@article{anderson_dietrich_spiegler_cothron_2022, title={Adaptation pathways for climate change resilience on barrier islands}, volume={2}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.34237/1009012}, DOI={10.34237/1009012}, abstractNote={Coastal communities throughout the world will be faced with policy decisions that affect their resilience to climate change, sea level rise, and associated impacts. Adaptation pathways, a holistic approach to policy development, may be an ideal framework for municipalities to consider in low-lying, dynamic environments such as barrier islands. Adaptation pathways identify hypothetical future timelines whereby communities adopt a different policy in response to new environmental conditions. This takes into account changing conditions and resulting hazards that exceed a threshold agreed upon by the community. In this paper, we focus on barrier island communities and give an overview of adaptation pathway methodologies, highlight several common policies considered to increase resilience, review how coastal scientists have thus far contributed to such methods, and discuss specific research agendas that could aid in future implementations. Although the use of adaptation pathways is still in its early stages in many coastal communities, the success of the process is dependent on contributions from both quantitative hazard research and consistent engagement with stakeholders in an iterative co-development of prioritized policy trajectories. Scientific needs include: better understanding of future hazards due to climate change and sea level rise, better predictions of time-dependent processes such as barrier island response to human alterations to natural coastal defense systems, and improved communication between physical scientists, social scientists, managers, and stakeholders.}, journal={Shore and Beach}, publisher={American Shore and Beach Preservation Association}, author={Anderson, Dylan and Dietrich, J. Casey and Spiegler, Sarah and Cothron, Cayla}, year={2022}, month={Feb}, pages={16–26} }
 @article{thomas_dietrich_dawson_luettich_2022, title={Effects of Model Resolution and Coverage on Storm-Driven Coastal Flooding Predictions}, volume={148}, ISSN={["1943-5460"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000687}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000687}, abstractNote={Predictions of storm surge and flooding require models with higher resolution of coastal regions, to describe fine-scale bathymetric and topographic variations, natural and artificial channels, flow features, and barriers. However, models for real-time forecasting often use a lower resolution to improve efficiency. There is a need to understand how resolution of inland regions can translate to predictive accuracy, but previous studies have not considered differences between models that both represent conveyance into floodplains and are intended to be used in real time. In this study, the effects of model resolution and coverage are explored using comparisons between forecast-ready and production-grade models that both represent floodplains along the US southeast coast, but with typical resolutions in coastal regions of 400 and 50 m, respectively. For two storms that impacted the US southeast coast, it is shown that, although the overall error statistics are similar between simulations on the two meshes, the production-grade model allowed a greater conveyance into inland regions, which improved the tide and surge signals in small channels and increased the inundation volumes between 40% and 60%. Its extended coverage also removed water level errors of 20–40 cm associated with boundary effects in smaller regional models.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF WATERWAY PORT COASTAL AND OCEAN ENGINEERING}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Thomas, Ajimon and Dietrich, J. C. and Dawson, C. N. and Luettich, R. A.}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{gharagozlou_anderson_gorski_dietrich_2022, title={Emulator For Eroded Beach And Dune Profiles Due To Storms}, volume={127}, ISSN={["2169-9011"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2022jf006620}, DOI={10.1029/2022jf006620}, abstractNote={Dunes and beaches are vulnerable to erosion during storm events. Numerical models can predict beach response to storms with fidelity, but their computational costs, the domain‐specific knowledge necessary to use them, and the wide range of potential future storm and beach conditions can hinder their use in forecasting storm erosion for short‐ and long‐term horizons. We develop an emulator, which is an efficient predictive model that behaves like a numerical model, to predict the morphologic response of the subaerial beach to storms. Specific emphasis is placed on providing antecedent beach states as an input to the emulator and predicting the post‐storm profile shape. Training data include beach profiles at multiple stages in a nourishment life cycle to assess if such a framework can be applied in locations that nourish as a coastal defense policy. Development and application of the emulator is focused on Nags Head, North Carolina, which nourishes its beaches to mitigate hazards of storm waves, flooding, and erosion. A high‐fidelity, process‐based morphodynamic model is used to train the emulator with 1250 scenarios of sea‐storms and beach profiles. The post‐storm beach state is emulated with a parameterized power‐law function fit to the eroded portion of the subaerial profile. When the emulator was tested for a sequence of real storms from 2019, the eroded beach profiles were predicted with a skill score of 0.66. This emulator is promising for future efforts to predict storm‐induced beach erosion in hazard warnings or adaptation studies.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-EARTH SURFACE}, publisher={American Geophysical Union (AGU)}, author={Gharagozlou, A. and Anderson, D. L. and Gorski, J. F. and Dietrich, J. C.}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{begmohammadi_wirasaet_poisson_woodruff_dietrich_bolster_kennedy_2022, title={Numerical extensions to incorporate subgrid corrections in an established storm surge model}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1793-6292"]}, DOI={10.1080/21664250.2022.2159290}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Inundation models represent coastal regions with a grid of computational points, often with varying resolution of flow pathways and barriers. Models based on coarse grid solutions of shallow water equations have been improved recently via the use of subgrid corrections, which account for information (ground surface elevations, roughness characteristics) at smaller scales. In this work, numerical approaches of an established storm surge model are extended to include subgrid corrections. In an attempt to maintain continuity with existing users and results, model extensions were limited to those needed to provide basic subgrid capabilities, and included two major additions. First, a finite volume method is used to incorporate corrections to the mass and momentum equations using high-resolution ground surface elevations. Second, the no-slip condition imposed on the B-grid wet/dry interface in the model is modified to a slip condition to enable flows in channels with widths comparable to cell size. Numerical results demonstrate these numerical extensions can significantly enhance the accuracy of the model’s predictions of coastal flooding, with low additional computational cost.}, journal={COASTAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL}, author={Begmohammadi, Amirhosein and Wirasaet, Damrongsak and Poisson, Autumn and Woodruff, Johnathan L. L. and Dietrich, J. Casey and Bolster, Diogo and Kennedy, Andrew B. B.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{rucker_tull_dietrich_langan_mitasova_blanton_fleming_luettich_2021, title={Downscaling of real-time coastal flooding predictions for decision support}, volume={107}, ISSN={["1573-0840"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04634-8}, DOI={10.1007/s11069-021-04634-8}, abstractNote={During coastal storms, forecasters and researchers use numerical models to predict the magnitude and extent of coastal flooding. These models must represent the large regions that may be affected by a storm, and thus, they can be computationally costly and may not use the highest geospatial resolution. However, predicted flood extents can be downscaled (by increasing resolution) as a post-processing step. Existing downscaling methods use either a static extrapolation of the flooding as a flat surface, or rely on subsequent simulations with nested, full-physics models at higher resolution. This research explores a middle way, in which the downscaling includes simplified physics to improve accuracy. Using results from a state-of-the-art model, we downscale its flood predictions with three methods: (1) static, in which the water surface elevations are extrapolated horizontally until they intersect the ground surface; (2) slopes, in which the gradient of the water surface is used; and (3) head loss, which accounts for energy losses due to land cover characteristics. The downscaling methods are then evaluated for forecasts and hindcasts of Hurricane Florence (2018), which caused widespread flooding in North Carolina. The static and slopes methods tend to over-estimate the flood extents. However, the head loss method generates a downscaled flooding extent that is a close match to the predictions from a higher-resolution, full-physics model. These results are encouraging for the use of these downscaling methods to support decision-making during coastal storms.}, number={2}, journal={NATURAL HAZARDS}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Rucker, C. A. and Tull, N. and Dietrich, J. C. and Langan, T. E. and Mitasova, H. and Blanton, B. O. and Fleming, J. G. and Luettich, R. A., Jr.}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={1341–1369} }
 @article{roberts_dietrich_wirasaet_pringle_westerink_2021, title={Dynamic load balancing for predictions of storm surge and coastal flooding}, volume={140}, ISSN={["1873-6726"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105045}, DOI={10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105045}, abstractNote={As coastal circulation models have evolved to predict storm-induced flooding, they must include progressively more overland regions that are normally dry, to where now it is possible for more than half of the domain to be needed in none or only some of the computations. While this evolution has improved real-time forecasting and long-term mitigation of coastal flooding, it poses a problem for parallelization in an HPC environment, especially for static paradigms in which the workload is balanced only at the start of the simulation. In this study, a dynamic rebalancing of computational work is developed for a finite-element-based, shallow-water, ocean circulation model of extensive overland flooding. The implementation has a low overhead cost, and we demonstrate a realistic hurricane-forced coastal flooding simulation can achieve peak speed-ups near 45% over the static case, thus operating now at 80−90% efficiency.}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Roberts, Keith J. and Dietrich, J. Casey and Wirasaet, Damrongsak and Pringle, William J. and Westerink, Joannes J.}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{gharagozlou_dietrich_massey_anderson_gorski_overton_2021, title={Formation of a barrier island breach and its contributions to lagoonal circulation}, volume={262}, ISSN={["1096-0015"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107593}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecss.2021.107593}, abstractNote={Barrier islands are a primary coastal defense and often experience erosion during storms. When they fail due to storm-induced breaching, there can be significant changes to the small- and large-scale hydrodynamics and morphodynamics of the region. In this study, we explore the formation of a breach on Hatteras Island, North Carolina, during Isabel (2003) and the subsequent flooding into Pamlico Sound. Two-way coupling of high-fidelity, high-resolution numerical models for coastal erosion and flooding enables a better understanding of the formation of the breach, as well as scenarios of the breach’s effects on the circulation in the region. The breach connecting the ocean to the sound formed during the day of landfall. It is shown that, during the storm, overwash and inundation from the ocean led to deterioration of the beach and dunes, and then after the storm, the creation of channels through the island was sensitive to elevated water levels in the lagoon. Then flooding scenarios are considered in which the ground surface of the hydrodynamic model was (a) static, updated with the (b) pre- and post-storm observations, and updated dynamically with (c) erosion model predictions and (d) erosion model predictions with elevated lagoon-side water levels. The model results show that the breach has region-scale effects on flooding that extend 10 to 13 km into the lagoon, increasing the local water levels by as much as 1 . 5 m . These results have implications for similar island-lagoon systems threatened by storms. • A storm-induced barrier-island breach is predicted with high-resolution models. • Ocean-side overwash and inundation led to beach and dune erosion during the storm. • Channel formation is sensitive to elevated sound-side water levels after the storm. • Erosion and circulation predictions are coupled to assess effects on region scales. • Breach allows flows 10–13 km into the lagoon, increases water depths by 1.5 m.}, journal={ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gharagozlou, Alireza and Dietrich, J. Casey and Massey, T. Chris and Anderson, Dylan L. and Gorski, Jessica F. and Overton, Margery F.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{thomas_dietrich_loveland_samii_dawson_2021, title={Improving coastal flooding predictions by switching meshes during a simulation}, volume={164}, ISSN={["1463-5011"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2021.101820}, DOI={10.1016/j.ocemod.2021.101820}, abstractNote={Storm surge and coastal flooding predictions can require high resolution of critical flow pathways and barriers, typically with simulations using grids/meshes with millions of cells/elements to represent a coastal region. However, the cost of this resolution can slow forecasts during a storm. To add resolution when and where it is needed, previous studies have used adaptive mesh methods, which update resolution at single or multiple cells but which require hierarchies of and thresholds for refinement, and nesting methods, which update resolution at subdomains but which require additional simulations. This research proposes a middle way, in which predictions from a coarse mesh are mapped, mid-simulation, onto a fine mesh with increased resolution near the storm’s projected landfall location. The coarse and fine meshes are pre-developed, thus removing any refinement decisions during the simulation, the solution mapping uses a widely used framework, thus enabling an efficient interpolation, and the same simulation is continued, thus eliminating a separate full-domain simulation. For four historical storms, results show efficiency gains of up to 53 percent, with minimal accuracy losses relative to a static simulation.}, journal={OCEAN MODELLING}, author={Thomas, Ajimon and Dietrich, J. C. and Loveland, M. and Samii, A. and Dawson, C. N.}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{nofal_lindt_do_yan_hamideh_cox_dietrich_2021, title={Methodology for Regional Multihazard Hurricane Damage and Risk Assessment}, volume={147}, ISSN={["1943-541X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003144}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003144}, abstractNote={AbstractHurricanes are devastating natural hazards that often cause damage to the built environment as a result of their loadings, which include storm surge, waves, and wind, often in combination. ...}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING}, author={Nofal, Omar M. and Lindt, John W. and Do, Trung Q. and Yan, Guirong and Hamideh, Sara and Cox, Daniel T. and Dietrich, J. Casey}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{woodruff_dietrich_wirasaet_kennedy_bolster_silver_medlin_kolar_2021, title={Subgrid corrections in finite-element modeling of storm-driven coastal flooding}, volume={167}, ISSN={["1463-5011"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2021.101887}, DOI={10.1016/j.ocemod.2021.101887}, abstractNote={Coastal flooding models are used to predict the timing and magnitude of inundation during storms, both for real-time forecasting and long-term design. However, there is a need for faster flooding predictions that also represent flow pathways and barriers at the scales of critical infrastructure. This need can be addressed via subgrid corrections, which use information at smaller scales to ‘correct’ the flow variables (water levels, current velocities) averaged over the mesh scale. Recent studies have shown a decrease in run time by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude, with the ability to decrease further if the model time step is also increased. In this study, subgrid corrections are added to a widely used, finite-element-based, shallow water model to better understand how they can improve the accuracy and efficiency of inundation predictions. The performance of the model, with and without subgrid corrections, is evaluated on scenarios of tidal flooding in a synthetic domain and a small bay in Massachusetts, as well as a scenario with a real atmospheric forcing and storm surge in southwest Louisiana. In these tests we observed that the subgrid corrections can increase model speed by 10 to 50 times, while still representing flow through channels below the mesh scale to inland locations.}, journal={OCEAN MODELLING}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Woodruff, Johnathan L. and Dietrich, J. C. and Wirasaet, D. and Kennedy, A. B. and Bolster, D. and Silver, Z. and Medlin, S. D. and Kolar, R. L.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{begmohammadi_wirasaet_silver_bolster_kennedy_dietrich_2021, title={Subgrid surface connectivity for storm surge modeling}, volume={153}, ISSN={["1872-9657"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2021.103939}, DOI={10.1016/j.advwatres.2021.103939}, abstractNote={Subgrid modeling to account for unresolved topography within the context of shallow water equations relies on the use of coarse grids for computational efficiency. However, excessively coarse grids can lead to artificial cross flows between hydrologically disconnected areas separated by physical barriers smaller than the grid size. An approach based on introducing cell and edge clones, consisting of connected groups of pixels in each cell, is able to systematically remove such artificial cross flows. Such an approach considers that the subgrid barriers permanently divide flow among clones and effectively restrict flow to a predetermined path. In this work, a simple algorithm, along with the use of an overtopping formula, is proposed to extend the clone approach to a scenario in which clones are allowed to be further split and merged as needed, depending on the surface elevation during a given runtime. The algorithm is intended for accommodating the possibility of the subgrid barriers being inundated and no-longer dividing the flow during an extreme event. The performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through a series of idealized and more realistic test cases, showing considerable improvements over existing methodologies.}, journal={ADVANCES IN WATER RESOURCES}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Begmohammadi, Amirhosein and Wirasaet, Damrongsak and Silver, Zachariah and Bolster, Diogo and Kennedy, Andrew B. and Dietrich, J. C.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{massarra_friedland_marx_dietrich_2020, title={Binary Building Attribute Imputation, Evaluation, and Comparison Approaches for Hurricane Damage Data Sets}, volume={34}, url={https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001433}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001433}, abstractNote={AbstractMissing building attributes are problematic for development of data-based fragility models. Relative to other disciplines, the application of imputation techniques is limited in the field o...}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Massarra, Carol C. and Friedland, Carol J. and Marx, Brian D. and Dietrich, J. Casey}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={04020036} }
 @article{massarra_friedland_marx_dietrich_2020, title={Multihazard Hurricane Fragility Model for Wood Structure Homes Considering Hazard Parameters and Building Attributes Interaction}, volume={6}, ISSN={["2297-3362"]}, DOI={10.3389/fbuil.2020.00147}, abstractNote={Predicting building damage as a function of hurricane hazards, building attributes, and the interaction between hazard and building attributes is a key to understanding how significant interaction reflect variation hazard intensity effect on damage based on building attribute levels. This paper develops multi-hazard hurricane fragility models for wood structure homes considering interaction between hazard and building attributes. Fragility models are developed for ordered categorical damage states (DS) and binary collapse/no collapse. Exterior physical damage and building attributes from rapid assessment in coastal Mississippi following Hurricane Katrina (2005), high-resolution numerical hindcast hazard intensities from the Simulating WAves Nearshore and ADvanced CIRCulation (SWAN+ADCIRC) models, and base flood elevation values are used as model input. Leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) is used to evaluate model prediction accuracy. Eleven and forty-nine combinations of global damage response variables and main explanatory variables, respectively, were investigated and evaluated. Of these models, one DS and one collapse model met the rejection criteria. These models were refitted considering interaction terms. Maximum 3-second gust wind speed and maximum significant wave height were found to be factors that significantly affect damage. Interaction between maximum significant wave height and number of stories was the significant interaction term for the DS and collapse models. For every 0.3 m (0.98 ft) increase in maximum significant wave height, the estimated odds of being in a higher damage state rather than lower damage state for DS model were found to be 1.95 times greater for one-story buildings rather than two-story buildings. For every 0.3 m (0.98 ft) increase in maximum significant wave height, the estimated odds of collapse were found to be 2.23 times greater for one-story buildings rather than two-story buildings. Model prediction accuracy was 84% and 91% for DS and collapse models, respectively. This paper does not consider the full hazard intensity experienced in Hurricane Katrina; rather, it focuses on single-family homes in a defined study area subjected to wind, wave, and storm surge hazards. Thus, the findings of this paper are not applicable for events with hazards that exceed those experienced in the study area, from which the models were derived.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT}, author={Massarra, Carol C. and Friedland, Carol J. and Marx, Brian D. and Dietrich, J. Casey}, year={2020}, month={Sep} }
 @article{gharagozlou_dietrich_karanci_luettich_overton_2020, title={Storm-driven erosion and inundation of barrier islands from dune-to region-scales}, volume={158}, ISSN={["1872-7379"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2020.103674}, DOI={10.1016/j.coastaleng.2020.103674}, abstractNote={Barrier islands are susceptible to erosion, overwash, and breaching during intense storms. However, these processes are not represented typically in large-domain models for storm surge and coastal inundation. In this study, we explore the requirements for bridging the gap between dune-scale morphodynamic and region-scale flooding models. A high-resolution XBeach model is developed to represent the morphodynamics during Hurricane Isabel (2003) in the North Carolina (NC) Outer Banks. The model domain is extended to more than 30km of Hatteras Island and is thus larger than in previous studies. The predicted dune erosion is in good agreement with post-storm observed topography, and an ‘‘excellent’’ Skill Score of 0.59 is obtained on this large domain. Sensitivity studies show the morphodynamic model accuracy is decreased as the mesh spacing is coarsened in the cross-shore direction, but the results are less sensitive to the alongshore resolution. A new metric to assess model skill, Water Overpassing Area (WOA), is introduced to account for the available flow pathway over the dune crest. Together, these findings allow for upscaled parameterizations of erosion in larger-domain models. The updated topography, obtained from XBeach prediction, is applied in a region-scale flooding model, thus allowing for enhanced flooding predictions in communities along the Outer Banks. It is found that, even using a fixed topography in region-scale model, the flooding predictions are improved significantly when post-storm topography from XBeach is implemented. These findings can be generalized to similar barrier island systems, which are common along the U.S. Gulf and Atlantic coasts.}, journal={COASTAL ENGINEERING}, author={Gharagozlou, Alireza and Dietrich, Joel Casey and Karanci, Ayse and Luettich, Richard A. and Overton, Margery F.}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @article{wind and tide effects on the choctawhatchee bay plume and implications for surface transport at destin inlet_2020, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101131}, DOI={10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101131}, abstractNote={Multiple river-dominated estuaries line the northern Gulf coast and introduce substantial density variations. Their plumes have been shown to be highly sensitive to wind and tide effects, but in studies with limited observations and idealized wind forcing. This study explores these effects with a dynamic model that can represent the full behavior from river through estuary to shelf, and for a period with extensive observations. The inner shelf adjacent to Choctawhatchee Bay, a micro tidal estuary situated along the Florida Panhandle, is subject to buoyant, brackish outflows during the ebb-phase of the tidal cycle. In December 2013, experiments were performed in this region to study mechanisms that influence near-shore surface transport. Satellite imagery showed a visible brackish surface plume at Destin during low tide. The goal of the present study is to quantify variability in the plume signature due to changes in tidal and wind forcing. Density-driven flows near Destin Inlet are modeled with the recently-enhanced, three-dimensional, baroclinic capabilities of the ADvanced CIRCulation (ADCIRC) model. Modeled tides, salinities and plume signature are validated against in-situ observations and satellite imagery. Model results reveal substantial changes in the length, width and orientation of the plume as the wind direction varied on consecutive days due to winter cold fronts. During a period of near-constant winds and variability in tidal amplitude, the model predicted a larger plume during spring tides than during neap conditions. Coriolis effects on the plume are minimized due to its small scale nature. Therefore, when the wind forcing is weak, the plume signature spreads radially from the inlet with slight preference to the down-shelf. The Choctawhatchee Bay plume is representative of other small-scale plumes formed in river-dominated and micro-tidal environments, and this work demonstrates the sensitivity of these plumes to changing environmental conditions.}, journal={Regional Studies in Marine Science}, year={2020}, month={Mar} }
 @article{elko_dietrich_cialone_stockdon_bilskie_boyd_charbonneau_cox_dresback_elgar_et al._2019, title={Advancing the Understanding of Storm Processes and Impacts}, volume={87}, number={1}, journal={Shore & Beach}, author={Elko, N. and Dietrich, J.C. and Cialone, M. and Stockdon, H. and Bilskie, M.V. and Boyd, B. and Charbonneau, B. and Cox, D. and Dresback, K.M. and Elgar, S. and et al.}, year={2019}, pages={37–51} }
 @article{thomas_dietrich_asher_bell_blanton_copeland_cox_dawson_fleming_luettich_et al._2019, title={Influence of storm timing and forward speed on tides and storm surge during Hurricane Matthew}, volume={137}, ISSN={1463-5003}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.03.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.03.004}, abstractNote={The amount and extent of coastal flooding caused by hurricanes can be sensitive to the timing or speed of the storm. For storms moving parallel to the coast, the hazards can be stretched over a larger area. Hurricane Matthew was a powerful storm that impacted the southeastern U.S. during October 2016, moving mostly parallel to the coastline from Florida through North Carolina. In this study, three sources for atmospheric forcing are considered for a simulation of Matthew's water levels, which are validated against extensive observations, and then the storm's effects are explored on this long coastline. It is hypothesized that the spatial variability of Matthew's effects on total water levels is partly due to the surge interacting nonlinearly with tides. By changing the time of occurrence of the storm, differences in storm surge are observed in different regions due to the storm coinciding with other periods in the tidal cycles. These differences are found to be as large as 1 m and comparable to the tidal amplitude. A change in forward speed of the storm also should alter its associated flooding due to differences in the duration over which the storm impacts the coastal waters. With respect to the forward speed, the present study contributes to established results by considering the scenario of a shore-parallel hurricane. A faster storm caused an increase in peak water levels along the coast but a decrease in the overall volume of inundation. On the other hand, a slower storm pushed more water into the estuaries and bays and flooded a larger section of the coast. Implications for short-term forecasting and long-term design studies for storms moving parallel to long coastlines are discussed herein.}, journal={Ocean Modelling}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Thomas, Ajimon and Dietrich, JC and Asher, TG and Bell, M and Blanton, BO and Copeland, JH and Cox, AT and Dawson, CN and Fleming, JG and Luettich, RA and et al.}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={1–19} }
 @article{massarra_friedland_marx_dietrich_2019, title={Predictive multi-hazard hurricane data-based fragility model for residential homes}, volume={151}, ISSN={0378-3839}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2019.04.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.coastaleng.2019.04.008}, abstractNote={Multi-hazard hurricane data-based fragility models are able to represent multiple predictor variables, be validated based on observed data, and consider variability in building characteristics and hazard variables. This paper develops predictive hurricane, multi-hazard, single-family building fragility models for ordered categorical damage states (DS) and binary complete failure/non-complete failure using proportional odds cumulative logit and logistic regression models, respectively. In addition to their simplicity, these models are able to represent multiple hurricane hazard variables and include variable interactions, thus improving model fitting and damage prediction. Surveys of physical damage in coastal Mississippi following Hurricane Katrina (2005) and high-resolution numerical hindcast hazard intensities from the Simulating WAves Nearshore and ADvanced CIRCulation (SWAN + ADCIRC) models are used as model input. Prediction accuracy is expressed in terms of cross-validation (CV) and evaluated using leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV). Thirty-nine combinations of global damage response variables were investigated. Of these models, six DS and one complete failure model met the evaluation criteria. Maximum significant wave height was the only significant hazard variable for the DS models, while maximum 3-s gust wind speed, maximum surge depth, and maximum water speed were found to be significant predictors for the complete failure model. Model prediction external accuracy ranged from 81% to 87%.}, journal={Coastal Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Massarra, Carol C. and Friedland, Carol J. and Marx, Brian D. and Dietrich, J. Casey}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={10–21} }
 @article{kennedy_wirasaet_begmohammadi_sherman_bolster_dietrich_2019, title={Subgrid theory for storm surge modeling}, volume={144}, ISSN={1463-5003}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.101491}, DOI={10.1016/j.ocemod.2019.101491}, abstractNote={Averaging techniques are used to generate upscaled forms of the shallow water equations for storm surge including subgrid corrections. These systems are structurally similar to the standard shallow water equations but have additional terms related to integral properties of the fine-scale bathymetry, topography, and flow. As the system only operates with coarse-scale variables (such as averaged fluid velocity) relating to flow, these fine-scale integrals require closures to relate them to the coarsened variables. Closures with different levels of complexity are identified and tested for accuracy against high resolution solutions of the standard shallow water equations. Results show that, for coarse grids in complex geometries, inclusion of subgrid closure terms greatly improves model accuracy when compared to standard solutions, and will thereby enable new classes of storm surge models.}, journal={Ocean Modelling}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kennedy, Andrew B. and Wirasaet, Damrongsak and Begmohammadi, Amirhosein and Sherman, Thomas and Bolster, Diogo and Dietrich, J.C.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={101491} }
 @article{dietrich_muhammad_curcic_fathi_dawson_chen_luettich_2018, title={Sensitivity of Storm Surge Predictions to Atmospheric Forcing during Hurricane Isaac}, volume={144}, ISSN={0733-950X 1943-5460}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000419}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)ww.1943-5460.0000419}, abstractNote={Storm surge and overland flooding can be predicted with computational models at high levels of resolution. To improve efficiency in forecasting applications, surge models often use atmospheric forcing from parametric vortex models, which represent the surface pressures and wind fields with a few storm parameters. The future of storm surge prediction could involve real-time coupling of surge and full-physics atmospheric models; thus, their accuracies must be understood in a real hurricane scenario. The authors compare predictions from a parametric vortex model (using forecast tracks from the National Hurricane Center) and a full-physics coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean model during Hurricane Isaac (2012). The predictions are then applied within a tightly coupled, wave and surge modeling system describing the northern Gulf of Mexico and the floodplains of southwest Louisiana. It is shown that, in a hindcast scenario, a parametric vortex model can outperform a data-assimilated wind product, and given reasonable forecast advisories, a parametric vortex model gives reasonable surge forecasts. However, forecasts using a full-physics coupled model outperformed the forecast advisories and improved surge forecasts. Both approaches are valuable for forecasting the coastal impacts associated with tropical cyclones. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000419. © 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers. Author keywords: ADCIRC; HWind; Generalized asymmetric Holland model (GAHM); unified wave interface coupled model}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Dietrich, J. C. and Muhammad, A. and Curcic, M. and Fathi, A. and Dawson, C. N. and Chen, S. S. and Luettich, R. A., Jr.}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={04017035} }
 @article{cyriac_dietrich_fleming_blanton_kaiser_dawson_luettich_2018, title={Variability in Coastal Flooding predictions due to forecast errors during Hurricane Arthur}, volume={137}, ISSN={0378-3839}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2018.02.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.coastaleng.2018.02.008}, abstractNote={Storm surge prediction models rely on an accurate representation of the wind conditions. In this paper, we examine the sensitivity of surge predictions to forecast uncertainties in the track and strength of a storm (storm strength is quantified by the power dissipation of the associated wind field). This analysis is performed using Hurricane Arthur (2014), a Category 2 hurricane, which made landfall along the North Carolina (NC) coast in early July 2014. Hindcast simulations of a coupled hydrodynamic-wave model are performed on a large unstructured mesh to analyze the surge impact of Arthur along the NC coastline. The effects of Arthur are best represented by a post-storm data assimilated wind product with parametric vortex winds providing a close approximation. Surge predictions driven by forecast advisories issued by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) during Arthur are analyzed. The storm track predictions from the NHC improve over time. However, successive advisories predict an unrealistic increase in the storm's strength. Due to these forecast errors, the global root mean square errors of the predicted wind speeds and water levels increase as the storm approaches landfall. The relative impacts of the track and strength errors on the surge predictions are assessed by replacing forecast storm parameters with the best known post-storm information about Arthur. In a “constant track” analysis, Arthur's post storm determined track is used in place of the track predictions of the different advisories but each advisory retains its size and intensity predictions. In a “constant storm strength” analysis, forecast wind and pressure parameters are replaced by corresponding parameters extracted from the post storm analysis while each advisory retains its forecast storm track. We observe a strong correlation between the forecast errors and the wind speed predictions. However, the correlation between these errors and the forecast water levels is weak signifying a non-linear response of the shallow coastal waters to meteorological forcing.}, journal={Coastal Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Cyriac, R. and Dietrich, J.C. and Fleming, J.G. and Blanton, B.O. and Kaiser, C. and Dawson, C.N. and Luettich, R.A.}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={59–78} }
 @inbook{dietrich_2018, title={Vignette}, ISBN={9780128093184}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809318-4.00020-4}, DOI={10.1016/B978-0-12-809318-4.00020-4}, booktitle={Disaster Epidemiology}, publisher={Elsevier}, author={Dietrich, Joel C.}, year={2018}, pages={153–156} }
 @article{kidwell_dietrich_hagen_medeiros_2017, title={An Earth's Future
 Special Collection: Impacts of the coastal dynamics of sea level rise on low-gradient coastal landscapes}, volume={5}, ISSN={2328-4277}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000493}, DOI={10.1002/2016ef000493}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Earth's Future}, publisher={American Geophysical Union (AGU)}, author={Kidwell, David M. and Dietrich, J. Casey and Hagen, Scott C. and Medeiros, Stephen C.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={2–9} }
 @article{sebastian_proft_dietrich_du_bedient_dawson_2014, title={Characterizing hurricane storm surge behavior in Galveston Bay using the SWAN+ADCIRC model}, volume={88}, ISSN={0378-3839}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2014.03.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.coastaleng.2014.03.002}, abstractNote={The SWAN + ADCIRC shallow-water circulation model, validated for Hurricane Ike (2008), was used to develop five synthetic storm surge scenarios for the upper Texas coast in which wind speed was increased and landfall location was shifted 40 km westward. The Hurricane Ike simulation and the synthetic storms were used to study the maximum water elevations in Galveston Bay, as well as the timing and behavior of surge relative to the hurricane track. Sixteen locations indicative of surge behavior in and around Galveston Bay were chosen to for analysis in this paper. Results show that water surface elevations present in Galveston Bay are dominated by the counterclockwise hurricane winds and that increasing wind speeds by 15% results in approximately 23% (+/− 3%) higher surge. Furthermore, shifting the storm westward causes higher levels of surge in the more populated areas due to more intense, higher shore-normal winds. This research helps to highlight the vulnerability of the upper Texas Gulf Coast to hurricane storm surge and lends insight to storm surge and flood mitigation studies in the Houston–Galveston region.}, journal={Coastal Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Sebastian, Antonia and Proft, Jennifer and Dietrich, J. Casey and Du, Wei and Bedient, Philip B. and Dawson, Clint N.}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={171–181} }
 @article{meixner_dietrich_dawson_zijlema_holthuijsen_2013, title={A Discontinuous Galerkin Coupled Wave Propagation/Circulation Model}, volume={59}, ISSN={0885-7474 1573-7691}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10915-013-9761-5}, DOI={10.1007/s10915-013-9761-5}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Scientific Computing}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Meixner, Jessica and Dietrich, J. Casey and Dawson, Clint and Zijlema, Marcel and Holthuijsen, Leo H.}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={334–370} }
 @article{hope_westerink_kennedy_kerr_dietrich_dawson_bender_smith_jensen_zijlema_et al._2013, title={Hindcast and validation of Hurricane Ike (2008) waves, forerunner, and storm surge}, volume={118}, ISSN={2169-9275}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20314}, DOI={10.1002/jgrc.20314}, abstractNote={Hurricane Ike (2008) made landfall near Galveston, Texas, as a moderate intensity storm. Its large wind field in conjunction with the Louisiana‐Texas coastline's broad shelf and large scale concave geometry generated waves and surge that impacted over 1000 km of coastline. Ike's complex and varied wave and surge response physics included: the capture of surge by the protruding Mississippi River Delta; the strong influence of wave radiation stress gradients on the Delta adjacent to the shelf break; the development of strong wind driven shore‐parallel currents and the associated geostrophic setup; the forced early rise of water in coastal bays and lakes facilitating inland surge penetration; the propagation of a free wave along the southern Texas shelf; shore‐normal peak wind‐driven surge; and resonant and reflected long waves across a wide continental shelf. Preexisting and rapidly deployed instrumentation provided the most comprehensive hurricane response data of any previous hurricane. More than 94 wave parameter time histories, 523 water level time histories, and 206 high water marks were collected throughout the Gulf in deep water, along the nearshore, and up to 65 km inland. Ike's highly varied physics were simulated using SWAN + ADCIRC, a tightly coupled wave and circulation model, on SL18TX33, a new unstructured mesh of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and western Atlantic Ocean with high resolution of the Gulf's coastal floodplain from Alabama to the Texas‐Mexico border. A comprehensive validation was made of the model's ability to capture the varied physics in the system.}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans}, publisher={American Geophysical Union (AGU)}, author={Hope, M. E. and Westerink, J. J. and Kennedy, A. B. and Kerr, P. C. and Dietrich, J. C. and Dawson, C. and Bender, C. J. and Smith, J. M. and Jensen, R. E. and Zijlema, M. and et al.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={4424–4460} }
 @article{dietrich_zijlema_allier_holthuijsen_booij_meixner_proft_dawson_bender_naimaster_et al._2013, title={Limiters for spectral propagation velocities in SWAN}, volume={70}, ISSN={1463-5003}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.11.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.11.005}, abstractNote={As phase-averaged spectral wave models continue to grow in sophistication, they are applied more frequently throughout the ocean, from the generation of waves in deep water to their dissipation in the nearshore. Mesh spacings are varied within the computational domain, either through the use of nested, structured meshes or a single, unstructured mesh. This approach is economical, but it can cause accuracy errors in regions where the input parameters are under-resolved. For instance, in regions with a coarse representation of bathymetry, refraction can focus excessive wave energy at a single mesh vertex, causing the computed solution to become non-physical. Limiters based on the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) criteria are proposed for the spectral propagation (refraction and frequency shifting) velocities in SWAN. These limiters are not required for model stability, but they improve accuracy by reducing local errors that would otherwise spread throughout the computational domain. As demonstrated on test cases in deep and shallow water, these limiters prevent the excessive directional turning and frequency shifting of wave energy and control the largest errors in under-resolved regions.}, journal={Ocean Modelling}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Dietrich, J.C. and Zijlema, M. and Allier, P.-E. and Holthuijsen, L.H. and Booij, N. and Meixner, J.D. and Proft, J.K. and Dawson, C.N. and Bender, C.J. and Naimaster, A. and et al.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={85–102} }
 @inbook{dietrich_dawson_proft_howard_wells_fleming_luettich_westerink_cobell_vitse_et al._2013, title={Real-Time Forecasting and Visualization of Hurricane Waves and Storm Surge Using SWAN+ADCIRC and FigureGen}, volume={156}, ISBN={9781461474333 9781461474340}, ISSN={0940-6573}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7434-0_3}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4614-7434-0_3}, abstractNote={Storm surge due to hurricanes and tropical storms can result in significant loss of life, property damage, and long-term damage to coastal ecosystems and landscapes. Computer modeling of storm surge is useful for two primary purposes: forecasting of storm impacts for response planning, particularly the evacuation of vulnerable coastal populations; and hindcasting of storms for determining risk, development of mitigation strategies, coastal restoration, and sustainability. Model results must be communicated quickly and effectively, to provide context about the magnitudes and locations of the maximum waves and surges in time for meaningful actions to be taken in the impact region before a storm strikes.In this paper, we present an overview of the SWAN + ADCIRC modeling system for coastal waves and circulation. We also describe FigureGen, a graphics program adapted to visualize hurricane waves and storm surge as computed by these models. The system was applied recently to forecast Hurricane Isaac (2012) as it made landfall in southern Louisiana. Model results are shown to be an accurate warning of the impacts of waves and circulation along the northern Gulf coastline, especially when communicated to emergency managers as geo-referenced images.}, booktitle={Computational Challenges in the Geosciences}, publisher={Springer New York}, author={Dietrich, J. C. and Dawson, C. N. and Proft, J. M. and Howard, M. T. and Wells, G. and Fleming, J. G. and Luettich, R. A. and Westerink, J. J. and Cobell, Z. and Vitse, M. and et al.}, year={2013}, pages={49–70} }
 @article{martyr_dietrich_westerink_kerr_dawson_smith_pourtaheri_powell_van ledden_tanaka_et al._2013, title={Simulating Hurricane Storm Surge in the Lower Mississippi River under Varying Flow Conditions}, volume={139}, ISSN={0733-9429 1943-7900}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000699}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000699}, abstractNote={AbstractHurricanes in southeastern Louisiana develop significant surges within the lower Mississippi River. Storms with strong sustained easterly winds push water into shallow Breton Sound, overtop the river’s east bank south of Pointe a la Hache, Louisiana, penetrate into the river, and are confined by levees on the west bank. The main channel’s width and depth allow surge to propagate rapidly and efficiently up river. This work refines the high-resolution, unstructured mesh, wave current Simulating Waves Nearshore + Advanced Circulation (SWAN+ADCIRC) SL16 model to simulate river flow and hurricane-driven surge within the Mississippi River. A river velocity regime–based variation in bottom friction and a temporally variable riverine flow-driven radiation boundary condition are essential to accurately model these processes for high and/or time-varying flows. The coupled modeling system is validated for riverine flow stage relationships, flow distributions within the distributary systems, tides, and Hurric...}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Hydraulic Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Martyr, R. C. and Dietrich, J. C. and Westerink, J. J. and Kerr, P. C. and Dawson, C. and Smith, J. M. and Pourtaheri, H. and Powell, N. and Van Ledden, M. and Tanaka, S. and et al.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={492–501} }
 @article{kerr_westerink_dietrich_martyr_tanaka_resio_smith_westerink_westerink_wamsley_et al._2013, title={Surge Generation Mechanisms in the Lower Mississippi River and Discharge Dependency}, volume={139}, ISSN={0733-950X 1943-5460}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000185}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000185}, abstractNote={AbstractThe Lower Mississippi River protrudes into the Gulf of Mexico, and manmade levees line only the west bank for 55 km of the Lower Plaquemines section. Historically, sustained easterly winds from hurricanes have directed surge across Breton Sound, into the Mississippi River and against its west bank levee, allowing for surge to build and then propagate efficiently upriver and thus increase water levels past New Orleans. This case study applies a new and extensively validated basin- to channel-scale, high-resolution, unstructured-mesh ADvanced CIRCulation model to simulate a suite of historical and hypothetical storms under low to high river discharges. The results show that during hurricanes, (1) total water levels in the lower river south of Pointe a La Hache are only weakly dependent on river flow, and easterly wind-driven storm surge is generated on top of existing ambient strongly flow-dependent river stages, so the surge that propagates upriver reduces with increasing river flow; (2) natural le...}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)}, author={Kerr, P. C. and Westerink, J. J. and Dietrich, J. C. and Martyr, R. C. and Tanaka, S. and Resio, D. T. and Smith, J. M. and Westerink, H. J. and Westerink, L. G. and Wamsley, T. and et al.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={326–335} }
 @article{kennedy_dietrich_westerink_2013, title={The surge standard for "events of Katrina magnitude"}, volume={110}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000322086100003&KeyUID=WOS:000322086100003}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.1305960110}, abstractNote={Hurricane Katrina was historic in magnitude. From ref. 1: “The large size of Katrina throughout its history, combined with the extreme waves generated during its most intense phase, enabled this storm to produce the largest storm surges (reliable observations up to 28 ft) that have ever been observed within the Gulf of Mexico, as determined from analyses of historical records.” The analysis by Grinsted et al. (2) of the effects of rising temperatures on the frequency of Atlantic hurricane surge invokes “events of Katrina magnitude” as a standard by which other events are judged. However, we believe the Katrina benchmark, as used, is seriously flawed, in large part because the tide gauge spatial resolution used was so coarse that none of the locations forming the index ever experienced a true surge event of Katrina magnitude. This casts doubt on the claim that Katrina-level surge events may occur many times per decade by the late 21st century.}, number={29}, journal={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, author={Kennedy, Andrew Brian and Dietrich, Joel Casey and Westerink, Joannes J.}, year={2013}, pages={E2665–E2666} }
 @article{kerr_martyr_donahue_hope_westerink_luettich_kennedy_dietrich_dawson_westerink_2013, title={U.S. IOOS coastal and ocean modeling testbed: Evaluation of tide, wave, and hurricane surge response sensitivities to mesh resolution and friction in the Gulf of Mexico}, volume={118}, ISSN={2169-9275}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20305}, DOI={10.1002/jgrc.20305}, abstractNote={This paper investigates model response sensitivities to mesh resolution, topographical details, bottom friction formulations, the interaction of wind waves and circulation, and nonlinear advection on tidal and hurricane surge and wave processes at the basin, shelf, wetland, and coastal channel scales within the Gulf of Mexico. Tides in the Gulf of Mexico are modestly energetic processes, whereas hurricane surge and waves are highly energetic. The unstructured‐mesh, coupled wind‐wave and circulation modeling system, SWAN+ADCIRC, is implemented to generate modeled tidal harmonic constituents and hurricane waves and surge for a Hurricane Ike (2008) hindcast. In the open ocean, mesh resolution requirements are less stringent in achieving accurate tidal signals or matching hurricane surge and wave responses; however, coarser resolution or the absence of intertidal zones decreases accuracy along protected nearshore and inland coastal areas due to improper conveyance and/or lateral attenuation. Bottom friction formulations are shown to have little impact on tidal signal accuracy, but hurricane surge is much more sensitive, especially in shelf waters, where development of a strong shore‐parallel current is essential to the development of Ike's geostrophic setup. The spatial and temporal contributions of wave radiation stress gradients and nonlinear advection were charted for Ike. Nonlinear advection improves model performance by capturing an additional 10–20 cm of geostrophic setup and increasing resonant cross‐shelf waves by 30–40 cm. Wave radiation stress gradients improve performance at coastal stations by adding an extra 20–40 cm to water levels.}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans}, publisher={American Geophysical Union (AGU)}, author={Kerr, P. C. and Martyr, R. C. and Donahue, A. S. and Hope, M. E. and Westerink, J. J. and Luettich, R. A., Jr. and Kennedy, A. B. and Dietrich, J. C. and Dawson, C. and Westerink, H. J.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={4633–4661} }
 @article{dietrich_trahan_howard_fleming_weaver_tanaka_yu_luettich_dawson_westerink_et al._2012, title={Surface trajectories of oil transport along the Northern Coastline of the Gulf of Mexico}, volume={41}, ISSN={0278-4343}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2012.03.015}, DOI={10.1016/j.csr.2012.03.015}, abstractNote={After the destruction of the Deepwater Horizon drilling platform during the spring of 2010, the northern Gulf of Mexico was threatened by an oil spill from the Macondo well. Emergency responders were concerned about oil transport in the nearshore, where it threatened immediately the fishing waters and coastline from Louisiana to Florida. In this region, oil movement was influenced by a continental shelf with varying width, the protruding Mississippi River delta, the marshes and bayou of southern Louisiana, and the shallow sounds and barrier islands that protect the coastline. Transport forecasts require physics-based computational models and high-resolution meshes that represent the circulation in deep water, on the continental shelf, and within the complex nearshore environment. This work applies the coupled SWAN+ADCIRC model on a high-resolution computational mesh to simulate the current velocity field on the continental shelf, nearshore and marsh areas during the time that oil was visible on the surface of the Gulf. The SWAN+ADCIRC simulations account for the influence of tides, riverine discharge, winds and wind-driven waves. A highly efficient Lagrangian particle transport model is employed to simulate the surface trajectories of the oil. The transport model accounts for dispersion and advection by wind and currents. Transport is evaluated using 2-week long sequences of satellite images. During both periods, the SWAN+ADCIRC current fields alone appeared to be more successful moving the oil than when direct wind forcing was included. In addition, hypothetical oil transport is considered during two hurricane scenarios. Had a hurricane significantly impacted the northern Gulf while the spill was active, depending on the track of the storm relative to the spill location, oil would have moved farther into the marshes of southern Louisiana or farther along the shelf toward Texas than actually occurred during the spill.}, journal={Continental Shelf Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Dietrich, J.C. and Trahan, C.J. and Howard, M.T. and Fleming, J.G. and Weaver, R.J. and Tanaka, S. and Yu, L. and Luettich, R.A., Jr. and Dawson, C.N. and Westerink, J.J. and et al.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={17–47} }
 @article{dietrich_westerink_kennedy_smith_jensen_zijlema_holthuijsen_dawson_luettich_powell_et al._2011, title={Hurricane Gustav (2008) Waves and Storm Surge: Hindcast, Synoptic Analysis, and Validation in Southern Louisiana}, volume={139}, ISSN={0027-0644 1520-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011MWR3611.1}, DOI={10.1175/2011MWR3611.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={Monthly Weather Review}, publisher={American Meteorological Society}, author={Dietrich, J. C. and Westerink, J. J. and Kennedy, A. B. and Smith, J. M. and Jensen, R. E. and Zijlema, M. and Holthuijsen, L. H. and Dawson, C. and Luettich, R. A., Jr. and Powell, M. D. and et al.}, year={2011}, month={Aug}, pages={2488–2522} }
 @article{dietrich_zijlema_westerink_holthuijsen_dawson_luettich_jensen_smith_stelling_stone_2011, title={Modeling hurricane waves and storm surge using integrally-coupled, scalable computations}, volume={58}, ISSN={0378-3839}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2010.08.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.coastaleng.2010.08.001}, abstractNote={The unstructured-mesh SWAN spectral wave model and the ADCIRC shallow-water circulation model have been integrated into a tightly-coupled SWAN + ADCIRC model. The model components are applied to an identical, unstructured mesh; share parallel computing infrastructure; and run sequentially in time. Wind speeds, water levels, currents and radiation stress gradients are vertex-based, and therefore can be passed through memory or cache to each model component. Parallel simulations based on domain decomposition utilize identical sub-meshes, and the communication is highly localized. Inter-model communication is intra-core, while intra-model communication is inter-core but is local and efficient because it is solely on adjacent sub-mesh edges. The resulting integrated SWAN + ADCIRC system is highly scalable and allows for localized increases in resolution without the complexity or cost of nested meshes or global interpolation between heterogeneous meshes. Hurricane waves and storm surge are validated for Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, demonstrating the importance of inclusion of the wave-circulation interactions, and efficient performance is demonstrated to 3062 computational cores.}, number={1}, journal={Coastal Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Dietrich, J.C. and Zijlema, M. and Westerink, J.J. and Holthuijsen, L.H. and Dawson, C. and Luettich, R.A., Jr. and Jensen, R.E. and Smith, J.M. and Stelling, G.S. and Stone, G.W.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={45–65} }
 @article{kennedy_gravois_zachry_westerink_hope_dietrich_powell_cox_luettich_dean_2011, title={Origin of the Hurricane Ike forerunner surge}, volume={38}, ISSN={0094-8276}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047090}, DOI={10.1029/2011GL047090}, abstractNote={A large, unpredicted, water level increase appeared along a substantial section of the western Louisiana and northern Texas (LATEX) coasts 12–24 hrs in advance of the landfall of Hurricane Ike (2008), with water levels in some areas reaching 3 m above mean sea level. During this time the cyclonic wind field was largely shore parallel throughout the region. A similar early water level rise was reported for both the 1900 and the 1915 Galveston Hurricanes. The Ike forerunner anomaly occurred over a much larger area and prior to the primary coastal surge which was driven by onshore directed winds to the right of the storm track. We diagnose the forerunner surge as being generated by Ekman setup on the wide and shallow LATEX shelf. The longer forerunner time scale additionally served to increase water levels significantly in narrow‐entranced coastal bays. The forerunner surge generated a freely propagating continental shelf wave with greater than 1.4 m peak elevation that travelled coherently along the coast to Southern Texas, and was 300 km in advance of the storm track at the time of landfall. This was, at some locations, the largest water level increase seen throughout the storm, and appears to be the largest freely‐propagating shelf wave ever reported. Ekman setup‐driven forerunners will be most significant on wide, shallow shelves subject to large wind fields, and need to be considered for planning and forecasting in these cases.}, number={8}, journal={Geophysical Research Letters}, publisher={American Geophysical Union (AGU)}, author={Kennedy, Andrew B. and Gravois, Uriah and Zachry, Brian C. and Westerink, Joannes J. and Hope, Mark E. and Dietrich, J. Casey and Powell, Mark D. and Cox, Andrew T. and Luettich, Richard A., Jr. and Dean, Robert G.}, year={2011}, month={Apr} }
 @article{dietrich_tanaka_westerink_dawson_luettich_zijlema_holthuijsen_smith_westerink_westerink_2011, title={Performance of the Unstructured-Mesh, SWAN+ADCIRC Model in Computing Hurricane Waves and Surge}, volume={52}, ISSN={0885-7474 1573-7691}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10915-011-9555-6}, DOI={10.1007/s10915-011-9555-6}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Scientific Computing}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Dietrich, J. C. and Tanaka, S. and Westerink, J. J. and Dawson, C. N. and Luettich, R. A. and Zijlema, M. and Holthuijsen, L. H. and Smith, J. M. and Westerink, L. G. and Westerink, H. J.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={468–497} }
 @article{bunya_dietrich_westerink_ebersole_smith_atkinson_jensen_resio_luettich_dawson_et al._2010, title={A High-Resolution Coupled Riverine Flow, Tide, Wind, Wind Wave, and Storm Surge Model for Southern Louisiana and Mississippi. Part I: Model Development and Validation}, volume={138}, ISSN={0027-0644 1520-0493}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009MWR2906.1}, DOI={10.1175/2009MWR2906.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Monthly Weather Review}, publisher={American Meteorological Society}, author={Bunya, S. and Dietrich, J. C. and Westerink, J. J. and Ebersole, B. A. and Smith, J. M. and Atkinson, J. H. and Jensen, R. and Resio, D. T. and Luettich, R. A. and Dawson, C. and et al.}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={345–377} }
 @article{dietrich_bunya_westerink_ebersole_smith_atkinson_jensen_resio_luettich_dawson_et al._2010, title={A High-Resolution Coupled Riverine Flow, Tide, Wind, Wind Wave, and Storm Surge Model for Southern Louisiana and Mississippi. Part II: Synoptic Description and Analysis of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita}, volume={138}, DOI={10.1175/2009MWR2907.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Monthly Weather Review}, author={Dietrich, J. C. and Bunya, S. and Westerink, J. J. and Ebersole, B. A. and Smith, J. M. and Atkinson, J. H. and Jensen, R. and Resio, D. T. and Luettich, R. A. and Dawson, C. and et al.}, year={2010}, pages={378–404} }
 @article{ebersole_westerink_bunya_dietrich_cialone_2010, title={Development of storm surge which led to flooding in St. Bernard Polder during Hurricane Katrina}, volume={37}, ISSN={0029-8018}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2009.08.013}, DOI={10.1016/j.oceaneng.2009.08.013}, abstractNote={Hurricane Katrina caused devastating flooding in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana. Storm surge surrounded the polder that comprises heavily populated sections of the Parish in addition to the Lower 9th Ward section of Orleans Parish. Surge propagated along several pathways to reach levees and walls around the polder's periphery. Extreme water levels led to breaches in the levee/wall system which, along with wave overtopping and steady overflow, led to considerable flood water entering the polder. Generation and evolution of the storm surge as it propagated into the region is examined using results from the SL15 regional application of the ADCIRC storm surge model. Fluxes of water into the region through navigation channels are compared to fluxes which entered through Lake Borgne and over inundated wetlands surrounding the lake. Fluxes through Lake Borgne and adjacent wetlands were found to be the predominant source of water reaching the region. Various sources of flood water along the polder periphery are examined. Flood water primarily entered through the east and west sides of the polder. Different peak surges and hydrograph shapes were experienced along the polder boundaries, and reasons for the spatial variability in surge conditions are discussed.}, number={1}, journal={Ocean Engineering}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ebersole, B.A. and Westerink, J.J. and Bunya, S. and Dietrich, J.C. and Cialone, M.A.}, year={2010}, month={Jan}, pages={91–103} }
 @article{dietrich_kolar_asce_dresback_2008, title={Mass residuals as a criterion for mesh refinement in continuous Galerkin shallow water models}, volume={134}, DOI={10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:5(520)}, abstractNote={Mass balance error has been computed traditionally by using conventional fluxes derived from the conservation of mass equation, but recent literature supports a method based on fluxes that are consistent with the discretization of the governing equations. By comparing the mass residuals from these two methods to the truncation errors produced by the discretization of the governing equations, we show that the conventional fluxes produce mass residuals that are more descriptive of the overall behavior of the model, i.e., they are better correlated with truncation error. Then we demonstrate that these mass residuals can be used as a criterion for mesh refinement. In an example using a one-dimensional shallow water model, we demonstrate that, by moving nodes from regions with large mass residuals to regions with small mass residuals, a mesh can be developed that shows less truncation error than a mesh developed by using localized truncation error analysis. And, in an example using a two-dimensional shallow water model, we demonstrate that the computed solution can be improved in regions with large mass residuals through mesh refinement.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Hydraulic Engineering-Asce}, author={Dietrich, J. C. and Kolar, R. L. and Asce, M. and Dresback, K. M.}, year={2008}, pages={520–532} }
 @article{dresback_kolar_dietrich_2005, title={On the form of the momentum equation for shallow water models based on the generalized wave continuity equation}, volume={28}, ISSN={0309-1708}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2004.11.011}, DOI={10.1016/j.advwatres.2004.11.011}, abstractNote={Nearly all generalized wave continuity (GWC)-based models utilize the velocity-based, non-conservative form of the momentum equation to obtain the depth-averaged changes in velocity. It has been hypothesized that a flux-based, conservative form of the momentum equation may improve accuracy and stability. Herein, we study the impact of the choice of dependent variable and form of the momentum equation in a GWC-based finite element shallow water model. The impact of this change on mass balance, stability, and accuracy (spatial and temporal) is rigorously assessed, first for 1D barotropic flows and then for 2D barotropic flows in a variety of basins. Both 1D and 2D results indicate that the conservative form improves mass balance on both global and local scales, with the most significant gains found in local mass balance in areas with steep bathymetry gradients. This is also the region where the conservative form shows an increase in local spatial accuracy. Taylor series analysis and numerical simulations indicate a strong correlation between local spatial truncation errors and local mass balance errors. Stability, temporal accuracy and global spatial accuracy do not show statistically significant changes between the two algorithms in both 1D and 2D studies.}, number={4}, journal={Advances in Water Resources}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Dresback, Kendra M. and Kolar, Randall L. and Dietrich, J. Casey}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={345–358} }
 @article{dresback_kolar_dietrich_2004, title={A 2D implicit time-marching algorithm for shallow water models based on the generalized wave continuity equation}, volume={45}, ISSN={0271-2091 1097-0363}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.697}, DOI={10.1002/fld.697}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Dresback, Kendra M. and Kolar, Randall L. and Dietrich, J. Casey}, year={2004}, month={Apr}, pages={253–274} }
 @inbook{dietrich_kolar_luettich_miller_farthing_gray_pinder_2004, title={Assessment of ADCIRC's wetting and drying algorithm}, volume={55}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000228987900150&KeyUID=WOS:000228987900150}, booktitle={Computational Methods in Water Resources, Vols 1 and 2}, author={Dietrich, JC and Kolar, RL and Luettich, RA and Miller, CT and Farthing, MW and Gray, WG and Pinder, GF}, year={2004}, pages={1767–1778} }
 @inbook{dresback_kolar_dietrich_hassanizadeh_schotting_gray_pinder_2002, title={Impact of the form of the momentum equation on shallow water models based on the generalized wave continuity equation}, volume={47}, url={http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000178839400203&KeyUID=WOS:000178839400203}, booktitle={Computational Methods in Water Resources, Vols 1 and 2, Proceedings}, author={Dresback, KM and Kolar, RL and Dietrich, JC and Hassanizadeh, SM and Schotting, RJ and Gray, WG and Pinder, GF}, year={2002}, pages={1573–1580} }