}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Thelemaque, Nathalie and Spearing, Lauryn A. and Faust, Kasey M. and Kaminsky, Jessica A.}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={1172–1181} }
 @article{hamlet_kaminsky_2022, title={Analytical utility of the JMP school water, sanitation and hygiene global monitoring data}, volume={6}, ISSN={2398-9629}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-022-01005-4}, DOI={10.1038/s41893-022-01005-4}, number={2}, journal={Nature Sustainability}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Hamlet, Leigh C. and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2022}, month={Nov}, pages={222–232} }
 @inproceedings{ruckman_kaminsky_2022, title={Artificial Intelligence for Equitable Practices in Energy Infrastructure: Literature Review}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483961.026}, DOI={10.1061/9780784483961.026}, abstractNote={Artificial intelligence is rapidly expanding into energy infrastructure for its implementation in smart grid integration, energy management, and electric vehicle production. However, research indicates AI techniques are often biased against racial, gender, and socioeconomic minorities. This paper is a preliminary review of current AI techniques for predictive modeling and applications in energy engineering and construction. This work was completed through the qualitative coding of 71 publications relating to artificial intelligence, energy infrastructure, and bias. Government researchers, construction leaders, scholars, and technologists rely on AI systems daily to analyze energy consumption, enhance power distribution, and ensure safe transportation. Therefore, in order to construct an accurate and inclusive AI technology for energy infrastructure this discrimination cycle must be identified, addressed, and eliminated. The literature review examines the application of AI primarily in smart buildings, smart homes, and smart grid technology. This work highlights the insufficient attention to social and economic inequities in energy automation.}, booktitle={Construction Research Congress 2022}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Ruckman, Anne and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={244–253} }
 @misc{hamlet_kaminsky_2022, title={Assessing the Impact of Humanitarian Engineering Coursework on Upper-Division Undergraduate Engineering Identity Development}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483985.004}, DOI={10.1061/9780784483985.004}, abstractNote={Lack of diversity in construction is a tenacious issue. One highly visible manifestation of this issue is the underrepresentation of women within the industry and classroom. In undergraduate engineering education, the presentation of particular engineering persona and professional problems may motivate women to leave the field by hindering their identification with engineering. Recognizing that service-oriented engineering can encourage women's participation, the authors assessed the gender-specific effect of humanitarian engineering contexts on students' engineering identity development. Forty-two upper-division undergraduate civil and construction engineering students across two years were surveyed before and after taking a development engineering technical elective to measure changes in how central engineering was to self-concept, how positively they viewed and perceived others to view engineers, and how they felt they belonged in engineering. Results from a two-way mixed analysis of variance suggested that upon course completion students' engineering identity did not change significantly, nor were women's engineering identities differentially strengthened. The authors interpret the results in light of data limitations and course timing/elective nature to inform future engineering identity research and service-learning efforts.}, journal={Construction Research Congress 2022}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Hamlet, Leigh C. and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={31–39} }
 @article{spearing_bakchan_hamlet_stephens_kaminsky_faust_2022, title={Comparing Qualitative Analysis Techniques for Construction Engineering and Management Research: The Case of Arctic Water Infrastructure}, volume={148}, ISSN={0733-9364 1943-7862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0002313}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0002313}, abstractNote={Construction is a dynamic sociotechnical process, consisting of ongoing interdependencies between people and the built environment. Accordingly, finding solutions to construction challenges when they arise requires understanding the interactions between social and technical factors. Over the past three decades, qualitative methods have been increasingly applied in construction engineering and management (CEM) research to understand challenges within this industry. However, there remains a lack of resources in the CEM literature on qualitative method selection and implementation specifically applicable to this domain. Without such guidance, it can be challenging to choose the most appropriate research methods, which can limit theoretical and practical contributions. To begin to address this gap, this paper offers an overview and comparison of three qualitative data analysis techniques—ranging in their use of induction, prevalence in CEM research, and ability to answer different types of research questions. These analysis techniques are applied to the same semi-structured interview data drawn from a case study on water infrastructure in rural Alaska. Insights gained from each method are compared to illustrate the utility of each technique. To the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first qualitative method-comparison paper published for a CEM audience. Based on the comparison findings, choosing a deductive content analysis can allow for full characterization and quantification of a data set and discussion of results in relation to a predefined framework, such as a framework based on design and construction standards. A hybrid content analysis can expose new, detailed insights for an existing framework by allowing emergent themes to arise and be quantified. Conversely, a constant comparative analysis can reveal emergent trends and uncover the reasons why these trends occur based on connections between prominent themes, which can help CEM researchers develop new theories. Overall, this study helps advance the sociotechnical side of CEM research by enabling the discipline to better address the industry’s complex challenges.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Spearing, Lauryn A. and Bakchan, Amal and Hamlet, Leigh C. and Stephens, Keri K. and Kaminsky, Jessica A. and Faust, Kasey M.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @inproceedings{spearing_thelemaque_araya_kaminsky_faust_2022, title={Connecting Pre-Existing Characteristics of Water Utilities to Impacts during the COVID-19 Pandemic}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483954.026}, DOI={10.1061/9780784483954.026}, abstractNote={The COVID-19 pandemic changed the way societies operate. Consequentially, the public, businesses, and industry used water differently, leading to changes in overall demand, along with spatial shifts in use. These changes stressed US water utilities, as they had to implement social distancing policies, adjust to changing revenues, and create customer assistance programs. The capabilities and characteristics of water utilities vary throughout the US, which may impact their resilience. Here, we aim to understand which pre-existing characteristics of water utilities may have led to resilience during the pandemic using results from a qualitative analysis of interviews with 27 US utilities conducted during 2020. We searched for statistical associations between utility characteristics (e.g., population dynamics, geographic location) and the challenges or changes experienced during the pandemic. Results of this study reveal the possible operating environments that increase the resilience of pandemic-induced shocks and help utilities prepare for future pandemics or population dynamics.}, booktitle={Construction Research Congress 2022}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Spearing, Lauryn and Thelemaque, Nathalie and Araya, Felipe and Kaminsky, Jessica and Faust, Kasey}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={249–258} }
 @article{brown_spearing_roy_kaminsky_faust_2022, title={Drivers of Declining Water Access in Alaska}, volume={2}, ISSN={2690-0637 2690-0637}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.2c00167}, DOI={10.1021/acsestwater.2c00167}, abstractNote={A majority of homes in the United States (US) receive household water services via complete in-home plumbing. Observers tend to assume that in the US, there is an upward trend in plumbing access; yet in some Alaska communities, the rate is in fact a downward trend. This study seeks to identify, while considering the spatiotemporal variations in the region, the sociodemographic parameters that are correlated with the rates of in-home plumbing in Alaska communities. Equipped with American Community Survey data from 2011 to 2015, we employed a fixed-effects regression analysis. Our findings show that, concerning complete in-home plumbing, there was a statistically significant decrease in close to a quarter (23%) of census-designated places in Alaska. Access to complete plumbing is correlated to multiple sociodemographic characteristics, including the percentage of households that (1) receive social security, (2) are valued under $150,000, and (3) are renter-occupied units paying for one or more utilities. Our results help decision-makers efficiently allocate government funds by showing where service is deteriorating as well as the potential predictors of such decline. Our study reveals the pressing need to invest in not only new water systems but also maintenance, operations, and capital improvements.}, number={8}, journal={ACS ES&T Water}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Brown, Meredith J. and Spearing, Lauryn A. and Roy, Arkajyoti and Kaminsky, Jessica A. and Faust, Kasey M.}, year={2022}, month={Aug}, pages={1411–1421} }
 @article{thelemaque_cotherman_pearson_eichelberger_neumann_kaminsky_2022, title={Identifying the Built, Natural, and Social Factors of Successful and Failed Rural Alaskan Water Projects: Perspectives from State and Regional Professionals}, volume={2}, ISSN={2690-0637 2690-0637}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.2c00201}, DOI={10.1021/acsestwater.2c00201}, abstractNote={Drinking water projects in rural Alaskan communities face a myriad of issues, often due to environmental challenges and financial constraints. These issues threaten community members' access to clean drinking water. Here, we report the built, natural, and social system factors that contribute to the failures and successes of water projects based on 20 semistructured interviews with engineers, program managers, service providers, and researchers whose work involves some element of water infrastructure in rural Alaska. Using a hybrid deductive and inductive approach to qualitative coding analysis, we aimed to uncover common themes in the perspectives of the individuals who maintain and operate drinking water projects to advance understanding of rural water access. Interviewee responses indicate the importance of the interactions between built system factors (e.g., operations and maintenance), social factors (e.g., community engagement), and natural system factors (e.g., water quality) in determining the success of drinking water projects. Generally, the respondents agreed that design efforts that are rooted in the built and social systems (e.g., sociomaterial approaches) and that consider rural Alaskan communities' climate, geography, and cultures allow for the effective implementation of sustainable drinking water projects.}, number={12}, journal={ACS ES&T Water}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Thelemaque, Nathalie and Cotherman, Andrew and Pearson, Rachel and Eichelberger, Laura and Neumann, Rebecca B. and Kaminsky, Jessica A.}, year={2022}, month={Nov}, pages={2323–2332} }
 @article{kaminsky_2022, title={Improving Public–Private Partnerships for Renewable Electricity Infrastructure in Lower- and Middle-Income Countries}, volume={148}, ISSN={0733-9364 1943-7862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0002259}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0002259}, abstractNote={Renewable electricity infrastructure is a key technical strategy for achieving energy access for all people. In addition, the construction of renewable electricity infrastructure is urgently needed to aid in the fight against the climate crisis. Private investment in infrastructure is one way of enabling this change; for example, in 2017, the World Bank reported $27 billion in private participation in renewable electricity infrastructure. In order to maximize the benefit of these investments, this paper seeks associations between hypothesized critical failure factors and observed failures in a dataset describing renewable electricity public–private partnerships (PPP). The dataset used in this analysis includes information on 1,769 high capital cost renewable electricity infrastructure projects with private participation and at least a five-year history. For renewable electricity projects, statistically significant relationships were found between canceled and distressed public–private partnerships and the selected primary revenue stream, contract award method, and type (Greenfield, Brownfield, or management and lease contract). Generally, project features that shifted more risk to the private partner were more likely than expected to fail (Brownfields and competitively awarded contracts). These results contribute empirical knowledge of critical success and failure factors specific to renewable electricity PPP. In addition, these results provide empirically-based guidance regarding PPP organization or selection to any entity seeking successful private investments in renewable electricity. Broadly, by contributing to an increase in the number of successful renewable electricity projects, this work seeks to increase the supply of clean energy. This supports Sustainable Development Goal 7, which aspires to increase both energy access and the speed of transition to clean energy.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica A.}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{tiedmann_spearing_sela_kinney_kirisits_katz_kaminsky_faust_2022, title={Modeling in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Overcoming the Water Sector’s Data Struggles to Realize the Potential of Hydraulic Models}, volume={148}, url={https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001561}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001561}, abstractNote={Hydraulic models can provide efficient and cost-effective ways for water utilities to evaluate changes in operating conditions (e.g., population dynamics, disasters), thereby increasing system resiliency during crises. Unfortunately, model development remains out of reach for many utilities because of high software costs, data needs, or personnel requirements. This study seeks to classify hydraulic modeling data needs, identify success factors and challenges associated with model development, and determine whether modeling a subzone of a larger water distribution network can provide useful insights during a crisis, specifically the COVID-19 pandemic. At the pandemic onset, we began developing a hydraulic model of the water distribution system of the University of Texas at Austin campus—a subsystem of the water distribution network of Austin, Texas—to understand how spatiotemporal changes in water demands impacted system performance. We found that the completed model can offer useful insight into the impacts of demand changes within the modeled subsystem (e.g., potential locations of water stagnation). However, the data collection and processing challenges encountered (e.g., siloed collection efforts, lack of standardization, lengthy processing) reflect barriers to model development and use. The amount of time required to gather and process the necessary data shows that model development cannot occur during a time-sensitive crisis, likely rendering any insight too late for use. Here, we make recommendations to address data-related challenges and support utilities in incorporating hydraulic modeling into emergency planning.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Tiedmann, Helena R. and Spearing, Lauryn A. and Sela, Lina and Kinney, Kerry and Kirisits, Mary Jo and Katz, Lynn E. and Kaminsky, Jessica and Faust, Kasey M.}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @inproceedings{thelemaque_spearing_faust_kaminsky_2022, title={Water Utilities and the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of Pandemic-Related Research}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483954.052}, DOI={10.1061/9780784483954.052}, abstractNote={To reduce the spread of the COVID-19 disease, government mandated social distancing policies (SDPs) halted the operations of non-essential businesses and changed operations at essential businesses, including water utilities. This change was difficult for some utilities to adapt to as the SDPs impacted supply chain and altered workforce management, among other operational aspects. Here, we posit that SDPs have implications for water infrastructure resiliency and technical performance, and may impact the future design, construction, and operation of water infrastructure. However, there is a dearth of literature on this topic. Therefore, we complete a literature review of sources from gray and scholarly literature to understand the impact of pandemics on water infrastructure. We found that the literature focuses on contextualizing COVID-19 within water infrastructure, direct impacts to utilities, and recommendations for immediate and future mitigation. Our research points out a gap in the literature that examines pandemic impacts on specific types of water utilities (e.g., small, rural) and identifies future research opportunities (e.g., relating water utility pandemic impacts to population dynamics). Here, we point out potential water infrastructure resiliency problems that, without intervention, could negatively impact technical system operations and public health.}, booktitle={Construction Research Congress 2022}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Thelemaque, Nathalie and Spearing, Lauryn A. and Faust, Kasey M. and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={501–511} }
 @article{spearing_mehendale_albertson_kaminsky_faust_2022, title={What impacts water services in rural Alaska? Identifying vulnerabilities at the intersection of technical, natural, human, and financial systems}, volume={379}, ISSN={0959-6526}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134596}, DOI={10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134596}, abstractNote={Thousands of homes in rural Alaska do not have access to in-home water services and those that are served often experience disruptions. Such gaps in service lead to extreme water conservation and water quality issues, causing health disparities in Native communities that have been historically disenfranchised. Water sector challenges in rural Alaska stem from a variety of conditions that create a complicated operating context, such as the extreme climate, limited funding, small workforce, and remote settings of the communities. It is imperative to holistically understand the nature of water sector challenges in Alaska, bringing together proxy views to gain an understanding of overall system operations. In turn, our research objectives are to 1) identify challenges within the financial, human, natural, and technical systems involved in the provision of water services in rural Alaska, and 2) use a systems thinking approach to identify interdependencies between systems. Specifically, we identify the cascading impacts caused by the arctic environment and by climate change, and the factors contributing to the increase of unserved communities and system failures. To do so, we performed a deductive-inductive qualitative content analysis on semi-structured interviews with 19 stakeholders that work with water infrastructure in Alaska. Findings show that climate change exacerbates the Arctic operating context, straining financial and technical systems (e.g., flooding impacts source water quality). Additionally, we found that service disruptions are often caused by a lack of operations and maintenance funding; communities are only able to pay for repairs using emergency funds that become available after system failures. Here, we outline policy, engineering, and management leverage points that can be used to improve water services in rural Alaska. For instance, we recommend auditing funding systems to ensure equitable allocations and further exploring the water-energy nexus in arctic communities.}, journal={Journal of Cleaner Production}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Spearing, Lauryn A. and Mehendale, Prachi and Albertson, Leif and Kaminsky, Jessica A. and Faust, Kasey M.}, year={2022}, month={Dec}, pages={134596} }
 @article{araya_faust_kaminsky_2021, title={Agent-Based Model of Hosting Communities’ Perceptions of Water and Wastewater Infrastructure during the German Refugee Crisis}, volume={37}, url={https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000938}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000938}, abstractNote={In 2016, Germany received approximately 50% of the 1.2 million asylum applications in the European Union. The applicants represented a population influx of displaced people that were accommodated primarily in urban settings, creating challenges for engineers and managers who needed to meet the new water and wastewater demands of the displaced persons without disrupting services to preexisting residents. To achieve this, local authorities and engineers had to consider temporary or permanent alterations to existing water and wastewater infrastructure—changes that could provoke opposition from a hosting community, depending on their perception of the changes. In this study, a modeling framework is proposed that allows decision makers to account for hosting communities' perceptions of alternatives for providing water and wastewater infrastructure services to displaced persons. The framework uses an agent-based model that is enabled by publicly available information, a survey deployed to German communities, and interviews with stakeholders involved in the accommodation of displaced persons in Germany. Our results indicate that alternatives used by local authorities did not always align with community-supported alternatives. To minimize such misalignments, we recommend that local authorities, early on in developing infrastructure alternatives, take into account the perceptions of hosting communities. Ultimately, the proposed framework promotes the sustainable provision of water and wastewater infrastructure to displaced persons.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Management in Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Araya, Felipe and Faust, Kasey M. and Kaminsky, Jessica A.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{chakrabarti_hamlet_kaminsky_subramanian_2021, title={Association of Human Mobility Restrictions and Race/Ethnicity–Based, Sex-Based, and Income-Based Factors With Inequities in Well-being During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States}, volume={4}, ISSN={2574-3805}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.7373}, DOI={10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.7373}, abstractNote={<h3>Importance</h3> An accurate understanding of the distributional implications of public health policies is critical for ensuring equitable responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and future public health threats. <h3>Objective</h3> To identify and quantify the association of race/ethnicity–based, sex-based, and income-based inequities of state-specific lockdowns with 6 well-being dimensions in the United States. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> This pooled, repeated cross-sectional study used data from 14 187 762 households who participated in phase 1 of the population-representative US 2020 Household Pulse Survey (HPS). Households were invited to participate by email, text message, and/or telephone as many as 3 times. Data were collected via an online questionnaire from April 23 to July 21, 2020, and participants lived in all 50 US states and the District of Columbia. <h3>Exposures</h3> Indicators of race/ethnicity, sex, and income and their intersections. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Unemployment; food insufficiency; mental health problems; no medical care received for health problems; default on last month's rent or mortgage; and class cancellations with no distance learning. Race/ethnicity, sex, income, and their intersections were used to measure distributional implications across historically marginalized populations; state-specific, time-varying population mobility was used to measure lockdown intensity. Logistic regression models with pooled repeated cross-sections were used to estimate risk of dichotomous outcomes by social group, adjusted for confounding variables. <h3>Results</h3> The 1 088 314 respondents (561 570 [51.6%; 95% CI, 51.4%-51.9%] women) were aged 18 to 88 years (mean [SD], 51.55 [15.74] years), and 826 039 (62.8%; 95% CI, 62.5%-63.1%) were non-Hispanic White individuals; 86 958 (12.5%; 95% CI, 12.4%-12.7%), African American individuals; 86 062 (15.2%; 95% CI, 15.0%-15.4%), Hispanic individuals; and 50 227 (5.6%; 95% CI, 5.5%-5.7%), Asian individuals. On average, every 10% reduction in mobility was associated with higher odds of unemployment (odds ratio [OR], 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-1.4), food insufficiency (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.1-1.2), mental health problems (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.0-1.1), and class cancellations (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.1-1.2). Across most dimensions compared with White men with high income, African American individuals with low income experienced the highest risks (eg, food insufficiency, men: OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 2.8-3.7; mental health problems, women: OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.8-2.1; medical care inaccessibility, women: OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.6-1.9; unemployment, men: OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 2.5-3.2; rent/mortgage defaults, men: OR, 5.7; 95% CI, 4.7-7.1). Other high-risk groups were Hispanic individuals (eg, unemployment, Hispanic men with low income: OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 2.5-3.4) and women with low income across all races/ethnicities (eg, medical care inaccessibility, non-Hispanic White women: OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.7-2.0). <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> In this cross-sectional study, African American and Hispanic individuals, women, and households with low income had higher odds of experiencing adverse outcomes associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and stay-at-home orders. Blanket public health policies ignoring existing distributions of risk to well-being may be associated with increased race/ethnicity–based, sex-based, and income-based inequities.}, number={4}, journal={JAMA Network Open}, publisher={American Medical Association (AMA)}, author={Chakrabarti, Suman and Hamlet, Leigh C. and Kaminsky, Jessica and Subramanian, S. V.}, year={2021}, month={Apr}, pages={e217373} }
 @article{faust_katz_kirisits_kinney_sela_kopytkovskiy_russell_kaminsky_2021, title={Consider How Social Distancing Policies Can Affect Drinking Water Infrastructure Performance}, volume={113}, ISSN={0003-150X 1551-8833}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1673}, DOI={10.1002/awwa.1673}, abstractNote={Journal AWWAVolume 113, Issue 2 p. 74-77 Public HealthFree Access Consider How Social Distancing Policies Can Affect Drinking Water Infrastructure Performance Kasey M. Faust, Corresponding Author faustk@utexas.edu Search for more papers by this authorLynn E. Katz, Search for more papers by this authorMary Jo Kirisits, Search for more papers by this authorKerry A. Kinney, Search for more papers by this authorLina Sela, Search for more papers by this authorMarina Kopytkovskiy, Search for more papers by this authorCaroline Russell, Search for more papers by this authorJessica Kaminsky, Search for more papers by this author Kasey M. Faust, Corresponding Author faustk@utexas.edu Search for more papers by this authorLynn E. Katz, Search for more papers by this authorMary Jo Kirisits, Search for more papers by this authorKerry A. Kinney, Search for more papers by this authorLina Sela, Search for more papers by this authorMarina Kopytkovskiy, Search for more papers by this authorCaroline Russell, Search for more papers by this authorJessica Kaminsky, Search for more papers by this author First published: 02 March 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1673Citations: 1AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Layout imagery by Michael Vi/Shutterstock.com In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing policies (SDPs) have been implemented in communities worldwide. By design, these policies have caused massive changes in our behavior as families shelter at home and industry and commerce pause or reduce operations. These changes have altered water consumption patterns, and in some cases they have likely degraded the drinking water quality in distribution systems. Although some drinking water utilities have the resources to discover and mitigate any potential negative effects, many do not have the capacity to implement testing protocols beyond regulatory requirements. SDPs and Water Quality Drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) are designed for a given range of operational conditions (Faust & Kaminsky 2018). However, a DWDS might be operating outside of those design conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic because SDPs are driving significant changes in water use. Although residential water demand is expected to increase when SDPs are in force, this might be offset by a sharp decrease in nonresidential water consumption, which typically accounts for more than half of all water consumption. Such changes in water use create zones with reduced flow/velocity, water stagnation, and increased water age. Increased water age can result in decreased disinfectant residuals (Wang et al. 2012) and conditions that promote growth of microorganisms, such as pathogenic Legionella spp. (Waak et al. 2018). Proactive monitoring in a DWDS could be used to trigger operational changes to mitigate these consequences. However, some utilities might not have the financial, workforce, or instrumentation resources needed to monitor in real time and beyond regulatory requirements. The following guidance outlines ways in which SDPs could affect water infrastructure and provides some suggestions for monitoring DWDSs. This discussion is intended primarily to aid resource-limited utilities that are responding to substantial changes in water use caused by the current and potential future waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, recognizing that not all utilities will experience substantial changes in water use. Management and Water Use Challenges The water industry has faced some challenges associated with workforce absenteeism and continuity of operations during the pandemic (AWWA 2020). Today's older water professionals, who hold much of the institutional knowledge of our systems, is at disproportionate risk from COVID-19. Moreover, field staff face workforce safety issues because of SDPs and potentially reduced access to personal protective equipment. For systems with one operator (or a single operator shared among multiple water treatment plants), continuity of operations and the ability to monitor for abnormalities in operations are concerning (AWWA 2020). In addition, the water sector faces challenges related to water flow and water quality. Water Flow In areas that usually have substantial commercial or industrial water use, a reduction or pause in operations during the pandemic could lead to significantly decreased water use. In contrast, DWDS zones dominated by residential water use could exhibit temporally shifted and increased aggregate daily demand because more people remain at home as a result of SDPs. For water utilities that do not have substantial changes in total water demand during the pandemic, changes in temporal and spatial water usage can still affect water quality in ways that could threaten public health. Water use reductions, if not accompanied by corrective actions (e.g., changing pumping operations), naturally decrease flow velocities that control the amount of time treated drinking water spends in the pipelines. This additional residence time enables treated water to undergo various chemical, physical, and biological transformations (Abokifa et al. 2020, Zhuang & Sela 2020). In summary, spatial, temporal, and volumetric changes in water use are expected when SDPs are in force, and these changes will lead to zones with low or intermittent flows in a DWDS compared with pre-pandemic conditions. Water Quality Zones in a DWDS where flow has dramatically increased or decreased create a complex situation in which flow velocity/regime, water quality, reaction rates, and hydraulic residence time change simultaneously. For instance, the flow regime (laminar versus turbulent) has been shown to affect disinfection decay constants and the concentration of disinfection byproducts (Zhang & Andrews 2013). Machell and Boxall (2012) showed only a weak association between mean water age and water quality in a DWDS, but the associations became stronger when the maximum water age contribution was considered. For instance, chlorine residual decreased and the heterotrophic plate counts increased as the maximum water age contribution increased. The effects of stagnation on corrosion have been shown to vary with metal ions released (e.g., iron versus copper) and water chemistry (i.e., pH, temperature, alkalinity, chloride, and sulfate) (Li et al. 2020, Zlatanovic et al. 2017, Boulay & Edwards 2001). This suggests that extreme changes in water age, such as during periods of social distancing or shutdowns, could substantially affect water quality. In summary, where SDPs lead to increases in the maximum water age, the disinfectant residual could decrease while microbial growth and corrosion could increase compared with prepandemic conditions. Increased Monitoring During Social Distancing One easily monitored indicator of change in aggregate water use patterns are tank turnover rates. Systems that have observed reduced tank turnover rates during the COVID-19 pandemic should view this as a potential indicator of water age issues in the DWDS and should strongly consider additional water quality testing. Utilities with hydraulic models can estimate changes in water use profiles, which lead to demand changes, to identify potentially vulnerable DWDS areas where water quality could be monitored in a targeted fashion. We recommend surveillance (i.e., nonregulatory monitoring) of disinfectant residual, lead, and copper concentrations in DWDSs when SDPs are in force. Nondetectable disinfectant residuals indicate reduced protection against microbial pathogens. Lead or copper concentrations above their respective drinking water action levels indicate potential corrosion issues, possibly because of changing water quality. Moreover, lead exposure can result in acute (Hon et al. 2017) and chronic (NTP 2012) health effects. Lead testing can indicate short-term or extended exposure to higher lead concentrations during the pandemic. Additionally, for DWDSs using chloramine as a residual disinfectant, we recommend nitrite testing because its level can indicate the growth of nitrifying bacteria and potential issues for maintaining measurable chloramine residuals. This type of surveillance allows utilities to identify and monitor DWDS areas that experience substantial declines in water quality during the pandemic. Such monitoring also could be used to demonstrate how operational changes could improve water quality. The SDP effects and implications described here are not expected to be uniformly distributed throughout a DWDS. SDPs likely have exacerbated or spatially shifted the challenges each utility typically faces. Until research can provide better guidance, we expect the potential effects of SDPs on DWDSs are more likely in the following systems: Those with significant industrial and commercial components that have paused or reduced operations Those with a long or nonlooped DWDS Those that habitually have higher water age as compared with other systems Monitoring Methods We realize the need for increased water quality testing comes when utilities are facing workforce and financial challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic (AWWA & AMWA 2020). State/province or federal support could help utilities meet these challenges. For example, traveling teams of water professionals (with adequate pandemic-related safety protocols) could provide supplemental testing that goes beyond regulatory requirements. Alternatively, funds could be provided for utilities to perform testing themselves. In areas that usually have substantial commercial or industrial water use, a reduction or pause in operations during the pandemic could lead to significantly decreased water use. Particularly for utilities that are extremely resource limited, but also for utilities that want to engage more with their communities in a safe manner, citizen science or crowdsourcing might be appropriate ways to monitor water quality. Utilities could provide low-cost kits to customers with accompanying protocol instructions to sample disinfectant residuals, lead, and copper as well as nitrite. Water samples for analyzing lead and copper could be collected at the point of entry and at the tap within homes, with the samples returned via mail or drop-off at testing locations. Occupants could monitor residual chlorine and nitrite levels, using off-the-shelf water quality test strips, and could send the results to their utility via a smartphone application or website. With adequate privacy protections, geotagged sample results could be displayed using an application or website, thereby providing operators with real-time awareness of system vulnerability. Notably, such data should be carefully analyzed to avoid biases associated with many samples taken at one site. Although such data do not replace standard water quality measurements, they would allow utilities to more quickly identify areas of potential concern for additional water quality testing and, if warranted, corrective action. Response Plans and Cooperation Broadly, utilities should leverage existing emergency response and hazard mitigation plans as they continue to respond to the challenges triggered by COVID-19, whether or not a pandemic was a previously identified hazard. In particular, plans for mutual assistance among utilities help ensure continuity of operations (e.g., to provide a temporary workforce in case of infection or support for additional water quality testing). The effects of pandemic-induced changes in water use or DWDS water quality remain largely unknown. Therefore, to maintain DWDS integrity, water quality sampling and hydraulic modeling must inform appropriate operational mitigation strategies. Notes for a Concerned Public Despite the concerns described here, the authors do not believe the public should avoid piped drinking water unless they observe changes in their water supply or are instructed to do so by their water utility. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes there is no evidence for the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is the causative agent of COVID-19, through drinking water (CDC 2020). Authors' note: This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 2032434/2032429. Biographies Kasey M. Faust is assistant professor at the University of Texas at Austin; faustk@utexas.edu. Lynn E. Katz is a professor at the University of Texas at Austin. Mary Jo Kirisits is an associate professor at the University of Texas at Austin. Kerry A. Kinney is a professor at the University of Texas at Austin. Lina Sela is an assistant professor at the University of Texas at Austin. Marina Kopytkovskiy is project manager at Parker Water and Sanitation District, Parker, Colo. Caroline Russell is principal technologist at Carollo Engineers Inc., Austin, Texas. Jessica Kaminsky is an associate professor at the University of Washington, Seattle. References Abokifa AA, Xing L, Sela L. 2020. Water. 12: 4:1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041033Google Scholar AWWA, 2020. COVID-19 Water Sector Impact Survey (March 10–16. AWWA, Denver. Google Scholar AWWA, AMWA (Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies), 2020. The Financial Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis on U.S. Drinking Water Utilities. AWWA. Denver. AMWA, Washington. Google Scholar Boulay N, Edwards M. 2001. Water Res. 35:3:683. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00320-1Google Scholar CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2020. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Frequently Asked Questions. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/water.html. Google Scholar Faust K, Kaminsky J. 2018. Population Dynamics and the Resiliency of Water and Wastewater Infrastructure. In Routledge Handbook of Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure (P Gardoni, editor). Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames, United Kingdom. Google Scholar Hon KL, Fung CK, Leung AK. 2017. Childhood Lead Poisoning: An Overview. Hong Kong Med J. 23:6:616. Google Scholar Li, M.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Z. et al., 2020. Water Res. 175:115675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115675. Google Scholar Machell J, Boxall J. 2012. J Water Res Plan Man. 138:6:624. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000220Google Scholar NTP (National Toxicology Program), 2012. NTP Monograph: Heaflth Effects of Low-Level Lead. NTP. Research Triangle Park, N.C. Google Scholar Waak, M.B.; LaPara, T.M.; Hallé, C. et al., 2018. Environ Sci Technol. 52, 14: 7630. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01170. CrossrefWeb of Science®Google Scholar Wang, H.; Masters, S.; Hong, Y. et al., 2012. Environ Sci Technol. 46, 21: 11566. https://doi.org/10.1021/es303212a. CrossrefWeb of Science®Google Scholar Zhang, H. & Andrews, S.A., 2013. J Water Supply Res T. 62, 2: 107. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2013.077. CrossrefWeb of Science®Google Scholar Zhuang, J. & Sela, L., 2020. J Water Res Pl-ASCE., 146: 1 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001139. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Zlatanovic L, Van Der Hoek JP, Vreeburg JHG. 2017. Water Res. 123: 761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.019CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume113, Issue2March 2021Pages 74-77 ReferencesRelatedInformation}, number={2}, journal={Journal AWWA}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Faust, Kasey M. and Katz, Lynn E. and Kirisits, Mary Jo and Kinney, Kerry A. and Sela, Lina and Kopytkovskiy, Marina and Russell, Caroline and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={74–77} }
 @article{lewis_mackenzie_kaminsky_2021, title={Exploring equity: How equity norms have been applied implicitly and explicitly in transportation research and practice}, volume={9}, ISSN={2590-1982}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100332}, DOI={10.1016/j.trip.2021.100332}, abstractNote={By definition, equity is concerned with justice. On a societal level, equity is concerned with the just distribution of resources in society. Because a wide range of theories of just distribution exist, equity considerations are multifaceted and create a normative conceptual space in which theories can be considered, argued, and applied. In the past few decades, the concept of equity has received increasing attention within the transportation literature, both within academic journals and practice-oriented books and reports. These works present various theories of justice, either implicitly or explicitly, within the context of transportation financing, investments, and service allocations. While explicit normative reviews as well as arguments have been presented, implicit applications and imprecise definitions of equity theories have largely obfuscated and over-simplified this expansive topic. Within a predominantly western, US and euro-centric context, this article uses concepts and theories from the fields of social psychology, philosophy, and economics to understand and clarify the concept of equity within the field of transportation.}, journal={Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Lewis, Elyse O'Callaghan and MacKenzie, Don and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={100332} }
 @article{spearing_tiedmann_sela_nagy_kaminsky_katz_kinney_kirisits_faust_2021, title={Human–Infrastructure Interactions during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Understanding Water and Electricity Demand Profiles at the Building Level}, volume={1}, ISSN={2690-0637 2690-0637}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.1c00176}, DOI={10.1021/acsestwater.1c00176}, abstractNote={When engineers design and manage a building's water and electricity utilities, they must make assumptions about resource use. These assumptions are often challenged when unexpected changes in demand occur, such as the spatial and temporal changes observed during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Social distancing policies (SDPs) enacted led many universities to close their campuses and implement remote learning, impacting utility consumption patterns. Yet, little is known about how consumption changed at the building level. Here, we aim to understand how water and electricity consumption changed during the pandemic by identifying characteristic weekly demand profiles and understanding how these changes were related to regulatory and social systems. We performed k-means clustering on utility demand data measured before and as the pandemic evolved from five buildings of different types at the University of Texas at Austin. As expected, after SDPs were enacted both water and electricity use shifted, with most buildings seeing a sharp initial decline that remained low until the university partially reopened. In contrast to electricity use, we found that water use was tightly coupled with SDPs. Our study provides actionable information for managers to mitigate negative impacts (e.g., water stagnation) and capitalize on opportunities to minimize resource use.}, number={11}, journal={ACS ES&T Water}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Spearing, Lauryn A. and Tiedmann, Helena R. and Sela, Lina and Nagy, Zoltan and Kaminsky, Jessica A. and Katz, Lynn E. and Kinney, Kerry A. and Kirisits, Mary Jo and Faust, Kasey M.}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={2327–2338} }
 @article{faust_roy_feinstein_poleacovschi_kaminsky_2021, title={Individual responsibility towards providing water and wastewater public goods for displaced persons: How much and how long is the public willing to pay?}, volume={68}, ISSN={2210-6707}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102785}, DOI={10.1016/j.scs.2021.102785}, abstractNote={In 2019, the number of displaced persons worldwide reached a historic peak. When those displaced arrive in hosting cities, local utilities, often with no additional money, are tasked with meeting unexpected demands. One way to recoup these costs is to raise rates. However, publics are not always willing to share their own financial resources and utilities. In this empirical study, we quantitatively assess the residents' perceived individual responsibility—or willingness to pay—for these expanded services. Here we seek to not only identify if an individual is willing to financially support the provision of services for those displaced via an increase in their own rates, but also, to quantify how long they are willing to support these services. Further, we explore factors that influence this perceived individual responsibility. Enabling this study is survey data from the German public in 2016, a time when the asylum seekers, who were displaced by instability in the Middle East, encountered increased public opposition. We find respondents who are male, wealthier, more highly educated, and more urban are more willing to pay for services for displaced populations. These results can inform awareness campaigns or changes in rates and rate structures.}, journal={Sustainable Cities and Society}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Faust, K.M. and Roy, A. and Feinstein, S. and Poleacovschi, C. and Kaminsky, J.}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={102785} }
 @article{mattos_warren_eichelberger_kaminsky_linden_2021, title={Pathways to the successful function and use of mid-tech household water and sanitation systems}, volume={11}, ISSN={2043-9083 2408-9362}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2021.107}, DOI={10.2166/washdev.2021.107}, abstractNote={Abstract Mid-tech water and sanitation infrastructure – interventions that make moderate use of resources, materials, and technology while providing improvements in health and well-being – may serve an important intermediate role for communities that cannot immediately get high-tech piped infrastructure. However, such systems must be socially appropriate, technically functional, and sustainable. We determined the combinations of technical and social conditions that contribute to the success of household, mid-tech water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) systems using qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). We collected data on 32 household mid-tech Portable Alternative Sanitation Systems (PASS) installed in remote, rural Alaskan communities for 1 year. We then coded qualitative and quantitative data for each household ‘case’ into fuzzy-set values for four technical conditions and four social conditions. We conducted fuzzy-set QCA analyses to determine combinations of conditions (pathways) that led to the successful function and use of PASS. We identified multiple pathways for the success of PASS units, requiring combinations of technical and social conditions. Our analysis reveals that the successful implementation of household mid-tech WASH infrastructure is complicated. We recommend that deliberate steps be taken to engage homeowners, provide appropriate training and support, determine ownership parameters, and ensure the technical sufficiency of mid-tech systems before they are deployed.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, publisher={IWA Publishing}, author={Mattos, Kaitlin and Warren, John and Eichelberger, Laura and Kaminsky, Jessica and Linden, Karl G.}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={994–1005} }
 @article{hamlet_chakrabarti_kaminsky_2021, title={Reduced water collection time improves learning achievement among primary school children in India}, volume={203}, ISSN={0043-1354}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117527}, DOI={10.1016/j.watres.2021.117527}, abstractNote={• Implications of water fetching time on children's education remain understudied • Measured effect of fetching time on Indian primary school student attainment • Higher fetching times predict lower mathematics, reading, and writing test scores • Girls' mathematics and reading benefit more than boys' from reduced fetching time • Suggest off-premises piped in absence of piped-to-premises in water-insecure states In low-and-middle-income countries, the provisioning of safe drinking water is a challenge that will likely worsen with climate change. Securing water will require more work and time, burdening women and children the most. Currently, the consequences of this time burden to children's development remain understudied. To address this gap, we examine the tradeoff between children's household water collection responsibilities and learning achievement. Using nationally representative data from India, we measure the effect of daily fetching time on primary school children's learning achievement in a two-stage regression model, with rainfall as the instrument. Our analyses indicate that higher fetching times predict lower mathematics (-1.23 standard deviations, 95CI[-2.32, -0.14]), reading (-1.13 standard deviations, 95CI[-2.07, -0.19]), and writing (-1.21 standard deviations, 95CI[-1.89, -0.51]) test scores. These effects are heterogeneous across sex and infrastructure type. For example, we find girls’ mathematical and reading skills profit more from reductions in fetching time than boys’ (score less affected for boys by β amount: mathematics: β=0.26 points, 95CI[0.095, 0.42]; reading: β=0.27 points, 95CI[0.054, 0.49]). Children using hand pumps, open wells, or tube wells are hurt more academically in mathematics and writing by increases in fetching time than children with mostly off-premises piped access (e.g., writing scores more affected by β amount: hand pump: β=-0.18, 95CI[-0.29, -0.081]; open well: β=-0.18, 95CI[-0.33, -0.040]; tube well: β=-0.14, 95CI[-0.29, -0.00072]). Given these results, we recommend off-premises piped infrastructure in the absence of piped-to-premises water in water-insecure contexts and offer guidance for targeting infrastructure investments in India.}, journal={Water Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hamlet, Leigh C. and Chakrabarti, Suman and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={117527} }
 @article{hacker_faust_kaminsky_rauch_2021, title={Regulatory exemptions illustrate the humanitarian-development nexus in highly developed cities}, volume={61}, ISSN={2212-4209}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102309}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102309}, abstractNote={In recent years, forcible displacement has increased around the globe, with significant numbers of people seeking shelter in urban areas. However, increased densification has added pressure to housing in these urban host communities, creating a situation where temporary accommodation is not always readily available. The integration of humanitarian response and pre-existing sustainable development activities is necessary to avoid disruptions to the provision of infrastructure services. This humanitarian-development nexus (HD-nexus) has proven to be difficult to operationalize. Using the experience of Sweden in 2015, this study looks at the provision of temporary accommodation for asylum-seekers within the existing regulatory framework as a place to explore the HD-nexus. Results show that humanitarian actors justify circumventing government institutions to achieve short-term response while development activities operate within these same institutions. Regulatory exemptions are one pathway by which we can observe this fundamental difference between the two approaches. Interviews with 19 individuals from government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and private companies were qualitatively analyzed to relate legitimacy with humanitarian response and development logics in the context of providing temporary accommodation. Results show that although formal regulatory definitions of temporary for temporary accommodations exist, this is not always adopted by stakeholders, leading to regulatory exemptions and non-compliance. Findings support decision-makers in improving response time and coordination for future events, and development goals of sustainable urban development.}, journal={International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hacker, Miriam E. and Faust, Kasey M. and Kaminsky, Jessica and Rauch, Sebastien}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={102309} }
 @article{allison_wang_kaminsky_2021, title={Religiosity, neutrality, fairness, skepticism, and societal tranquility: A data science analysis of the World Values Survey}, volume={16}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245231}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0245231}, abstractNote={Quantitative models of social differences have not only made major contributions to the fields of cross-cultural anthropology, psychology and sociology, but also have allowed for interdisciplinary studies that bring together engineering, life sciences, and social sciences. In this study, the authors use a data science approach to discover a set of quantitative social dimensions based on the World Values Survey, a nationally representative survey covering 60 countries and 90,000 individuals. Five national social dimensions, representing 198 questions and 56 countries are discovered using multidimensional item response theory (MIRT). They are (1) Religiosity, (2) Neutrality, (3) Fairness, (4) Skepticism, and (5) Societal Tranquility. This approach is unique from previous quantitative models because it groups responses by country and analyzes binary, nominal, and ordinal survey questions. It is possible today due to recent advancements in computing power and programming. Furthermore, this methodology tests the validity of previous quantitative dimensions and finds that some of the existing social and cultural dimensions are not clearly discernable. Therefore, this model provides not only more a rigorous methodology but also new social dimensions which more accurately quantify underlying differences across countries in the World Values Survey. Like other quantitative cross-cultural models, this model is a deeply simplified representation of national social differences. However, it is a useful tool for modeling national differences and can be used to help us understand the impacts of social preferences and values on different political, economic, and development variables.}, number={1}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Allison, Leigh and Wang, Chun and Kaminsky, Jessica}, editor={Yang, Xiaozhao YousefEditor}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={e0245231} }
 @article{kaminsky_2021, title={The Social Sustainability of Infrastructure: Constructing for Justice}, volume={10}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.25219/epoj.2021.00110}, DOI={10.25219/epoj.2021.00110}, abstractNote={Socially sustainable infrastructure eliminates unfreedoms that reduce human choice and agency. These unfreedoms include the lack of clean energy, clean water, clean air, sanitation, mobility, information, or safe shelter, which collectively impact billions of people today, and the lack of a stable climate, which impacts everyone on earth and everyone who will be born in the coming decades. The built environment can be collaboratively built and collaboratively used to solve collective problems like these; in this sense, construction is a feminist project of creation. In this paper, I argue that the goal of all engineering projects and organizations must be a built environment that provides every person on the planet a greater ability to lead a life they value, recognizing that the diversity of those chosen lives is both the enabler and the outcome of what we pursue.}, number={2}, journal={Engineering Project Organization Journal}, publisher={Engineering Project Organization Society}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{berglund_thelemaque_spearing_faust_kaminsky_sela_goharian_abokifa_lee_keck_et al._2021, title={Water and Wastewater Systems and Utilities: Challenges and Opportunities during the COVID-19 Pandemic}, volume={147}, ISSN={["1943-5452"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001373}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001373}, abstractNote={Forum papers are thought-provoking opinion pieces or essays founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a civil engineering topic of general interest and relevance to the readership of the journal The views expressed in this Forum article do not necessarily reflect the views of ASCE or the Editorial Board of the journal}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Berglund, Emily Zechman and Thelemaque, Nathalie and Spearing, Lauryn and Faust, Kasey M. and Kaminsky, Jessica and Sela, Lina and Goharian, Erfan and Abokifa, Ahmed and Lee, Juneseok and Keck, Jonathan and et al.}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @misc{araya_faust_kaminsky_2020, title={A Decision-Making Framework for Participatory Planning: Providing Water Infrastructure Services to Displaced Persons}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482858.071}, DOI={10.1061/9780784482858.071}, abstractNote={In 2015 and 2016 combined, approximately 2.4 million first-time asylum seekers sought refuge in countries from the European Union, of which nearly 50% were registered in Germany. This population influx was primarily housed in urban environments, placing additional demands on the urban infrastructure systems from hosting communities. As such, the alternatives used by local authorities to provide services to displaced persons (e.g., temporary versus permanent infrastructure) can impact how hosting communities react to such methods (for instance, support versus opposition). This study proposes a framework to include public perceptions of hosting communities in the decision-making process of how to provide water infrastructure services to displaced persons. An agent-based model is developed to capture potential interdependencies between local authorities and hosting communities during the decision-making process of implementing infrastructure alternatives to explore the impact of including public support and opposition toward different infrastructure alternatives. This model is enabled by publicly available data (e.g., percentage of displaced persons accommodated by each state), 10 semi-structured interviews with decision-makers in the summer of 2016, and 416 valid responses from a survey deployed to the German public in 2016. The results revealed that the alternatives that involve making temporary changes to provide water infrastructure faced the highest levels of public opposition. Furthermore, the local context influences how hosting communities perceive different infrastructure alternatives. As such, infrastructure alternatives supported in the context of one community may be opposed by other communities. Understanding the effects of including hosting communities in the decision-making process may assist local authorities and utility engineers in developing infrastructure alternatives that can be sustainable and supported by the hosting communities.}, journal={Construction Research Congress 2020}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Araya, Felipe and Faust, Kasey M. and Kaminsky, Jessica A.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={654–664} }
 @article{hamlet_roy_scalone_lee_poleacovschi_kaminsky_2021, title={Gender and Engineering Identity among Upper-Division Undergraduate Students}, url={https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000876}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000876}, abstractNote={The construction industry’s long-term health depends upon continued efforts to understand historically excluded students’ attrition from engineering programs. For women, lack of identification with engineering may motivate their departure. Because professional persistence relates to engineering identity, it benefits attrition interventions to understand this identity development. Focusing upon students demonstrating some persistence in engineering, this research examines if and how engineering identity differs across gender among upper-division undergraduates. Surveying 11 American public university civil and construction engineering programs, the authors capture how central engineering is to self-concept, how positively students view engineers and perceive others to view engineers, and how students feel they belong. Using structural equation modeling, the authors find that among upper-division students and compared with cis men, cis women more strongly define themselves as engineers, are more confident of their place among fellow engineers, and feel more positively about engineers. A stronger engineering identity may help cis women cope with marginalization and may be limited to the upper-division undergraduate years. This study offers guidance for sustaining upper-division cis women’s strong engineering identity.}, journal={Journal of Management in Engineering}, author={Hamlet, Leigh C. and Roy, Arkajyoti and Scalone, Giovanna and Lee, Regina and Poleacovschi, Cristina and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{bakchan_hacker_faust_kaminsky_2020, title={Humanitarian-Development Nexus Regarding Water and Wastewater Service Provision: Learning from Lebanon’s Protracted Population Displacement}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482858.076}, DOI={10.1061/9780784482858.076}, abstractNote={During extreme population displacement events, water and wastewater infrastructure systems may be challenged as host communities attempt to provide service to suddenly increased populations. As such, improving the resilience of water and wastewater systems is necessary to provide continuous services to both host and displaced persons. In protracted displacement, infrastructure’s resilience is further challenged by the need to transition from short-term humanitarian response to long-term development strategies. This study identifies examples of constraints that create the transitional space of the humanitarian-development nexus. Focusing on the current population displacement in Lebanon, data was collected through 10 semi-structured interviews in 2018 with leadership in local municipalities. Using open coding, the interview content was qualitatively analyzed, and emergent themes related to constraints across the technical, social, economic, and institutional dimensions were revealed. Results indicate that the stress from housing and different water and wastewater-use profiles have impacted each system’s capacity to meet the increased demand. Additionally, the ability of municipalities to respond to the increased demand has been stressed by lack of funds for developing new water and wastewater infrastructure projects, as well as discrepancy in stakeholders’ priorities in regard to these projects. Findings of this study would better inform the development efforts in providing continuous water and wastewater services to both host and displaced persons.}, journal={Construction Research Congress 2020}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Bakchan, Amal and Hacker, Miriam and Faust, Kasey M. and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @article{spearing_thelemaque_kaminsky_katz_kinney_kirisits_sela_faust_2020, title={Implications of Social Distancing Policies on Drinking Water Infrastructure: An Overview of the Challenges to and Responses of U.S. Utilities during the COVID-19 Pandemic}, volume={1}, ISSN={2690-0637 2690-0637}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.0c00229}, DOI={10.1021/acsestwater.0c00229}, abstractNote={Social distancing policies (SDPs) implemented throughout the United States in response to COVID-19 have led to spatial and temporal shifts in drinking water demand and, for water utilities, created sociotechnical challenges. During this unique period, many water utilities have been forced to operate outside of design conditions with reduced workforce and financial capacities. Few studies have examined how water utilities respond to a pandemic; such methods are even absent from many emergency response plans. Here, we documented how utilities have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a qualitative analysis of 30 interviews with 53 practitioners spanning 28 U.S. water utilities. Our aim was to, first, understand the challenges experienced by utilities and changes to operations (e.g., demand and deficit accounts) and, second, to document utilities' responses. Results showed that to maintain service continuity and implement SDPs, utilities had to overcome various challenges. These include supply chain issues, spatiotemporal changes in demand, and financial losses, and these challenges were largely dependent on the type of customers served (e.g., commercial or residential). Examples of utilities' responses include proactively ordering extra supplies and postponing capital projects. Although utilities' adaptations ensured the immediate provision of water services, their responses might have negative repercussions in the future (e.g., delayed projects contributing to aging infrastructure).}, number={4}, journal={ACS ES&T Water}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Spearing, Lauryn A. and Thelemaque, Nathalie and Kaminsky, Jessica A. and Katz, Lynn E. and Kinney, Kerry A. and Kirisits, Mary Jo and Sela, Lina and Faust, Kasey M.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={888–899} }
 @article{hamlet_mwiti kamui_kaminsky_2020, title={Infrastructure for water security: coping with risks in rural Kenya}, volume={10}, ISSN={2043-9083 2408-9362}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.038}, DOI={10.2166/washdev.2020.038}, abstractNote={Abstract Achieving universal access to sufficient water is becoming more challenging as climate change exacerbates water insecurity. Previous studies of water insecurity and climate-related hazards recommend understanding how people perceive and manage water-related risks. By uniquely combining protection motivation theory and photovoice, we explore water infrastructure's function in rural Kenyan households’ perception and mitigation of water-related risk. We find that infrastructure construction provides a sense of security, regardless of long-term management plans. During the dry season, built infrastructure's viability to mitigate risk is strained due to natural infrastructure's unreliability. In the context of limited built infrastructure, natural infrastructure, though unimproved, is necessary for water security. In the expected absence of large-scale infrastructure projects, for water authorities in rural Kenya, we recommend the construction of small-scale infrastructure to increase reliance upon rainwater harvesting and lessen the strain on other built infrastructure during the dry season. Coupling our method with an itemized scale can help explain discrepancies between actual insecurity and individuals’ responses to help water authorities predict interventions’ effectiveness and inform the division of responsibilities in policies intended to promote sustainable infrastructure management. We also recommend our method for assessing water infrastructure's role among households managing multiple climate-related risks to expand the resilience of the infrastructure.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, publisher={IWA Publishing}, author={Hamlet, Leigh C. and Mwiti Kamui, Mark and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={481–489} }
 @article{hacker_kaminsky_faust_rauch_2020, title={Regulatory Enforcement Approaches for Mass Population Displacement}, volume={146}, ISSN={0733-9364 1943-7862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001820}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001820}, abstractNote={During the European Refugee Situation in 2015, Sweden received an influx of forcibly displaced persons seeking asylum, the highest number of asylum seekers per capita among European Union member states. A challenge existed in providing accommodations within the Swedish built environment, in contrast to other housing solutions such as geographically distinct refugee camps. Regulations are one method of maintaining consistent standards of buildings, but they are effective only if they are enforced. During uncertainty, compliance decisions can be based on cognitive understanding (cognitive legitimacy). Otherwise, deterrence-based regulation is rooted in direct consequences (pragmatic legitimacy), and responsive regulation relies on normative motivation (moral legitimacy) for compliance. This study explored the normative aspect of regulatory enforcement through inspections. In 2017, 34 semistructured interviews were conducted with individuals involved with providing temporary accommodations in Sweden during 2015–2016. From these, six interviews with employees of regulatory enforcement agencies were qualitatively analyzed to discover how regulators legitimized. Findings show that regulators justified their inspections predominantly based on what is considered as a socially acceptable approach (procedural legitimacy) and what is understandable based on their personal experience (comprehensibility legitimacy). This study provides practical insight to regulators regarding the benefits for using responsive regulation during institutional responses to mass population displacement in urban communities. Findings will assist in ensuring that the quality of buildings is consistent for the general population and reduces variation in the safety provided by buildings. Additionally, this analysis contributes to the literature addressing mass population displacement and provides new knowledge of organizational legitimacy in technical applications.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Hacker, Miriam E. and Kaminsky, Jessica and Faust, Kasey M. and Rauch, Sebastien}, year={2020}, month={May} }
 @article{niles_contreras_roudbari_kaminsky_harrison_2020, title={Resisting and assisting engagement with public welfare in engineering education}, volume={109}, ISSN={1069-4730 2168-9830}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jee.20323}, DOI={10.1002/jee.20323}, abstractNote={Abstract Background Increasing engineering students' engagement with public welfare is central to promoting ethical responsibility among engineers and enhancing engineers' capacity to serve the public good. However, little research has investigated how student experience attempts to increase engagement with public welfare concerns. Purpose/Hypothesis This study identifies and analyzes the challenges facing efforts to increase engineering students' engagement with the social and ethical implications of their work through a study of students' experiences at two engineering programs that emphasize public welfare engagement. Design/Methods We conducted interviews with engineering students ( n = 26) and ethnographic observations of program events, classes, presentations, and social groups ( n = 60) at two engineering programs that focus on engagement with public welfare and foreground learning about the social context and social impacts of engineering. We analyzed these data to identify areas in which students experienced challenges integrating considerations of public welfare into their work. Results We found that four main areas where engineering students experienced difficulty engaging with considerations of public welfare: (a) defining and defending their identities as engineers; (b) justifying the value of nontechnical work and relevance to engineering; (c) redefining engineering expertise and integrating community knowledge into projects; and (d) addressing ambiguous questions and ethics. Conclusions This work contributes to knowledge about the barriers to increasing students' engagement with issues of public welfare, even when programs encourage such engagement. These findings are relevant to broader efforts to increase concerns for ethics, social responsibility, and public welfare among engineers.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Engineering Education}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Niles, Skye and Contreras, Santina and Roudbari, Shawhin and Kaminsky, Jessica and Harrison, Jill Lindsey}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={491–507} }
 @misc{scalone_yasuhara_lee_poleacovschi_kaminsky_2020, title={The Typical and Ideal Engineer, as Seen by Our Students}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482872.069}, DOI={10.1061/9780784482872.069}, abstractNote={It is unfortunately a well-established fact that females and minorities are underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics; this trend holds true for construction engineering also. This raises equity and inclusion issues regarding learning and identification and questions about who students are obligated to be in a setting and who students are becoming in a setting. Considering the context of technical work in relation to engineering identities, such as the attributes of the engineer of 2020, engineering and engineers are positioned as making a difference in the world. This has implications for re-shaping students' developing engineering identities in ways that have potential for attracting a wider pool of students to the discipline. As part of a larger project that explores this relationship, this paper is a first step in exploring students' perceptions of engineering identity. In our analysis, we found that students described the typical engineer as a problem solver, analytical, smart, and humanitarian; and described their personal ideal of an engineer as humanitarian, smart, respectable, involved, and organized. This knowledge is the first step towards enabling construction educators to frame disciplinary content in ways that support inclusion of the construction student body and profession.}, journal={Construction Research Congress 2020}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Scalone, Giovanna and Yasuhara, Ken and Lee, Regina Y. and Poleacovschi, Cristina and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={633–642} }
 @article{araya_faust_kaminsky_2020, title={Understanding hosting communities as a stakeholder in the provision of water and wastewater services to displaced persons}, volume={57}, ISSN={2210-6707}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102114}, DOI={10.1016/j.scs.2020.102114}, abstractNote={In 2015, when German hosting communities had to accommodate more than 1.2 million displaced persons, they encountered multiple challenges with their built environment. The provision of infrastructure services to incoming displaced people may require changes to the existing infrastructure. As such, the provision of infrastructure services may elicit either support or opposition within hosting communities regarding the methods used to provide infrastructure services to displaced persons. This study assesses how hosting communities perceive various methods of providing water and wastewater infrastructure services to displaced persons; these methods are making (1) no changes, (2) temporary changes, or (3) permanent changes to the preexisting infrastructure. Statistical modeling and qualitative analysis were coupled to analyze data gathered from a survey deployed in 2016 to local German residents. The results suggest that the magnitude of displaced persons received by hosting communities, understood as a contextual factor, influenced hosting communities’ perceptions toward different categories of infrastructure alternatives. Qualitative analyses revealed that hosting communities do consider alternatives beyond physical changes, such as educating displaced people on using existing infrastructure. By understanding hosting communities’ perceptions of the provision of services to displaced people, decisionmakers and utility engineers may develop sustainable infrastructure alternatives with input from hosting communities.}, journal={Sustainable Cities and Society}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Araya, Felipe and Faust, Kasey and Kaminsky, Jessica A.}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={102114} }
 @article{kaminsky_2021, title={Who Are We Talking To? Situating Construction Engineering and Management Knowledge}, volume={147}, ISSN={0733-9364 1943-7862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001977}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001977}, abstractNote={Gathering knowledge from expert practitioners is a hallmark of construction engineering and management research. However, the knowledge gathered is dependent on the knowledge of the people we talk to. Accordingly, this paper used a content analysis of 12 months of recent technical articles and case study publications in the Journal of Construction Engineering and Management to explore characteristics of research respondents that authors publishing in this journal feel are important to document. Authors report some subset of research respondents' job type or role, years of experience, subject matter expertise, geography or nationality, organization and sector details, project type, professional qualifications, sex, race and ethnicity, ability, and language. Accordingly, this paper recommends that researchers should report at least these categories, and that researchers also should discuss research limitations that may result from the types of people they collect knowledge from. This change will make visible voices that are dominant or underrepresented in construction engineering and management research. In addition, by eliminating an otherwise unstated limitation, this change will result in improved construction engineering and management science.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={06020003} }
 @article{contreras_niles_roudbari_harrison_kaminsky_2020, title={Bridging the praxis of hazards and development with resilience: A case study of an engineering education program}, volume={42}, ISSN={2212-4209}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101347}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101347}, abstractNote={Losses from hazard events disproportionately affect long-term development trajectories and activities of communities in the Global South. For this reason, researchers often discuss the growing intersections in hazards and development work. However, despite longstanding considerations of the interrelated nature of these fields, the integration of hazards and development in application and practice remains a challenge. This is particularly true as it relates to the organization of hazards- and development-related education and training programs. A growing number of ‘engineering-for-development’ or ‘humanitarian engineering’ programs aim to depart from the traditional disciplinary canon by providing interdisciplinary training in the engineering, development, and hazards fields. We studied one such program to explore how understandings and practices of hazards work are shaped in a development-focused engineering training program. Through in-depth interviews with program participants and observations of program events, we found that while students working in this area have a broad understanding of the linkages between hazards and development, they identify limitations to the integration of these fields in their educational training and experience in practice. Knowledge gained from students working at the boundaries of the hazards and development fields offers insight into the ongoing frictions of integrating work across these areas. Conceptualizations of ‘resilience’ offer individuals working at the boundaries of these fields an opportunity to make connections between hazards and development. We argue that an increased focus on connecting development and hazards work through resilience can serve as a useful tool to better train future cohorts of students working in hazards and development.}, journal={International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Contreras, Santina and Niles, Skye and Roudbari, Shawhin and Harrison, Jill and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={101347} }
 @article{faure_faust_kaminsky_2019, title={Legitimization of the Inclusion of Cultural Practices in the Planning of Water and Sanitation Services for Displaced Persons}, volume={11}, ISSN={2073-4441}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020359}, DOI={10.3390/w11020359}, abstractNote={During large and rapid influxes of displaced persons, hosting communities may face challenges in accommodating incoming populations. This study seeks to assess the institutional response to international displacement in developed urban contexts through exploring how stakeholders (de)legitimized (i.e., either withheld or attributed legitimacy to) the inclusion of cultural practices in the planning of water and sanitation for displaced persons. This study is enabled by 28 semi-structured interviews of individuals involved in the accommodation of displaced persons in Germany conducted in 2016. The interview content was qualitatively analyzed to identify the types of decisions made, legitimacy types used to (de)legitimize those decisions, and information used to assess cultural practices. Results indicate that the institutional response to international displacement was most commonly reactive rather than proactive. However, the interviewees demonstrated a willingness to adapt, primarily using their experiences (comprehensibility legitimacy) and moral considerations (procedural legitimacy). Recommendations to stakeholders arising from this study include: (1) improve access to information about displaced persons’ practices and needs in water and sanitation, (2) collect more information by communicating with displaced persons, (3) promote collaborations between involved organizations, (4) monitor organizational changes during the response, and (5) enhance discussions about integration through the built environment.}, number={2}, journal={Water}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Faure, Julie C. and Faust, Kasey M. and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={359} }
 @article{hacker_kaminsky_faust_2019, title={Legitimizing Involvement in Emergency Accommodations: Water and Wastewater Utility Perspectives}, volume={145}, ISSN={0733-9364 1943-7862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001622}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001622}, abstractNote={In 2015, 28 European countries cumulatively received over two million applications for asylum, almost three times more than in the previous year. This resulted in pre-existing accommodation facilities reaching capacity and requiring the provision of urban emergency accommodations in unconventional buildings. To meet this housing need, ad hoc task forces across multiple disciplines formed to mitigate the extreme uncertainty of providing infrastructure services in a short period of time. The involvement of water and wastewater utilities in this technical project was explored through employee perspectives from two German water and wastewater utilities using qualitative analysis techniques. Ethnographic interviews were iteratively coded for excerpts legitimizing the interviewee’s involvement in providing water or wastewater services for emergency accommodations. Results show three emergent themes from utility employees: the necessity of improvisation during the design process, confidence in the situational response by individuals and the utility, and the necessity for improved coordination with other actors in the synthetic organization. In addition, this work provides a theoretical framework for the technical application of organizational legitimacy theory in the circumstances of extreme contextual uncertainty. Practical implications of this work suggest utility monitoring of emergency accommodations for improved design and better protocols for coordinating with other actors.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Hacker, Miriam E. and Kaminsky, Jessica and Faust, Kasey M.}, year={2019}, month={Apr} }
 @article{araya_faust_kaminsky_2019, title={Public perceptions from hosting communities: The impact of displaced persons on critical infrastructure}, volume={48}, ISSN={2210-6707}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101508}, DOI={10.1016/j.scs.2019.101508}, abstractNote={In 2016, there were over 65 million people around the world forcibly displaced. Such a massive displacement of population creates challenges for host communities trying to provide them infrastructure services. For example, no front-end planning or construction may be possible given the unexpected nature of disaster events. This study assesses host communities' public perceptions, at both city and national scales, of displaced persons' impacts on water, wastewater, and transportation systems. This study draws on data gathered through a survey deployed in August 2016 to the public in Germany, where approximately 722,000 people sought refuge the same year. Statistical analyses show that heterogeneous drivers of public perceptions include both geographic and demographic parameters. Nonparametric tests reveal that the public perceived the impact on infrastructure systems similarly within city and national scales, but differently across. It is hypothesized here that the difference is due to residents perceiving this group of infrastructure systems as a system-of-systems that is part of their built environment. If we understand how hosting communities perceive the impacts of displaced persons, we may gain insights into perceived infrastructure disruptions. With such insights, we may assist policy-makers and engineers in planning locally acceptable infrastructure alternatives to integrate displaced population.}, journal={Sustainable Cities and Society}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Araya, Felipe and Faust, Kasey M. and Kaminsky, Jessica A.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={101508} }
 @article{faure_faust_kaminsky_2019, title={Stakeholder Legitimization of the Provision of Emergency Centralized Accommodations to Displaced Persons}, volume={12}, ISSN={2071-1050}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010284}, DOI={10.3390/su12010284}, abstractNote={Sudden population influxes into cities—such as those seen during post-disaster migration—place unexpected demands on the urban housing system. Decisions made during these influxes are often controversial, potentially hindering the ability of the organizations involved to respond. This study’s objective was to explore strategies (e.g., types of information shared and types of accommodation chosen) that can be used during decision-making processes when providing emergency accommodations to increase stakeholder acceptance, and thus lead to sustainable institutional responses. This study specifically sought to shed light on how, during the Refugee Crisis in Germany of 2015 and 2016, stakeholders legitimized decisions made to provide centralized emergency accommodations to displaced persons. Making this study possible were 25 semi-structured interviews with utility, government, nonprofit, and company employees involved in the provision of centralized accommodations for displaced persons. Interviews were conducted in 2016 and underwent a qualitative analysis. Results indicate that stakeholders primarily legitimized the provision of centralized accommodations based on convictions of right and wrong (moral legitimacy), while they legitimized decisions to not provide such accommodations based on their understanding and experience of practical barriers (cultural-cognitive legitimacy). Recommendations arising from this study include the following: provide information to stakeholders about accommodations’ livability (to gain consequential legitimacy) and past successes (to gain comprehensibility legitimacy), adapt regulations to help stakeholders use procedural legitimacy, and prefer fully renovated buildings or modular housing to buildings with no major renovations or container housing (to gain consequential rather than procedural legitimacy).}, number={1}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Faure, Julie C. and Faust, Kasey M. and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={284} }
 @article{walters_kaminsky_gottschamer_2018, title={A Systems Analysis of Factors Influencing Household Solar PV Adoption in Santiago, Chile}, volume={10}, ISSN={2071-1050}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10041257}, DOI={10.3390/su10041257}, abstractNote={Societal uptake of household solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is the result of a complex and interdependent array of technical, social, political and economic factors. This novel study employs a systems lens to examine both technical and non-technical barriers to renewables, with a focus on interactions that are empirically influential on PV uptake. Using local solar expert stakeholder input into a participatory systems approach, this study provides a structural analysis of factors influencing household solar adoption. The approach is applied and assessed for household solar PV systems in Santiago, Chile, to gain insight into the interconnected factors driving technology adoption. Barriers and motivations to adoption identified in a recent Delphi study for Santiago were used to create a list of factors thought by local experts to impact future adoption. These factors and their pairwise interactions were modeled using the impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) technique and analyzed within a four-hour workshop with eight solar experts in Santiago. Results from the analysis regarding factor influence, dependence and evolutionary trajectories were presented to experts and discussed at length. Salient discussion points focused on the need for attractive financial incentives, knowledge diffusion among potential consumers, and a maturing market that incites a cultural shift towards customers who desire energy independence. Intuitive and insightful programmatic areas were illuminated for policy and action in Santiago based on a systems-focused interpretation of factors in the form of short- and long-term strategies.}, number={4}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Walters, Jeffrey and Kaminsky, Jessica and Gottschamer, Lawrence}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={1257} }
 @misc{niles_contreras_roudbari_kaminsky_harrison_2018, title={Bringing in "The Social" : Resisting and Assisting Social Engagement in Engineering Education}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/weef-gedc.2018.8629756}, DOI={10.1109/weef-gedc.2018.8629756}, abstractNote={This paper explores how students experience the integration of social knowledge into engineering education. Engineering for peace requires going beyond purely technical engineering towards an integrated social and technical understanding of how engineering can promote community development and societal good. This study focuses on student experiences at two major engineering for community development programs that are actively integrating social and technical knowledge in engineering education, with the goal of training more socially-engaged engineers. We find that knowledge of the social context and implications of engineering creates tensions and conflicts with established technocentric norms of engineering knowledge and practice. This makes the adoption and integration of these concepts challenging for students engaged in these fields. We conclude that integration of "the social" requires more than shifts in educational content and is also reliant on changes in engineering culture and student support both inside and outside of the classroom in order to challenge normative, technocentric conceptions of engineering identity, knowledge, and practice. This has important implications for peace engineering, because understanding how students are integrating knowledge of "the social" in engineering education is key to the development and support of future peace engineers.}, journal={2018 World Engineering Education Forum - Global Engineering Deans Council (WEEF-GEDC)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Niles, Skye and Contreras, Santina and Roudbari, Shawhin and Kaminsky, Jessica and Harrison, Jill}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{kaminsky_kumpel_2018, title={Dry Pipes: Associations between Utility Performance and Intermittent Piped Water Supply in Low and Middle Income Countries}, volume={10}, ISSN={2073-4441}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10081032}, DOI={10.3390/w10081032}, abstractNote={Intermittent piped water supply impacts at least one billion people around the globe. Given the environmental and public health implications of poor water supply, there is a strong practical need to understand how and why intermittent supply occurs, and what strategies may be used to move utilities towards the provision of continuous water supply. Leveraging data from the International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities, we discover 42 variables that have statistically significant associations with intermittent water supply at the utility scale across 2115 utilities. We categorized these under the following themes: Physical infrastructure system scale, coverage, consumer type, public water points, financial, and non-revenue water and metering. This research identifies globally relevant factors with high potential for cross-context, scaled impact. In addition, using insights from the analysis, we provide empirically grounded recommendations and data needs for improved global indicators of utility performance related to intermittent supply.}, number={8}, journal={Water}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica and Kumpel, Emily}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={1032} }
 @article{walters_kaminsky_huepe_2018, title={Factors Influencing Household Solar Adoption in Santiago, Chile}, volume={144}, ISSN={0733-9364 1943-7862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001483}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001483}, abstractNote={In Santiago, Chile, the market conditions are seemingly excellent for the household adoption of photovoltaic (PV) technology, yet the uptake is negligible. To explore this paradox, the authors conducted a Delphi study to solicit the knowledge of a panel of Chilean PV experts. These efforts yielded 26 factors—both motivations and barriers—impacting the diffusion of PV in Santiago. Of the 26, experts were in consensus on the relative importance of 21. The literature suggests that diffusion of PV technologies is influenced by complex technical, economic, and social factors. Similarly, the experts saw influence from financial, environmental, and energy supply (e.g., electrical reliability) factors. They saw emergent barriers to adoption as being financial, technical, institutional, and knowledge factors. They considered the most important factors influencing adoption to be financial motivations (e.g., subsidies) and financial barriers (e.g., high upfront costs); they considered the least important factors to be environmental motivations (e.g., environmental stewardship) and technical barriers (e.g., concerns with roof mounting). With this knowledge, the authors develop an adoption framework for household PV that describes the interaction among the identified motivations and barriers. This framework informs policy recommendations for Santiago, Chile, and contributes to the body of literature exploring the interconnected systems of factors that influence civil infrastructure in general and PV adoption in particular.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Walters, Jeffery P. and Kaminsky, Jessica and Huepe, Claudio}, year={2018}, month={Jun} }
 @misc{hacker_kaminsky_faust_2018, title={Housing Regulations in Temporary Accommodations for Displaced Persons: A German Case Study}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481271.026}, DOI={10.1061/9780784481271.026}, abstractNote={The implementation of housing regulations within crisis organization has received little attention in academic literature and yet plays a critical role in determining quality of living within accommodations and standard practice. During 2015, Germany experienced a rapid increase of displaced persons seeking asylum. Permanent reception centers and collective accommodations for people in the asylum application process quickly met capacity and additional space was required. To meet this need, government agencies coordinated with private companies and non-profit organizations to create alternative short and long-term housing solutions, such as renovated office spaces, schools, light-frame structures, and container housing. This study analyzes the role of regulations and contracts within temporary accommodations through the lens of housing managers and social workers. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted on-site with housing employees from non-profit organizations and private companies in one German city. These interviews were qualitatively coded, and excerpts relating to regulations and contracts for the facility were examined for emergent themes. Emergency housing guidelines have been introduced by various international organizations to maintain living conditions and safety for displaced persons, but primarily within the context of limited existing infrastructure. In contrast, this study explores the perception of housing regulations within the context of a more established built environment. Results from this study provide potential areas of continued research in the housing operation for government coordination including: (1) perceived difference of interaction with governmental agencies based on the type of accommodation (emergency versus collective), and (2) responsibilities of actors within crisis organization in relation to regulations and contracts.}, journal={Construction Research Congress 2018}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Hacker, Miriam E. and Kaminsky, Jessica and Faust, Kasey M.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={260–270} }
 @article{kaminsky_faust_2018, title={Infrastructure epistemologies: water, wastewater and displaced persons in Germany}, volume={36}, ISSN={0144-6193 1466-433X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2018.1462499}, DOI={10.1080/01446193.2018.1462499}, abstractNote={Recent years have seen historically unprecedented global disaster migration; in 2016 Germany received 1.3 million displaced individuals. Regardless of past resources and future potential, disaster migrants are a new, vulnerable population. This new population increases demand for water and wastewater infrastructure services, despite being temporarily unable to pay for services. As such, this kind of sudden population increase is a resiliency challenge for the receiving infrastructure systems. Qualitative analysis of 1,884 open-ended survey responses was blended with a statistical analysis to discover how and why the German public perceives water and sanitation services have been provided to the disaster migrants. Unprompted, 36% (112/314) of respondents referenced at least one of three infrastructure epistemologies, including water and wastewater as a service, as a basic need, and as a human right. These epistemologies share statistically significant relationships with how long respondents feel water and wastewater should be provided to displaced persons. A temporally limited, normative perception of water and sanitation as a humanitarian good functions to enable water and wastewater infrastructure to deliver a high level of service despite the significant disruption of the large and vulnerable population influx, and has practical implications for the structure of cost recovery.}, number={9}, journal={Construction Management and Economics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica and Faust, Kasey}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={521–534} }
 @inproceedings{araya_faust_kaminsky_2018, title={Permanent versus Temporary Infrastructure Solutions: Hosting Communities’ Perceptions toward Methods of Provision of Water Services to Displaced Persons in Germany}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481295.039}, DOI={10.1061/9780784481295.039}, abstractNote={In 2016, the European Union received 1.2 million first-time asylum seekers. Approximately 60% of these were registered in Germany. Such a sudden influx of population poses technical and managerial challenges for critical infrastructure systems due to unexpected loads on the system and a lack of front-end planning to enable the infrastructure to adapt to increased users. The potential impacts of providing water to these populations may influence how hosting communities perceive incoming displaced persons and the methods used to provide water service. This study seeks to assess these public perceptions towards various methods of providing water services to displaced persons, specifically: (1) using permanently expanded infrastructure, (2) using temporary infrastructure, or (3) making no changes to the water system and solely using preexisting infrastructure. Data for this study were collected in August 2016 via a web-based survey (n = 416) deployed to German residents to assess public views toward the provision of infrastructure service for displaced persons. Statistical modeling is used to estimate geographic locations (i.e., state of residence), socio-demographic parameters (e.g., income, educational level), and characteristics (e.g., primary news source) that influences the likelihood of the German public supporting or opposing the different methods of providing water service to displaced persons. Incorporating public perceptions into decision-making may aid decision makers in anticipating and mitigating public opposition during the provision of services, developing community-supported solutions, and assisting with the integration of displaced persons into local communities.}, booktitle={Construction Research Congress 2018}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Araya, Felipe and Faust, Kasey M. and Kaminsky, Jessica A.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={383–392} }
 @misc{faust_kaminsky_2018, title={Population dynamics and the resiliency of water and wastewater infrastructure}, ISBN={9781315142074}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315142074-18}, DOI={10.4324/9781315142074-18}, abstractNote={Infrastructure resiliency means more than avoiding or rebounding from physical damage to built assets. This chapter presents a new analytic category of resiliency in the built environment – the ability to handle extreme population dynamics that significantly change demand for infrastructure services. To date, this type of extreme event has been largely missing from the infrastructure resiliency conversation. The two cases presented in this chapter – rapid urban population growth arising from disaster displaced populations and chronic urban population decline in shrinking cities – are used to discuss technical challenges faced by cities that are responding to these kinds of unexpected population shifts. For example, cities report changed spatiotemporal distribution of demands and personnel challenges. No matter the driver of the extreme population dynamics, communities need tools and knowledge to adapt to changing conditions with technically sound short- and long-term solutions. By considering the challenges of extreme population dynamics during routine utility planning, communities can build flexibility and resilience into their infrastructure and enable a better level of service for all people.}, journal={Routledge Handbook of Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Faust, Kasey M. and Kaminsky, Jessica A.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={341–358} }
 @article{kaminsky_2018, title={The global influence of national cultural values on construction permitting}, volume={37}, ISSN={0144-6193 1466-433X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2018.1506140}, DOI={10.1080/01446193.2018.1506140}, abstractNote={This research discovers how national level culture shapes construction permitting across 62 nations. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions explain variability in components of World Bank’s dealing with Construction Permits index, which measures the number of required permitting procedures, the required time in days, the cost as a percentage of a standardized warehouse value, and a permitting quality index. After controlling for gross domestic product, statistically significant relationships between permitting time and Hofstede’s Uncertainty Avoidance and Masculinity-Femininity dimensions emerged. Hofstede’s Power Distance Index shared statistically significant relationships with the number of procedures required for permitting, and a limited relationship with the cost of permitting. These data provide empirical evidence that different cultural preferences lead to different construction permitting practices, and allow the construction community to better understand the culturally shaped ways in which permits govern projects. This builds the theory of social sustainability of infrastructure, which seeks to generalize ways to match construction practice to societal preferences to improve community and project outcomes. For example, policy makers may use the results presented here to shape more culturally appropriate construction permitting regulations. In another example, construction firms may use these results to navigate permitting challenges they encounter on global projects.}, number={2}, journal={Construction Management and Economics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={89–100} }
 @article{faust_kaminsky_2017, title={Building Water and Wastewater System Resilience to Disaster Migration: Utility Perspectives}, volume={143}, ISSN={0733-9364 1943-7862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001352}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001352}, abstractNote={This paper leverages expert knowledge from leaders in water and wastewater utilities to anticipate water and wastewater infrastructure impacts in communities that host populations displaced by disasters. These experts represent knowledge from 25 utilities across the United States. While the identified infrastructure impacts of disaster migration were both positive and negative, the responding experts indicate that impacts depend greatly on the spatiotemporal characteristics of the increased demands caused by hypothetical migrant populations. With this in mind, findings demonstrate a need to include utilities in the placement of disaster migrants to minimize the impact of service on both the hosting community and disaster migrants. For the construction industry, both the speed and scale of response needed in the host communities are particular organizational and workforce challenges. More broadly, given the technical impacts of suddenly increased populations, the results of this research suggest a need for policy that can provide infrastructure funding for communities hosting displaced populations, and to enable expedited code enforcement that protects public safety while meeting the requirements of an emergency situation.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Faust, Kasey M. and Kaminsky, Jessica A.}, year={2017}, month={Aug} }
 @article{hacker_kaminsky_2017, title={Cultural preferences for the methods and motivation of sanitation infrastructure development}, volume={7}, ISSN={2043-9083 2408-9362}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.188}, DOI={10.2166/washdev.2017.188}, abstractNote={Research has found that sanitation infrastructure is cultured, or is shaped by national level cultural preferences. This study expands on this past work to identify causal pathways showing combinations of cultural dimensions that explain sanitation infrastructure technology choice, including total access to improved sanitation facilities, sewerage connections and access to onsite treatment technologies. This analysis uses fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to analyze all possible combinations of causal conditions which contribute to an outcome of interest. In doing so, pathways are discovered using Hofstede's cultural dimensions as causal conditions and national-level sanitation data as outcomes. Findings show that the cultural dimensions of power distance, individualism versus collectivism, and uncertainty avoidance play a dominant role in sanitation technology choice. These cultural preferences are used to create an analytic framework that maps the cultural dimensions to the methods and motivations of common sanitation infrastructure delivery methods.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, publisher={IWA Publishing}, author={Hacker, Miriam E. and Kaminsky, Jessica A.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={407–415} }
 @article{kaminsky_2017, title={Culturally appropriate organization of water and sewerage projects built through public private partnerships}, volume={12}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188905}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0188905}, abstractNote={This paper contributes to the pursuit of socially sustainable water and sanitation infrastructure for all people by discovering statistically robust relationships between Hofstede's dimensions of cross-cultural comparison and the choice of contract award types, project type, and primary revenue sources. This analysis, which represents 973 projects distributed across 24 low- and middle-income nations, uses a World Bank dataset describing high capital cost water and sewerage projects funded through private investment. The results show that cultural dimensions explain variation in the choice of contract award types, project type, and primary revenue sources. These results provide empirical evidence that strategies for water and sewerage project organization are not culturally neutral. The data show, for example, that highly individualistic contexts are more likely to select competitive contract award types and to depend on user fees to provide the primary project revenue stream post-construction. By selecting more locally appropriate ways to organize projects, project stakeholders will be better able to pursue the construction of socially sustainable water and sewerage infrastructure.}, number={12}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica A.}, editor={Lozano, SergiEditor}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={e0188905} }
 @article{kaminsky_2018, title={National Culture Shapes Private Investment in Transportation Infrastructure Projects around the Globe}, volume={144}, ISSN={0733-9364 1943-7862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001416}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001416}, abstractNote={Recent decades have seen extensive use of public-private partnerships (PPP) in international infrastructure development from governments, private construction firms, and humanitarian organizations. Given the high social importance of civil infrastructure, considerable research attention has sought factors that lead to successful PPP. In a contribution to this body of work, and to the theory of the social sustainability of infrastructure, this paper presents statistical evidence showing that the choice of how to engage private investment in infrastructure is not culturally neutral. This analysis is built on a World Bank database of 1,792 railroad, seaport, airport, and toll road projects with private investment from 27 low- and middle-income nations and Hofstede's cultural dimensions. Multinomial logistic regression shows that there are statistically significant relationships between Hofstede's cultural dimensions and the various methods used to enable private investment in infrastructure projects. For all transport project types aggregated together, high power distance index scores predict the use of private funds in projects involving the construction of new infrastructure, while high individualism-collectivism and uncertainty avoidance scores predict the use of private funds in brownfield projects. Toll roads, which change a cultural norm regarding how most roads are accessed and paid for, emerged as a divergent technology type. Railroads are the technology type most strongly influenced by cultural dimensions. Engineers and policymakers may use these results to understand what forms of private investment in transportation infrastructure are more likely to be culturally acceptable in a wide variety of local contexts.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica A.}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={04017098} }
 @article{kaminsky_jordan_2017, title={Qualitative comparative analysis for WASH research and practice}, volume={7}, ISSN={2043-9083 2408-9362}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.240}, DOI={10.2166/washdev.2017.240}, abstractNote={Qualitative comparative analysis is an established research method that has been underutilized in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) research. It has immense potential for addressing the complexity inherent to WASH projects, and can produce robust and transparent results from intermediate or large numbers of cases. The method enables researchers and practitioners to blend quantitative and qualitative metrics to build more nuanced contextual knowledge, and is able to detect combinations of causal conditions that lead to outcomes of interest. This means that the method is uniquely positioned for building empirically founded theories of change that reflect contextual complexity. In this review paper we use hypothetical data and a review of the existing literature to showcase where and how the method can be productively applied in WASH research and practice.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, publisher={IWA Publishing}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica and Jordan, Elizabeth}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={196–208} }
 @article{allison_kaminsky_2017, title={Safety Communication Networks: Females in Small Work Crews}, volume={143}, ISSN={0733-9364 1943-7862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001344}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001344}, abstractNote={Construction workers experience one of the highest workplace injury and fatality rates in the United States. Recent research has shown that worker demographics such as language affect safety communication in small work crews. Noting the lack of gender diversity among construction workers, this research extends this past work by exploring how gender impacts work crew safety communication using social network analysis (SNA). The data, collected in transportation construction work zones in Washington State, show females have significantly (p≤0.05) lower amounts of in-degree (incoming ties) and in-closeness (distance for information to travel) than males in mixed-gender crews. Furthermore, mixed-gender crews have lower formal density and higher informal density than all-male crews. Practically speaking, this research shows that mixed-gender crews have different safety communication patterns than the more homogenous all-male crews. In order to understand the specific connections between the communication patterns and crew safety performance, safety professionals should track incidents, near misses, and hazards at the crew level. Furthermore, to create more cohesive safety communication, project managers, superintendents, and supervisors should foster communication cultures that are inclusive of all members.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Allison, Leigh and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2017}, month={Aug} }
 @article{kaminsky_faust_2017, title={Transitioning from a Human Right to an Infrastructure Service: Water, Wastewater, and Displaced Persons in Germany}, volume={51}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03594}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.7b03594}, abstractNote={Water and sanitation utilities across Europe have recently been challenged to provide services to asylum seekers and refugees fleeing complex humanitarian disasters. We explore public perceptions regarding how secondary disaster impacts (mass migration into an undamaged area) has impacted the utilities. We show that the hosting population is typically willing to provide water and sanitation services to displaced persons for a set period of time, even if the displaced persons are unable to pay (water and sanitation as human rights). However, as time passes, displaced persons are eventually expected to pay for access (water and sanitation as infrastructure services). Drawing from statistical modeling of survey data from German residents, we find the average length of time for this transition in 2016 Germany was 2.9 years. The data also show statistically significant demographic and locational attributes that influence this time frame, indicating the normative length of the transition from a right to a service is contextually dependent. Regardless, this is a significant period of time that the public expects utilities to provide services to unexpected displaced persons. To be able to meet this kind of demand, utilities, engineers, and policy makers must consider the potential for displaced populations in their regular, long-range utility planning.}, number={21}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica A. and Faust, Kasey M.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={12081–12088} }
 @article{kaminsky_2016, title={Cultured Construction: Global Evidence of the Impact of National Values on Piped-to-Premises Water Infrastructure Development}, volume={50}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01107}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.6b01107}, abstractNote={In 2016, the global community undertook the Sustainable Development Goals. One of these goals seeks to achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all people by the year 2030. In support of this undertaking, this paper seeks to discover the cultural work done by piped water infrastructure across 33 nations with developed and developing economies that have experienced change in the percentage of population served by piped-to-premises water infrastructure at the national level of analysis. To do so, I regressed the 1990–2012 change in piped-to-premises water infrastructure coverage against Hofstede's cultural dimensions, controlling for per capita GDP, the 1990 baseline level of coverage, percent urban population, overall 1990–2012 change in improved sanitation (all technologies), and per capita freshwater resources. Separate analyses were carried out for the urban, rural, and aggregate national contexts. Hofstede's dimensions provide a measure of cross-cultural difference; high or low scores are not in any way intended to represent better or worse but rather serve as a quantitative way to compare aggregate preferences for ways of being and doing. High scores in the cultural dimensions of Power Distance, Individualism–Collectivism, and Uncertainty Avoidance explain increased access to piped-to-premises water infrastructure in the rural context. Higher Power Distance and Uncertainty Avoidance scores are also statistically significant for increased coverage in the urban and national aggregate contexts. These results indicate that, as presently conceived, piped-to-premises water infrastructure fits best with spatial contexts that prefer hierarchy and centralized control. Furthermore, water infrastructure is understood to reduce uncertainty regarding the provision of individually valued benefits. The results of this analysis identify global trends that enable engineers and policy makers to design and manage more culturally appropriate and socially sustainable water infrastructure by better fitting technologies to user preferences.}, number={14}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica A.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={7723–7731} }
 @article{kaminsky_2016, title={Cultured Construction: Global Evidence of the Impact of National Values on Renewable Electricity Infrastructure Choice}, volume={50}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05756}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.5b05756}, abstractNote={Renewable electricity is an important tool in the fight against climate change, but globally these technologies are still in the early stages of diffusion. To contribute to our understanding of the factors driving this diffusion, I study relationships between national values (measured by Hofstede's cultural dimensions) and renewable electricity adoption at the national level. Existing data for 66 nations (representing an equal number of developed and developing economies) are used to fuel the analysis. Somewhat dependent on limited available data on controls for grid reliability and the cost of electricity, I discover that three of Hofstede's dimensions (high uncertainty avoidance, low masculinity-femininity, and high individualism-collectivism) have significant exponential relationships with renewable electricity adoption. The dimension of uncertainty avoidance appears particularly appropriate for practical application. Projects or organizations implementing renewable electricity policy, designs, or construction should particularly attend to this cultural dimension. In particular, as the data imply that renewable technologies are being used to manage risk in electricity supply, geographies with unreliable grids are particularly likely to be open to renewable electricity technologies.}, number={4}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica A.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={2108–2116} }
 @misc{allison_kaminsky_2016, title={Onsite Wastewater Treatment Management Systems}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479827.158}, DOI={10.1061/9780784479827.158}, abstractNote={According to the Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), one in four households in the United States rely on decentralized/onsite wastewater treatment systems. Unfortunately, no federal monitoring standards or performance criteria exist for decentralized systems. Local governments are supposed to regulate these systems from permitting through operation and replacement. However, agencies rarely have the resources to regulate beyond installation. To address this issue, the US EPA released five management models in 2003 that were adopted and adapted in a variety of fashions across the nation. However, these models have not been updated and lack technological recommendations. In an effort to merge technology and current management models, this paper (1) analyzes the US EPA recommended management models in order to understand where responsibilities lie for the decentralized wastewater management and (2) demonstrates which parties the recommended practices most heavily rely on and how remote monitoring (RM) can alleviate those responsibilities. Remote monitoring (RM) is not a new technology and has been widely applied to centralized wastewater treatment systems, but has seen little application in decentralized systems.}, journal={Construction Research Congress 2016}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Allison, Leigh and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={1577–1587} }
 @inproceedings{kaminsky_walters_2016, title={Risk Attitudes and Global Infrastructure Technology Choices}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479827.135}, DOI={10.1061/9780784479827.135}, abstractNote={Past research shows that Hofstede’s cultural dimension of uncertainty avoidance explains variance in nations’ technology choice for sanitation and electricity infrastructure construction. The uncertainty avoidance dimension describes the way that nations deal with ambiguity and uncertainty. This paper is part of a larger project that links that previous national scale research to the project level that is most relevant to the construction practice. As such, this paper reviews methods from the literature that measure individual risk attitudes, including issues of measurement and risk determinants. For example, this paper discusses paid real-stakes lotteries, general risk questions, and context specific risk questions. Respondent gender, age, and income are identified as determinants of risky behavior. The utility of these various measurement strategies is discussed with specific regard to future research intended to explain variance in the construction of distributed household renewable electricity infrastructure. Finally, a questionnaire design for future research is proposed.}, booktitle={Construction Research Congress 2016}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica and Walters, Jeffrey}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={1343–1352} }
 @article{kaminsky_zerjav_2016, title={Special Issue Editorial Volume 6, Issue 2}, volume={6}, ISSN={2157-3727 2157-3735}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21573727.2016.1271493}, DOI={10.1080/21573727.2016.1271493}, number={2-4}, journal={Engineering Project Organization Journal}, publisher={Engineering Project Organization Society}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica and Zerjav, Vedran}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={62–63} }
 @article{marshall_kaminsky_2016, title={When behavior change fails: evidence for building WASH strategies on existing motivations}, volume={6}, ISSN={2043-9083 2408-9362}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.148}, DOI={10.2166/washdev.2016.148}, abstractNote={Despite increased efforts, an estimated 30–40% of rural drinking water initiatives in developing countries fail to provide sustainable solutions. The Sustainable Development Goal for water (SDG 6) challenges us to solve this problem to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. In this paper, we explore one possible barrier to success: a potential misalignment between local and outside motivations. We address this problem by analyzing how strategies used to successfully (n = 148) and unsuccessfully (n = 70) deliver drinking water to rural areas align with known motivations of local stakeholders. As one tool and starting point, we use definitions in Maslow's theory of motivation to learn and share how to more consistently and successfully build comprehensive motivations into solutions. The results reveal that successful strategies rarely focus on physiological needs (2/148) and often focus on higher-level needs, including self-esteem (75/148), love and belonging (46/148), and safety (69/148). Successful strategies also typically address multiple needs and are designed to meet the actualization (fulfill potential) of both communities and donors. Unsuccessful strategies focus on needs of outside stakeholders above local stakeholders (46/70), fail to address higher-level or multiple needs, and/or unsuccessfully address existing needs.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development}, publisher={IWA Publishing}, author={Marshall, Lia and Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={287–297} }
 @article{lucko_kaminsky_2016, title={Construction Engineering Conference and Workshop 2014: Setting an Industry–Academic Collaborative Research Agenda}, volume={142}, ISSN={0733-9364 1943-7862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001088}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001088}, abstractNote={Construction engineering is a vital discipline in industry practice, providing essential facilities and systems for modern society. Despite its undisputed importance, basic research intensity and focus has been declining, which is compounded by challenges in collaboration between industry and academia. This study therefore aimed to revitalize construction engineering by emphasizing basic research, exploring barriers and enablers, and collaboratively establishing an ambitious research agenda. These objectives were addressed via a dedicated research conference and workshop held in March 2014 in Seattle. The event outcomes included new collaborations for 49% of workshop participants. In addition, the workshop identified four fundamental attributes of basic construction engineering research, including the drive to further knowledge, to improve construction delivery, to serve industry, and to pursue sustainability. Ultimately, this paper presents a research agenda for construction engineering based on workshop participant contributions. This agenda is a call for action that focuses attention on global systems and sustainability (for example, creating and maintaining vast distributed infrastructure systems), technology and management (for example, designing for the hybrid technical–human nature of construction engineering), and research methods (for example, adapting interdisciplinary research methodologies for construction engineering research). It is intended as the starting point for junior and senior researchers, industry representatives, and government agencies to develop, participate in, and support their targeted research projects that endeavor to address a specific part of one of these major themes.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Lucko, Gunnar and Kaminsky, Jessica A.}, year={2016}, month={Apr} }
 @article{kaminsky_2015, title={Cultured Construction: Global Evidence of the Impact of National Values on Sanitation Infrastructure Choice}, volume={49}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01039}, DOI={10.1021/acs.est.5b01039}, abstractNote={Case study research often claims culture-variously defined-impacts infrastructure development. I test this claim using Hofstede's cultural dimensions and newly available data representing change in national coverage of sewer connections, sewerage treatment, and onsite sanitation between 1990 and 2010 for 21 developing nations. The results show that the cultural dimensions of uncertainty avoidance, masculinity-femininity, and individualism-collectivism have statistically significant relationships to sanitation technology choice. These data prove the global impact of culture on infrastructure choice, and reemphasize that local cultural preferences must be considered when constructing sanitation infrastructure.}, number={12}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica A.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={7134–7141} }
 @article{kaminsky_2015, title={Institutionalizing infrastructure: photo-elicitation of cultural-cognitive knowledge of development}, volume={33}, ISSN={0144-6193 1466-433X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2016.1167927}, DOI={10.1080/01446193.2016.1167927}, abstractNote={Infrastructure that goes unused – for example, after constructing the first water, electricity, sewers or road infrastructure in an infrastructure-poor community – is a common issue in new infrastructure development in the global south. In this case, while infrastructure has diffused, it has not become institutionalized. To better understand this problem, photo-elicitation methods are used to explore cultural-cognitive frames used by research respondents as they create and explain photograph symbols that represent change in their built environment. For example, respondents advocate for infrastructure they have reason to believe outsiders will provide as they evaluate the infrastructure against local utility in an early phase of institutionalization. Respondents also frame the research undertaking as an opportunity to actively diffuse infrastructure practices they have recently adopted themselves. By making these and other frames explicit, the photo-elicitation method reveals the elusive cultural-cognitive pillar of institutionalization and also provides insight into sources of self-reporting bias. The method also has particular advantages for research dealing with disadvantaged respondents, reduces issues of free recall bias and increases the length and depth of research interviews. Given the relative novelty of this method in construction research, its theory, advantages and limitations are discussed in some depth.}, number={11-12}, journal={Construction Management and Economics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={942–956} }
 @article{kaminsky_2015, title={The fourth pillar of infrastructure sustainability: tailoring civil infrastructure to social context}, volume={33}, ISSN={0144-6193 1466-433X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2015.1050425}, DOI={10.1080/01446193.2015.1050425}, abstractNote={This research proposes technical performance over time as a fourth pillar of sustainability theory for infrastructure. It also describes a method that allows us to discover how changes in the technical pillar (operationalized as reduced breakage rates) may moderate the influence of the social pillar (operationalized as repair rates) on sanitation infrastructure outcomes. Oral histories were used to develop a history of sanitation for each of 152 poor households in four rural communities in Bangladesh that have gained access to sanitation in the past decade. Transcriptions and qualitative coding identified reported states of sanitation (for example, broken vs. functional) at three time steps. These were used to develop an initial vector and transition matrix for a Markov chain analysis. The breakage rate in this model was then adjusted to investigate the impact of improved technical durability on sanitation outcomes. For the case analysed here, we found that increasing infrastructure durability by 50% (an estimated increase of two years) increased the rate of functional sanitation system use at model convergence from 54% to 88%. Increases in durability also caused households to use private rather than shared systems. Beyond this specific case, the generalizable theory and method presented here are analytic tools that permit targeted technical accommodation of social contexts specific to individual project sites.}, number={4}, journal={Construction Management and Economics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={299–309} }
 @misc{kaminsky_2014, title={Mapping WASH Sustainability Frameworks to Legitimacy Theory}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413517.053}, DOI={10.1061/9780784413517.053}, abstractNote={In recent years there has been increasing attention to sustainability in the construction literature. This paper contributes to this work by mapping legitimacy theory to existing frameworks intended to define the sustainability of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) projects. Legitimacy has been shown to affect organizational continuity, which is similar to this paper's definition of the social sustainability of infrastructure, namely, that it continues to be used and maintained by end users over time. Past work has built sets of indicators that are used to assess sustainability. This paper describes some prominent and widely applied frameworks for sustainability in WASH. Specifically, the frameworks reviewed here are from or are based on publications from UN-Water, the World Health Organization, Water for People, Engineers Without Borders-USA, the Canadian International Development Agency, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Peace Corps, and the IRC Triple-S program. The components from this analysis then are mapped to the constructs of legitimacy theory. The frameworks are compared to previous results to see if the components of legitimacy known to be important in promoting sustainable infrastructure are present in sustainability frameworks. This will allow practitioners to fine-tune sustainability frameworks using empirically proven research results.}, journal={Construction Research Congress 2014}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={514–523} }
 @article{kaminsky_javernick-will_2014, title={The Internal Social Sustainability of Sanitation Infrastructure}, volume={48}, ISSN={0013-936X 1520-5851}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501608p}, DOI={10.1021/es501608p}, abstractNote={While the construction of sanitation infrastructure is one of humankind's greatest public health and environmental engineering achievements, its benefits are not yet enjoyed by all. In addition to the billions of people not yet reached by sanitation infrastructure, at least half of systems constructed in developing contexts are abandoned in the years following initial construction. In this research, we target the problem of postconstruction onsite sanitation infrastructure abandonment in rural Guatemala using legitimacy and status theory. Legitimacy and status are established theoretical concepts from organizational theory that reflect cultural alignment and normative support. Crisp set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA), which uses Boolean algebra to discover combinations of theoretical conditions that produce an outcome of interest, allowed us to describe the various pathways that have caused socially sustainable uptake. We find that three combinations of legitimacy and status theory explain 85% of household cases at a consistency of 0.97. The most practically useful pathway covers 50% of household cases and shows that the combination of consequential legitimacy (a moral understanding of outcomes) and comprehensibility legitimacy (a cognitive model connecting outcomes to processes) is a powerful way to achieve socially sustainable sanitation infrastructure.}, number={17}, journal={Environmental Science & Technology}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica A. and Javernick-Will, Amy N.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={10028–10035} }
 @article{kaminsky_javernick-will_2015, title={Theorizing the Internal Social Sustainability of Sanitation Organizations}, volume={141}, ISSN={0733-9364 1943-7862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000933}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000933}, abstractNote={Onsite household sanitation technologies such as septic tanks or latrines serve a large percentage of the world's population. Unfortunately, they experience high failure rates after construction, with resulting environmental and public health consequences. Previous work has suggested that these failures are often a result of an inability to navigate the technology-society nexus. In other words, they represent problems of social sustainability. In order to address this urgent problem, theory is built regarding the social sustainability of infrastructure systems by leveraging established organizational theory. To do this, household level interview data is collected in four communities in rural Bangladesh. Virtually all households in this research population have constructed onsite sanitation systems, typically using their own resources. However, almost half of these systems have since fallen into disrepair, mirroring the high socially based failure rates cited globally from similar systems. Using cross-case qualitative analysis and legitimacy theory, the writers explored what differentiates those households that continue to use and maintain sanitation systems (those with socially sustainable systems) from those that do not (those with socially unsustainable systems). Households in the unsustainable group have adopted toilets ceremonially, with construction decoupled from the actual practice of maintaining and using the sanitation system. Understanding infrastructure abandonment as a form of organizational decoupling gives researchers a new way to analyze and try to solve the problem of postconstruction infrastructure abandonment. Specifically, effectiveness concerns (whether or not desired infrastructure services are actually achieved) and competing rational myths (beliefs regarding how and why things ought to be done) drive decoupling and lead to abandoned sanitation. In order to recouple sanitation structure and practice for continued use and maintenance of onsite systems, designs should consider both effectiveness and competing rational myths. For example, by requiring odor management technology for all improved sanitation infrastructure, infrastructure effectiveness is improved (by delivering odor management) and also the commonly held rational myth of miasma (odors causing illness) is addressed. Therefore it is suggested that, as researchers revise the almost expired millennium development goals, technologies without odor management should be removed from the definition of improved sanitation due to negative contributions to social sustainability. Further, concern with status (likely stemming from community led total sanitation development methods) appears at a similar and high rate in both the socially sustainable and socially unsustainable household groups; it does not differentiate the two groups. Finally, technical support is needed to address effectiveness concerns, share knowledge, and help households move away from ceremonial sanitation adoption and towards locally desired benefits such as improved convenience, odor management, and public health protection.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica and Javernick-Will, Amy}, year={2015}, month={Feb} }
 @article{kaminsky_javernick-will_2013, title={Contested Factors for Sustainability: Construction and Management of Household On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems}, volume={139}, ISSN={0733-9364 1943-7862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000757}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000757}, abstractNote={On-site sanitation systems experience a high failure rate with resulting environmental and public health implications. In the United States alone, the EPA estimates that 10% of the 26 million homes served by on-site systems have failed. If this failure rate is extrapolated to the 8% of the global population that the UN estimates have gained access to sanitation between 1990 and 2008, an additional 5 million failed systems have been constructed. To address issues like this, development theory currently emphasizes a blend of hardware (e.g., infrastructure, technology) and software (e.g., knowledge, institutions, education) in an effort to achieve sustainable development. However, there is a lack of both theory that addresses this interaction and a definition of sustainable infrastructure. To begin to address this gap, an initial set of 40 factors that may contribute to sustainable on-site sanitation systems was identified from a literature review including the Web of Science, the Engineering Village, and the full record of ASCE from 2000 to July 2011. A panel of 14 experts including academics, regulators, international development practitioners, operation and maintenance (O&M) providers, and manufacturer/designers was then assembled to identify any additional factors that may lead to resilient on-site systems and to evaluate each one using the Delphi method. The panel evaluated each factor iteratively to develop a measure of its importance to the sustainability of on-site sanitation infrastructure. Experts were also invited to provide and review comments explaining or discussing the ratings they provided, and to identify the factors they perceived to be the most and least important. Of the initial list of factors, nine came to consensus as being important or very important, including factors such as owner occupancy, quality of installation or materials, and postconstruction follow-up programs. In addition, 10 factors provoked particularly diverse, or contentious, opinions with ratings that more than doubled the target criteria for consensus. These contentious factors are analyzed to identify trends and debates in expert opinion that showcase future research needs as well as issues that practitioners must address to build sustainable systems.}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Construction Engineering and Management}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica and Javernick-Will, Amy}, year={2013}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{kaminsky_javernick-will_2012, title={Causes for Sustainable Maintenance and Operation of On-Site Sanitation Systems}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412329.228}, DOI={10.1061/9780784412329.228}, abstractNote={On-site sanitation systems are vitally important infrastructure that is plagued by high failure rates. To address this issue, we conducted a literature review and solicited expert opinion on factors contributing to post-construction, design-life sustainability of on-site sanitation infrastructure. For this study, design-life sustainability is defined as infrastructure that is used and functions as intended throughout the asset design life. A total of fourteen experts, with both US domestic and international experience, were recruited from diverse fields such as academia, regulatory organizations, septic tank operations companies, and non-profit groups to review, add to, and comment on a list of factors generated from a content analysis of recent literature. The resulting data is a representation of the current state of the knowledge regarding factors that must be addressed in order to ensure design-life infrastructure sustainability for on-site treatment systems. Specifically, technology and economics, while necessary for system sustainability, must be complimented by knowledge, organizations, and motivational factors.}, journal={Construction Research Congress 2012}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica and Javernick-Will, Amy}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={2270–2279} }
 @inproceedings{kaminsky_casias_javernick-will_leslie_2012, title={Expected Outcomes of a Construction Career: Gender Identity and Engineers Without Borders-USA}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412329.208}, DOI={10.1061/9780784412329.208}, abstractNote={This qualitative study will analyze the motivations and expected outcomes and identities of a construction career as seen by a unique cohort of engineering students—volunteers of Engineers Without Borders-USA (EWB-USA). These volunteers are a diverse group who defy the stereotypes and statistics of the construction profession by displaying near balanced ratio of males to females. EWBUSA is a service organization comprised of student and professional volunteers. Unlike most engineering and construction organizations, it experiences 30-40% female membership. As such, it has been chosen as a strategic research site to investigate the motivations and expected outcomes of EWB-USA volunteers. This research project held focus groups with female and male students attending the 2011 EWB-USA conference. Qualitative analysis of the discussion supported the hypothesis that EWB-USA volunteers report altruistic motivations for entering engineering than do their non-volunteer peers. In addition, it highlights different motivations amongst males and females, with females citing mentorship and a sense of community frequently, whereas the male groups cited patriotism and travel. The implications of these findings may offer suggestions to help attract and retain women in engineering, including emphasizing humanitarian aspects of engineering and developing mentorship programs.}, booktitle={Construction Research Congress 2012}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Kaminsky, Jessica and Casias, Casey and Javernick-Will, Amy and Leslie, Cathy}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={2071–2080} }