@article{michnowicz_ronquest_ambrister_chisholm_green_bull_elkins_2023, title={Perceptions of inclusive language in the Spanish of the Southeast: data from a large classroom project}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1571-0726"]}, DOI={10.1075/sic.00084.mic}, abstractNote={Abstract
This study examines the perceptions of inclusive language among first- and second-generation Spanish speakers residing in North Carolina, USA, based on survey data collected from 337 speakers by undergraduates. The survey examines familiarity with innovative inclusive language forms (including -@, -x, and -e), as well as opinions about different forms (including standard morphology forms such as masculine default and noun doubling – i.e., chicos y chicas), and reported use of inclusive forms. A majority of participants expressed negative opinions of innovative forms, and very few reported actually using them in their speech. Acceptance varied based not only on participant social characteristics, but also on the morphology and the context in which the form is used. Exceptions to these trends, as well as the possible future development of inclusive language forms, receive additional attention. Research methodologies with undergraduates are also discussed.}, number={1}, journal={Spanish in Context}, author={Michnowicz, Jim and Ronquest, Rebecca and Ambrister, Bailey and Chisholm, Nick and Green, Rebecca and Bull, Lindsey and Elkins, Anne}, year={2023}, pages={96–129} }
 @article{michnowicz_2023, title={Real and apparent (time) changes in Yucatan Spanish The case of /bdg/}, volume={38}, ISBN={["978-90-272-1376-1"]}, ISSN={["2213-3887"]}, DOI={10.1075/ihll.38.06mic}, abstractNote={Yucatan Spanish (YS) is a regional dialect that shows a variety of language contact features due to sustained close contact with an indigenous language, Yucatec Maya. Previous research has indicated that YS is undergoing rapid standardization toward Central Mexican norms for a variety of potential contact features (Michnowicz, 2015). Among these features is the realization of intervocalic /bdg/ as stops rather than approximants, with younger speakers producing more normative approximant realizations (Michnowicz, 2009, 2011). The present study builds on previous research by analyzing newly-collected data, giving a real-time dimension to the study of YS /bdg/. Results confirm the findings of previous studies in apparent-time, and provide additional detail on how young speakers are moving away from traditional YS forms.}, journal={INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO RESEARCH IN HISPANIC LINGUISTICS}, publisher={John Benjamins Publishing Company}, author={Michnowicz, Jim}, year={2023}, pages={130–151} }
 @inbook{michnowicz_2023, place={Amsterdam}, title={Real and apparent (time) changes in Yucatan Spanish: the case of /bdg/}, booktitle={Innovative Approaches to Research in Hispanic Linguistics: Regional, Diachronic, and Learner Profile Variation.}, publisher={John Benjamins}, author={Michnowicz, Jim}, editor={Fernández Cuenca, S. and Judy, T. and Miller, L.Editors}, year={2023}, pages={130–151} }
 @article{michnowicz_trawick_ronquest_2023, title={Spanish Language Maintenance and Shift in a Newly-Forming Community in the Southeastern United States: Insights From a Large-Class Survey}, volume={7}, number={2}, journal={Hispanic Studies Review}, publisher={College of Charleston}, author={Michnowicz, Jim and Trawick, Sonya and Ronquest, Rebecca Ronquest In}, year={2023} }
 @article{michnowicz_ronquest_chetty_green_oliver_2023, title={Spanish in the Southeast: What a Swarm of Variables Can Tell Us about a Newly Forming Bilingual Community}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2226-471X"]}, DOI={10.3390/languages8030168}, abstractNote={The southeastern United States has experienced rapid growth in the Hispanic population in recent decades, giving rise to a newly forming bilingual community. The present study builds on previous work by the authors via expansion of a “variable swarm”: the analysis of multiple linguistic variables simultaneously for the same set of speakers, with the goal of understanding patterns of accommodation and change within the community. The initial study included four linguistic variables (prosodic rhythm, bilingual discourse markers, the realization of /bdg/ and vowel space), and the present study adds an additional four variables (bilingual filled pauses, subject pronoun realization, code switching, and the labiodental realization of orthographic <v>) for 23 speakers of Mexican and Central American origin across two sociolinguistic generations (G1 vs. G2). Results for individual speakers show a pattern of adoption of some features by speakers of both generations (such as English-influenced prosodic rhythm and phonological filled pauses), while other, possibly more salient forms directly integrated from English (English discourse markers and code switching) exhibit later, highly variable rates of adoption, suggesting that speakers may consciously manipulate these variables as part of a process of active identity construction. Likewise, G1 speakers show fewer correlations among linguistic variables than G2 speakers, and patterns reveal that some bilingual forms are incorporated in tandem due to shared phonological traits or discourse functions. The innovative swarm analysis further contributes to the advancement of techniques employed in sociolinguistic research by serving as a bridge between traditional first- and second-wave studies that focus on a single variable, and third-wave studies that focus more on variation at the individual level.}, number={3}, journal={Languages}, author={Michnowicz, Jim and Ronquest, Rebecca and Chetty, Sarah and Green, Georgia and Oliver, Stephanie Oliver In}, year={2023}, pages={168} }
 @misc{michnowicz_2021, title={Apparently real changes}, ISBN={9780429200267}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429200267-23}, DOI={10.4324/9780429200267-23}, abstractNote={One of the most distinctive traits of Yucatan Spanish is the realization of absolute final /n/ as bilabial [m], for example, [ˈpam] for /ˈpan/. Previous research suggested that final (m), a possible contact feature transferred from Yucatec Maya, increased in frequency over recent decades, likely as a marker of regional identity. A peak among middle-aged speakers, however, made the results inconclusive, as the non-significant reduction among younger speakers could simply be the result of individual variation in the data, or it could indicate a true reversal in the frequency of final /-m/. The present study resolves this ambiguity by adding real-time data collected 11 years after the initial data set. Real-time data confirm the reversal of /-m/, as the youngest group produced very few tokens of /-m/. Importantly, final /-m/ may still serve to mark Yucatan identity, although as a stereotypical marker of regional speech for the youngest generation.}, journal={The Routledge Handbook of Variationist Approaches to Spanish}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Michnowicz, Jim}, year={2021}, month={Sep}, pages={249–262} }
 @article{michnowicz_sarria_2020, title={A new look at forms of address in the Spanish of Cali, Colombia}, volume={4}, number={2}, journal={Hispanic Studies Review}, publisher={College of Charleston}, author={Michnowicz, Jim and Sarria, Vannessa Quintana}, year={2020}, pages={121–139} }
 @inbook{ronquest_michnowicz_wilbanks_cortes_2020, title={Examining the (mini-) variable swarm in the Spanish of the Southeast}, DOI={10.1075/ihll.26.15ron}, abstractNote={The present investigation aims to facilitate our understanding of Spanish in the Southeastern United States – a region that despite its rapid growth over the last two decades, has received little attention in the literature. Analyses of four linguistic variables indicated that while second generation heritage speakers produced significantly more English discourse markers than first generation immigrants, realization of phonetic variables was similar across groups. An examination of the overall patterns across the four variables (i.e., “variable swarm”), however, suggests that heritage speakers are beginning to integrate contact-induced characteristics into their speech faster than immigrants do. By examining multiple variables simultaneously, the present study therefore offers important insight into the processes of new dialect formation, convergence, and leveling in an understudied region.}, booktitle={Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics}, publisher={John Benjamins Publishing Company}, author={Ronquest, Rebecca E. and Michnowicz, Jim and Wilbanks, Eric and Cortes, Claudia}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={304–325} }
 @inbook{michnowicz_planchón_2020, series={Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics}, title={Sheísmo in Montevideo Spanish}, ISBN={9789027207388 9789027260895}, ISSN={2213-3887}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ihll.29.07mic}, DOI={10.1075/ihll.29.07mic}, abstractNote={Studies have documented an ongoing change from /ʒ/ to /ʃ/ in Rioplatense Spanish, and research indicates that the change to /ʃ/ is complete for young speakers of Buenos Aires (BA) Spanish. However, sheísmo in the neighboring country of Uruguay has not been thoroughly studied. The present study finds that, unlike in BA, the change to /ʃ/ is not yet complete in Montevideo, as determined by persistent sex differences among young speakers (Cameron, 2011; Chang, 2008), and differences in voicing rates between /ʒ/~/ʃ/and phonologically voiceless /s/, indicating that observed voicing is not due solely to gestural overlap (Rohena-Madrazo, 2015). Uruguay is at least one generation behind BA for this change, distinguishing the Spanish spoken in the two regions.}, booktitle={Variation and Evolution: Aspects of language contact and contrast across the Spanish-speaking world}, publisher={John Benjamins Publishing Company}, author={Michnowicz, Jim and Planchón, Lucía}, editor={Sessarego, S. and Colomina-Almiñana, J.J. and Rodríguez-Riccelli, A.Editors}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={163–186}, collection={Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics} }
 @inbook{michnowicz_hyler_2020, series={Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics}, title={The acento pujado in Yucatan Spanish: Prosodic rhythm and the search for the yucateco accent}, ISBN={9789027204752 9789027261717}, ISSN={2213-3887}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ihll.22.05mic}, DOI={10.1075/ihll.22.05mic}, abstractNote={Previous research has indicated that the accent of Yucatan Spanish (YS) differs from that of other dialects, in particular standard Mexican Spanish from central Mexico. These studies attribute the YS accent, described as halting/staccato (pujado), to contact with Yucatec Maya, suggesting that yucatecos speak Spanish with a Mayan accent. This claim has never been addressed explicitly in the literature, however. The present study applies several metrics of prosodic rhythm (%V, Cdev & PVI) to spontaneous speech samples from bilingual and monolingual yucatecos. Results show a changing rhythm, with younger speakers moving away from more traditional, possibly Maya-influenced patterns in apparent time. Connections between rhythm and segmental features of YS are discussed, along with possible social implications.}, booktitle={Hispanic Contact Linguistics: Theoretical, methodological and empirical perspectives}, publisher={John Benjamins Publishing Company}, author={Michnowicz, Jim and Hyler, Alex}, editor={Ortiz Lopez, L.A. and Guzzardo Tamargo, R.E. and González-Rivera, M.Editors}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={115–136}, collection={Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics} }
 @inbook{michnowicz_hyler_2020, series={Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics}, title={The changing rhythm of Yucatan Spanish}, ISBN={9789027207142 9789027260956}, ISSN={2213-3887}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ihll.28.02mic}, DOI={10.1075/ihll.28.02mic}, abstractNote={This is a real time sociolinguistic analysis of the changing rhythm of Yucatan Spanish (YS), measured by four rhythm metrics: %V, ΔC, Vnpvi and Crpvi. We compare apparent time data, previously collected in 2005, with real time data collected 11 years later, in 2016, analyzing the prosodic rhythm of YS across three age groups (2005 older vs. younger; 2016 younger) and two language groups (Maya-Spanish bilinguals vs. Spanish monolinguals). Results indicate that younger speakers are moving away from the Maya-influenced rhythm of traditional YS, and are instead adopting a rhythm similar to Mexico City Spanish. These changes are explained as a process of new dialect formation/koineization, as the dialect stabilizes after a period of intense dialect and language contact.}, booktitle={Spanish Phonetics and Phonology in Contact: Studies from Africa, the Americas, and Spain}, publisher={John Benjamins Publishing Company}, author={Michnowicz, Jim and Hyler, Alex}, editor={Rao, R.Editor}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={33–62}, collection={Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics} }
 @inbook{trawick_michnowicz_2019, place={Wilmington, DE}, title={Glottal Insertion before Vowel-Initial Words in the Spanish of Asunción, Paraguay}, booktitle={Contact, community and connections: Current approaches to Spanish in multilingual populations}, publisher={Vernon Press}, author={Trawick, Sonya and Michnowicz, Jim}, editor={Thomson, G. and Alvord, S.Editors}, year={2019}, pages={147–171} }
 @inbook{ronquest_michnowicz_wilbanks_cortes_2018, title={Examining the (mini-)variable swarm in the Spanish of the Southeast}, booktitle={Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 16}, publisher={Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company}, author={Ronquest, R. and Michnowicz, J. and Wilbanks, E. and Cortes, C.}, editor={A. Morales-Front, M. Ferreira and Leow, R. and Sanz, C.Editors}, year={2018}, pages={324–349} }
 @inbook{michnowicz_hyler_shepherd_trawick_2018, title={Spanish in North Carolina: English-origin loanwords in a newly forming Hispanic community.}, booktitle={Language Diversity in the New South}, publisher={Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press}, author={Michnowicz, Jim and Hyler, Alex and Shepherd, James and Trawick, Sonya}, editor={J. Reaser, E. Wilbanks and W. Wolfram and Wojcik, K.Editors}, year={2018}, pages={289–305} }
 @misc{michnowicz_2016, title={Iberian Imperialism and Language Evolution in Latin America}, volume={93}, number={9}, journal={Bulletin of Spanish Studies}, author={Michnowicz, J.}, year={2016}, pages={1649–1650} }
 @misc{michnowicz_kagan_2016, title={On glottal stops in Yucatan Spanish}, ISSN={2213-3887}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ihll.8.09mic}, DOI={10.1075/ihll.8.09mic}, abstractNote={This article examines the impact of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors on the production of glottalization (/ʔ/ and creaky voice) in Yucatan Spanish. The results of this study suggest that glottal insertion before vowel-initial words in Yucatan Spanish is the product of language contact mediated by internal development. It also indicates that glottal insertion, like other traditional features of Yucatan Spanish, is undergoing a process of standardization, whereby younger, more educated speakers employ a less traditional, more ‘standard’ variety of Spanish.}, journal={Spanish Language and Sociolinguistic Analysis}, publisher={John Benjamins Publishing Company}, author={Michnowicz, Jim and Kagan, Laura}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={217–240} }
 @article{harney_davies_biedermann_beauchesne_góngora_garcía santo-tomás_brewer_olds_frey_frey_et al._2016, title={Reviews of Books}, volume={93}, ISSN={1475-3820 1478-3428}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14753820.2017.1286835}, DOI={10.1080/14753820.2017.1286835}, number={9}, journal={Bulletin of Spanish Studies}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Harney, Michael and Davies, Drew Edward and Biedermann, Zoltán and Beauchesne, Kim and Góngora, Mar Martínez and García Santo-Tomás, Enrique and Brewer, Brian and Olds, Katrina B. and Frey, Linda S. and Frey, Marsha L. and et al.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={1627–1654} }
 @inbook{michnowicz_despain_gorham_2016, title={The changing system of Costa Rican pronouns of address}, ISBN={9789027258090 9789027267009}, ISSN={2213-3887}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ihll.10.12mic}, DOI={10.1075/ihll.10.12mic}, abstractNote={This study examines the reported use of three forms of address ( tu, vos, usted ) in Costa Rican Spanish. Previous studies indicate three phenomena of interest: (1) Usted is used with [+solidarity] interlocutors; (2) While tuteo has been historically absent, some studies suggest an increase in tuteo use among young speakers; (3) Older studies indicated that younger speakers were increasing their use of vos . Based on 209 surveys, results indicate an increase in ustedeo among younger speakers, which contradicts earlier studies. Possible explanations include the socio-political history of Costa Rica, as well as a linguistic reaction against the influx of voseo -using Nicaraguan immigrants. Finally, no clear evidence of expanding tuteo is found, at least for the survey data analyzed here.}, booktitle={Forms of Address in the Spanish of the Americas}, publisher={John Benjamins Publishing Company}, author={Michnowicz, Jim and Despain, J. Scott and Gorham, Rebecca}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={243–266} }
 @article{barnes_michnowicz_2015, title={Broad focus declaratives in Veneto-Spanish bilinguals: Peak alignment and language contact}, volume={8}, DOI={10.1515/shll-2015-0002}, abstractNote={Abstract This paper examines peak alignment in Veneto-Spanish bilinguals in the small community of Chipilo, Mexico. We have two goals: First, to provide a description of the peak alignment patterns present in bilingual Chipilo Spanish. As Chipilo Spanish is in contact with a northern Italian variety (Veneto), we hypothesize that changes in peak alignment from monolingual norms, specifically regarding early peak alignment, may be due to transfer from Veneto. Second, we seek to compare the present data, based on controlled speech, to the results of a previous study on semi-spontaneous speech in Chipilo Spanish, contributing to the literature that compares methodologies in intonation research. Our results show that bilinguals demonstrate early peaks in controlled speech, although to a lesser extent than in semi-spontaneous speech. We attribute this to contact with Veneto and a strong sense of ethnolinguistic identity that leads speakers to maintain features of a Chipileño variety of Spanish.}, number={1}, journal={Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics}, publisher={Walter de Gruyter GmbH}, author={Barnes, Hilary and Michnowicz, Jim}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={35–57} }
 @inbook{michnowicz_2015, title={MAYA-SPANISH CONTACT IN YUCATAN, MEXICO: CONTEXT AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC IMPLICATIONS}, DOI={10.31819/9783954878314-003}, booktitle={New Perspectives on Hispanic Contact Linguistics in the Americas}, publisher={Iberoamericana Vervuert}, author={Michnowicz, Jim}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={21–42} }
 @inbook{michnowicz_kagan_2015, title={On glottal stops in Yucatan Spanish: language contact and dialect standardization}, booktitle={Selected Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics}, publisher={John Benjamins}, author={Michnowicz, Jim and Kagan, Laura}, editor={Sessarego, S. and Tejedo, F.Editors}, year={2015} }
 @article{michnowicz_2015, title={Sandro Sessarego: Chota Valley Spanish}, volume={13}, ISSN={2255-5218}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.31819/rili-2015-132518}, DOI={10.31819/rili-2015-132518}, number={25}, journal={Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana}, publisher={Vervuert Verlag oHG}, author={Michnowicz, Jim}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={239–242} }
 @inbook{michnowicz_2015, title={Subject pronoun expression in Yucatan Spanish}, ISBN={9781626161702}, booktitle={Subject Pronoun Expression in Spanish: A Cross-dialectal perspective}, publisher={Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press}, author={Michnowicz, J.}, editor={Ana M. Carvalho, Rafael Orozco and Shin, Naomi LapidusEditors}, year={2015} }
 @article{michnowicz_2015, title={Subject pronoun expression in contact with Maya in Yucatan Spanish}, volume={103}, journal={Subject pronoun expression in Spanish: A cross-dialectal perspective}, publisher={Georgetown University Press Georgetown}, author={Michnowicz, Jim}, year={2015}, pages={6122} }
 @inbook{michnowicz_despain_gorham_2015, title={The changing system of Costa Rican pronouns of address: tuteo, voseo, and ustedo}, booktitle={Forms of address in the Spanish of the Americas}, publisher={John Benjamins}, author={Michnowicz, J. and Despain, S. and Gorham, R.}, editor={Rivera-Mills, Susana and Moyna, Maria IreneEditors}, year={2015} }
 @inbook{michnowicz_2014, title={Maya-Spanish contact in Yucatan, Mexico: Context and sociolinguistic implications}, booktitle={New Perspectives on Hispanic Contact Linguistics in the Americas}, publisher={Iberoamericana-Vervuert}, author={Michnowicz, Jim}, editor={Sessarego, S. and Rivera, M. GonzalezEditors}, year={2014} }
 @misc{michnowicz_2014, place={Cambridge}, title={Sociolinguistic Fieldwork}, number={25}, journal={Linguist List}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Michnowicz, Jim}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={38} }
 @inbook{michnowicz_barnes_2013, title={A sociolinguistic analysis of pre-nuclear peak alignment in Yucatan Spanis}, ISBN={9781574734577}, booktitle={Selected proceedings of the 15th hispanic linguistics symposium}, publisher={Somerville: Cascadilla Press}, author={Michnowicz, Jim and Barnes, Hilary}, editor={C. Howe, S.E. Blackwell and Quesada, M. LubbersEditors}, year={2013}, pages={221–235} }
 @inproceedings{michnowicz_barnes_2013, title={A sociolinguistic analysis of pre-nuclear peak alignment in Yucatan Spanish}, booktitle={Selected proceedings of the 15th Hispanic linguistics symposium}, author={Michnowicz, Jim and Barnes, Hilary}, year={2013}, pages={221–235} }
 @inbook{barnes_michnowicz_2013, title={Peak alignment in bilingual Chipilo Spanish}, ISBN={9781574734560}, booktitle={Selected proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics}, publisher={Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project}, author={Barnes, H. and Michnowicz, J.}, editor={Carvalho, Ana M. and Beaudrie, SaraEditors}, year={2013}, pages={102–122} }
 @inproceedings{barnes_michnowicz_2013, title={Peak alignment in semi-spontaneous bilingual Chipilo Spanish}, booktitle={Selected proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics}, author={Barnes, Hilary and Michnowicz, Jim}, year={2013}, pages={109–122} }
 @article{michnowicz_carpenter_2013, title={Voiceless stop aspiration in Yucatan Spanish A sociolinguistic analysis}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1571-0726"]}, DOI={10.1075/sic.10.3.05mic}, abstractNote={Previous research has indicated that in Yucatan Spanish, /ptk/ are aspirated at greater levels than in other varieties, a feature attributed to contact with Yucatec Maya, a language that has both aspirated and ejective voiceless stops. The current study presents the first quantitative, acoustic, variationist investigation of the linguistic and social factors that constrain aspiration (as measured by VOT) in Yucatan Spanish. Analyses, conducted using mixed-effects statistical models, indicate that VOT values are longer in stressed syllables and phrase initially, and also before non-low vowels. Regarding social factors, men consistently favor longer VOT, along with older speakers. While no significant result was obtained based on language background (Maya-Spanish bilinguals vs. Spanish monolinguals), there is evidence of the influence of language and dialect contact on the observed patterns. Further results and conclusions are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={SPANISH IN CONTEXT}, author={Michnowicz, Jim and Carpenter, Lindsey}, year={2013}, pages={410–437} }
 @misc{michnowicz_2012, title={Díaz-Campos (ed.): The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics}, volume={5}, ISSN={2199-3386 1939-0238}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2012-1136}, DOI={10.1515/shll-2012-1136}, number={2}, journal={Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics}, publisher={Walter de Gruyter GmbH}, author={Michnowicz, Jim}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={425–434} }
 @inbook{michnowicz_2012, title={The standardization of Yucatan Spanish: Family case studies in Izamal and Merida}, booktitle={Selected proceedings of the 14th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium}, publisher={Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project}, author={Michnowicz, Jim}, editor={Geeslin, K. and Diaz-Campos, M.Editors}, year={2012}, pages={102–115} }
 @inproceedings{michnowicz_2012, title={The standardization of Yucatan Spanish: Family case studies in Izamal and Mérida}, booktitle={Selected proceedings of the hispanic linguistics symposium 2010}, author={Michnowicz, Jim}, year={2012}, pages={102–115} }
 @article{dialect standardization in merida, yucatan: the case of (b d g)_2011, year={2011} }
 @article{michnowicz_2011, title={Dialect standardization in Merida, Yucatan: The case of /bdg/}, volume={18}, journal={Revista Internacional de Linguistica Iberoamericana}, author={Michnowicz, Jim}, year={2011}, pages={191–212} }
 @book{michnowicz_dodswort_2011, place={Somerville, MA}, title={Selected Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics}, publisher={Cascadilla Press}, year={2011} }
 @misc{michnowicz_2010, title={A sociolinguistic analysis of /s/-aspiration in Madrid Spanish}, number={21}, journal={Linguist List}, author={Michnowicz, Jim}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={2487} }
 @article{bishop_michnowicz_2010, title={Forms of Address in Chilean Spanish}, volume={93}, DOI={10.1353/hpn.2010.a396529}, abstractNote={The present investigation examines possible social and linguistic factors that influence forms of address used in Chilean Spanish with various interlocutors. A characteristic of the Spanish of Chile is the use of a variety of forms of address for the second person singular, tú, vos, and usted, with corresponding verb conjugations (Lipski 1994). Previous studies have posited that whereas the pronominal voseo is still stigmatized by Chile's middle and upper classes, the mixed verbal voseo is gaining ground among the educated sectors of the population (Torrejón 1986, 1991). The current study uses linguistic survey results taken from eighty-one residents of Santiago, Chile, to test these predictions quantitatively. The results show a V-shaped distribution of verbal voseo in terms of age and social class. Young professional-class speakers are those who report using verbal voseo most frequently. Survey data are compared to recorded and observed interactions among speakers. Interactional data suggest that the frequency of vos is underreported in the survey but that the essential pattern reported by speakers is accurate.}, number={3}, journal={Hispania}, publisher={Project MUSE}, author={Bishop, Kelley and Michnowicz, Jim}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={413–429} }
 @article{perceptions of second person singular pronoun use in san salvador, el salvador_2010, year={2010} }
 @article{michnowicz_place_2010, title={Perceptions of second person singular pronoun use in San Salvador, El Salvador}, volume={3}, number={2}, journal={Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics}, author={Michnowicz, J. and Place, S.}, year={2010}, pages={353–377} }
 @inbook{michnowicz_2009, title={Intervocalic voiced stops in Yucatan Spanish: A case of contact induced language change?}, ISBN={9788484894247}, DOI={10.31819/9783865279033-005}, abstractNote={This study examines the possible role of language contact on the realization of /b d g/ in Yucatan Spanish (YS). Whereas standard Spanish displays an alternation between stops [b d g] and fricatives [β δ γ], YS shows a preference for stops in contexts that would require a fricative in other varieties. The extended use of [b d g] in YS has been attributed to influence from the contact language, Mayan, by some researchers (Nykl 1938, Mediz Bolio 1951, Lope Blanch 1987), while others prefer a language-internal explanation (Cassano 1977, Yager 1982). Therefore, the present study addresses the following research questions: Could the observed pattern for voiced stops be the result of language contact with Mayan? Is Mayan in a position to have influenced YS, thereby making a contact-based explanation plausible? Is there quantitative evidence of a link between speaking Mayan and higher rates of stop variants? Using the criteria established by Thomason (2001) for determining the possibility of contact-induced change, the study finds that there has been sufficient contact on both an individual and a societal level to warrant a contact-based explanation for [b d g]. Especially important was the previous trend to hire Mayan-speaking nannies in middle and upper class homes. Based on data from 40 sociolinguistic interviews, this study finds a significant effect for Mayan-Spanish bilingualism on the production of stops. Speakers over the age of 30, exposed to more Mayan and Mayaninfluenced Spanish, also produce significantly more stops. Based on data from this study and the presence of similar patterns in other bilingual regions, this study concludes that the higher rates of [b d g] in YS are due to language contact via shifting second language (L2) speakers of Spanish, but not due to specifically Mayan influence on the dialect.}, booktitle={Espa?ol en Estados Unidos y en otros contextos de contacto: Sociolinguistica, ideologia y pedagogia}, publisher={Madrid : Iberoamericana}, author={Michnowicz, Jim}, editor={Lacorte, M. and Leeman, J.Editors}, year={2009}, pages={67–84} }
 @article{michnowicz_2008, title={Final nasal variation in Merida, Yucatan}, volume={5}, DOI={10.1075/sic.5.2.13mic}, abstractNote={This article investigates the linguistic and social constraints on final nasal variation in Yucatan Spanish (YS), based on data collected in Merida, Yucatan. Absolute final nasals in YS may surface variably as: [n], [ŋ], ø or [m] (e.g. pan → [pám], ‘bread’). The results reveal a distribution of final nasal realization unique to YS, as well as detail its patterning throughout the community. Unlike some previous findings, the data under investigation here demonstrate [n] to be the preferred nasal variant, accounting for 60% of tokens. Regional variant [m] accounts for 25%, while [ŋ] and ø were infrequent variants, arising 8% and 5% of the time, respectively. Standard [n] occurs mostly among older speakers and Spanish monolinguals. Bilabial [m], however, is a recent innovation, led by younger speakers, women, and Mayan-Spanish bilinguals. The realization [m] may serve as a marker of regional identity for some speakers. For others, though, this variant is becoming a linguistic stereotype, as suggested by qualitative data from speaker comments and instances of [m] in the popular culture, including on internet websites.}, number={2}, journal={Spanish in Context}, author={Michnowicz, Jim}, year={2008}, pages={278–303} }
 @misc{michnowicz_2008, title={Selected proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics}, number={20}, journal={Linguist List}, author={Michnowicz, Jim}, year={2008}, pages={2376} }
 @inbook{michnowicz_2007, title={El habla de Yucatam: Final -m in a dialect in contact}, ISBN={9781574734188}, booktitle={Selected Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics}, publisher={Somerville, MA : Cascadilla Proceedings Project}, author={Michnowicz, J.}, year={2007}, pages={38–43} }
 @inproceedings{michnowicz_2007, title={El habla de Yucatám: Final-m in a dialect in contact}, booktitle={Selected proceedings of the Third Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics (WSS3)}, author={Michnowicz, Jim}, year={2007}, pages={38–43} }
 @inbook{michnowicz_2006, series={Current Issues in Linguistic Theory}, title={Final -m in Yucatan Spanish: A rapid and anonymous survey}, DOI={10.1075/cilt.276.12mic}, abstractNote={Previous studies report that final nasals often labialize to [m] in Yucatan Spanish. The present study details a rapid and anonymous survey undertaken to explore the change [n] > [m] in this dialect. The researcher walked along Avenida Coln in Merida, Mexico, and asked passers-by the name of the street. He then asked them to repeat the name, indicating that he did not understand. The first instance was taken to represent normal speech, the second, careful speech. Results showed a strong preference for final [m], which accounted for 74% of the tokens of Coln. This frequency is much higher than that found previously, suggesting that [m] may be partially lexicalized. In Coln, [m] appeared more often in normal speech, and was produced more frequently by men, contra other studies. Reasons for the gender discrepancy with earlier studies, along with further conclusions, including the role of contact with Mayan, are discussed.}, booktitle={New Perspectives on Romance Linguistics. Vol 2: Phonetics, phonology and dialectology: selected papers from the 35th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL)}, publisher={John Benjamins}, author={Michnowicz, J.}, editor={Montreuil, J-P Y.Editor}, year={2006}, pages={155–166}, collection={Current Issues in Linguistic Theory} }