@article{beghin_schweizer_2021, title={Agricultural Trade CostsJEL codes}, volume={43}, ISSN={["2040-5804"]}, DOI={10.1002/aepp.13124}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={APPLIED ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES AND POLICY}, author={Beghin, John C. and Schweizer, Heidi}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={500–530} }
 @article{xiong_beghin_2018, title={TTIP and agricultural trade: The case of tariff elimination and pesticide policy cooperation}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1520-6297"]}, DOI={10.1002/agr.21555}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={AGRIBUSINESS}, author={Xiong, Bo and Beghin, John C.}, year={2018}, pages={495–508} }
 @article{beghin_meade_rosen_2017, title={A food demand framework for International Food Security Assessment}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1873-8060"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jpolmod.2017.06.001}, abstractNote={We present a parsimonious demand modeling approach developed for the annual USDA-ERS International Food Security Assessment, a large-scale prospective assessment focusing on chronic food insecurity in 76 countries. The approach incorporates price effects, food quality variation across income deciles, and consistent aggregation over income deciles and food qualities. The approach is based on a simple demand approach for four food categories. It relies on data on food availability, complemented by own-price and income elasticities and food price data. Beyond consistent aggregation, the framework exhibits desirable characteristics: food quality is increasing with income; price and income responses become less sensitive with income; and increasing income inequality decreases average per capita food consumption. The proposed approach is illustrated for Tanzania. We assess future food insecurity in Tanzania using the calibrated model and evaluate the impact of safety net policies and their budgetary costs. Food-insecure population is estimated as well as the implied food gap expressed in calorie per day per food-insecure person as well as in total annual food volume in grain equivalent. The food gap measure gauges the depth of the chronic food insecurity.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLICY MODELING}, author={Beghin, John and Meade, Birgit and Rosen, Stacey}, year={2017}, pages={827–842} }
 @article{li_beghin_2014, title={Protectionism indices for non-tariff measures: An application to maximum residue levels}, volume={45}, ISSN={0306-9192}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODPOL.2013.12.005}, DOI={10.1016/J.FOODPOL.2013.12.005}, abstractNote={We propose aggregation indices of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) to quantify their protectionism relative to international standards of stringency. We apply the indices to national Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) regulations on pesticides and veterinary drugs affecting agricultural and food trade and using a science-based criteria embodied in Codex Alimentarius international standards. The approach links two streams of the NTM literature, one concerned with the aggregation of various NTMs into operational indices for econometric and modeling purposes, and the other attempting to evaluate the protectionism of NTMs. The data used in the application come from a large international dataset on veterinary and pesticide MRLs and CODEX MRL standards for a large set of countries.}, journal={Food Policy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Li, Yuan and Beghin, John C.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={57–68} }
 @article{li_beghin_2012, title={A meta-analysis of estimates of the impact of technical barriers to trade}, volume={34}, ISSN={0161-8938}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2011.11.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.jpolmod.2011.11.001}, abstractNote={A meta-analysis explains the variation in estimated trade effects of technical barriers to trade broadly defined, using available estimates from the empirical international trade literature, and accounting for data sampling and methodology differences. Agriculture and food industries tend to be more impeded by these barriers than other sectors. SPS regulations on agricultural and food trade flows from developing exporters to high-income importers tend to impede trade. Not controlling for “multilateral resistance” barriers increase the likelihood to overstate the trade impeding effect of technical measures and not accounting for their potential endogeneity with trade does the opposite. Studies using direct maximum residue limits tend to find more trade impeding effects than other measures and clearer policy implications. Other technical measures proxies tend to muddle results and increase the likelihood of inconclusive results and few policy implications.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Policy Modeling}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Li, Yuan and Beghin, John C.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={497–511} }
 @article{miao_beghin_jensen_2012, title={ACCOUNTING FOR PRODUCT SUBSTITUTION IN THE ANALYSIS OF FOOD TAXES TARGETING OBESITY}, volume={22}, ISSN={1057-9230}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.2885}, DOI={10.1002/hec.2885}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={11}, journal={Health Economics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Miao, Zhen and Beghin, John C. and Jensen, Helen H.}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={1318–1343} }
 @article{beghin_disdier_marette_van tongeren_2012, title={Welfare costs and benefits of non-tariff measures in trade: a conceptual framework and application}, volume={11}, ISSN={1474-7456 1475-3138}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1474745612000201}, DOI={10.1017/S1474745612000201}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={World Trade Review}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Beghin, John and Disdier, Anne Célia and Marette, Stéphan and Van Tongeren, Frank}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={356–375} }
 @article{beghin_jensen_2008, title={Farm policies and added sugars in US diets}, volume={33}, ISSN={0306-9192}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.05.007}, DOI={10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.05.007}, abstractNote={We examine how US farm policies for sweetener crops have affected the consumption and composition of sweeteners in the US diet. R&D expenditures have lowered the unit cost of commodities used in sweeteners, but have generated more technical progress in corn than in sugar crops, increasing use of corn in food production, ceteris paribus. Commodity programs have raised the price of sugar and decreased the price of corn. Thus, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) became an inexpensive substitute for sugar in food from 1970 on. However, the effect of policy on ingredient prices has become less important over time. Today the farm value share in sweetened food is below 5% and HFCS is a specialized input in many food items, with limited substitution possibilities. The current link between US sweetener consumption and farm policy is weak. Recent evidence from other high-income countries shows little relationship between sweetener consumption and sugar policies.}, number={6}, journal={Food Policy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Beghin, John C. and Jensen, Helen H.}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={480–488} }
 @article{tu_beghin_gozlan_2008, title={Tariff escalation and invasive species damages}, volume={67}, ISSN={0921-8009}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.01.013}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.01.013}, abstractNote={We investigate the interface between trade and damages from invasive species (IS), focusing on escalation in tariffs between raw-input and processed-good markets, and its implication for IS-based damages. The current tariff escalation in processed agro-forestry products motivates our analysis. Tariff escalation exacerbates the likelihood of IS introduction by biasing trade flows towards increased trade of primary commodity flows and against processed-product trade. We show that a reduction of tariff escalation, by lowering the tariff on processed goods increases allocative efficiency and reduces IS-based damages, a win-win situation. We also identify policy menus for trade reforms involving tariffs on both raw input and processed goods leading to win-win situations.}, number={4}, journal={Ecological Economics}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Tu, Anh Thuy and Beghin, John and Gozlan, Estelle}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={619–629} }
 @article{schluep campo_beghin_2006, title={Dairy food consumption, supply, and policy in Japan}, volume={31}, ISSN={0306-9192}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.02.009}, DOI={10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.02.009}, abstractNote={We investigate Japanese dairy markets. We first provide an overview of consumer demand and how it evolved after World War II. Using historical data and econometric estimates of Japanese dairy demand, we identify economic, cultural and demographic forces that have been shaping consumption patterns. Then we summarize the characteristics of Japanese milk production and dairy processing and policies affecting them. We then describe the import regime and trade flows in dairy products. The paper concludes with policy recommendations of how to reform the Japanese dairy sector.}, number={3}, journal={Food Policy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Schluep Campo, Isabelle and Beghin, John C.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={228–237} }
 @article{beghin_2006, title={Evolving dairy markets in Asia: Recent findings and implications}, volume={31}, ISSN={0306-9192}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.03.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.foodpol.2006.03.001}, abstractNote={This paper is an overview of important findings regarding the ongoing evolution of Asian dairy markets based on a series of new economic investigations. These investigations provide systematic empirical foundations to assess Asian dairy markets with their new consumption patterns, changing industries, and trade prospects under different domestic and trade policy regimes, with four case studies (China, India, Japan, and Korea), a prospective analysis of future regional patterns of consumption, and a policy analysis of trade liberalization of Asian dairy markets. The overview distills the findings of these new investigations and integrates them in the earlier economic literature; it draws policy implications, and identifies lessons for countries outside of Asia, especially for emerging exporters in Latin America.}, number={3}, journal={Food Policy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Beghin, John C.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={195–200} }
 @article{beghin_diop_matthey_2006, title={Groundnut trade liberalization: Could the South help the south?}, volume={34}, ISSN={0305-750X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.11.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.11.003}, abstractNote={This paper analyzes policies affecting global groundnut-products markets. The new US groundnut policy is now a minor source of distortion in world markets where India and China stand out as the major distorters. We analyze and quantify the effects of groundnut-products trade liberalization on consumer welfare and producer income. Our analysis shows that African exporters would gain significantly from reductions in protection and subsidies in India, and to a lesser extent, China, although China’s exports of food-quality groundnuts would expand dramatically. Net-importing OECD countries would suffer from higher world prices. The paper draws direct implications for the Doha trade negotiations.}, number={6}, journal={World Development}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Beghin, John and Diop, Ndiame and Matthey, Holger}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={1016–1036} }
 @article{beghin_bureau_drogué_2004, title={Calibration of incomplete demand systems in quantitative analysis}, volume={36}, ISSN={0003-6846 1466-4283}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0003684042000229550}, DOI={10.1080/0003684042000229550}, abstractNote={An easily implemented and flexible calibration technique for partial demand systems is introduced, combining recent developments in incomplete demand systems and a set of restrictions conditioned on the available elasticity estimates. The technique accommodates various degrees of knowledge on cross-price elasticities, satisfies curvature restrictions, and allows the recovery of an exact welfare measure for policy analysis. The technique is illustrated with a partial demand system for food consumption in Korea for different states of knowledge on cross-price effects. The consumer welfare impact of food and agricultural trade liberalization is measured.}, number={8}, journal={Applied Economics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Beghin, John C. and Bureau, Jean-Christophe and Drogué, Sophie}, year={2004}, month={May}, pages={839–847} }
 @article{westhoff_fabiosa_beghin_meyers_2004, title={Challenges in Modeling the Effects of Trade Agreements on the Agricultural Sector}, volume={36}, ISSN={1074-0708 2056-7405}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1074070800026663}, DOI={10.1017/S1074070800026663}, abstractNote={Major issues and challenges encountered in modeling and analyzing agricultural and trade policy reforms are reviewed. We focus on modeling approach and pay special attention to the type and scope of models, calibration of a realistic baseline scenario, representation of the reform agreement, use of extramodel information, choice of metrics to measure reform impacts, and emerging issues in policy modeling. Existing solutions and unresolved issues are examined. We stress the complementarity of various modeling approaches in assessing policy reforms and the importance of helping users understand the limitations of the chosen approach.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Westhoff, Patrick and Fabiosa, Jacinto and Beghin, John and Meyers, William}, year={2004}, month={Aug}, pages={383–393} }
 @article{nimon_beghin_1999, title={Are eco-labels valuable? Evidence from the apparel industry}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1467-8276"]}, DOI={10.2307/1244325}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Nimon, W and Beghin, J}, year={1999}, month={Nov}, pages={801–811} }
 @article{nimon_beghin_1999, title={Ecolabels and international trade in the textile and apparel market}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0002-9092"]}, DOI={10.2307/1244087}, abstractNote={We provide a formal analysis of the welfare and trade implications of ecolabeling schemes. We couch our analysis in the context of a stylized model of the textiles market between an industrialized North and a developing South. Textiles ecolabeling involves production-process standards, raising concerns of protectionism against the South. We investigate several labeling scenarios (labeling by North, labeling by both North and South, and harmonization). (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)}, number={5}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Nimon, W and Beghin, J}, year={1999}, pages={1078–1083} }
 @article{kherallah_beghin_1998, title={US trade threats: Rhetoric or war?}, volume={80}, ISSN={["0002-9092"]}, DOI={10.2307/3180265}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Kherallah, M and Beghin, J}, year={1998}, month={Feb}, pages={15–29} }
 @article{beghin_potier_1997, title={Effects of trade liberalisation on the environment in the manufacturing sector}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1467-9701"]}, DOI={10.1111/1467-9701.00080}, abstractNote={The World EconomyVolume 20, Issue 4 p. 435-456 Effects of Trade Liberalisation on the Environment in the Manufacturing Sector John Beghin, John Beghin North Carolina State University,Search for more papers by this authorMichel Potier, Michel Potier OECD Environment DirectorateSearch for more papers by this author John Beghin, John Beghin North Carolina State University,Search for more papers by this authorMichel Potier, Michel Potier OECD Environment DirectorateSearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 December 2002 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00080Citations: 27AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume20, Issue4July 1997Pages 435-456 RelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={WORLD ECONOMY}, author={Beghin, J and Potier, M}, year={1997}, month={Jul}, pages={435–456} }
 @article{beghin_brown_zaini_1997, title={Impact of domestic content requirement on the US tobacco and cigarette industries}, volume={15}, ISSN={["0169-5150"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0169-5150(96)01208-X}, abstractNote={Abstract Using a log-linear equilibrium displacement model we quantify the impact of the recent domestic tobacco content requirement on US cigarette manufacturing. We investigate effects on US growers and manufacturers, and competing tobacco imports. The policy increased domestic use of US-grown tobacco, but induced a small negative output effect. Tobacco imports decreased substantially. The paper also discusses the political-economic incentives for US manufacturers to comply with such policies. The political cooperation between US growers and manufacturers decreases the opposition of the latter to protectionist policies championed by the former.}, number={3}, journal={AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Beghin, JC and Brown, AB and Zaini, MH}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={201–212} }
 @article{beghin_1997, title={The political economy of American trade policy - Krueger,AO}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1467-8276"]}, DOI={10.2307/1244175}, abstractNote={American Journal of Agricultural EconomicsVolume 79, Issue 2 p. 691-693 Books Reviewed Krueger, A.O., ed. The Political Economy of American Trade Policy. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1996, ix + 460 pp., [email protected]@[email protected]@70.00 cloth John C. Beghin, John C. Beghin North Carolina State UniversitySearch for more papers by this author John C. Beghin, John C. Beghin North Carolina State UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1997 https://doi.org/10.2307/1244175AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume79, Issue2May 1997Pages 691-693 RelatedInformation}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Beghin, JC}, year={1997}, month={May}, pages={691–693} }
 @article{beghin_dessus_roland-holst_mensbrugghe_1997, title={The trade and environment nexus in Mexican agriculture. A general equilibrium analysis}, volume={17}, ISSN={["0169-5150"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0169-5150(97)00029-7}, abstractNote={Abstract This paper analyzes linkages between growth, trade and the environment in Mexican agriculture with an empirical economy-wide model. The investigation considers trade liberalization, environmental policy reform, and their coordination. The analysis decomposes the change in pollution emission induced by changes in the sectoral composition of production, effects of technology on emission intensity, and aggregate scale effects. Outward orientation alone induces a contraction of aggregate agricultural output, but promotes growth and pollution in some agricultural sectors. Overall, free trade does not induce wholesale specialization in dirty agricultural activities. Environmental taxes on pollution emitted in agricultural sectors have a moderate negative impact on agricultural output, except for the tax on water-borne toxic chemicals. More liberal trade combined with targeted effluent taxes can achieve significant environmental mitigation and efficiency gains, but with the implication of a contraction of most agricultural sectors.}, number={2-3}, journal={AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={Beghin, J and Dessus, S and Roland-Holst, D and Mensbrugghe, D}, year={1997}, month={Dec}, pages={115–131} }
 @article{beghin_rolandholst_vandermensbrugghe_1997, title={Trade and pollution linkages: Piecemeal reform and optimal intervention}, volume={30}, ISSN={["1540-5982"]}, DOI={10.2307/136350}, abstractNote={We demonstrate how coordinated trade and environmental policy can achieve ef- ficiency and pollution mitigation gains superior to those obtained without such coordination. We show how trade and environment linkages give rise to complex second-best policy issues and derive optimal interventions and sufficient conditions for welfare-improving piecemeal trade and environmental policy reforms in a small economy. Changing trade and environ- ment distortions in proportion to their optimal levels increases welfare. We decompose the economic and environment effects of policies targeted at trade and pollution in both con- sumption and production. We also decompose production responses into output adjustments and changes in pollution intensities.}, number={2}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS-REVUE CANADIENNE D ECONOMIQUE}, author={Beghin, J and RolandHolst, D and VanderMensbrugghe, D}, year={1997}, month={May}, pages={442–455} }
 @article{beghin_hu_1995, title={DECLINING US TOBACCO EXPORTS TO AUSTRALIA - A DERIVED DEMAND APPROACH TO COMPETITIVENESS}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1467-8276"]}, DOI={10.2307/1243536}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={BEGHIN, J and HU, F}, year={1995}, month={May}, pages={260–267} }
 @article{beghin_rolandholst_vandermensbrugghe_1995, title={TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE PACIFIC BASIN - COORDINATED APPROACHES TO MEXICAN TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT POLICY}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1467-8276"]}, DOI={10.2307/1243251}, abstractNote={In this paper we analyze the environmental implications of growth and opening up of trade in Mexico based on an empirical economywide model. In particular, we study how tradeoffs between growth and environmental objectives can be minimized by using targeted policies on pollution emissions in coordination with outward-oriented trade strategies. Most economywide studies of trade and environment linkages rely on effluent intensities associated with output and do not allow for substitution between nonpolluting factors (labor and capital) and polluting intermediate consumption such as chemicals or energy (Lee and Roland-Holst). By contrast, pollution emissions in the present model are linked to using polluting inputs rather than directly to output levels. We also embed this analysis in a dynamic framework to take account of exogenous components of factor supply and productivity growth over the twenty-year period 1990 to 2010. The analysis is presented in three stages. First, pollution abatement policies are considered alone and their effects on growth, sectoral allocation, and trade are evaluated. The next step is to consider trade liberalization alone. Trade distortions in place before the NAFTA and Uruguay Round accords are removed progressively over time, and results calibrate the expansionary effects of trade liberalization as well as its environmental implications. These include "win-win" cases such as in the fertilizer sector, as well as intensified environmental degradation arising from the transportation sector. In a third and last scenario, we combine environmental and trade policies and show how they interact. These results indicate that the combination of policies generally can mitigate the undesirable effects of each set of policies alone, such as trade-induced pollution growth and the real contractionary effects of environmental policy. Thus, it appears that more liberal and outward-oriented trade policy can coexist with more rigorous attention to environmental values. The trade and environment debate has}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={BEGHIN, J and ROLANDHOLST, D and VANDERMENSBRUGGHE, D}, year={1995}, month={Aug}, pages={778–785} }
 @article{beghin_chang_1992, title={DIFFERENTIATED PRODUCTS AND SUPPLY CONTROLS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY REFORM - THE CASE OF TOBACCO}, volume={7}, ISSN={["0169-5150"]}, DOI={10.1016/0169-5150(92)90055-4}, abstractNote={Abstract With a multi-market model of the U.S. tobacco and cigarette industries, we analyze the impact of a reduction in the assistance to U.S. tobacco producers by relaxing production quotas with nonbinding price support and by lowering tariffs on tobacco imports. The results show the importance of incorporating differentiated product and supply control assumptions into agricultural policy analysis.}, number={3-4}, journal={AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={BEGHIN, J and CHANG, R}, year={1992}, month={Oct}, pages={301–315} }
 @article{beghin_foster_1992, title={POLITICAL CRITERION FUNCTIONS AND THE ANALYSIS OF WEALTH TRANSFERS}, volume={74}, ISSN={["1467-8276"]}, DOI={10.2307/1242597}, abstractNote={Agricultural economics devotes much attention to analyzing market interventions and their distributional implications. Recent research emphasis has shifted from the analysis of policy effects toward explaining the underlying causes of farm policy (Gardner 1983). One popular research tool in analyzing the latter issue is the metaphor of aggregate rationality: policies are the outcome of a single optimization problem that balances the welfare of conflicting pressure groups. The criterion function that rationalizes policies is often called a political preference function (e.g., Rausser and Freebairn). In the present paper we investigate two assumptions underlying agricultural economic models of the political economy of wealth transfers: that the political process is indeed characterized by aggregate rationality (as questioned by Bates 1989), and that governments' objectives are limited to fiscal concerns and political rewards from pressure groups. Many studies posit that individual rationality in rent seeking leads to a form of aggregate rationality in policy outcome (Gardner 1983; Rausser and Freebairn). Other studies describe policy formation as a bargaining game leading to the maximization by a single policy maker of a criterion function of groups' welfare measures (Zusman). Rent-seeking activities by interest groups determine the weights given individual surplus measures in the criterion function (Roe and Graham-Tomasi, Rausser and de Gorter). A surplus-possibility (or transformation) set constrains this maximization of a weighted sum of surpluses. One infers the relative weights on group's welfare from the marginal rates of transformation of one surplus measure into another. Why might this model of aggregate rationality make sense? The political process often leads to enforceable contracts (e.g., the U.S. Farm Bill), which are outcomes of a recurring and predictable process (e.g., five-year farm bill cycle). Enforcement mechanisms and the repeated nature of the political-economic process make plausible the use of cooperative-game-theoretic arguments, i.e, the assumption of a Pareto efficient political equilibrium (Shubik). Studies typically treat the government as a monolithic actor (Fafchamps, Sadoulet, and de Janvry; Lopez; Oehmke and Yao), and some studies additionally posit cooperation of all players in the political-economic game (Love, Rausser, and Burton). The aggregation of individual rational behaviors of rent seekers and government agencies may not lead to a cooperative game equilibrium (Bates 1990, North 1991). The Folk theorem admits many solutions to a bargaining game and does not necessarily lead to Pareto optimality (Fudenberg and Maskin). By contrast, the original rent-seeking literature, as opposed to the cooperative/efficient view of government choice, posits government inefficiency as a cornerstone (Tullock): the existence of deadweight losses associated with transfers is prima facie evidence of inefficiency. In addition, enforcement mechanisms are often incomplete and costly (North 1990), and governments may have a vested interest in incompletely-enforced property rights, which exacerbate rent seeking and inefficient outcomes. This problem of aggregate rationality we term the integrability problem of policy choice. That is, can one recover a well-behaved criterion function from a set of equations describing observed policy outcomes? The second assumption, regarding government behavior, has a strong and weak form. The strong assumption excludes government as a fullfledged player in the political-economic game. Algebraically speaking, the government's obJohn Beghin and William Foster are assistant professors, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, North Carolina State University. The authors thank D. S. Bullock for his comments, D. Burton, L. Karp, A. Love, and G. Rausser for helpful discussions.}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={BEGHIN, JC and FOSTER, WE}, year={1992}, month={Aug}, pages={787–794} }
 @article{beghin_karp_1991, title={ESTIMATION OF PRICE POLICIES IN SENEGAL - AN EMPIRICAL-TEST OF COOPERATIVE GAME-THEORY}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1872-6089"]}, DOI={10.1016/0304-3878(91)90066-5}, abstractNote={A game-theoretic framework rationalizes the political economy of food and agricultural price policies in Senegal. Policies are the outcome of a cooperative bargaining process among three archetypal players: a farmer growing cash and staple crops, an urban consumer buying imported cereals, and a government marketing board intervening in agricultural markets. The game is estimated and the bargaining strength of the players is recovered. The axioms underlying the game are tested to discriminate among various bargaining game solutions. The symmetry and efficiency axioms are rejected.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS}, author={BEGHIN, JC and KARP, LS}, year={1991}, month={Jan}, pages={49–67} }
 @article{beghin_1990, title={A GAME-THEORETIC MODEL OF ENDOGENOUS PUBLIC POLICIES}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0002-9092"]}, DOI={10.2307/1243153}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS}, author={BEGHIN, JC}, year={1990}, month={Feb}, pages={138–148} }
 @article{beghin_karp_1989, title={Do nonagricultural distortions justify the protection of US agriculture?}, ISBN={1855210045}, number={5}, journal={Government intervention in agriculture :  cause and effect}, publisher={Aldershot, Hants, UK:  Dartmouth Pub. Co.}, author={Beghin, J. C. and Karp, L. S.}, editor={Greenshields, B. and Bellamy, M.Editors}, year={1989}, pages={189} }