@article{wilcox_losey_folmer_martin_zeller_sommer_2015, title={Crystalline and Liquid Structure of Zinc Chloride Trihydrate: A Unique Ionic Liquid}, volume={54}, ISSN={0020-1669 1520-510X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic5024532}, DOI={10.1021/ic5024532}, abstractNote={The water/ZnCl(2) phase diagram in the vicinity of the 75 mol % water composition is reported, demonstrating the existence of a congruently melting phase. Single crystals of this 3-equiv hydrate were grown, and the crystal structure of [Zn(OH(2))(6)][ZnCl(4)] was determined. Synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction and IR and Raman spectroscopy along with reverse Monte Carlo modeling demonstrate that a CsCl-type packing of the molecular ions persists into the liquid state. Consistent with the crystalline and liquid structural data, IR spectroscopy demonstrates that the O-H bonds of coordinated water do not exhibit strong intermolecular hydrogen ion bonding but are significantly weakened because of the water's coordination to Lewis acidic zinc ions. The O-H bond weakening makes this system a very strong hydrogen-bond donor, whereas the ionic packing along with the nonpolar geometry of the molecular ions makes this system a novel nonpolar, hydrogen-bonding, ionic liquid solvent.}, number={3}, journal={Inorganic Chemistry}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Wilcox, Robert J. and Losey, Bradley P. and Folmer, Jacob C. W. and Martin, James D. and Zeller, Matthias and Sommer, Roger}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={1109–1119} }
 @article{wilcox_folmer_kennemur_martin_2016, title={Synthesis of luminescent nitroxobenzene oligomers by aluminum chloride catalyzed dehydration of nitrobenzene}, volume={103}, ISSN={0277-5387}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2015.07.077}, DOI={10.1016/j.poly.2015.07.077}, abstractNote={Under solvothermal reaction conditions, nitrobenzene is heated in the presence of aluminum chloride to yield a luminescent and paramagnetic low molecular weight polymeric material along with AlCl3·(H2O)6. MALDI mass spectral analysis demonstrates that the repeat unit consists of the biphenyl moiety (ONC6H3–ONC6H4). Four distinct fractions are isolated based on differential solubility characteristics. The primary differentiating features of these fractions appear to be their considerably different conjugation and branching characteristics. A radical mechanism, consistent with the formation of Wheland intermediates is proposed to account for the observed mass spec, IR, UV–Vis, EPR and size exclusion chromatographic data. Luminescence spectroscopy data is also provided demonstrating the white light emission exhibited by these polymers.}, number={Part A}, journal={Polyhedron}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Wilcox, Robert J. and Folmer, Jacob C.W. and Kennemur, Justin G. and Martin, James D.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={35–43} }
 @article{hou_martin_dill_folmer_josey_2015, title={Transition Zone Theory of Crystal Growth and Viscosity}, volume={27}, ISSN={0897-4756 1520-5002}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00956}, DOI={10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00956}, abstractNote={Crystal growth and viscous relaxation are known to be activated processes, albeit inadequately described by transition state theories. By considering a transition zone and accounting for the Kauzmann-type temperature dependence of configurational entropy we here develop transition zone theory (TZT). Entropic and enthalpic activation probabilities scale with the cooperativity of the reactant, and the attempt frequency prefactor (kBT/h) is scaled by a characteristic phonon wavelength equal to twice the lattice constant for crystal growth, and the speed of sound squared for viscous relaxation. TZT accurately describes the temperature-dependent crystal growth rates and viscosity of diverse materials over the entire temperature ranges Tg to Tm and Tg to Tc, respectively, and affords a detailed mechanistic understanding of condensed matter reactions similar to that afforded to molecular chemistry by the Eyring equation.}, number={9}, journal={Chemistry of Materials}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Hou, Feier and Martin, James D. and Dill, Eric D. and Folmer, Jacob C. W. and Josey, Amanda A.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={3526–3532} }
 @article{dill_folmer_martin_2013, title={Crystal Growth Simulations To Establish Physically Relevant Kinetic Parameters from the Empirical Kolmogorov–Johnson–Mehl–Avrami Model}, volume={25}, ISSN={0897-4756 1520-5002}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm402751x}, DOI={10.1021/cm402751x}, abstractNote={A series of simulations was performed to enable interpretation of the material and physical significance of the parameters defined in the Kolmogorov, Johnson and Mehl, and Avrami (KJMA) rate expression commonly used to describe phase boundary controlled reactions of condensed matter. The parameters k, n, and t0 are shown to be highly correlated, which if unaccounted for seriously challenge mechanistic interpretation. It is demonstrated that rate measurements exhibit an intrinsic uncertainty without precise knowledge of the location and orientation of nucleation with respect to the free volume into which it grows. More significantly, it is demonstrated that the KJMA rate constant k is highly dependent on sample size. However, under the simulated conditions of slow nucleation relative to crystal growth, sample volume and sample anisotropy correction affords a means to eliminate the experimental condition dependence of the KJMA rate constant, k, producing the material-specific parameter, the velocity of the ...}, number={20}, journal={Chemistry of Materials}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Dill, Eric D. and Folmer, Jacob C. W. and Martin, James D.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={3941–3951} }
 @article{dill_josey_folmer_hou_martin_2013, title={Experimental Determination of the Crystallization Phase-Boundary Velocity in the Halozeotype CZX-1}, volume={25}, ISSN={0897-4756 1520-5002}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm402745e}, DOI={10.1021/cm402745e}, abstractNote={Isothermal crystallization experiments were performed on the halozeotype CZX-1 with 2D temperature- and time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction (TtXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). These crystallization experiments demonstrate that the fundamental materials property, the velocity of the phase boundary of the crystallization front, vpb, can be recovered from the Kolmogorov Johnson and Mehl and Avrami (KJMA) model of phase-boundary controlled reactions by introducing the sample volume into the KJMA rate expression. An additional corrective term is required if the sample volume of the crystallization measurement is anisotropic. The concurrent disappearance of the melt and appearance of the crystalline phase demonstrate that no intermediates exist in the crystallization pathway. The velocity of the phase boundary approaches 0 as the glass transition (Tg ≈ 30 °C) is approached and at about 10° below melting point (Tm = 173 °C). The velocity of the phase boundary reaches a maximum of 30 μm s...}, number={20}, journal={Chemistry of Materials}, publisher={American Chemical Society (ACS)}, author={Dill, Eric D. and Josey, Amanda A. and Folmer, Jacob C.W. and Hou, Feier and Martin, James D.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={3932–3940} }
 @article{folmer_withers_welberry_martin_2008, title={Coupled orientational and displacive degrees of freedom in the high-temperature plastic phase of the carbon tetrabromide alpha-CBr(4)}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1098-0121"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-42049094259&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1103/physrevb.77.144205}, abstractNote={Two-dimensional single-crystal synchrotron x-ray diffraction of the high-temperature plastic phase of CBr4 reveals relatively sharp G{+-}1/2 {l_brace}110{r_brace}* sheets of diffuse intensity (where G represents the set of average structure Fm-3m allowed Bragg reflections). This intense and highly structured diffuse scattering arises from the large amplitude excitation of transverse polarized displacive modes of distortion and shows that a set of six possible orientations of the individual CBr4 molecules in the plastic phase are strongly coupled with displacive relaxational degrees of freedom. Using Monte Carlo simulations to model the diffuse intensity, the displacive relaxations are shown to be along the molecular nearest-neighbor 1/2{l_angle}110{r_angle} real space directions associated with the relative orientations of individual and nearest-neighbor CBr4 tetrahedra.}, number={14}, journal={PHYSICAL REVIEW B}, author={Folmer, Jacob C. W. and Withers, Ray L. and Welberry, T. R. and Martin, James D.}, year={2008}, month={Apr} }
 @article{rhodes_brewer_folmer_franzen_2008, title={Investigation of hexadecanethiol self-assembled monolayers on cadmium tin oxide thin films}, volume={516}, ISSN={["0040-6090"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.tsf.2007.08.098}, abstractNote={This study reports the use of variable angle reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate the formation of a 1-hexadecanethiol adlayer on cadmium tin oxide (CTO) thin film surfaces. These adlayers appear to be robust, ordered monolayers. The optical and electronic properties of CTO thin films chemically vapor deposited onto glass substrates were also investigated. The reflectance of the CTO films was dependent upon the incident angle of the impinging radiation and revealed a reflectance decrease indicative of a plasma frequency in the mid-IR using p-polarized radiation.}, number={8}, journal={THIN SOLID FILMS}, author={Rhodes, Cnissy L. and Brewer, Scott H. and Folmer, Jaap and Franzen, Stefan}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={1838–1842} }
 @article{martin_keary_thornton_novotnak_knutson_folmer_2006, title={Metallotropic liquid crystals formed by surfactant templating of molten metal halides}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1476-1122"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33645640615&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1038/nmat1610}, abstractNote={Liquid crystals consist of anisotropic molecular units, and most are organic molecules. Materials incorporating metals into anisotropic molecules, described as metallomesogens, have been prepared. Anisotropic structures such as one-dimensional chains and two-dimensional layers are frequently observed in solid-state inorganic materials, however, little is understood about structural organization in melts of such materials. Achieving liquid-crystalline behaviour in inorganic fluids should be possible if the anisotropic structure can be retained or designed into the molten phase. We demonstrated the ability to engineer zeolite-type structures into metal halide glasses and liquids. In this work we have engineered lamellar, cubic and hexagonal liquid-crystalline structure in metal-halide melts by controlling the volume fraction and nature of the inorganic block (up to 80 mol%) with respect to alkylammonium surfactants. The high metal content of these liquid-crystalline systems significantly advances the field of metallomesogens, which seeks to combine magnetic, electronic, optical, redox and catalytic properties common to inorganic materials with the fluid properties of liquid crystals.}, number={4}, journal={NATURE MATERIALS}, author={Martin, JD and Keary, CL and Thornton, TA and Novotnak, MP and Knutson, JW and Folmer, JCW}, year={2006}, month={Apr}, pages={271–275} }
 @article{folmer_franzen_2003, title={Study of polymer glasses by modulated differential scanning calorimetry in the undergraduate physical chemistry laboratory}, volume={80}, ISSN={["0021-9584"]}, DOI={10.1021/ed080p813}, abstractNote={Recent technological advances in thermal analysis present educational opportunities. In particular, modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) can be used to contrast reversing and nonreversing processes in practical laboratory experiments. The introduction of these concepts elucidates the relationship between experimental timescales and reversibility. The latter is a key concept of undergraduate thermodynamics theory that deserves reinforcement. In this paper, the theory and application of MDSC to problems of current interest is outlined with special emphasis on the contrast between crystallization and vitrification. Glass formation deserves greater emphasis in the undergraduate curriculum. Glass transitions are increasingly recognized as an important aspect of materials properties and dynamics in fields ranging from polymer science to protein folding. The example chosen for study is a comparison of polyethylene glycol and atactic polypropylene glycol. The experiment is easily performed in a typi...}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION}, author={Folmer, JCW and Franzen, S}, year={2003}, month={Jul}, pages={813–818} }
 @article{franzen_folmer_glomm_r o'neal_2002, title={Optical properties of dye molecules adsorbed on single gold and silver nanoparticles}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1520-5215"]}, DOI={10.1021/jp025536g}, abstractNote={Despite the well-known relationship between the resonance Raman excitation profile and the absorption line shape, there is scant experimental evidence for effects in absorption or fluorescence spectroscopy related to the observations of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). On the other hand, numerous Raman studies have been done on the SERS phenomenon, where large enhancement factors have been determined. In this work, the absorption properties of molecules adsorbed on single gold and silver nanoparticles (monomers) have been investigated, with particular emphasis on an examination of the effect on the spectrum of the adsorbate. A number of the adsorbates studied are similar to those reported in SERS studies. The adsorbates can be divided into two classes according to the nature of the interaction with the adsorbent. Class I shows little change in the absorption spectrum. Class II shows a large reduction in absorption. The only examples of an increase in absorption arise from solvatochromic effects. ...}, number={28}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A}, author={Franzen, S and Folmer, JCW and Glomm, WR and R O'Neal}, year={2002}, month={Jul}, pages={6533–6540} }