@article{allan_gamaldo_wright_aiken-morgan_lee_allaire_thorpe_whitfield_2022, title={Differential Associations Between the Area Deprivation Index and Measures of Physical Health for Older Black Adults}, ISSN={["1758-5368"]}, DOI={10.1093/geronb/gbac149}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVES
This study explored the association between place-based characteristics (e.g., neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation) and physical health within older Black adults, a critical gap in the literature as identified by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD).


METHODS
The sample was from wave 1 data of Baltimore Study of Black Aging: Patterns of Cognitive Aging (BSBA-PCA; N = 450; Mage = 68.34). Variables included the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), objective (e.g., average blood pressure) and subjective (e.g., self-rated health) measures of physical health. Multiple linear regression models were conducted controlling for key sociodemographic characteristics.


RESULTS
Participants reporting better self-rated health and were less likely to need help with Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) were significantly more likely to be living in more disadvantaged neighborhoods based on national and state ADI, respectively, even after adjusting for covariates. A significant age and ADI interaction revealed better self-rated health was associated with a more disadvantaged neighborhood particularly for individuals ≤66 years. There was no significant association between ADI and objective physical health measures.


DISCUSSION
The findings suggest that national and state level place-based characteristics should be considered along with individual-level factors, which can enrich the scientific understanding of how neighborhood characteristics relate to varying health indicators among older Black adults.}, journal={JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES}, author={Allan, Alexa C. and Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Wright, Regina S. and Aiken-Morgan, Adrienne T. and Lee, Anna K. and Allaire, Jason C. and Thorpe, Roland J. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{sardina_mahlobo_gamaldo_allaire_whitfield_2022, title={Exploring the Association Between Affect and Leisure Activity Engagement in Black Adults}, ISSN={["1758-5368"]}, DOI={10.1093/geronb/gbac084}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVES
This study examined engagement levels across various domains of leisure activities in community-dwelling Black adults (age range=50-80 years) and variability in daily leisure activity engagement and positive affect (PA; positive emotions or mood) and negative affect (NA; negative emotions or mood). Additionally, we explored whether PA and NA were associated with leisure activity engagement, and whether these associations varied by sociodemographics.


METHODS
Fifty adults (78% women; Mean Education=11.62, SD=2.4) reported affect and leisure activity engagement over 8-occasions (2-3 weeks).


RESULTS
Participants averaged 3-leisure activities/day with more engagement in watching television (news), walking, reading, and visiting others. Multilevel models identified significant within-person variation across domains of leisure activity engagement. A significant main effect was observed between daily NA and reduced social activity engagement. A significant interaction between NA and education further illustrated on those occasions when NA was higher than usual, social and total leisure activity engagement tended to be lower, particularly for adults with ≤10 years of education. A significant interaction between NA and education was observed for entertainment activities. However, results indicated adults with ≥14 years of education, and mean NA above the sample average, tended to engage in more entertainment activities. Lastly, a significant interaction between PA and age was observed indicating adults aged ≥73 had greater social engagement, particularly when daily PA was heightened.


DISCUSSION
Results demonstrate within-person changes in the types of leisure engagement among Black adults. Potential factors related to these changes may result from interconnections between affect and demographic factors (age and education).}, journal={JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES}, author={Sardina, Angie L. and Mahlobo, Christa T. and Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Allaire, Jason C. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{korde_veluswamy_allaire_barnes_2022, title={Small cell lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor: a systematic literature review of treatment efficacy, safety and quality of life}, ISSN={["1473-4877"]}, DOI={10.1080/03007995.2022.2078101}, abstractNote={Abstract Background This systematic literature review examines the current immune checkpoint inhibitors treatment paradigms, treatment gaps and unmet needs for treating SCLC with respect to efficacy, safety, health related quality of life (HRQoL) and cost-effectiveness. Methods A search strategy was developed and executed using the National Library of Medicine bibliographic database (PubMed), Cochrane Library, Embase and Google Scholar. Data regarding efficacy, safety, cost-effectiveness and HRQoL were extracted and entered in a data extraction sheet created a priori. Results A total of 4961 patients were comprised in all the 12 studies combined. All the studies focus on extensive stage SCLC (ES-SCLC) and not limited stage SCLC (LS-SCLC). All studies used an ICI as the intervention arm and chemotherapy as the control arm. A statistically significant increase in overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) was observed when ICIs were added to chemotherapy, especially atezolizumab and durvalumab. ICIs in SCLC resulted in immune-related toxicities that have been well-documented in prior immunotherapy trials; their addition to cytotoxic chemotherapy did not worsen chemotherapy-related toxicities. Out of 12 studies, only 3 (25%) included measures to assess the impact of immunotherapy on SCLC patients’ HRQoL. Although domain level scores were limited, the addition of ICIs did not seem to worsen symptoms. Two studies conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis of the combination of atezolizumab plus chemotherapy vs. chemotherapy. The addition of atezolizumab to chemotherapy was not found to be cost-effective in either study. Conclusion Combining ICIs with chemotherapy enhanced OS and PFS as well as not worsening HRQoL. Among all ICIs, PD-L1 inhibitors showed better effectiveness. Future studies should focus on real-world settings and more clinical trials using ICIs for not only ES-SCLC but also LS-SCLC.}, journal={CURRENT MEDICAL RESEARCH AND OPINION}, author={Korde, Rasika and Veluswamy, Rajwanth and Allaire, Jason C. and Barnes, Gisoo}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{tan_gamaldo_brick_thorpe_allaire_whitfield_2021, title={The Effects of Selective Survival on Black Adults' Cognitive Development}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1758-5368"]}, DOI={10.1093/geronb/gbab003}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVES
The theory of selective survival suggest that possibly around 70-75 years of age, Blacks may display substantive changes in their pattern of cognitive decline. This study examined the age-graded pattern of cognitive decline within older Blacks by describing a trend that characterizes differences in the change of cognitive decline from ages 51.5 to 95.5, and hypothesized that this age-graded pattern is non-linear.


METHOD
Utilizing 2 waves of longitudinal data from the Baltimore Study of Black Aging, this study used multilevel modeling to test whether the interaction between age and the 3-year study period (time between waves) had a positive effect on changes in inductive reasoning, declarative memory, working memory and perceptual speed.


RESULTS
A significant positive interaction between age and wave was found for inductive reasoning, demonstrating an age-grade pattern of change/decline in cognitive pattern for Blacks ages 51.5 to 95.4. Simple slope probing via Johnson-Neyman Technique suggested that Black adults ~64 years and younger experienced significant decline in inductive reasoning across study time whereas for those older than 63.71, the decline was non-significant. No significant age-wave interactions were found for declarative memory, working memory or perceptual speed.


DISCUSSION
Findings suggest a selective survival effect for inductive reasoning ability among Blacks. With decline evident so early, common cognitive intervention programs targeting adults 65+ may come too late for Blacks, signifying the importance and urgency for early health interventions and public policy designed to promote cognitive reserve.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES}, author={Tan, Shyuan Ching and Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Brick, Timothy and Thorpe, Roland J., Jr. and Allaire, Jason C. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={1489–1498} }
 @article{allaire_balk_azmi_handl_yang_barnes_2021, title={Use of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors after first-line therapy in esophageal cancer patients in the US}, ISSN={["1473-4877"]}, DOI={10.1080/03007995.2021.1929134}, abstractNote={Abstract Introduction Esophageal cancer (EC) makes up 3.2% of all cancers but ranks sixth among cancer-related deaths worldwide. This real-world analysis determined the use of PD-1/PD-L1 (PD[L]1) inhibitors in EC patients after receiving first-line therapy. Methods Newly diagnosed EC patients initiating first-line treatment were identified in the IBM MarketScan administrative claims databases during the study period (1 May 2015 to 31 October 2020) using ICD-9/ICD-10 codes. Patients were assigned to either the chemotherapy only, radiation only, chemotherapy plus radiation (chemoradiation), or esophageal transhiatal/transthoracic surgery cohorts. Results 7276 EC patients started first-line therapy (chemotherapy only = 2502, radiation only = 3355, chemoradiation = 1180, surgery = 239). The average age at diagnosis was 62 years and 23% were female. The median time from start of first-line therapy to utilization of a PD(L)1 inhibitor was 259 days. Pembrolizumab (72%) was the most frequently used PD(L)1 inhibitor across the three cohorts, followed by nivolumab (25%). Furthermore, the number of patients receiving a PD(L)1 inhibitor increased each year with the majority (73%) of use occurring between 2018 and 2020. Discussion Findings from this real-world study suggest that PD(L)1 inhibitors are increasingly used after first-line therapies in EC, especially among patients initially receiving chemotherapy only. New immunological therapies such as PD(L)1 inhibitors hold great promise for patients with solid tumors. A clearer understanding of their real-world utilization is critical.}, journal={CURRENT MEDICAL RESEARCH AND OPINION}, author={Allaire, Jason C. and Balk, Mark and Azmi, Soraya and Handl, Heather L. and Yang, Keri and Barnes, Gisoo}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{zhang_grenhart_sprufera_mclaughlin_allaire_2020, title={Using Variable Priority Training to Examine Video Game-Related Gains in Cognition}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2509-3304"]}, DOI={10.1007/s41465-019-00148-1}, abstractNote={Identify mechanisms associated with video-game-related gains in cognitive functioning.Seventy-nine older adults (Mean age = 72.72, SD = 7.16) participated in a pretest-posttest intervention study. A video game that required four cognitive abilities was developed. The game had two modes: (1) variable priority training (VPT) and (2) single priority training (SPT). After a pretest session, participants completed a battery of cognitive tasks and 'were randomly assigned to either the VPT (n = 42) or the SPT mode (n = 37) for an average of 15.94 (SD = 2.15) one-hour game play sessions. Post-testing was administrated within one week after completion of training.Time (pretest/posttest) by game mode (VPT/SPT) interactions were examined using Multivariate Repeated Measure ANOVAs. No significant multivariate training effects were observed.Results suggest that VPT may not be the underlying mechanism responsible for video-game-related gains in cognition. Our results also cast doubts on whether playing video games could lead to cognitive enhancements in older adults.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT}, author={Zhang, Shenghao and Grenhart, William C. M. and Sprufera, John F. and McLaughlin, Anne Collins and Allaire, Jason C.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={274–284} }
 @article{zhang_gamaldo_neupert_allaire_2019, title={Predicting Control Beliefs in Older Adults: A Micro-Longitudinal Study}, volume={75}, ISSN={1079-5014 1758-5368}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz001}, DOI={10.1093/geronb/gbz001}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={The Journals of Gerontology: Series B}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Zhang, Shenghao and Gamaldo, Alyssa A and Neupert, Shevaun D and Allaire, Jason C}, editor={Infurna, Frank JEditor}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={e1–e12} }
 @article{gamaldo_wright_aiken-morgan_allaire_thorpe_whitfield_2019, title={The Association between Subjective Memory Complaints and Sleep within Older African American Adults}, volume={74}, ISSN={["1758-5368"]}, DOI={10.1093/geronb/gbx069}, abstractNote={Objective
The purpose of the current study is to examine the association between subjective memory complaints and sleep (quantity and quality) in African American older adults.


Method
Participants from the Baltimore Study of Black Aging (BSBA; n = 351; mean age = 71.99) completed a self-report sleep scale, subjective memory complaint scale, global cognitive status measure, and demographic questionnaire.


Results
Worse overall sleep quality was significantly associated with subjective reports of difficulty recalling the placement of objects, recalling specific facts from reading materials, and worse memory currently compared to the past. Specific sleep parameters (e.g., longer sleep latency and shorter sleep duration) were associated with negative appraisals of participants' ability to do specific tasks involving memory (e.g., difficulty recalling placement of objects). Participants classified as poor sleepers (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI] total score > 5) were more likely to report worse memory now compared to the past than participants classified as good sleepers (PSQI total score ≤ 5).


Conclusions
Evaluation of sleep may be warranted when older adults, particularly African Americans, communicate concerns regarding their memory. Insufficient sleep may be a useful marker of acute daytime dysfunction and, perhaps, cognitive decline. Given memory problems are the hallmark of dementia, our findings support further evaluation of whether poor sleep can aid in the diagnosis of cognitive impairment.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES}, author={Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Wright, Regina S. and Aiken-Morgan, Adrienne T. and Allaire, Jason C. and Thorpe, Roland J., Jr. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={202–211} }
 @article{gamaldo_allaire_sardina_baker_gamaldo_whitfield_2018, title={Daily Reports of Pain are Associated with Duration and Quality of Sleep in African American Older Adults}, volume={21}, ISSN={1098-3015}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JVAL.2018.04.972}, DOI={10.1016/J.JVAL.2018.04.972}, abstractNote={The current study explored whether pain experienced during the day was associated with worse sleep later that night. Analyses included community-dwelling African American older adults (n = 50; Mean age = 65.40; SD = 8.53) who reported their nightly sleep duration and quality over 8 occasions within a 2-3 week period. At each occasion, participants also reported their painful bodily locations, pain severity, and the extent to which pain interfered with daytime functioning. Significant within-person variability was observed across the testing occasions for painful bodily locations (25%), severity (40%), and interference (47%), supporting that painful experiences can fluctuate on a daily basis. After adjusting for demographic (e.g., age, education, and sex) and health conditions, multilevel (MLM) lagged models suggested that a greater number of painful bodily locations reported during the day is associated with worse sleep quality that night (β = -0.19, SE = 0.07, p < .01). However, worse pain interference reported during the day is associated with longer sleep duration that night (β = 0.26, SE = 0.13, p < .05). These results suggest that pain significantly fluctuates from day to day and pain experienced during the day can impede sleep quality later at night. Thus, daily pain management may be beneficial for improving daily sleep patterns.}, journal={Value in Health}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gamaldo, AA and Allaire, JA and Sardina, AL and Baker, T and Gamaldo, CE and Whitfield, KE}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={S141} }
 @article{allaire_zhang_gamaldo_2018, title={Day-To-Day Fluctuations in Older Adults' Cognitive Functioning: Moving Beyond Single Time Point Assessments}, volume={21}, ISSN={1098-3015}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JVAL.2018.04.1017}, DOI={10.1016/J.JVAL.2018.04.1017}, abstractNote={Utilizing a daily assessment design, the current study sought to examine the extent to which older adults’ cognitive functioning exhibits short-term fluctuation. The study consisted of 206 community-dwelling older adults with an average age of 73 years (range 60 – 94; SD = 7.00). The sample was comprised of 57% females and was 30% African American. After completing a baseline battery of tests, participants completed a computerized cognitive battery on eight different occasions within a 2-week period. This battery included measures of processing speed, memory, inductive reasoning, and executive functioning. Multilevel modeling results indicated that the amount of variability within participants over 8 occasions was significant and comparable to the variability between participants. Older age, depressive symptomology, and high stress levels were significantly associated with increased daily variability in cognitive test performance. In contrast, more years of education and better self-rated health was significantly associated with less daily variability in cognitive test performance. The findings from this study suggest that older adults’ cognitive functioning from day-to-day is highly variable and that this inconsistency may be associated with a number of psychosocial and health factors. Consequently, assessments of cognition on a single occasion or occasion separated by weeks or months may not be an adequate approach for assessing older adults cognitive functioning.}, journal={Value in Health}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Allaire, JC and Zhang, S and Gamaldo, AA}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={S145} }
 @article{aiken-morgan_gamaldo_wright_allaire_whitfield_2018, title={Stability and Change in Cognitive Status Classification of Black Older Adults}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1532-5415"]}, DOI={10.1111/jgs.15225}, abstractNote={ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine whether stability and change in cognitive status are associated with sociodemographic characteristics and health function.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY}, author={Aiken-Morgan, Adrienne T. and Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Wright, Regina S. and Allaire, Jason C. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={179–183} }
 @article{zhang_grenhart_mclaughlin_allaire_2017, title={Predicting computer proficiency in older adults}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1873-7692"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.006}, abstractNote={Continued growth in older adults' computer and internet use has led to the need to better assess their competencies and skills. The aim of the current study was to expand on this literature by examining sources of individual differences in older adults' computer and internet proficiency. Ninety-seven adults ranging in age from 60 to 95 completed the Computer Proficiency Questionnaire (CPQ) along with a battery that measured demographic information, socio-emotional variables such as sense of control and affect, and cognitive abilities such as reasoning and speed of processing. Hierarchical regression analyses examined the predictors of CPQ Total score as well as the three CPQ subscales (e.g., Internet and Email Use, Communication and Calendaring, and Computer Basic). Age, education, affect, sense of control, inductive reasoning, perceptual speed, and psychomotor speed were associated with at least one domain of computer proficiency. Positive affect uniquely predicted Communication and Calendaring. While sense of control, inductive reasoning, and psychomotor speed uniquely predicted Computer Basic. Discussion focuses on implications for CPQ use and computer proficiency training in older adults.}, journal={COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR}, author={Zhang, Shenghao and Grenhart, William C. M. and McLaughlin, Anne Collins and Allaire, Jason C.}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={106–112} }
 @article{gamaldo_allaire_2016, title={Daily Fluctuations in Everyday Cognition: Is It Meaningful?}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1552-6887"]}, DOI={10.1177/0898264315611669}, abstractNote={ Objective: This study examined whether there are daily fluctuations in everyday cognition that are consistent with daily fluctuations often observed in traditional measures of basic cognitive abilities. Method: Two hundred six independently living older adults (age range = 60-91 years) were asked to complete a computerized cognitive battery over eight occasions within a 2- to 3-week period. Results: Using multilevel model, significant within-person variability was observed across the Daily Everyday Cognition Assessment (DECA; 46%), with 54% between-person variability. At each occasion, better performance on the DECA was significantly associated with better performance on simple reaction time ( p < .01) and memory (Auditory Verbal Learning Task, p < .01) even after accounting for time, age, education, and performance on other cognitive measures. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that within-person performance fluctuations can be observed for everyday cognition tasks, and these fluctuations are consistent with daily changes in basic cognitive abilities. }, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGING AND HEALTH}, author={Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Allaire, Jason C.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={834–849} }
 @article{allaire_gamaldo_whitfield_2016, title={Examining The Utility Of The Everyday Cognition Memory Test To Identify Mild Cognitive Impairment In African American Elders}, volume={19}, ISSN={1098-3015}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JVAL.2016.03.1339}, DOI={10.1016/J.JVAL.2016.03.1339}, abstractNote={There is growing interest in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), which represents a transition between normal cognition and dementia. Tools that easily and accurately identify adults with MCI would aid in the development of targeted interventions, both psycho-social and pharmacological, that may delay the onset of dementia. The current study sought to determine if a brief, patient-reported measure of everyday memory can significantly predict MCI status in older African American adults. A total of 454 African American adults ≥60 years (mean: 72.02; SD: 7.41; 93% female) completed a battery of assessments including cognitive tests, Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE), Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ), and the Everyday Cognition Memory Test (ECMT) as part of the Baltimore Study of Black Aging. The 30-item ECMT included two real-world stimuli (medication and nutrition labels) within three domains (medication, financial, and nutrition). Participants had 60 seconds to study a stimuli and 60 seconds to answer five multiple-choice questions. The reliability estimate for the ECMT was acceptable (α = 0.71). Performance on the psychometric cognitive tests was used to classify participants as either non-MCI (n=357) or MCI (n=97). In the first step of a logistic regression predicting MCI status, the MMSE (OR: 0.88; CI: 0.79–0.95) was a significant predictor and the SPMSQ was not (OR: 0.78; CI: 0.59–1.05). The ECMT was added in the second step and was a significant predictor (OR: 0.86; CI: 0.82–0.91), indicating that participants with higher scores on the ECMT were less likely to be diagnosed with MCI. The MMSE was not a significant predictor with ECMT in the model. These findings suggest that the ECMT, a brief, patient-reported measure of cognitive competency, may be a better predictor of MCI status among older African American adults than the MMSE or the SPMSQ two widely used screeners for cognitive impairment.}, number={3}, journal={Value in Health}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Allaire, JC and Gamaldo, AA and Whitfield, KE}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={A191} }
 @article{cary_thorpe_walker_gamaldo_allaire_whitfield_2016, title={The Effects of Social Support on Physical Functioning in Older African Americans: Longitudinal Results from the Baltimore Study of Black Aging}, volume={108}, ISSN={["1943-4693"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jnma.2016.07.003}, abstractNote={Compared with other racial/ethnic groups, African Americans have higher rates of chronic conditions and suffer a disproportionate burden of disability. We aimed to examine the effects of social support on physical functioning among older African Americans. We analyzed a sample of 448 urban, community-dwelling, older African Americans (aged 48–98 years) from the Baltimore Study of Black Aging. Baseline physical functioning was collected between 2006 and 2008 (wave 1), and change in physical functioning was collected between 2009 and 2011 (wave 2), physical functioning was assessed by self-reported limitations in 7 activities of daily living—eating, dressing, grooming, walking, bathing, using the toilet, and transferring in and out of bed—using a binary variable to indicate whether the individual had difficulty performing each specific activity. Social support was measured by how frequently participants provided/received goods and services, financial assistance, transportation, companionship, advice, or encouragement (never [0], rarely [1], sometimes [2], frequently [3]). Negative binomial regression models were used to test the effects of social support given, received, and a ratio (support received/support given) on physical functioning for those who improved and those who declined in physical functioning. Participants reported physical functioning at wave 1 (1.24, standard deviation [SD] = 1.98) and at wave 2 (0.34, SD = 0.83). Average social support given was 7.49 (SD = 3.26), and average social support received was 7.81 (SD = 3.17). Those who improved in physical function gave less social support and had lower social support ratios; social support received had no effect. Those who remained stable or declined in physical function gave more social support; neither social support received nor social ratio had an effect. Social support given and social support received as well as the ratio should be considered when seeking to understand how physical functioning changes over time among older African Americans.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Cary, Michael P., Jr. and Thorpe, Roland J., Jr. and Walker, Janiece L. and Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Allaire, Jason C. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2016}, pages={195–200} }
 @article{walker_thorpe_harrison_baker_cary_szanton_allaire_whitfield_2016, title={The Relationship between Pain, Disability, and Sex in African Americans}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1532-8635"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.pmn.2016.05.007}, abstractNote={Older African Americans consistently report diminished capacities to perform activities of daily living (ADL) compared with other racial groups. The extent to which bodily pain is related to declining abilities to perform ADL/ADL disability in African Americans remains unclear, as does whether this relationship exists to the same degree in African American men and women. For nurses to provide optimal care for older African Americans, a better understanding of the relationship between bodily pain and ADL disability and how it may differ by sex is needed. The aim of this study was to examine whether pain, age, education, income, marital status and/or comorbid conditions were associated with ADL disabilities in older African American women and men. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample included 598 participants (446 women, 152 men) from the first wave of the Baltimore Study on Black Aging. African American women (odds ratio [OR] = 4.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.63-6.26) and African American men (OR = 6.44; 95% CI = 2.84-14.57) who reported bodily pain had greater ADL disability than those who did not report bodily pain. Having two or more comorbid conditions also was significantly associated with ADL disability in African American women (OR = 3.95; 95% CI: 2.09-7.47). Further work is needed to understand pain differences between older African American women and men to develop interventions that can be tailored to meet the individual pain needs of both groups.}, number={5}, journal={PAIN MANAGEMENT NURSING}, author={Walker, Janiece L. and Thorpe, Roland J., Jr. and Harrison, Tracie C. and Baker, Tamara A. and Cary, Michael and Szanton, Sarah L. and Allaire, Jason C. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={294–301} }
 @inbook{gomez-gurley_mclaughlin_coleman_allaire_2015, title={Accessibility in Serious Games for Adults Aging with Disability}, ISBN={9783319209128 9783319209135}, ISSN={0302-9743 1611-3349}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20913-5_6}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-20913-5_6}, abstractNote={As serious games rise in number and popularity, particularly for therapeutic purposes, so rises the importance of making these games accessible to those with disabilities. We discuss the state of accessibility for commercial and research-based serious games, common age-related considerations for accessible designs, and recommendations for usability testing protocols. We close with a case study of a visual accessibility investigation of a research-based cognitive training game, Food for Thought.}, booktitle={Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={Gomez-Gurley, Keiko and McLaughlin, Anne Collins and Coleman, Maribeth Gandy and Allaire, Jason C.}, year={2015}, pages={61–71} }
 @article{sims_thorpe_gamaldo_aiken-morgan_hill_allaire_whitfield_2015, title={Cognition and Health in African American Men}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1552-6887"]}, DOI={10.1177/0898264314543474}, abstractNote={ Objective: Despite high rates of poor health outcomes, little attention has been focused on associations between prominent health factors and cognitive function in African American men, exclusively. The objective was to examine relationships between cardiovascular and pulmonary health, and cognitive function in African American men. Method: Data from 257 men were pooled from two studies of African American aging. The mean age of participants was 58.15 and mean educational attainment was 11.78 years. Participants provided self-reported health and demographic information, completed cognitive measures, and had their blood pressure and peak expiratory flow assessed. Results: After adjustment, significant relationships were found between average peak expiratory flow rate (APEFR) and cognitive performance measures. Discussion: Results suggest that lung function is important to consider when examining cognitive function in African American men. Understanding the role of health in cognition and implications for quality of life in this population will be critical as life expectancies increase. }, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGING AND HEALTH}, author={Sims, Regina C. and Thorpe, Roland J., Jr. and Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Aiken-Morgan, Adrienne T. and Hill, LaBarron K. and Allaire, Jason C. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={195–219} }
 @article{aiken-morgan_gamaldo_sims_allaire_whitfield_2015, title={Education Desegregation and Cognitive Change in African American Older Adults}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1758-5368"]}, DOI={10.1093/geronb/gbu153}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVES
The present study examined the relationship between desegregated schooling and cognitive change in a sample of 420 community-dwelling African American elders (mean age = 68.6; SD = 9.1).


METHOD
Participants were recruited for the Baltimore Study of Black Aging - Patterns of Cognitive Aging. Cognitive measures from six domains of function were administered at baseline and follow-up 33 months later. Repeated measures multivariate analysis of covariance was conducted; the between subjects factors were schooling type and age cohort, and the within subjects factor was time. Analyses controlled for age, years of education, and sex, and follow-up univariate analyses were used to determine which individual cognitive scores drove the multivariate effects.


RESULTS
There were significant multivariate within-group, between-group, and interaction effects (p < .05). Univariate analyses indicated that the desegregated schooling group scored significantly better on Language and Perceptual Speed (p < .01), and the youngest age cohort (50- to 59-year-olds) performed better on measures of Perceptual Speed. There were no significant univariate interactions between schooling group or age cohort and cognitive change over time.


DISCUSSION
Overall, these findings suggest a slight advantage of desegregated schooling for cognitive performance, but no advantage of desegregated schooling on the rate of cognitive change over time in this sample.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES}, author={Aiken-Morgan, Adrienne T. and Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Sims, Regina C. and Allaire, Jason C. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={348–356} }
 @article{gamaldo_gamaldo_allaire_aiken-morgan_salas_szanton_whitfield_2014, title={Sleep Complaints in Older Blacks: Do Demographic and Health Indices Explain Poor Sleep Quality and Duration?}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1550-9397"]}, DOI={10.5664/jcsm.3858}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
To examine the relationship between measures of sleep quality and the presence of commonly encountered comorbid and sociodemographic conditions in elderly Black subjects.


METHOD
Analyses included participants from the Baltimore Study of Black Aging (BSBA; n = 450; mean age 71.43 years; SD 9.21). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) measured overall sleep pattern and quality. Self-reported and objective measures of physical and mental health data and demographic information were collected for all participants.


RESULTS
Sociodemographic and comorbid health factors were significantly associated with sleep quality. Results from regression analyses revealed that older age, current financial strain, interpersonal problems, and stress were unique predictors of worse sleep quality. Sleep duration was significantly correlated with age, depressive affect, interpersonal problems, and stress; only age was a unique significant predictor. While participants 62 years or younger had worse sleep quality with increasing levels of stress, there was no significant relationship between sleep quality and stress for participants 81 years and older.


CONCLUSIONS
Several potential mechanisms may explain poor sleep in urban, community dwelling Blacks. Perceived stressors, including current financial hardship or hardship experienced for an extended time period throughout the lifespan, may influence sleep later in life.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLINICAL SLEEP MEDICINE}, author={Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Gamaldo, Charlene E. and Allaire, Jason C. and Aiken-Morgan, Adrienne T. and Salas, Rachel E. and Szanton, Sarah and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2014}, pages={725–731} }
 @article{carmasin_mast_allaire_whitfield_2014, title={Vascular risk factors, depression, and cognitive change among African American older adults}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1099-1166"]}, DOI={10.1002/gps.4007}, abstractNote={ObjectiveVascular burden has been linked to future depression and cognitive change in predominately European American samples. This study investigated these relationships in older African Americans.}, number={3}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY}, author={Carmasin, Jeremy S. and Mast, Benjamin T. and Allaire, Jason C. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={291–298} }
 @article{ayotte_allaire_whitfield_2013, title={Social support, physical functioning, and cognitive functioning among older African American adults}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1744-4128"]}, DOI={10.1080/13825585.2012.761669}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Social support and functional ability are related to a number of outcomes in later life among African Americans, including cognitive performance. This study examined how providing and receiving social support was related to fluid and crystallized cognitive abilities among aging African American adults after accounting for functional limitations, age, education, sex, income, and self-reported health. Data from 602 African American adults (M = 69.08, SD = 9.74; 25% male) were analyzed using latent variable modeling. Fluid ability was a second-order factor indicated by measures that assessed verbal memory, working memory, perceptual speed, and inductive reasoning. Crystallized ability was a first-order factor indicated by three measures that assessed vocabulary (Shipley Verbal Meaning Test and parts A and B of the ETS Vocabulary Test). Results indicated that the receipt of social support was negatively related to both fluid and crystallized abilities, while the provision of support was positively related to fluid and crystallized ability. Follow-up tests found that the receipt of support was more strongly related to fluid ability than crystallized ability. There was no significant difference regarding the relationship of provision of support with fluid ability compared to crystallized ability. Results discuss the importance of considering the social context of older adults when examining cognitive ability.}, number={4}, journal={AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION}, author={Ayotte, Brian J. and Allaire, Jason C. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={494–510} }
 @article{allaire_mclaughlin_trujillo_whitlock_laporte_gandy_2013, title={Successful aging through digital games: Socioemotional differences between older adult gamers and Non-gamers}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1873-7692"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.014}, abstractNote={The purpose of this investigation was to examine differences in psychological functioning (e.g., well-being, affect, depression, and social functioning) between older adults who play digital games compared to those older adults that do not play digital games. Analysis was conducted on a sample of 140 independently living older adults with an average age of 77.47 years (SD = 7.31). Participants were divided into three groups (Regular, Occasional Gamers, and Non-gamers) – 60% of the sample was either a Regular or Occasional Gamer. Differences among the groups were found for well-being, negative affect, social functioning, and depression with Regular and Occasional Gamers performing better, on average, than Non-gaming older adults. Findings suggest that playing may serve as a positive activity associated with successful aging.}, number={4}, journal={COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR}, author={Allaire, Jason C. and McLaughlin, Anne Collins and Trujillo, Amanda and Whitlock, Laura A. and LaPorte, Landon and Gandy, Maribeth}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={1302–1306} }
 @inbook{mclaughlin_bryant_sprufera_allaire_gandy_2013, title={Usability an Important Goal for the Design of Therapeutic Games for Older Adults}, ISBN={9783642393532 9783642393549}, ISSN={0302-9743 1611-3349}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39354-9_39}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-642-39354-9_39}, abstractNote={The importance of usability for older adults in therapeutic games has not been well explored. Aspects of game-related usability that go beyond typical considerations are a need for challenge, complexity, adoption by novices, motivation for extensive use, and enjoyment. Benefits to considering usability as it pertains to this special population may have long-term benefits for personal independence, maintenance of skills, and rehabilitation from injury. We outline areas we deem critical as a first step to utilizing what we know of older adult use of games for training purposes to facilitate a conversation between designers and researchers for creating and improving games for older players.}, booktitle={Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, publisher={Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, author={McLaughlin, Anne Collins and Bryant, Michelle R. and Sprufera, John F. and Allaire, Jason C. and Gandy, Maribeth}, year={2013}, pages={358–364} }
 @article{neupert_allaire_2012, title={I think I can, I think I can: Examining the within-person coupling of control beliefs and cognition in older adults.}, volume={27}, ISSN={1939-1498 0882-7974}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026447}, DOI={10.1037/a0026447}, abstractNote={We examined short-term intraindividual variability in control beliefs (competence and locus of control) and cognitive performance and the extent to which the constructs travel together over time. Thirty-six older adults (M = 74 years, SD = 5.51) completed questionnaires and cognitive tests twice each day for 60 consecutive days. Results indicated that control beliefs fluctuate within people across time. Multilevel models revealed that control and competence are coupled with concurrent and subsequent performance, but the benefit of occasion-level increases in control depends on individuals' average control. These findings underscore the importance of examining constructs using a within-person approach to identify dynamic processes in cognitive aging.}, number={3}, journal={Psychology and Aging}, publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)}, author={Neupert, Shevaun D. and Allaire, Jason C.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={742–749} }
 @article{whitlock_mclaughlin_allaire_2012, title={Individual differences in response to cognitive training: Using a multi-modal, attentionally demanding game-based intervention for older adults}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1873-7692"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.chb.2012.01.012}, abstractNote={The effectiveness of a game-based cognitive training intervention on multiple abilities was assessed in a sample of 39 older adults aged 60–77. The intervention task was chosen based on a cognitive task analysis designed to determine the attentional and multi-modal demands of the game. Improvements on a measure of attention were found for the intervention group compared to controls. Furthermore, for the intervention group only, initial ability scores predicted improvements on both tests of attention and spatial orientation. These results suggest cognitive training may be more effective for those initially lower in ability.}, number={4}, journal={COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR}, author={Whitlock, Laura A. and McLaughlin, Anne Collins and Allaire, Jason C.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={1091–1096} }
 @article{gamaldo_allaire_whitfield_2012, title={Intraindividual Variability in Psychometrically Defined Mild Cognitive Impairment Status in Older African Americans}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1939-1498"]}, DOI={10.1037/a0028557}, abstractNote={This study examines day-to-day variability in psychometrically defined mild cognitive impairment (MCI) status and potential predictors of changes in MCI status in an independent-living sample of urban dwelling older adults in Baltimore, Maryland. The participant sample consisted of 50 older adults, ranging in age from 50 to 80 years. Participants completed health and cognitive measures (i.e., executive function, language, memory, and global cognition) over 8 occasions within a 2-3-week period. After each testing occasion, a post hoc classification of MCI status was determined using psychometrically defined criteria based on cognitive performance. Participants who classified as MCI after one assessment often did not meet MCI criteria at subsequent occasions. Daily fluctuations in sleep duration were associated with an increased risk for MCI classification. These results demonstrate that changes in sleep may explain changes in MCI status, particularly for African Americans.}, number={4}, journal={PSYCHOLOGY AND AGING}, author={Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Allaire, Jason C. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={989–997} }
 @article{aiken-morgan_bichsel_allaire_savla_edwards_whitfield_2012, title={Personality as a source of individual differences in cognition among older African Americans}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1095-7251"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jrp.2012.04.006}, abstractNote={Previous research suggests that demographic factors are important correlates of cognitive functioning in African Americans; however, less attention has been given to the influence of personality. The present study explored how dimensions and facets of personality predicted individual variability in cognition in a sample of older African Americans from the Baltimore Study of Black Aging. Cognition was assessed by verbal learning and attention/working memory measures. Personality was measured by the NEO Personality Inventory. Linear regressions controlling for demographic factors showed that Neuroticism, Openness, and Agreeableness were significant regression predictors of cognitive performance. Individual facets of all five personality dimensions were also associated with cognitive performance. These findings suggest personality is important in understanding variability in cognition among older African Americans.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY}, author={Aiken-Morgan, Adrienne T. and Bichsel, Jacqueline and Allaire, Jason C. and Savla, Jyoti and Edwards, Christopher L. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={465–471} }
 @article{kennedy_allaire_gamaldo_whitfield_2012, title={RACE DIFFERENCES IN INTELLECTUAL CONTROL BELIEFS AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0361-073X"]}, DOI={10.1080/0361073x.2012.672122}, abstractNote={Background/Study Context: The current study examined the relationship between intellectual control and cognition and related the results to everyday problem solving in a mixed ethnicity sample of 35% African American and 65% Caucasian elders. Methods: Participants completed the Personality in Intellectual Aging Contexts Inventory (PIC; Lachman et al., 1982, Journal of Research in Personality, 16, 485–501), Everyday Cognition Battery (ECB; Allaire & Marsiske, 1999, Psychology & Aging, 14, 627–644; 2002, Psychology & Aging, 17, 101–115), and a battery of basic cognitive ability tests assessing memory, inductive reasoning, and verbal meaning. Results: Results indicated that African Americans had significantly lower intellectual control beliefs relative to Caucasian older adults. Regression models suggested that relationship between control beliefs and cognition was moderated by education and race. Decomposing the interactions with simple slope analysis revealed that across cognitive abilities, better cognitive performance was related to higher control beliefs in African Americans with at least 13 years of education. A similar relationship was also found in Caucasian elders with lower education. Conclusion: African American elders’ reaching a higher level of education may provide a basis for which individual differences in intellectual control beliefs are activated and thereby more strongly associated with cognitive performance.}, number={3}, journal={EXPERIMENTAL AGING RESEARCH}, author={Kennedy, Sarah W. and Allaire, Jason C. and Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2012}, pages={247–264} }
 @article{ayotte_allaire_whitfield_2012, title={UNDERSTANDING WITHIN-GROUP VARIABILITY OF EVERYDAY COGNITION IN AGING BLACK/AFRICAN AMERICAN ADULTS: A MIMIC (MULTIPLE INDICATORS, MULTIPLE CAUSES) MODEL APPROACH}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1096-4657"]}, DOI={10.1080/0361073x.2012.726022}, abstractNote={Background/Study Context: Everyday cognition represents the ability to solve problems within domains that are representative of issues faced by adults on a daily basis. The current study examined individual differences in everyday cognitive ability among aging Black/African American adults. Methods: Demographic data on age, gender, education, physical functioning, chronic illnesses, self-reported health, and depression were collected from 248 African American adults (mean age = 67.8 years, standard deviation = 8.47 years). A multiple indicators, multiple causes (MIMIC) modeling approach was used to examine the associations of individual characteristics with latent everyday cognitive ability and composite score indicators. Results: Age, depressive symptoms, and number of chronic illnesses were negatively related to latent everyday cognition. The individual characteristics of age, depressive symptoms, self-rated health, and education were directly associated with composite indicators of latent everyday cognition. This suggests that within this sample of older Black/African American adults that certain composite scores (i.e., telephone use, food preparation, and finances) may be particularly sensitive to these individual characteristics. Conclusion: These results identify specific sources of variability in everyday cognitive ability among aging Blacks/African Americans. These individual differences should be accounted for when studying everyday cognition among Blacks/African Americans and when comparing the everyday cognitive ability of Blacks/African Americans with other groups.}, number={5}, journal={EXPERIMENTAL AGING RESEARCH}, author={Ayotte, Brian J. and Allaire, Jason C. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2012}, pages={488–510} }
 @article{gamaldo_an_allaire_triolo_zonderman_2012, title={Variability in Performance: Identifying Early Signs of Future Cognitive Impairment}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0894-4105"]}, DOI={10.1037/a0028686}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVE
The current study examined whether year-to-year variability in cognitive performance differ between individuals cognitively unimpaired and individuals who subsequently develop dementia.


METHOD
Analyses included a case-control sample of Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA; mean [M] age = 69.90, standard deviation [SD] = 8.92) participants. One hundred and 35 clinically diagnosed demented participants were matched with 135 nondemented participants based on age at initial testing and sex. Cognitive performance was examined using measures of memory, executive function, attention, language, and global mental status performance. Cognitive performance was examined from baseline to 5 years before cognitive impairment (M, assessments = 3.03, SD = 2.80).


RESULTS
As compared with unimpaired individuals, individuals diagnosed with dementia had greater variability on measures of attention, executive function, language, and semantic memory at least 5 years before the estimated onset of cognitive impairment, which may be indicative of maladaptive cognitive functioning. The dementia cases, however, had less variability on visual memory than the unimpaired group, which may suggest that these cases had more difficulty learning.


CONCLUSIONS
These results demonstrate that performance variability indexed over annual or biennial visits may be useful in identifying early signs of subsequent cognitive impairment.}, number={4}, journal={NEUROPSYCHOLOGY}, author={Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and An, Yang and Allaire, Jason C. and Triolo, Melissa H. Kitner and Zonderman, Alan B.}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={534–540} }
 @article{neupert_patterson_davis_allaire_2011, title={Age Differences in Daily Predictors of Forgetting to Take Medication: The Importance of Context and Cognition}, volume={37}, ISSN={0361-073X 1096-4657}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2011.590757}, DOI={10.1080/0361073x.2011.590757}, abstractNote={The present study examined age differences in the within-person daily associations of basic cognition, everyday cognition, and busyness with forgetting to take medication. The authors extend previous interindividual difference findings by conducting a daily diary study of a baseline assessment and 8 consecutive days of 40 older adults (age = 60–89 years, M = 74.86) and 31 younger adults (age = 18–20 years, M = 18.30) where basic cognition, everyday cognition, busyness, and forgetting medication were assessed each day and entered simultaneously into one model. Results from a logistic multilevel model indicated that performance on Letter Series was beneficial for both age groups, but the role of fluctuations in busyness on forgetting to take medications was opposite for younger and older adults. Younger adults remembered to take their medication the most on days when they had high everyday cognition and were busier. Older adults remembered to take their medication the most on days when they had high everyday cognition but were less busy. These findings highlight the importance of contextual variation in busyness in relation to daily medication adherence for younger and older adults.}, number={4}, journal={Experimental Aging Research}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Neupert, Shevaun D. and Patterson, Taryn R. and Davis, Agnes A. and Allaire, Jason C.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={435–448} }
 @article{thorpe_clay_szanton_allaire_whitfield_2011, title={Correlates of Mobility Limitation in African Americans}, volume={66}, ISSN={["1758-535X"]}, DOI={10.1093/gerona/glr122}, abstractNote={BACKGROUND
This study identified demographic and health-related characteristics that were related to mobility limitation in a sample of community-dwelling African Americans.


METHODS
The sample consisted of 602 community-dwelling African-American men and women ages 48-92 years at study inception. Participants who reported being limited "a lot" or "a little" in climbing one flight of stairs or walking several blocks were considered to have mobility limitation. Logistic regression was conducted to estimate the independent effect of each demographic and health-related characteristic on odds of mobility limitation.


RESULTS
African Americans who reported two or more medical conditions had higher odds of mobility limitation (women: odds ratio = 3.52; 95% confidence interval: 1.89-6.53 and men: odds ratio = 2.53; 95% confidence interval: 1.10-5.85) than those who reported one or fewer medical conditions. African Americans with major depressive symptoms had higher odds of mobility limitation (women: odds ratio = 2.98; 95% confidence interval: 1.55-5.71 and men: odds ratio = 3.19; 95% confidence interval: 1.33-7.65) than those without major depressive symptoms.


CONCLUSIONS
These results highlight the importance of creating interventions particularly focused on chronic disease prevention and management for African American men and women during midlife to attempt to delay the onset or impede the progression of mobility problems that will likely become exacerbated in late life and severely affect the quality of life.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES}, author={Thorpe, Roland J., Jr. and Clay, Olivio J. and Szanton, Sarah L. and Allaire, Jason C. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={1258–1263} }
 @article{sims_whitfield_ayotte_gamaldo_edwards_allaire_2011, title={SUBJECTIVE MEMORY IN OLDER AFRICAN AMERICANS}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1096-4657"]}, DOI={10.1080/0361073x.2011.555640}, abstractNote={The current analysis examined (a) if measures of psychological well-being predict subjective memory, and (b) if subjective memory is consistent with actual memory. Five hundred seventy-nine older African Americans from the Baltimore Study of Black Aging completed measures assessing subjective memory, depressive symptomatology, perceived stress, locus of control, and verbal and working memory. Higher levels of perceived stress and greater externalized locus of control predicted poorer subjective memory, but subjective memory did not predict objective verbal or working memory. Results suggest that subjective memory is influenced by aspects of psychological well-being but is unrelated to objective memory in older African Americans.}, number={2}, journal={EXPERIMENTAL AGING RESEARCH}, author={Sims, Regina C. and Whitfield, Keith E. and Ayotte, Brian J. and Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Edwards, Christopher L. and Allaire, Jason C.}, year={2011}, pages={220–240} }
 @article{gamaldo_allaire_sims_whitfield_2010, title={Assessing mild cognitive impairment among older African Americans}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1099-1166"]}, DOI={10.1002/gps.2417}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY}, author={Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Allaire, Jason C. and Sims, Regina C. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2010}, month={Jul}, pages={748–755} }
 @article{gamaldo_allaire_whitfield_2010, title={Exploring the Within-Person Coupling of Sleep and Cognition in Older African Americans}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1939-1498"]}, DOI={10.1037/a0021378}, abstractNote={This study examined the within-person relationship between sleep and cognitive functioning. Fifty community-dwelling African Americans (age range = 50-80 years) were asked to report their sleep duration and quality the previous evening and to complete cognitive measures over 8 occasions within a 2-3 week period. A within-person daily change in sleep duration was significantly associated with worse global cognitive performance. The greater an individual deviated away from his or her average sleep duration on a particular day, the more likely his or her performance would decline. These results demonstrate that the sleep-cognition relationship can be observed at a within-person level of analysis.}, number={4}, journal={PSYCHOLOGY AND AGING}, author={Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Allaire, Jason C. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={851–857} }
 @article{whitfield_allaire_gamaldo_bichsel_2010, title={Factor Structure of Cognitive Ability Measures in Older African Americans}, volume={25}, ISSN={0169-3816 1573-0719}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10823-010-9120-z}, DOI={10.1007/s10823-010-9120-z}, abstractNote={This study examined the fluid-crystallized distinction of cognitive abilities in African Americans. We analyzed the factorial invariance of a battery of cognitive ability measures in a sample of 197 community-dwelling African American elders. Specifically, factorial invariance was tested in groups of African American elders differing in age (50-61 years, 62-79 years) and education (low, high). Using a partial invariance approach, if non-invariance was found between two groups, we explored the specific model parameters that contributed to the overall lack of invariance. The results indicated that the factor structure was confirmed in the sample as a whole. Evidence of strict invariance was found between age groups. However, a lack of invariance of specific factor loadings, intercepts, and uniqueness terms was found between education groups. The importance of highlighting idiosyncrasies in cognitive performance among African Americans is shown using a within group variation approach.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Whitfield, Keith E. and Allaire, Jason C. and Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Bichsel, Jacqueline}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={271–284} }
 @article{weatherbee_gamaldo_allaire_2009, title={Exploring the Within-Person Coupling of Reading Vision and Cognition in the Elderly}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1744-4128"]}, DOI={10.1080/13825580902871034}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This study examined the within-person relationship between reading vision and cognitive functioning. Analysis was conducted on 36 community-dwelling elderly (age range = 60–87) who completed a reading vision task and three cognitive tests (i.e., Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task (AVLT), Letter Series, and Number Comparison) twice a day over 60 consecutive days. Significant within-person variability was found for the reading vision measure. Additionally, a main effect was found for reading vision and performance on the AVLT and Number Comparison task; such that on occasions when reading vision was poor, cognitive performance suffered.}, number={6}, journal={AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION}, author={Weatherbee, Sarah R. and Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Allaire, Jason C.}, year={2009}, pages={671–682} }
 @article{allaire_gamaldo_ayotte_sims_whitfield_2009, title={Mild Cognitive Impairment and Objective Instrumental Everyday Functioning: The Everyday Cognition Battery Memory Test}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1532-5415"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02054.x}, abstractNote={OBJECTIVES:  To examine the performance subjects with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) on an objective measure of everyday or real‐world memory and subjective items assessing competency within the same instrumental domains; to determine whether the Everyday Cognition Battery (ECB) can uniquely predict MCI status.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY}, author={Allaire, Jason C. and Gamaldo, Alyssa and Ayotte, Brian J. and Sims, Regina and Whitfield, Keith}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={120–125} }
 @article{ayotte_allaire_bosworth_2009, title={The Associations of Patient Demographic Characteristics and Health Information Recall: The Mediating Role of Health Literacy}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1744-4128"]}, DOI={10.1080/13825580902741336}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT We examined the mediating role of health literacy in the relationships between participant demographic characteristics and health information recall. Baseline data from two studies that focused on hypertensive adults (N = 1190; M = 62.28 years, SD = 11.98; 35.5% female; 45.9% African-American) were analyzed. The final model, which adjusted for recruitment site, indicated that financial status, race, and education were indirectly related to health information recall through health literacy. Increasing education was also directly related to better health information recall. Increasing age was not related to health literacy, but was related to poorer health information recall. The final model fit the data very well, χ2(3) = 0.69, p = .36, RMSEA = .000 (90% CI = .000 to .024),CFI = 1.00. The results suggest that health literacy might be one of the mechanisms underlying the relationships between participant demographic characteristics and poor health outcomes due to inaccurate recall of instructions.}, number={4}, journal={AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION}, author={Ayotte, Brian J. and Allaire, Jason C. and Bosworth, Hayden}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={419–432} }
 @article{chow_hamaker_allaire_2009, title={Using Innovative Outliers to Detect Discrete Shifts in Dynamics in Group-Based State-Space Models}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1532-7906"]}, DOI={10.1080/00273170903103324}, abstractNote={Outliers are typically regarded as data anomalies that should be discarded. However, dynamic or “innovative” outliers can be appropriately utilized to capture unusual but substantively meaningful shifts in a system's dynamics. We extend De Jong and Penzer's 1998 approach for representing outliers in single-subject state-space models to a group-based framework. The group-based model enables model predictions concerning the group as a whole while individualized change points are incorporated to capture discrete shifts in each individual's trajectory. An illustrative example using cognitive performance data from N = 38 older adults over 60 days is presented. Results indicated that a subset of older adults showed sudden shifts in learning dynamics in several forms, including sudden jumps in level, slope, and linkage between perceived control and actual performance level. The broader implications of incorporating innovative outliers into studies of intraindividual change are discussed.}, number={4}, journal={MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH}, author={Chow, Sy-Miin and Hamaker, Ellen L. and Allaire, Jason C.}, year={2009}, pages={465–496} }
 @article{sims_allaire_gamaldo_edwards_whitfield_2008, title={An Examination of Dedifferentiation in Cognition Among African–American Older Adults}, volume={24}, ISSN={0169-3816 1573-0719}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10823-008-9080-8}, DOI={10.1007/s10823-008-9080-8}, abstractNote={The structure and organization of cognitive abilities has been examined across the life span. The current analysis had three specific aims: (1) test the factor structure of a broad cognitive ability battery across three age groups; (2) examine differences in the pattern of factor covariation across age groups; and (3) examine the pattern of factor mean differences across age groups. A sample of 512 older African Americans (mean age = 66.6 years, 25.4% male) from the Baltimore Study of Black Aging was administered a battery of cognitive tests assessing the domains of perceptual speed, verbal memory, inductive reasoning, vocabulary, and working memory. Factor models were estimated separately in middle-age adults (50–59 years, n = 107), young-old adults (60–69 years, n = 198), and old-old adults (70–79 years, n = 207). There was loading invariance across the three age groups that suggests that the selected tests measured cognition similarly across age. There was no evidence of dedifferentiation across increasingly older age groups. Factor mean differences were observed with the middle-age group having significantly higher factor means than the young-old and old-old groups; however, there was only one factor mean difference between the young-old and the old-old groups. The results suggest that a pattern of dedifferentiation of cognitive abilities does not exist within this sample of older African Americans and that the 60–69 year age range may be a critical period for cognitive decline in this population.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Sims, Regina C. and Allaire, Jason C. and Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Edwards, Christopher L. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={193–208} }
 @article{whitfield_allaire_belue_edwards_2008, title={Are comparisons the answer to understanding behavioral aspects of aging in racial and ethnic groups?}, volume={63}, ISSN={["1758-5368"]}, DOI={10.1093/geronb/63.5.P301}, abstractNote={The knowledge gained from studying diverse populations should help to address inequities and prepare us to deal with the needs of the increasing number of older minorities in this country. At the same time, research that is not properly conducted threatens to lead us astray and misconstrue relationships and outcomes related to behavioral aspects of aging. In this article, we propose that simple comparisons between groups are neither necessary nor sufficient to advance our understanding of ethnic minorities. We discuss common pitfalls conducted in group-differences research, including a specific treatment on the issue of statistical power issues. Our goal is to encourage the use of multiple methodological designs in the study of issues related to racial and ethnic minorities by demonstrating some of the advantages of lesser employed approaches.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES}, author={Whitfield, Keith E. and Allaire, Jason C. and Belue, Rhonda and Edwards, Christopher L.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={P301–P308} }
 @article{whitfield_allaire_garnaldo_aiken-morgan_sims_edwards_2008, title={Blood pressure and memory in older African Americans}, volume={18}, number={2}, journal={Ethnicity & Disease}, author={Whitfield, K. E. and Allaire, J. C. and Garnaldo, A. and Aiken-Morgan, A. T. and Sims, R. and Edwards, C.}, year={2008}, pages={181–186} }
 @article{weatherbee_allaire_2008, title={Everyday cognition and mortality: Performance differences and predictive utility of the everyday cognition battery}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1939-1498"]}, DOI={10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.216}, abstractNote={In this article, the authors examine the relationship between everyday cognition and mortality. Data were initially collected in 1996-1997 from 171 community-dwelling older people ranging in age from 60 to 92 years old (M = 74 years, SD = 7.38). Participants completed the Everyday Cognition Battery (ECB; J. C. Allaire & M. Marsiske, 1999, 2002) as well as basic cognitive ability tests. Results indicated that participants who died since testing (n = 56) had performed significantly worse than did still-living participants on all measures. Additionally, performance on the ECB Knowledge Test was a significant predictor of death even after controlling for basic cognitive abilities, demographics, and self-rated health.}, number={1}, journal={PSYCHOLOGY AND AGING}, author={Weatherbee, Sarah R. and Allaire, Jason C.}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={216–221} }
 @article{gamaldo_weatherbee_allaire_2008, title={Exploring the Within-Person Coupling of Blood Pressure and Cognition in Elders}, volume={63}, ISSN={["1758-5368"]}, DOI={10.1093/geronb/63.6.P386}, abstractNote={In this study, we examined the relationship between within-person blood pressure and cognitive functioning. We conducted an analysis on 36 community-dwelling elderly individuals (age range = 60-87 years). Participants measured their blood pressure and completed cognitive tasks (i.e., the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task, the Letter Series test, and the Number Comparison test) twice a day over 60 consecutive days. We observed a significant interaction between within-person change in blood pressure and average blood pressure for the Letter Series test. Individuals with high blood pressure tended to perform poorly, particularly on occasions when their blood pressure level was above their personal average. These results demonstrate that the relationship between blood pressure and cognition at the between-person level and the relationship within each individual should be further explored simultaneously.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES}, author={Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Weatherbee, Sarah R. and Allaire, Jason C.}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={P386–P389} }
 @article{haskett_allaire_kreig_hart_2008, title={Protective and vulnerability factors for physically abused children: Effects of ethnicity and parenting context}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1873-7757"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.06.009}, abstractNote={Although social maladjustment appears to be common among abused children, negative outcomes are not inevitable. This investigation was designed to determine whether ethnicity and features of the parenting context predicted children's social adjustment, and whether the strength and direction of these relations differed for abused and nonabused children.Participants included 78 physically abused and 75 demographically matched nonabused children and one of their parents. Observations of parenting were used to measure parental sensitivity, and parent self-reports of depression were obtained using the SCL-90-R. Children's peer social adjustment was measured by teacher report.Using regression analysis, we tested whether each potential protective or vulnerability factor interacted with abuse status in prediction of social adjustment. Results indicated main effects of ethnicity and sensitivity for prosocial behavior, and a main effect of sensitivity for aggression. In addition, there was a significant interaction of ethnicity and abuse status for aggression such that there was a significant difference between abused and nonabused European American children but not between abused and nonabused African American children.Findings indicate that risk for aggressive behavior among abused children might be culturally specific rather than universal. In addition, results point to beneficial effects of parental sensitivity for maltreated children.}, number={5}, journal={CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT}, author={Haskett, Mary E. and Allaire, Jason C. and Kreig, Shawn and Hart, Kendrea C.}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={567–576} }
 @article{gamaldo_allaire_whitfield_2008, title={The Relationship Between Reported Problems Falling Asleep and Cognition Among African American Elderly}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1552-7573"]}, DOI={10.1177/0164027508322576}, abstractNote={ This study examined the relationship between elders' cognitive performance and self-reported trouble falling asleep. Analyses were conducted on 174 older independently living, community dwelling African Americans ( M age = 72.74; range = 65 to 90). Cognitive performance was measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination, Forward Digit Span task, Backward Digit Span task, Alpha Span task, and California Verbal Learning Test. Results suggested that individuals who reported trouble falling asleep tended to perform significantly worse than individuals who did not report trouble falling asleep on measures tapping short-term memory and working memory after controlling for age, education, gender, depression, and current health. These results demonstrate that a self-report of sleep difficulty may be a unique predictor of cognitive performance. }, number={6}, journal={RESEARCH ON AGING}, author={Gamaldo, Alyssa A. and Allaire, Jason C. and Whitfield, Keith E.}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={752–767} }
 @article{voils_allaire_olsen_steffens_hoyle_bosworth_2007, title={Five-year trajectories of social networks and social support in older adults with major depression}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1741-203X"]}, DOI={10.1017/S104161020700S303}, number={6}, journal={INTERNATIONAL PSYCHOGERIATRICS}, author={Voils, Corrine I. and Allaire, Jason C. and Olsen, Maren K. and Steffens, David C. and Hoyle, Rick H. and Bosworth, Hayden B.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={1110–1124} }
 @article{voils_allaire_olsen_steffens_hoyle_bosworth_2007, title={Five-year trajectories of social networks and social support in older adults with major depression}, volume={19}, ISSN={1041-6102 1741-203X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610207005303}, DOI={10.1017/S1041610207005303}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Background: Research with nondepressed adults suggests that social networks and social support are stable over the life course until very late age. This may not hold true for older adults with depression. We examined baseline status and trajectories of social networks and social support at the group and individual levels over five years. Methods: The sample consisted of 339 initially depressed adults aged 59 or older (M = 69 years) enrolled in a naturalistic study of depression. Measures of social ties, including social network size, frequency of interaction, instrumental support, and subjective support, were administered at baseline and yearly for five years. Results: Latent growth curve models were estimated for each aspect of social ties. On average, social network size and frequency of interaction were low at baseline and remained stable over time, whereas subjective and instrumental support were high at baseline yet increased over time. There was significant variation in the direction and rate of change over time, which was not predicted by demographic or clinical factors. Conclusions: Because increasing social networks may be ineffective and may not be possible for a portion of people who already receive maximal support, interventions to increase social support may only work for a portion of older depressed adults.}, number={06}, journal={International Psychogeriatrics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Voils, Corrine I. and Allaire, Jason C. and Olsen, Maren K. and Steffens, David C. and Hoyle, Rick H. and Bosworth, Hayden B.}, year={2007}, month={Apr} }
 @article{allaire_willis_2006, title={Competence in everyday activities as a predictor of cognitive risk and mortality}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1744-4128"]}, DOI={10.1080/13825580490904228}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This study examined the association of a performance-based measure of everyday functioning with clinically meaningful outcomes. Elderly participants in a prospective study of dementia were assessed at two occasions on the Everyday Problems Test for Cognitively Challenged Elderly (EPCCE), a performance-based measure of everyday functioning. Older adults who remained cognitively intact performed approximately 0.66 SD units higher on the EPCCE at both occasions than elders rated as impaired, when covarying on age, education, gender, and cognitive status. Relative to the nonimpaired participants, decline in EPCCE performance over a 2-year interval was significantly greater for impaired participants and those participants who transitioned from nonimpaired to impaired over the course of the study. Increased risk of mortality was associated with lower baseline scores and decline in EPCCE performance even after controlling for demographic variables and performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination. Given the clinical importance of identifying “at risk” elders for impairment, the findings from this study provide initial evidence for the predictive utility of performance-based measures of everyday functioning.}, number={2}, journal={AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION}, author={Allaire, JC and Willis, SL}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={207–224} }
 @article{haskett_ahern_ward_allaire_2006, title={Factor structure and validity of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1537-4424"]}, DOI={10.1207/s15374424jccp3502_14}, abstractNote={The psychometric properties of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) were examined in a sample of 185 mothers and fathers. Factor analysis revealed 2 reasonably distinct factors involving parental distress and dysfunctional parent-child interactions. Both scales were internally consistent, and these scales were correlated with measures of parent psychopathology, parental perceptions of child adjustment, and observed parent and child behavior. PSI-SF scores were related to parent reports of child behavior 1 year later, and the Childrearing Stress subscale was a significant predictor of a parental history of abuse.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Haskett, ME and Ahern, LS and Ward, CS and Allaire, JC}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={302–312} }
 @article{mast_allaire_2006, title={Verbal learning and everyday functioning in dementia: An application of latent variable growth curve modeling}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1758-5368"]}, DOI={10.1093/geronb/61.3.P167}, abstractNote={This study used latent variable growth curve modeling to identify predictors and correlates of verbal learning over trials on a list-learning task in patients with dementia. Data from 116 patients evaluated at the Detroit satellite of the Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center were incorporated in the present analyses. Patients were administered the Fuld Object Memory Evaluation, examined independently by a geriatrician, and, if appropriate, given a diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease according to criteria from the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association. The presence of dementia significantly predicted both the intercept (i.e., level of performance) and the slope (i.e., learning over trials), with dementia patients demonstrating lower overall levels of performance and less verbal learning over trials. Rate of verbal learning over trials was a significant predictor of everyday functioning (instrumental activities of daily living) above and beyond general cognitive impairment and demographics.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES}, author={Mast, BT and Allaire, JC}, year={2006}, month={May}, pages={P167–P173} }
 @article{jones_rosenberg_morris_allaire_mccoy_marsiske_kleinman_rebok_malloy_2005, title={A growth curve model of learning acquisition among cognitively normal older adults}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1096-4657"]}, DOI={10.1080/03610730590948195}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to model recall and learning on the Auditory Verbal Learning Test using latent growth curve techniques. Participants were older adults recruited for the ACTIVE cognitive intervention pilot. A series of nested models revealed that an approximately logarithmic growth curve model provided optimal fit to the data. Although recall and learning factors were statistically uncorrelated, a fitted multivariate model suggested that initial recall was significantly associated with demographic characteristics but unrelated to health factors and cognitive abilities. Individual differences in learning were related to race/ethnicity, speed of processing, verbal knowledge, and global cognitive function level. These results suggest that failing to recognize initial recall and learning as distinct constructs clouds the interpretation of supraspan memory tasks.}, number={3}, journal={EXPERIMENTAL AGING RESEARCH}, author={Jones, RN and Rosenberg, AL and Morris, JN and Allaire, JC and McCoy, KJM and Marsiske, M and Kleinman, KP and Rebok, GW and Malloy, PF}, year={2005}, pages={291–312} }
 @article{ong_allaire_2005, title={Cardiovascular intraindividual variability in later life: The influence of social connectedness and positive emotions}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1939-1498"]}, DOI={10.1037/0882-7974.20.3.476}, abstractNote={Healthy normotensive men and women (N=33) underwent a 60-day diary assessment of emotions and cardiovascular functioning. Individual differences in social connectedness and mood were measured in questionnaires, and positive emotions, negative emotions, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were assessed daily for 60 consecutive days. Results confirmed that the cardiovascular undoing effect of positive emotions is evident primarily in the context of negative emotional arousal. The daily associations between positive emotions and cardiovascular outcomes were linked to individual differences in social connectedness. Controlling for individual differences in mood levels, multilevel regression analyses showed that social connectedness predicted extended positive emotion, diminished SBP and DBP reactivity, and more rapid SBP recovery from daily negative emotional states.}, number={3}, journal={PSYCHOLOGY AND AGING}, author={Ong, AD and Allaire, JC}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={476–485} }
 @article{allaire_marsiske_2005, title={Intraindividual variability may not always indicate vulnerability in elders' cognitive performance}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1939-1498"]}, DOI={10.1037/0882-7974.20.3.390}, abstractNote={This study examined consistency of performance, or intraindividual variability, in older adults' performance on 3 measures of cognitive functioning: inductive reasoning, memory, and perceptual speed. Theoretical speculation has suggested that such intraindividual variability may signal underlying vulnerability or neurologic compromise. Thirty-six participants aged 60 and older completed self-administered cognitive assessments twice a day for 60 consecutive days. Intraindividual variability was not strongly correlated among the 3 cognitive measures, but, over the course of the study, intraindividual variability was strongly intercorrelated within a task. Higher average performance on a measure was associated with greater performance variability, and follow-up analyses revealed that a higher level of intraindividual variability is positively associated with the magnitude of a person's practice-related gain on a particular measure. The authors argue that both adaptive (practice-related) and maladaptive (inconsistency-related) intraindividual variability may exist within the same individuals over time.}, number={3}, journal={PSYCHOLOGY AND AGING}, author={Allaire, JC and Marsiske, M}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={390–401} }
 @article{johansson_hofer_allaire_maldonado-molina_piccinin_berg_pedersen_mcclearn_2004, title={Change in Cognitive Capabilities in the Oldest Old: The Effects of Proximity to Death in Genetically Related Individuals Over a 6-Year Period.}, volume={19}, ISSN={1939-1498 0882-7974}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.1.145}, DOI={10.1037/0882-7974.19.1.145}, abstractNote={Change in cognitive abilities was assessed over a 6-year period in a sample of monozygotic and same-sex dizygotic twin pairs (N = 507 individuals), aged 80 and older (mean age = 83.3 years: SD = 3.1). who remained nondemented over the course of the study. Latent growth models (LGMs) show that chronological age and time to death are consistent predictors of decline in measures of memory, reasoning, speed, and verbal abilities. Multivariate LGM analysis resulted in weak and often negative correlations among rates of change between individuals within twin pairs, indicating greater differential change within twin pairs than occurs on average across twin pairs. These findings highlight several challenges for estimating genetic sources of variance in the context of compromised health and mortality-related change.}, number={1}, journal={Psychology and Aging}, publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)}, author={Johansson, Boo and Hofer, Scott M. and Allaire, Jason C. and Maldonado-Molina, Mildred M. and Piccinin, Andrea M. and Berg, Stig and Pedersen, Nancy L. and McClearn, Gerald E.}, year={2004}, pages={145–156} }
 @article{allaire_whitfield_2004, title={Relationships among education, age, and cognitive functioning in older African Americans: The impact of desegregation}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1744-4128"]}, DOI={10.1080/13825580490521511}, abstractNote={The current study sought to examine whether there were differences in the structure of specific cognitive abilities and their association with age and education in a sample of African American elders with two different early educational experiences. The study was conducted with a sample of 197 community dwelling older adults ranging in age from 50 to 79 years (mean age = 61.50 years, SD = 7.30 years). The sample included 79 individuals who attended a desegregated school at anytime during their formal education, while 118 participants completed their schooling without ever attending a desegregated school. Major results included: (1) typical patterns among cognitive abilities and age as well as years of education were found in the full sample of participants; (2) the pattern of age differences in cognition differed between the two groups. Regarding the latter, the desegregated sample exhibited significant negative age differences for some cognitive abilities, while the segregated group did not. Discussion focuses on the importance of considering the nature of the educational experience when examining cognitive aging in African American elders.}, number={4}, journal={AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION}, author={Allaire, JC and Whitfield, KE}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={443–449} }
 @article{whitfield_allaire_wiggins_2004, title={Relationships among health factors and everyday problem solving in African Americans}, volume={23}, ISSN={["0278-6133"]}, DOI={10.1037/0278-6133.23.6.641}, abstractNote={This study examined whether measures of health status enhance the prediction of performance on everyday problem solving in adult African Americans. The sample consisted of 209 community-dwelling African American adults with a mean age of 66.82 years (SD=7.95). The following variables were included in the analysis: Everyday Problems Test (EPT), summary index of chronic illnesses (cardiovascular disease, hypertension, arthritis, stroke, and diabetes), self-rated health (current health, health in the past month, health compared with others, health compared with 5 years ago), and demographic information. Using hierarchical regression and follow-up communality analysis, the authors found that the number of chronic illnesses and self-rated health as compared with 5 years prior were significant and unique predictors of performance on the EPT but did not account for all of the demographic-related variance. The results indicate that health indices contribute to the variability in everyday cognition in this understudied population.}, number={6}, journal={HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Whitfield, KE and Allaire, JC and Wiggins, SA}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={641–644} }