@article{butler_gabr_rasdorf_findley_chang_hammit_2016, title={Retaining Wall Field Condition Inspection, Rating Analysis, and Condition Assessment}, volume={30}, ISSN={0887-3828 1943-5509}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000785}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0000785}, abstractNote={In the past, highway retaining walls were assets that were often excluded from inventory programs and were regarded as noncritical or lost assets. With the recognition that wall failures may be detrimental to the roadway and the surroundings and may pose potential hazards to the safety of the public, several highway agencies have begun to incorporate retaining walls into their inventory and inspection programs. Work in this paper addresses the development of a system for the inventory and condition assessment of retaining walls serving various functions within the highway infrastructure. Critical elements of data collection are identified and a retaining wall information collection and assessment system (WICAS) is proposed. WICAS is designed such that data can be readily collected in the field. A condition assessment model is also proposed and is used to define a retaining wall rating metric. The rating system is designed so that those elements of a wall that are deemed to be in critical distress conditions are readily identified and not overlooked through the presentation of an overall average rating for the entire wall.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Butler, Cedrick J. and Gabr, Mohammed A. and Rasdorf, William and Findley, Daniel J. and Chang, Jeffrey C. and Hammit, Britton E.}, year={2016}, month={Jun} }
 @article{chang_findley_cunningham_tsai_2014, title={Considerations for Effective Lidar Deployment by Transportation Agencies}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000348890600001&KeyUID=WOS:000348890600001}, DOI={10.3141/2440-01}, abstractNote={ Lidar is becoming increasingly popular across the United States, and state transportation agencies are adopting this technology for practical uses in transportation-related applications. This trend can be seen in the growing number of agencies acquiring lidar scanners and contracting lidar services. The primary factors behind this trend are that (a) surveyors, engineers, and technicians are becoming more educated about and increasingly open to lidar and its applications and (b) lidar is potentially more cost-effective than traditional surveying technologies. Lidar can provide transportation agencies with the benefits of safety, data collection productivity, cost-effectiveness, applicability, high levels of detail, and technological advancement. Many of the more practical uses and benefits of lidar have come to fruition in recent years, and transportation agencies have been more open to its use. However, little more than anecdotal evidence supports when a specific lidar platform should be applied for various applications rather than a traditional surveying method. Decision makers in geomatic and surveying departments that use lidar must regularly weigh the options of which surveying method to use for specific projects and base decisions on performance tradeoffs. The methodology presented in this paper aims to provide guidance on how agencies may determine whether lidar can be practically used within their organizations. The aspects and performance measures outlined for effective deployment of lidar equipment or contracted services should be systematically considered. }, number={2440}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, publisher={Transportation Research Board, National Research Council}, author={Chang, Jeffrey C. and Findley, Daniel J. and Cunningham, Christopher M. and Tsai, Mary K.}, year={2014}, pages={1–8} }
 @article{findley_cunningham_chang_hovey_corwin_2013, title={Effects of License Plate Attributes on Automatic License Plate Recognition}, ISSN={["0361-1981"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000323141900006&KeyUID=WOS:000323141900006}, DOI={10.3141/2327-05}, abstractNote={ This paper describes an experiment designed to develop a comprehensive and thorough understanding of the readability of North Carolina's license plates with an automatic license plate recognition system. This research focused on law enforcement applications and used two infrared camera systems for data collection in a controlled environment involving more than 900 license plates. The field test was conducted in a controlled environment under the following settings and conditions: a test vehicle traveling at 25 mph, nighttime evaluation, closed test track, 40 ft of spacing of license plates, 9 ft of lateral offset between the license plates and camera, standard issue and specialty plate types, standard syntax and personalized plates, and various license plate ages and conditions. The key finding of this research project is that the current, standard issue license plate with characters in blue ink has the highest capture and read rates among the plates tested in this study. Factors that decreased the capture and read rates were personalized syntax, specialty license plates, and the presence of stacked characters on a specialty license plate. }, number={2327}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Findley, Daniel J. and Cunningham, Christopher M. and Chang, Jeffrey C. and Hovey, Kyle A. and Corwin, Michael A.}, year={2013}, pages={34–44} }
 @misc{cunningham_chang_findley_vaughan_martin_hekele_tatham_2013, title={Public Opinions of Roadway Assets Roadway Review as a New Survey Method}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000327920200005&KeyUID=WOS:000327920200005}, DOI={10.3141/2361-04}, abstractNote={ In October 2011, the North Carolina Department of Transportation conducted a roadway review with a randomly recruited sample of North Carolina residents and community leaders. More than 300 people from 61 communities participated in the surveys, which were held in six locations: Asheville, Burlington, Charlotte, Jonesville, Rocky Mount, and Wilmington. The purpose of the roadway review was twofold: to determine the expectations for the condition of North Carolina highways and to identify the features that North Carolinians believe are most important on different types of highways. Surveys were completed during both daytime and nighttime hours and covered many roadway maintenance aspects, such as pavement, landscaping and mowing practices, signage, retroreflectivity, and shoulders. Regression equations are also provided to predict the overall satisfaction of condition, safety, and appearance by each individual roadway type. }, number={2361}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Cunningham, Christopher M. and Chang, Jeffrey C. and Findley, Daniel J. and Vaughan, Christopher L. and Martin, James and Hekele, Aaron and Tatham, Chris}, year={2013}, pages={25–34} }