@article{rabiei_portanova_marx_scott_schwandt_2020, title={A Study on Puncture Resistance of Composite Metal Foam Core Sandwich Panels}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1527-2648"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202000693}, DOI={10.1002/adem.202000693}, abstractNote={Steel–steel composite metal foam‐core sandwich panels (S‐S CMF‐CSP) with variety of thicknesses of components (face sheets and cores) are manufactured by attaching stainless steel face sheets to a S‐S CMF core using either solid‐state diffusion bonding or adhesion bonding. Scanning electron microscope imaging is used to evaluate the microstructure of diffusion bonded panels particularly at the interface of the core and face sheets. The puncture resistance of the sandwich panels is evaluated using a 0.50 caliber Mann gun barrel, modified to fire 2.54 and 3.175 cm diameter steel balls creating kinetic puncture energies up to 14 500 J. But, no complete penetrations through any of the sandwich panels are achieved. At lower impact velocities, tensile stresses resulted from the sudden changes in mechanical impedance between various layers of the sandwich panel recoil the ball back while at higher impact velocities, the high strain rate deformation at the point of impact along with the friction heat between the ball and panel surface fuses the ball to the target instantly resulting in debonding of adhesively bonded panels, whereas the diffusion bonded panels resist better. Sandwich panels with higher areal densities and thicker face sheets did not show major advantages over the panels with thinner face sheets.}, number={12}, journal={ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS}, author={Rabiei, Afsaneh and Portanova, Marc and Marx, Jacob and Scott, Christopher and Schwandt, Jerod}, year={2020}, month={Dec} }
 @article{marx_portanova_rabiei_2020, title={Performance of Composite Metal Foam Armors against Various Threat Sizes}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2504-477X"]}, DOI={10.3390/jcs4040176}, abstractNote={The ballistic capabilities of composite metal foam (CMF) armors were experimentally tested against a 14.5 × 114 mm B32 armor-piercing incendiary (API) and compared to various sizes of armor-piercing (AP) ballistic threats, ranging from a 7.62 to 12.7 mm. Three different arrangements of layered hard armors were designed and manufactured using ceramic faceplates (in one layer, two layers or multiple tiles), a combination of ceramic and steel face sheets, with a single-layered CMF core, and a thin aluminum backing. The performance of various CMF armor designs against the 14.5 mm rounds are compared to each other and to the performance of the rolled homogeneous armor standard to identify the most efficient design for further investigations. The percentage of kinetic energy absorbed by the CMF layer in various armor arrangements and in tests against various threat sizes was calculated and compared. It appears that the larger the threat size, the more efficient the CMF layer will be due to a greater number of hollow metal spheres that are engaged in absorbing the impact energy. The results from this study will help to model and predict the performance of CMF armors against various threat sizes and impact energies.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE}, author={Marx, Jacob and Portanova, Marc and Rabiei, Afsaneh}, year={2020}, month={Dec} }
 @article{marx_rabiei_2020, title={Study on the Microstructure and Compression of Composite Metal Foam Core Sandwich Panels}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1543-1940"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11661-020-05964-1}, number={10}, journal={METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE}, author={Marx, Jacob and Rabiei, Afsaneh}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={5187–5197} }
 @article{marx_rabiei_2021, title={Tensile properties of composite metal foam and composite metal foam core sandwich panels}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1530-7972"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/1099636220942880}, DOI={10.1177/1099636220942880}, abstractNote={ Steel-steel composite metal foam (SS-CMF) and composite metal foam core sandwich panels (SS-CMF-CSP) were manufactured and tested under quasi-static tension. The SS-CMF-CSP were manufactured by attaching stainless steel face sheets to a SS-CMF core using solid-state diffusion bonding. SEM imaging was used to inspect the microstructure of SS-CMF and compare it to that of SS-CMF-CSP. The results indicate a cohesive bond line at the interface of the core and the face sheets. The bare SS-CMF samples had an ultimate tensile strength between 75–85 MPa and a failure strain between 7.5–8%. The normalized tensile strength of the SS-CMF was approximately 24 MPa/(g/cm3), 410% higher than other comparable metal foams, with a specific energy absorption of 0.95 J/g under tension. The uniform porosities and strong bonding between the sphere wall and matrix seem to be the strengthening factor of SS-CMF under tension when compared to other metal foams. The ultimate tensile strength of the SS-CMF-CSP was 115% stronger than the bare SS-CMF at 165 MPa with an average failure strain of 23%. The normalized strength of the SS-CMF-CSP was 52% higher than the bare SS-CMF. The modulus of elasticity was approximated using the rule of mixtures for the SS-CMF and the SS-CMF-CSP and the experimental results were found to lie within the calculated upper and lower bounds. }, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF SANDWICH STRUCTURES & MATERIALS}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Marx, Jacob and Rabiei, Afsaneh}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={3773–3793} }
 @article{marx_portanova_rabiei_2019, title={Ballistic performance of composite metal foam against large caliber threats}, volume={225}, ISSN={["1879-1085"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111032}, abstractNote={The goal of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Composite Metal Foam (CMF) armors against 0.50 caliber ballistic threats. A hard armor was manufactured using a sandwich panel construction consisting of a ceramic faceplate, a CMF core, and a thin aluminum back plate. The hard armor system was tested against 0.50 caliber (12.7 × 99 mm) ball and armor piercing (AP) rounds. The CMF armors were tested with a variety of areal densities at impact velocities between 500 and 885 m/s. The armors stopped the threats at speeds up to 819 m/s without penetration. The CMF layer was found to absorb 73–76% and 69–79% of the kinetic energy of the ball and AP round respectively. When compared to rolled homogeneous steel armor (RHA), the CMF hard armors, in their current unoptimized condition, have a mass efficiency ratio of approximately 2.1. The CMF armor offers a much needed weight savings without sacrificing protection. Finite element analysis was completed using ANSYS/AUTODYN Explicit Dynamics solver to study the material interactions and impact. The results are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental findings.}, journal={COMPOSITE STRUCTURES}, author={Marx, Jacob and Portanova, Marc and Rabiei, Afsaneh}, year={2019}, month={Oct} }
 @article{marx_robbins_grady_palmieri_wohl_rabiei_2020, title={Polymer infused composite metal foam as a potential aircraft leading edge material}, volume={505}, ISSN={["1873-5584"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.144114}, abstractNote={The leading edge of aircraft wings must be free from three-dimensional disturbances caused by insect adhesion, ice accretion, and particle wear in order to improve flight performance, safety, and fuel efficiency of the aircraft. An innovative solution was explored in this work by infusing stainless steel composite metal foam (S-S CMF) with a hydrophobic epoxy resin system. S-S CMF was made with 100% stainless steel using a powder metallurgy technique. The infused epoxy filled the macro- and microporosities, unique to S-S CMF’s structure, creating a product with a density similar to that of aluminum. The contact angle, wear rate, erosion resistance, and insect adhesion of the novel infused composite metal foam were measured and compared to aluminum, epoxy and stainless steel. The infusion process was determined to fill up to 88% of the pores within the S-S CMF and was found to reduce wettability and insect residue accretion. The contact angle of the infused S-S CMF was 43% higher than its parent material, stainless steel, and 130% higher than aluminum. Insect residue maximum height and areal coverage were reduced by 60 and 30%, respectively, compared to aluminum. Grit blast experiments to simulate erosion resulted in a greater roughness increase for aluminum than for the parent epoxy resin or the resin-infused S-S CMF. These results suggest that the durability and performance of infused S-S CMF was superior compared to aluminum, which is the current leading edge material of choice. Based on the promising results under relevant wear and erosion conditions, it is concluded that the infused S-S CMF can offer a potential tailored replacement to aluminum leading edge material.}, journal={APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE}, author={Marx, Jacob C. and Robbins, Samuel J. and Grady, Zane A. and Palmieri, Frank L. and Wohl, Christopher J. and Rabiei, Afsaneh}, year={2020}, month={Mar} }
 @article{marx_portanova_rabiei_2018, title={A study on blast and fragment resistance of composite metal foams through experimental and modeling approaches}, volume={194}, ISSN={["1879-1085"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.03.075}, abstractNote={Composite metal foam (CMF) is known for its high strength to density ratio and extraordinary energy absorption capabilities. In this study, stainless steel CMF panels are manufactured and tested against high explosive incendiary (HEI) rounds to study their resistance against explosive blast pressure and the resulting fragments. It is shown that the CMF panels were able to stop the imparted fragments of various sizes, with speeds up to 1500 m/s, and absorb the blast energy without cracking or bowing. The experimental findings were verified using IMPETUS Afea Solver and compared to the performance of a conventional aluminum armor. It is observed that despite their similar mass, the depth of penetration of the fragments into the aluminum plate is higher than that of the CMF panel. Significant front petaling and bulging is observed in aluminum plate following impact of the blast and frags. No petaling and minimal bulging is observed in all CMF panels. In addition, CMF panels are far less stressed when compared to the aluminum plate at any interval following the blast. The experimental and analytical results prove that novel CMF material can be the solution for the pressing need for effective light-weight vehicular armors.}, journal={COMPOSITE STRUCTURES}, author={Marx, Jacob and Portanova, Marc and Rabiei, Afsaneh}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={652–661} }
 @article{chen_marx_rabiei_2016, title={Experimental and computational studies on the thermal behavior and fire retardant properties of composite metal foams}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1778-4166"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2016.03.005}, abstractNote={A comprehensive experimental and computational evaluation of thermal behavior and fire retardant properties of composite metal foams (CMFs) is reported in this study. Thermal behavior characterizations were carried out through specific heat, effective thermal conductivity, and coefficient of thermal expansion analyses using differential scanning calorimetry, high temperature guarded-comparative-longitudinal heat flow technique, and thermomechanical analyzer (TMA), respectively. The experimental results were compared with analytical results obtained from, respectively, rule of mixture, Brailsford and Major's model, and modified Turner's model for verification. United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) standards were employed as regulatory standards and criteria for fire retardant property study. The results revealed a superior thermal resistance and fire survivability of CMFs compared to 304L stainless steel. A physics-based three-dimensional model accounting for heat conduction was built using Finite Element Analysis to validate the reliability of the experimental results. The model led to a good reproduction of the experimentally measured data when comparing CMF to bulk stainless steel. This research indicates that one of the potential applications of lightweight CMFs can be in nuclear spent fuel casks replacing conventional structural and radiation shielding materials with demonstrated benefits of excellent thermal isolation, fire retardant, light weight and energy absorption capabilities.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES}, author={Chen, Shuo and Marx, Jacob and Rabiei, Afsaneh}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={70–79} }