@article{steele_greenwood_croom_mcbride_2012, title={An increase in dietary non-structural carbohydrates alters the structure and metabolism of the rumen epithelium in lambs}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1918-1825"]}, DOI={10.4141/cjas2011-095}, abstractNote={Steele, M. A., Greenwood, S. L., Croom, J. and McBride, B. W. 2012. An increase in dietary non-structural carbohydrates alters the structure and metabolism of the rumen epithelium in lambs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 123–130. This study investigated the effect of a grain challenge on the structure and metabolism of the rumen epithelium in lambs. In a randomized design, lambs (n = 8) received either a control diet [30% dry matter (DM) grain], or a diet of increasing amounts of grain to a maximum inclusion of 79% of DM for 12 d prior to slaughter. Rumen papillae were collected from the ventral sac on day 13 and prepared for histological and gene expression analyses. All lambs fed the high-grain diet were diagnosed with ruminal parakeratosis as the thickness of the corneum was higher (P<0.01) compared with control lambs (51.0±2.3 vs. 17.3±2.5 µm). Plasma beta-hydroxybutyric acid concentrations increased linearly (P<0.05) with increased grain consumption compared with the control. However, the relative mRNA expression of the ketogenic enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl CoA-synthase (HMGCS2) in rumen papillae was not different between treatments. The expression of cholesterolgenic enzyme HMGCS1 was down-regulated by 0.70±0.06 (P<0.05) fold in lambs fed the high-grain diet compared with the control. These results suggest that a short-term grain challenge in lambs is associated with altered rumen epithelium metabolism and structural changes indicative of ruminal parakeratosis.}, number={2}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Steele, M. A. and Greenwood, S. L. and Croom, J. and McBride, B. W.}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={123–130} }
 @article{qiu_croom_ali_ballou_smith_ashwell_hassan_chiang_koci_2012, title={Direct fed microbial supplementation repartitions host energy to the immune system}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84865634686&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2527/jas.2011-4611}, abstractNote={Direct fed microbials and probiotics are used to promote health in livestock and poultry; however, their mechanism of action is still poorly understood. We previously reported that direct fed microbial supplementation in young broilers reduced ileal respiration without changing whole-body energy expenditure. The current studies were conducted to further investigate the effects of a direct fed microbial on energy metabolism in different tissues of broilers. One hundred ninety-two 1-d-old broiler chicks (16 chicks/pen) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary groups: standard control starter diet (CSD) and CSD plus direct fed microbial (DFMD; 0.3%) with 6 pens/treatment. Body weight, feed consumption, whole-body energy expenditure, organ mass, tissue respiration rates, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) ATP concentrations were measured to estimate changes in energy metabolism. No differences in whole body energy expenditure or BW gain were observed; however, decreased ileal O(2) respiration (P < 0.05) was measured in DFMD fed broilers. In contrast, the respiration rate of the thymus in those broilers was increased (P < 0.05). The PBMC from DFMD fed broilers had increased ATP concentrations and exhibited increased ATP turnover (P < 0.01). To determine if the increased energy consumption by PBMC corresponded with an altered immune response, broilers were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and assayed for differences in their humoral response. The DFMD-fed broilers had a faster rate of antigen specific IgG production (P < 0.05) and an increase in total IgA (P < 0.05). Collectively, these data indicate that supplementation with the direct fed microbial used in this study resulted in energy re-partitioning to the immune system and an increase in antibody production independent of changes in whole body metabolism or growth performance.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Qiu, R. and Croom, J. and Ali, R. A. and Ballou, A. L. and Smith, C. D. and Ashwell, C. M. and Hassan, H. M. and Chiang, C. -C. and Koci, M. D.}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={2639–2651} }
 @article{steele_alzahal_hook_croom_mcbride_2009, title={Ruminal acidosis and the rapid onset of ruminal parakeratosis in a mature dairy cow: a case report}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1751-0147"]}, DOI={10.1186/1751-0147-51-39}, abstractNote={A mature dairy cow was transitioned from a high forage (100% forage) to a high-grain (79% grain) diet over seven days. Continuous ruminal pH recordings were utilized to diagnose the severity of ruminal acidosis. Additionally, blood and rumen papillae biopsies were collected to describe the structural and functional adaptations of the rumen epithelium. On the final day of the grain challenge, the daily mean ruminal pH was 5.41+/-0.09 with a minimum of 4.89 and a maximum of 6.31. Ruminal pH was under 5.0 for 130 minutes (2.17 hours) which is characterized as the acute form of ruminal acidosis in cattle. The grain challenge increased blood beta-hydroxybutyrate by 1.8 times and rumen papillae mRNA expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A synthase by 1.6 times. Ultrastructural and histological adaptations of the rumen epithelium were imaged by scanning electron and light microscopy. Rumen papillae from the high grain diet displayed extensive sloughing of the stratum corneum and compromised cell adhesion as large gaps were apparent between cells throughout the strata. This case report represents a rare documentation of how the rumen epithelium alters its function and structure during the initial stage of acute acidosis.}, journal={ACTA VETERINARIA SCANDINAVICA}, author={Steele, Michael A. and AlZahal, Ousama and Hook, Sarah E. and Croom, Jim and McBride, Brian W.}, year={2009}, month={Oct} }
 @article{chichlowski_croom_mcbride_daniel_davis_koci_2007, title={Direct-fed microbial PrimaLac and salinomycin modulate whole-body and intestinal oxygen consumption and intestinal mucosal cytokine production in the broiler chick}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.6.1100}, abstractNote={The current study investigated whole-body O2 consumption, intestinal O2 consumption, and intestinal inflammation status through mucosal cytokine production on broiler chicks fed the direct-fed microbial PrimaLac. One hundred twenty 1-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental diets: standard starter diet (control), standard starter diet with added salinomycin (SAL), and standard starter diet with added PrimaLac (DFM). Birds were housed in 2 separate rooms, the control and SAL treatments in one room and the DFM in another. Intact ileal and cecal samples were collected on d 19, 20, and 21 after measuring whole-body O2 consumption using indirect calorimetry. The O2 up-take of ileal tissue was measured using an in vitro O2 monitor. Analysis of intestinal immune status of broilers was measured by the relative differences in mRNA of both pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines: interleukin-(IL) 1beta, IL-6, and IL-10 using real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Broilers exhibited a 6 to 16% decrease in whole-body energy expenditures and up to a 47% decrease (P<0.05) in ileal energy expenditures in the DFM group compared with other treatments. The reverse transcription-PCR data demonstrated that DFM consortium numerically altered both pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines within the ileum of 19-d posthatch broilers. These data suggest that direct-fed microbials like PrimaLac increase metabolic efficiency via changes in intestinal physiology and metabolism.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Chichlowski, M. and Croom, J. and McBride, B. W. and Daniel, L. and Davis, G. and Koci, M. D.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={1100–1106} }
 @article{chichlowski_croom_edens_mcbride_qiu_chiang_daniel_havenstein_koci_2007, title={Microarchitecture and spatial relationship between bacteria and ileal, cecal, and colonic epithelium in chicks fed a direct-fed microbial, PrimaLac, and salinomycin}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.6.1121}, abstractNote={Direct-fed microbials (DFM) could serve as a potential alternative to the feeding of antibiotics in poultry production. In this study, the effects of providing a DFM were compared with the feeding of salinomycin on intestinal histomorphometrics, and microarchitecture was examined. Broiler chicks (n=18 per treatment; trials 1 and 2) were fed a standard starter diet (control), control+PrimaLac (DFM; 0.3% wt/wt), and control+salinomycin (SAL; 50 ppm) from hatch to 21d. The birds were euthanized on d 21, and the ileal, jejunal, cecal, and colon tissues were dissected. Samples were examined by light microscopy (jejunum and ileum; trial 1) and scanning electron microscopy (ileum, cecum, and colon; trial 2). Feeding of the DFM increased intestinal muscle thickness (P<0.05) up to 33% compared with the control treatment. The DFM group also had increased villus height and perimeter (P=0.009 and 0.003, respectively) in jejunum. Segmented filamentous-like bacteria were less numerous in DFM-treated chicks than in the control chicks. Very few segmented filamentous-like bacteria were found near other microbes in the ileum. The DFM chicks had a larger number of bacteria positioned over or near goblet cells and in intervilli spaces. Bacteria in the colon were observed to be attached primarily around and within the crypts. Mucous thickness was less, and the density of bacteria embedded in the mucous blanket appeared to be lower in DFM-treated animals than in the control in all intestinal segments. The birds fed SAL had fewer bacteria and enterocytes in the ileum than in the control-and DFM-treated birds, and they had thicker and fewer microvilli. Because gastrointestinal track colonization by the DFM organisms can prevent the attachment of pathogens to the epithelium, spatial relationships, in this study, demonstrate the functionality of DFM and probiotics in preventing disease. It also supports previous observations that the feeding of salinomycin may alter intestinal function.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Chichlowski, M. and Croom, W. J. and Edens, F. W. and McBride, B. W. and Qiu, R. and Chiang, C. C. and Daniel, L. R. and Havenstein, G. B. and Koci, M. D.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={1121–1132} }
 @article{croom_decubellis_coles_daniel_christensen_2006, title={Effect of in ovo peptide YY on the ontogeny of glucose transport in turkey poults}, volume={5}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2006.128.133}, abstractNote={Previous studies in this laboratory have demonstrated that peptide YY (PYY) administration to turkey poults at d25 of incubation enhances intestinal Na-dependent active glucose uptake. This study was designed to further characterize the ontogeny of glucose transport in embryonic and hatchling poults and to investigate the effects of PYY on this process during development. In Trial 1, 20 turkey eggs were randomly selected at days 20, 23, and 26 of incubation, as well as the day of hatch. Hatchlings were cervically dislocated and the body weight, jejunal length and jejunal weight were recorded. Jejunal glucose uptake was estimated by measuring H-3-O-methyl-D-glucose accumulation in 2 mm jejunal rings in vitro. Jejunal O 3 2 consumption was measured in vitro on jejunal rings using an O probe. In Trial 2, 40 turkey eggs were 2 randomly selected at days 20, 23 and 25 of incubation and injected, via the air sac, with either 0.9% saline or 0.9 % saline plus 400 μg PYY/kg egg weight. Embryos from each treatment were harvested on days 23, 26 and day of hatch. Measurements and analyses on jejunal tissue were conducted as in Trial 1. In Trial 2, embryonic weight and jejunal weight adjusted for body weight increased (p<0.05) with stage of incubation, while adjusted jejunal length decreased (p<0.01). Active and total glucose uptake and jejunal O2 consumption increased with age (p<0.05). The energetic efficiency of glucose uptake increased (p<0.05) between d26 and hatch. In Trial 2, PYY failed to significantly affect body or jejunal weight, glucose absorption, and O consumption at any stage of development. PYY did however, decrease the efficiency of glucose 2 uptake at d26 and at hatch (p<0.05). In contrast to earlier investigations using higher dosages of PYY, this study demonstrated that in ovo PYY administration at 400 μg/kg egg weight has little effect of jejunal function in turkeys.}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Croom, W. J. and Decubellis, J. and Coles, B. A. and Daniel, L. R. and Christensen, V. L.}, year={2006}, pages={128} }
 @article{fairchild_grimes_porter_croom_daniel_hagler_2005, title={Effects of diacetoxyscirpenol and fusaric acid on poults: Individual and combined effects of dietary diacetoxyscirpenol and fusaric acid on turkey poult performance}, volume={4}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2005.350.355}, abstractNote={Turkey poults were randomly placed in batteries and fed one of four dietary treatments: control (C); control plus 4ppm diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS); control plus 300ppm Fusaric Acid (FA); and control plus 4ppm DAS and 300ppm FA (FD). There were 10 poults per pen with 6 replicate pens per treatment. Individual BW, BW gains (BWG) and feed consumption by pen were determined at d6, d12, and d18. Period and cumulative feed to gain were calculated. Mouth lesions were scored for treatments at d18. On d18 poults were euthanized for determination of organ weights and jejunal histomorphometrics. FA had no effect on BW or BWG at any period compared to C. Poults fed FD had reduced BW and BWG compared to C, while poults fed DAS had lower BW than all treatments at every period. Poults fed FA or C had better feed to gain (P<0.05) than poults fed DAS or FD at d6. There were no differences among the treatments at d12 or d18. Poults fed FA had significantly lower relative intestine wt than poults fed the other diets, and significantly higher relative bursa wt at d18 when compared to poults fed DAS or FD. DAS, FA and FD altered intestinal architecture. Poults fed DAS or FD had higher mouth lesion scores than poults fed FA or C, but mouth lesion scores in DAS and FD poults were not different from each other. Dietary DAS resulted in decreased poult performance, while dietary FA had little or no effect. Fusaric acid fed in combination with DAS resulted in some protective effect towards DAS.}, number={6}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Fairchild, A. S. and Grimes, J. L. and Porter, J. K. and Croom, W. J. and Daniel, L. R. and Hagler, W. M.}, year={2005}, pages={350} }
 @article{suvarna_christensen_ort_croom_2005, title={High levels of dietary carbohydrate increase glucose transport in poult intestine}, volume={141}, ISSN={["1531-4332"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.03.008}, abstractNote={The hypothesis was proposed that the carbohydrate in the first diet fed to turkey hatchlings upregulates the glucose transport system. Heavy and light body mass poults were observed to determine differences in glucose transport and carbohydrate digestion. Poults were weighed immediately posthatching. Heavy poults were at least ±2 S.D. above the mean whereas light poults were at least ±S.D. below the population mean (62.5 ± 0.4). Each group was randomly assigned to one of two diets. One diet contained 50% carbohydrate and the remaining diet had 15% carbohydrate. Although the diets were isocaloric, differing carbohydrate (corn starch) and fat (cottonseed oil) content had significant effects on body masses within 3 days. Poults fed low carbohydrate weighed more than those on high carbohydrate perhaps because fat is a preferred energy substrate in the neonatal turkey. Greater carbohydrate in the diet increased glucose uptake and maltase activity compared to diets containing more fat. Heavier poults at hatching remained heavier at 3 days posthatching. No differences between body mass categories were noted in glucose uptake measurements. Thus, differences seen in growth rates may not be attributed to glucose transport in the jejunum. It is concluded that turkeys belong to the class of birds in which the poults respond to more carbohydrate in the diet by increasing plasma T3 concentrations, upregulating the glucose transport system, and increasing enzymatic activity as with maltase.}, number={3}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Suvarna, S and Christensen, VL and Ort, DT and Croom, WJ}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={257–263} }
 @article{belstra_flowers_croom_degroot_see_2005, title={Urinary excretion of collagen degradation markers by sows during postpartum uterine involution}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1873-2232"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-8844250111&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.04.035}, abstractNote={Incomplete uterine involution is the putative cause of the increased embryo mortality and reproductive failure often exhibited by sows that lactate for less than 21 days. Since such short lactation lengths are common in American swine production, an effective technique to monitor the postpartum involution process and test this hypothesis might be valuable. Rapid and extensive catabolism of uterine collagen is essential for normal postpartum involution. The objective of this study was to characterize postpartum excretion of two biochemical markers of collagen degradation. In experiment I, urine samples were collected from five sows every other day from the day before parturition (day −1), through a 21-day lactation, to day 8 postweaning. The collagen crosslinks hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (HP), which is present in many tissues, and lysyl pyridinoline (LP), which is primarily concentrated in bone, were assayed by both ELISA and HPLC. Urinary levels of both free (ELISA) and total (HPLC) HP and LP increased (P < 0.001) approximately two-fold during lactation. The mean molar ratio of total HP:LP increased (P < 0.001) from 6.6 ± 1.6 at day 1 to a maximum of 10.2 ± 1.5 at day 7 postpartum and averaged 9.1 ± 0.3 for the entire sampling period. These data are consistent with a postpartum increase of soft tissue collagen catabolism since bone has a low HP:LP ratio of 4 and soft tissues like the uterus have a high HP:LP ratio of ≥20 because they contain only trace amounts of LP. Since HPLC (total) and ELISA (free) crosslinks estimates were highly correlated (r = 0.85–0.91, P < 0.001) in experiment I, only the less technical ELISA technique was used in experiment II. Urine samples were collected from 21 sows every third day from day 1 to 19 of lactation. Sows from this second group exhibited one of four distinct crosslinks excretion patterns: peak on day 1 (n = 3), peak on day 7 (n = 4), peak on day 10, 13 or 16 (n = 7), or no peak (n = 7). This variation of postpartum crosslinks excretion among sows was not related to parity, body weight, lactation body weight change, litter size, or litter birth weight. Overall, data from experiments I and II indicate that urinary HP does increase postpartum in a pattern temporally consistent with uterine involution. However, significant variation among sows in the magnitude and timing of peak HP excretion was evident.}, number={1-2}, journal={ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE}, author={Belstra, BA and Flowers, WL and Croom, WJ and DeGroot, J and See, MT}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={131–145} }
 @misc{croom_berg_taylor_2004, title={Method of reducing aluminum levels in the central nervous system}, volume={6,734,166}, number={2004 May 11}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Croom, W. J., Jr. and Berg, B. M. and Taylor, I. L.}, year={2004} }
 @article{suvarna_christensen_ort_croom_2004, title={Ontogeny of intestinal glucose transport in heavy and light body weight turkey poults}, volume={3}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2004.783.790}, abstractNote={Development of intestinal tissue was measured in newly hatched poults. Both anatomical and physiological measurements were made on poults produced by two half sibling sires with hens that were their full or half siblings. The poults from one sire (HBW) weighed more at hatching than those from the other sire (LBW). Survival of the heavier poults was poor indicating metabolic insufficiencies. A significant positive correlation was noted between hatchling body weights and blood glucose concentration (Christensen et al., 2000a), and this was accompanied by depressed gluconeogenesis in HBW poults. The hypothesis was proposed that the HBW poults with elevated plasma glucose concentrations might have greater glucose absorption from intestinal tissue than did the LBW poults. The data confirmed heavier weights in HBW poults than LBW, and HBW jejunum weight relative to body weight was less than that of LBW. The poults did not differ in intestinal length, glucose transport, maltase activities or plasma triiodothyronine and thyroxine or glucose concentrations. The HBW poults also utilized less yolk during development than did the LBW indicating that the HBW embryos rely more on gluconeogenesis for survival during development than do the LBW. It was concluded that the increased body weight of HBW poults compared to LBW may be due to increased absorption of all nutrients because of a greater intestinal mass relative to body weight rather than to differences in glucose digestion and uptake rates.}, number={12}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Suvarna, S. and Christensen, V. L. and Ort, D. T. and Croom, W. J.}, year={2004}, pages={783} }
 @article{chang_lin_croom_fan_2003, title={Administration of triiodothyronine and dopamine to broiler chicks increases growth, feed conversion and visceral organ mass}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/82.2.285}, abstractNote={The influences of triiodothyronine (T3) or dopamine (DA) administration on growth, feed conversion, and visceral weights in broiler chicks between the ages of 6 and 12 d posthatch were investigated. In Trial 1, six chicks at age 6 d were randomly administered one of the following treatments: 0.37, 0.74, 1.48, and 2.96 micromol T3/kg BW or 0.07, 0.14, 0.28, and 0.56 micromol DA/kg BW. Both T3 and DA were administered via intraperitoneal injections between the end of sternum and the ends of os pubis, with 0.9% saline as the excepient. In addition, two groups of six birds each were either not injected or injected with excepient only, as controls. Four replications were carried out with a total of 264 chicks. Heart weight as a percentage of feed-deprived body weight (FDBW) of the chicks injected with 2.96 micromol T3/kg BW was heavier than that of controls. Other variables measured were not significantly different between treatments. In trial 2, six chicks at age 6 d were randomly administered, one of the following treatments: 0.56, 1.12, 2.24, and 4.48 micromol T3/kg diet or 0.40, 0.80, 1.60, and 3.20 micromol DA/kg diet as well as a nonsupplemented control. Four replications were carried out with 216 chicks. The results in Trial 2 showed that the effects of T3 (X, micromol/kg diet) on body weight gain (Y1, g) and feed consumption (Y2, g) were linear (Y1 = 310 - 21.5X, R2 = 0.868, P < 0.001 and Y2 = 398 - 22.3X, R2 = 0.765, P < 0.001, respectively). The feed conversion ratio, the weight of liver, the weights of various intestinal segments, the lengths of the duodenum, jejunum and the ileum, as well as weight per centimeter jejunal length, gizzard weight as percentage of FDBW, and the duodenal length per kilogram FDBW all had linear responses (P < 0.05) to the level of dietary supplementation of T3. The effect of dietary supplementation of T3 on the heart weight was quadratic (Y16 = 2.58 + 0.89X - 0.17 X2, R2 = 0.526, P < 0.01). Similarly, the weights of pancreas and gizzard, the heart weight as a percentage of FDBW and the pancreas weight as a percentage of FDBW all had second-order curve responses. Dietary DA supplementation exerted no effect on the variables measured except that the regression of the heart weight as a percentage of FDBW on dietary DA supplementation (X1, micromol/kg diet) existed, namely, Z1 = 0.64 + 0.24 X1 - 0.23 X1(2) + 0.05 X1(3) (R2 = 0.868, P < 0.05).}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Chang, SC and Lin, MJ and Croom, J and Fan, YK}, year={2003}, month={Feb}, pages={285–293} }
 @article{korchazhkina_ashcroft_croom_exley_2003, title={Does either the gastrointestinal peptide PYY or the neuropeptide NPY bind aluminium?}, volume={94}, ISSN={["0162-0134"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0162-0134(03)00031-X}, abstractNote={Peptide YY and neuropeptide Y are common peptides with a high degree of primary and tertiary structural homology. They are multifunctional and participate in a diverse array of distinct activities including regulation of gastrointestinal function and neural regulation of satiety. Recently both have been implicated in aluminium chemistry in vivo although their modus opperandi have not been determined. We have used molecular fluorescence, RP-HPLC, ESMS and equilibrium dialysis to identify if either peptide YY or neuropeptide Y will bind aluminium in vitro under near-physiological conditions. We were unable to demonstrate any direct interaction between either peptide and aluminium although we have speculated upon an in vivo mechanism whereby PYY, in particular, might form a stable complex with aluminium.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF INORGANIC BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Korchazhkina, OV and Ashcroft, AE and Croom, J and Exley, C}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={372–380} }
 @article{fan_croom_eisen_spires_daniel_2003, title={Ionophores have limited effects on jejunal glucose absorption and energy metabolism in mice}, volume={81}, DOI={10.2527/2003.8182072x}, abstractNote={Two experiments, Trial 1 (in vitro) and Trial 2 (in vivo), were conducted to examine the effects of ionophores, monensin, laidlomycin, and laidlomycin propionate on whole-animal O2 consumption, organ weights, jejunal glucose absorption, and O2 utilization, as well as growth, feed and water consumption, and feed efficiency. In Trial 1, 30 male Swiss-Webster mice, 8 wk old, were used to measure the in vitro effects of each of the ionophores at concentrations of 1.62 or 16.2 mM. Six combinations of three ionophores at two concentrations resulted in a total of eight treatments. All eight treatments were exposed to jejunal rings from a single mouse for a total of 30 observations per treatment. Jejunal rings were exposed to each ionophore treatment for 15 min. Laidlomycin propionate (16.2 mM) decreased (P < 0.02) glucose absorption, as estimated by H3-3-O-methyl glucose uptake compared with all other treatments, whereas laidlomycin propionate (1.62 mM) increased (P = 0.032) jejunal DM content compared with 16.2 mM laidlomycin propionate. In Trial 2, 40 5-wk-old mice were allotted into four treatments--control and 16.2 mM each of monensin, laidlomycin, and laidlomycin propionate--for a total of 10 observations per treatment. Ionophores were administered via the drinking water for 14 d. No ionophore treatment had any effect on whole-mouse O2 consumption. Monensin increased (P = 0.004) stomach size and decreased (P = 0.049) the efficiency of BW gain compared with controls. Laidlomycin propionate decreased (P = 0.032) the percentage of whole jejunum oxygen consumption due to oubain-sensitive respiration compared with control. The efficiency of intestinal glucose absorption was not changed due to treatment in either trial. Under the conditions of these studies, monensin, laidlomycin, and laidlomycin propionate had minimal and inconsistent effects on jejunal function and energy utilization in mice. This investigation suggests that changes in the energetic requirements of animals treated with ionophores are not an issue in animal production.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Fan, Y. K. and Croom, J. and Eisen, E. J. and Spires, H. R. and Daniel, L. R.}, year={2003}, pages={2072–2079} }
 @article{christensen_ort_suvarna_croom_grimes_2003, title={Relationship of the eggshell conductance constant to intestinal physiology}, volume={2}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2003.207.213}, abstractNote={The hypothesis was proposed that eggshell conductance constants (k) alter embryonic intestinal development and affect growth post hatching. Egg weight (EW), eggshell conductance (G) and length of the incubation period (IP), the three components of the conductance constant were changed to determine their effect on intestinal physiology. Eggs were selected based on EW and G properties. Half of the selected eggs were incubated using a single stage temperature profile to shorten IP in each of two experiments. EW, G and IP interacted in the first experiment to affect intestinal growth and metabolism. In Experiment 2, k reduced intestinal weight in embryos as well as poults. EW and IP affected the size and maturity of intestinal tissue at the time of hatching. Differences in EW, G and IP observed at hatching were shown to affect the growth of poults for the first week following hatching. Thus, k may act to reduce growth in poults by affecting intestinal maturation. It is suggested that large eggs with low permeability may be at risk for weak poults. This may be especially true when they are exposed to shorter IP.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Christensen, V. L. and Ort, D. T. and Suvarna, S. and Croom, W. J. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2003}, pages={207} }
 @article{coles_croom_daniel_christensen_taylor_2003, title={In ovo peptide YY administration and jejunal glucose transport in hatchling turkey poults: Effects of dosage and genotype}, volume={2}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2003.1.6}, abstractNote={Two trials were conducted to investigate the efficacy of in ovo administration of various dosages of peptide YY (PYY) on jejunal glucose absorption in hatchling poults from two strains of turkeys, Egg Line (EL) selected for egg production and British United Turkey (BUT) selected for growth. In both trials, either 100 µl saline (1.025% w/v) or saline plus PYY were injected into the air cell of fertile EL and BUT line eggs at day 25 of incubation. At hatch, poults were euthanized by cervical dislocation, the jejunum removed and its weight and unstretched length recorded. Two to 4 mg cross-sections of the mid-jejunum were used to estimate active and passive glucose absorption using the accumulation of 3-O-methy-D-glucose (3OMG) in the presence and absence of phlorizin. In Trial 1, EL and BUT eggs were administered saline or saline plus 600 µg/kg egg wt, while in Trial 2, EL and BUT eggs were administered either saline or saline plus 300, 600, or 900 µg/kg egg wt. No differences were observed in hatchling body weights of poults from saline and PYY treated eggs from either line in both trials. In Trial 1, poults from EL treated eggs (600 µg/kg egg wt) had greater active jejunal 3OMG uptake compared with saline treated controls (332 vs. 270 ρmol/min/mg tissue, p<0.05, respectively). In Trial 2, poults from BUT eggs treated with 900 µg PYY/kg egg wt had greater (p<0.05) jejunal glucose transport than by the control group or the 600 µg PYY/kg egg wt group. Poults from EL eggs treated with PYY had non-significant increases in 3OMG uptake at all levels of PYY administration. BUT poults from eggs treated with 900 µg PYY/kg had heavier jejunums adjusted for body weight. In ovo PYY administration at day 25 of incubation increases active glucose transport in the intestinal tract of turkey poults, however, response and dosage varies with turkey line.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Coles, B. A. and Croom, J. and Daniel, L. R. and Christensen, V. L. and Taylor, I. L.}, year={2003}, pages={1} }
 @article{coles_croom_daniel_christensen_eisen_2001, title={In ovo peptide YY administration improves body weight at hatch and day 3 in turkey poults}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/10.4.380}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that in ovo administration of peptide YY (PYY) at Day 18 of incubation enhanced adjusted feed conversion ratio (AFCR) and BW gains of broilers during the first week post-hatch. Preliminary studies have also shown that in ovo PYY administration at Day 25 of incubation also increases jejunal glucose absorption in 1-d-old Nicholas turkey poults. The objective of this study was to further elucidate the effects of in ovo PYY administration on growth and feed conversion in two turkey lines: a commercial growth line (BUT; British United Turkey, UK) and the Egg Line. Eggs from both turkey lines were randomly placed in the same incubator. On Day 25 of incubation, 380 BUT and 440 Egg Line eggs were injected with 100 µL 1.025% saline (control) or 600 µg PYY/kg egg weight. At hatch, 168 poults from each treatment group were wing-banded, weighed, and randomly distributed across pens in four Petersime batteries. A standard turkey starter crumble feed and water were available ad libitum. Feed and birds were weighed on Days 3, 10, and 17 to determine BW gains and AFCR. Poults of both lines from PYY-treated eggs were heavier (P < 0.01) than controls at Day 3. This effect was not apparent at Days 10 and 17. A subset of birds from each treatment group was randomly chosen at Day 17 and sexed by dissection. At hatch and again at Day 3, there were no BW differences (P = 0.94 and P = 0.15, respectively) noted between sexes. Males were heavier at 10 and 17 d (P = 0.0001). These results suggest that PYY enhances poult weight and may attenuate differences in BW caused by gender during early post-hatch life.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Coles, BA and Croom, J and Daniel, LR and Christensen, VL and Eisen, EJ}, year={2001}, pages={380–384} }
 @article{peebles_croom_maslin_whitmarsh_daniel_taylor_2001, title={In ovo peptide YY and epidermal growth factor administration and their effects on growth and yolk utilization in neonatal meat-type chickens (Gallus domesticus)}, volume={130}, ISSN={["1095-6433"]}, DOI={10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00406-8}, abstractNote={The effects of in ovo peptide YY (PYY) or epidermal growth factor (EGF) administration on chick growth, yolk absorption and yolk stalk function in posthatch (0-5 days) meat-type or broiler chicks were determined. At Day 18 of incubation, treated eggs were injected into the air cell with 100 microl of either PYY (Trial 1) or EGF (Trial 2) at a dosage of 600 microg/kg egg weight. Saline-treated control eggs were injected similarly with 0.9% saline. At hatch, 200 microl of (51)Cr-labeled microspheres were injected into chick yolk sacs. Epidermal growth factor increased ileal wet weight adjusted for body weight as well as ileal serosal dry matter. Body weight, feed consumption and excreta weight per bird, and relative weights of the yolk sac, intestine and liver were significantly affected by age of the chick in both trials. Relative radioactivity of the yolk sac, yolk stalk, blood, liver, and kidneys were affected by bird age in Trial 2; however, there were no significant effects due to PYY or EGF treatments on relative radioactivity of the tissues and organs examined. These data suggest that PYY and EGF had no effect on yolk absorption or yolk stalk function through 5 days in the posthatch chick.}, number={4}, journal={COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}, author={Peebles, ED and Croom, J and Maslin, WR and Whitmarsh, SK and Daniel, LR and Taylor, IL}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={741–749} }
 @article{croom_taylor_2001, title={Neuropeptide Y, peptide YY and aluminum in Alzheimer's disease: Is there an etiological relationship?}, volume={87}, ISSN={["0162-0134"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0162-0134(01)00314-2}, abstractNote={Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide YY (PYY) are members of the pancreatic polypeptide family which have a high degree of primary and tertiary structural homology. They function as neurotransmitters and humoral agents in central nervous system and gastrointestinal function. During the last two decades, NPY body fluid concentrations and NPY/PYY brain receptor numbers have been demonstrated to be altered during the course of Alzheimer's disease. Recent research has shown that both NPY and PYY may be involved in aluminum metabolism in animal models. A brief discussion of the structure, biological activity and possible involvement of these peptides in aluminum metabolism and Alzheimer's disease is contained herein.}, number={1-2}, journal={JOURNAL OF INORGANIC BIOCHEMISTRY}, author={Croom, J and Taylor, IL}, year={2001}, month={Nov}, pages={51–56} }
 @misc{croom_2001, title={Piracetam study: Poorly designed and misinterpreted}, volume={155}, number={10}, journal={Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine}, author={Croom, J.}, year={2001}, pages={1176–1177} }
 @article{berg_croom_fernandez_spears_eisen_taylor_daniel_coles_boeheim_mannon_2000, title={Peptide YY administration decreases brain aluminum in the Ts65Dn Down syndrome mouse model}, volume={64}, number={1-2}, journal={Growth, Development, & Aging}, author={Berg, B. M. and Croom, J. and Fernandez, J. M. and Spears, J. W. and Eisen, E. J. and Taylor, I. L. and Daniel, L. R. and Coles, B. A. and Boeheim, F. and Mannon, P. J.}, year={2000}, pages={3–19} }
 @article{croom_brake_coles_havenstein_christensen_mcbride_peebles_taylor_1999, title={Is intestinal absorption capacity rate-limiting for performance in poultry?}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/8.2.242}, abstractNote={Abstract In recent years, there has been a growing perception that limitations in gastrointestinal absorption may be detrimental to posthatch survival and subsequent performance. This perception is based on a large body of information demonstrating that genetic selection for growth in domestic poultry alters intestinal structure from that of their wild counterparts. Furthermore, recent advances in our understanding of the energetic costs of absorption suggest that biochemical as well as structural changes in intestinal function have decreased absorptive function and efficiency in both chickens and turkeys. The recent discovery that some gastrointestinal peptides enhance nutrient absorption has allowed limited, direct testing of this hypothesis. The results of preliminary studies indicate that intestinal absorption enhancement technology may have beneficial practical application. More detailed studies are needed to fully assess the economic potential of intestinal absorption enhancement in poultry.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Croom, WJ and Brake, J and Coles, BA and Havenstein, GB and Christensen, VL and McBride, BW and Peebles, ED and Taylor, IL}, year={1999}, pages={242–252} }
 @misc{croom_taylor_bird_1999, title={Method of enhancing nutrient uptake}, volume={5,912,227}, number={1999 June 15}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Croom, W. J., Jr. and Taylor, I. L. and Bird, A. R.}, year={1999} }
 @misc{croom_taylor_coles_1999, title={Method of treating birds in ovo}, volume={5,916,869}, number={1999 June 29}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Croom, W. J., Jr. and Taylor, I. L. and Coles, B. A.}, year={1999} }
 @article{fan_croom_christensen_bird_daniel_mcbride_eisen_1998, title={Apparent energetic efficiency of jejunal glucose uptake in young adult turkeys selected for rapid growth}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0008-3984"]}, DOI={10.4141/A97-099}, abstractNote={ A rapid growth line (F) and a randombred control line (RBC2) of 16-wk-old unsexed turkeys were used to examine the effect of genetic selection for rapid growth on jejunal O2 consumption, glucose uptake and apparent energetic efficiency of glucose uptake. F line had 85% greater feed-deprived body weight (FBW, kilogram) than RBC2 line (P < 0.001) at 16 wk of age and a lighter (gram/kilogram FBW) and shorter (centimeter/kilogram FBW) small intestine and jejunum (P < 0.001). Additionally, the jejunum was composed of a higher proportion (P < 0.007) of mucosal tissue. There was no difference between the lines in apparent energetic efficiency (nmoles ATP expended/nmoles glucose uptake) of jejunal active glucose uptake. These data suggest selection for rapid growth in turkeys does not result in more efficient glucose uptake from the jejunum. Key words: Genetic selection, small intestine, glucose uptake, respiration, turkey }, number={3}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={Fan, YK and Croom, WJ and Christensen, VL and Bird, AR and Daniel, LR and McBride, BW and Eisen, EJ}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={301–306} }
 @article{black_croom_eisen_petro_edwards_surwit_1998, title={Differential effects of fat and sucrose on body composition in A/J and C57BL/6 mice}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0026-0495"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0026-0495(98)90304-3}, abstractNote={The C57BL/6 (B6) mouse is more sensitive to the effects of a high-fat diet than the A/J strain. The B6 mouse develops severe obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia when fed this dietary regimen. This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary fat and sucrose concentrations on body composition and intestinal sucrase (EC 3.2.1.48) and maltase (EC 3.2.1.20) activity in these two mouse strains. High-fat diets, regardless of sucrose content, resulted in significant weight gain, higher body fat, and lower body protein and water content in both strains of mice. The shift toward higher body fat and lower protein and water content was far greater in the B6 strain. Low-fat, high-sucrose diets resulted in lower body weight in both strains, as well as significantly greater body protein content in B6 mice. Analysis of intestinal sucrase showed that the enzyme was less active in B6 mice when the diet was high in sucrose. Both sucrase and maltase had lower activity in the presence of high dietary fat in both mouse strains. The percent reduction of intestinal enzyme activity due to dietary fat was similar in both strains. The B6 mouse exhibits disproportionate weight gain and altered body composition on a high-fat diet. This coupled with the reduced body weight and increased body protein on a low-fat, high-sucrose diet suggests that factors-relative to fat metabolism rather than sucrose metabolism are responsible for obesity.}, number={11}, journal={METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL}, author={Black, BL and Croom, J and Eisen, EJ and Petro, AE and Edwards, CL and Surwit, RS}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={1354–1359} }
 @article{stuart_croom_heatwole_1998, title={Hypersensitivity of some lizards to pilocarpine}, volume={29}, number={4}, journal={Herpetological Review}, author={Stuart, B. and Croom, W. G. and Heatwole, H.}, year={1998}, pages={223–224} }
 @article{cefalu_croom_eisen_jones_daniel_taylor_1998, title={Jejunal function and plasma amino acid concentrations in the segmental trisomic Ts65Dn mouse}, volume={62}, number={1-2}, journal={Growth, Development, & Aging}, author={Cefalu, J. A. and Croom, W. J. and Eisen, E. J. and Jones, E. E. and Daniel, L. R. and Taylor, I. L.}, year={1998}, pages={47–59} }
 @misc{croom_mcbride_bird_fan_odle_froetschel_taylor_1998, title={Regulation of intestinal glucose absorption: A new issue in animal science}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0008-3984"]}, DOI={10.4141/A97-056}, abstractNote={ Intestinal glucose absorption occurs via Na+-dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLT1) located in the luminal membrane of enterocytes and is driven by an electrochemical gradient maintained by Na+/K+ ATPase located on the basolateral membrane. Twenty percent of whole animal energy expenditures can be accounted for by the gastrointestinal tract, most of which is the result of Na+/K+ ATPase function. Active intestinal glucose transport is regulated by a number of gastrointestinal peptides such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and peptide YY (PYY). PYY and EGF can upregulate intestinal glucose absorption by as much as 200–300%. Of special interest is the fact that the energetic costs of intestinal tissue function can vary in relationship to the amount of glucose transported. This value termed "apparent energetic efficiency of glucose uptake" (APEE) may be of value in evaluating the energetic costs of glucose and other nutrients during various physiological and nutritional states. Recent studies suggest that intensive genetic selection for production traits in poultry may result in intestinal absorption being rate-limiting for full phenotypic expression of these traits. Further research is needed to clarify this issue. Key words: Glucose absorption, intestinal, energy metabolism, peptides, genetic selection }, number={1}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, publisher={Canadian Science Publishing}, author={Croom, WJ and McBride, B and Bird, AR and Fan, YK and Odle, J and Froetschel, M and Taylor, IL}, year={1998}, month={Mar}, pages={1–13} }
 @article{fan_croom_christensen_black_bird_daniel_mcbride_eisen_1997, title={Jejunal glucose uptake and oxygen consumption in turkey poults selected for rapid growth}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.12.1738}, abstractNote={Two lines of turkey poults, one selected for rapid growth at 16 wk of age (F line) and the other a randombred control line (RBC2) were used to investigate the effect of selection for rapid growth on jejunal O2 consumption and glucose transport as well as whole-body O2 consumption. All trials used unsexed poults and were designed as a randomized complete block with day and line as independent variables. In Trial 1, 120 turkey poults, fed a standard starter ration (25.5% CP), were used to examine the effect of selection on feed intake, body weight gain, and efficiency from hatching (Day 0) to 13 d of age. At Day 14, 36 of 60 birds from each line were killed to measure intestinal length and weight and jejunal O2 consumption after 18 h of feed deprivation. Compared with the RBC2 line, the F line had relatively shorter but heavier small intestinal segments when adjusted by 18 h feed-deprived body weight (FBW; P < 0.001). The F line consumed more O2 over the entire jejunum adjusted to FBW than RBC2 line (43.8 vs 34.6 nmol O2/min.g FBW; P < 0.001). Jejunal ouabain- and cycloheximide-sensitive O2 consumption were greater (P < 0.05) in the F line. In Trial 2, 16 14-d-old poults from each line were used to measure in vitro jejunal glucose transport rate. There was no difference in glucose transport of the jejunum (nanomoles per minute per gram of FBW) between the lines. In Trial 3, 20 poults from each line were used to measure whole-body O2 consumption at 7 to 10 d of age. The F and RBC2 lines had similar whole-body O2 consumption rate per gram of FBW. These data suggest that selection of turkeys for rapid growth at 16 wk of age did not increase efficiency of jejunal glucose uptake in 14-d-old turkey poults.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Fan, YK and Croom, J and Christensen, VL and Black, BL and Bird, AR and Daniel, LR and McBride, BW and Eisen, EJ}, year={1997}, month={Dec}, pages={1738–1745} }
 @article{croom_hagler_froetschel_johnson_1995, title={The involvement of slaframine and swainsonine in slobbers syndrome: A review}, volume={73}, DOI={10.2527/1995.7351499x}, abstractNote={The history of "slobbers syndrome," a mycotoxicosis associated with Rhizoctonia leguminicola infestation of pastures and stored forages, is discussed. The chemistry and physiological effects of the two known biologically active alkaloids of R. leguminicola, slaframine and swainsonine, are described. Slaframine administration is generally associated with increased exocrine function, especially salivation. Ingestion of swainsonine may be linked to serious and potentially lethal central nervous system defects similar to that described for locoism. However, the singular effects of these alkaloids do not completely account for the total clinical picture noted in the field during the occurrence of slobbers syndrome. It is possible that this phenomenon is the result of an interaction between both known and unidentified biologically active metabolites of R. leguminicola.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Croom, W. J. and Hagler, W. M. and Froetschel, M. A. and Johnson, A. D.}, year={1995}, pages={1499} }
 @misc{croom_bird_black_mcbride_1993, title={MANIPULATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL NUTRIENT DELIVERY IN LIVESTOCK}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0022-0302"]}, DOI={10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77546-3}, abstractNote={Discussed herein are the constraints of nutrient delivery from the gastrointestinal tract that are placed on postabsorptive synthetic processes in highly selected strains of domestic livestock or livestock treated with growth promotants exogenously or via transgenic manipulation. Emphasis is placed on the discussion of recent advances in the knowledge of the regulation and manipulation of digestion and the absorption by the intestinal epithelium. Slaframine, a muscarinic exocrine secretagogue with a high affinity for the gastrointestinal tract, and epidermal growth factor may have practical potential for the manipulation of digestion and absorption, respectively. Special consideration is given to energetic considerations that must accompany any manipulation of gastrointestinal function. Down-regulation and up-regulation of mechanisms must be equally considered as this area is explored further.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE}, author={CROOM, WJ and BIRD, AR and BLACK, BL and MCBRIDE, BW}, year={1993}, month={Jul}, pages={2112–2124} }
 @article{croom_bull_taylor_1992, title={REGULATION OF PANCREATIC EXOCRINE SECRETION IN RUMINANTS - A REVIEW}, volume={122}, ISSN={["0022-3166"]}, DOI={10.1093/jn/122.1.191}, abstractNote={Mechanisms regulating ruminant pancreatic exocrine function differ in some respects from those in nonruminants. This may affect the post-ruminal digestion of certain dietary nutrients such as starch. Ruminants do not exhibit clearly defined cephalic and gastric phases of pancreatic regulation, a likely consequence of the continuous nature of digesta flow from the rumen. Local neural reflexes and secretin-mediated exocrine responses may be more important than stimulation by cholecystokinin. Additionally, the ruminant pancreas may be stimulated by short-chain fatty acids produced in the rumen. A "ruminal phase" of pancreatic exocrine regulation has been proposed. The failure of cattle to digest efficiently starch in the small intestine may result from an asynchrony between delivery of starch to the intestines and pancreatic amylase release.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, author={CROOM, WJ and BULL, LS and TAYLOR, IL}, year={1992}, month={Jan}, pages={191–202} }
 @article{croom_froetschel_hagler_1990, title={Cholinergic manipulation of digestive function in ruminants and other domestic livestock: A review}, volume={68}, DOI={10.2527/1990.6893023x}, abstractNote={Exocrine secretions in the digestive tract of domestic livestock are controlled by a combination of neural and endocrine inputs. The parasympathetic domain of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for efferent signals that regulate most exocrine secretory processes. Exocrine tissues possess cholinergic muscarinic receptor subtypes that are different from those found in brain, heart and muscle tissues. Cholinergic stimulation of specific muscarinic receptor subtypes has enhanced secretions of the salivary glands and pancreas. These changes in output of exocrine glands can alter digestive function that may benefit production of cattle and swine.}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Croom, W. J. and Froetschel, M. A. and Hagler, W. M.}, year={1990}, pages={3023} }
 @misc{croom_hagler_1989, title={Method of maintaining ruminants on high energy low fiber diet}, volume={4,857,534}, number={1989 Aug. 15}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Croom, W. J. and Hagler, W. M.}, year={1989} }
 @misc{croom_hagler_1987, title={Method of maintaining ruminants on high energy low fiber diet}, volume={4,652,571}, number={1987 Mar. 24}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Croom, W. J. and Hagler, W. M.}, year={1987} }
 @misc{croom_hagler_1987, title={Method of releasing growth hormones}, volume={4,647,567}, number={1987 Mar. 3}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Croom, W. J. and Hagler, W. M.}, year={1987} }