@article{chen_afshari_cuculo_kotek_2009, title={Direct Formation and Characterization of a Unique Precursor Morphology in the Melt-Spinning of Polyesters}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1520-5835"]}, DOI={10.1021/ma900669r}, abstractNote={chinese acad sci, ningbo inst mat technol & engn, ningbo 315201, zhejiang, peoples r china.}, number={15}, journal={MACROMOLECULES}, author={Chen, Peng and Afshari, Mehdi and Cuculo, John A. and Kotek, Richard}, year={2009}, month={Aug}, pages={5437–5441} }
 @misc{cuculo_hattori_2004, title={Cellulose solvent compositions and methods of making and employing same}, volume={6,827,773}, number={2004 Dec. 7}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Cuculo, J. A. and Hattori, K.}, year={2004} }
 @article{hattori_abe_yoshida_cuculo_2004, title={New solvents for cellulose. II. Ethylenediamine/thiocyanate salt system}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1349-0540"]}, DOI={10.1295/polymj.36.123}, abstractNote={The ethylenediamine/thiocyanate salt system was found to be a new solvent for cellulose. The solubility, dissolution behavior, solution properties, and cellulose recovered from the solutions were investigated. The dissolution took place at room temperature, and the maximum solubility achieved was 16 % (w/w) for cellulose of DP210 in the ethylenediamine/sodium thiocyanate 54/46 (w/w). The dependence of cellulose solubility on DP is also described. Tracing the dissolution behavior of the cellulose by CP/MAS 13C NMR measurements revealed the polymorphic conversion of cellulose I to III to amorphous structure during the dissolution process. The cellulose dissolved was stable for 30 days storage at room temperature. Microscopic observations and steady-shear viscosity measurements of the solutions indicated mesophase formation of cellulose in the ethylenediamine/sodium thiocyanate system. This anisotrpoic phase appeared from ca. 10 % (w/w) cellulose with DP210 and greatly depended on the cellulose concentrations. Coagulation studies disclosed that cellulose II and amorphous cellulose were recovered from the cellulose/ethylenediamine/thiocyanate salt solutions when water and alcohol were used as a coagulant, respectively. It was suggested that this solvent system has high potential for cellulosic fiber and film formations.}, number={2}, journal={POLYMER JOURNAL}, author={Hattori, K and Abe, E and Yoshida, T and Cuculo, JA}, year={2004}, pages={123–130} }
 @article{hattori_cuculo_hudson_2002, title={New solvents for cellulose: Hydrazine/thiocyanate salt system}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0887-624X"]}, DOI={10.1002/pola.10135}, abstractNote={The hydrazine/thiocyanate system was found to be an excellent solvent for cellulose. The solubility and solution properties were investigated. Even at room temperature, the combinations of hydrazine and lithium, sodium, and potassium thiocyanate had high dissolution power for cellulose, up to an 18% (w/w) maximum, unrelated to the polymorph, whereas a combination with ammonium thiocyanate exhibited a solubility difference among celluloses I, II, and III. The effect of the temperature cycling of the system for the rapid dissolution of cellulose was investigated thermodynamically. In these systems, a high concentration of salts was necessary to effect the cellulose dissolution; this suggested that an undissociated salt-solvent complex played an important role in the cellulose dissolution as implied by electroconductivity measurements of the hydrazine/salt system. Gel and liquid-crystal formation was observed in all systems above 4 and 6% (w/w) cellulose concentrations, respectively. The values of both critical concentrations were quite similar to those observed in the ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate system studied earlier in our laboratories. The gelation temperature was between approximately 10 and 50 °C, depending on the salt and cellulose concentration. The dependence of the cellulose solubility on the degree of polymerization was also examined. It is suggested that these solvent systems have great potential for the fiber and film formation of cellulose.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY}, author={Hattori, K and Cuculo, JA and Hudson, SM}, year={2002}, month={Feb}, pages={601–611} }
 @article{wu_li_wu_cuculo_2002, title={Structure and property studies of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) high-speed melt spun fibers}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0032-3861"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00306-3}, abstractNote={Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) has been melt spun at various take-up velocities from 0.5 to 8 km/min to prepare fiber samples. The effect of take-up velocity on the structure and properties of as-spun fibers has been characterized through measurements of birefringence, density, wide-angle X-ray scattering, DSC melting behavior, tensile properties and boiling water shrinkage (BWS). The birefringence exhibits a maximum at take-up velocities between 3 and 4 km/min. The fiber samples spun at the lower take-up speeds have essentially amorphous structures, while the filaments prepared at a velocity range higher than 4 km/min all possess an obvious crystalline structure. With increasing take-up speed, a steady improvement in tensile strength, elongation to break, and BWS is found, whereas the initial modulus remains almost constant within the measurement error, over the entire take-up speed range between 0.5 and 8 km/min.}, number={18}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Wu, G and Li, HW and Wu, YQ and Cuculo, JA}, year={2002}, month={Aug}, pages={4915–4922} }
 @article{wu_li_cuculo_2000, title={Fiber structure and properties of poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate) obtained by high-speed melt spinning}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0032-3861"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00122-1}, abstractNote={High molecular weight poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate)(PEN) has been melt spun at various take-up velocities from 0.9 to 10 km/min to prepare fiber samples. The effect of take-up velocity on the structure and properties of as-spun fibers has been characterized through measurements of birefringence, density, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, infrared analysis, DSC melting behavior, tensile properties and high-temperature shrinkage. With increasing take-up speed, a steady trend toward higher as-spun fiber orientation and crystallinity was observed, accompanied by improved physical properties. The WAXD patterns of the as-spun fibers prepared at a velocity range higher than 1.5 km/min indicate that these samples all possess a developed molecular orientation and crystalline structure. At a relatively low take-up velocity that range from 1.5 to 4 km/min, a high level of molecular orientation in both crystalline and amorphous region has been found. This may be attributed to the high spinning stress generated by the high-molecular weight polymer used. In the high take-up speed region of 5–10 km/min, the molecular orientation becomes saturated. The highest tenacity and initial modulus of the as-spun PEN fibers obtained in this region reached ca 8 and 200 g/d, respectively.}, number={22}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Wu, G and Li, QC and Cuculo, JA}, year={2000}, month={Oct}, pages={8139–8150} }
 @article{wu_liu_li_cuculo_2000, title={Structure development and physical properties achieved in the drawing and/or annealing of PEN fibers}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0887-6266"]}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(20000601)38:11<1424::AID-POLB20>3.0.CO;2-G}, abstractNote={As-spun poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) fibers (i.e., precursors) prepared from high molecular weight polymer were drawn and/or annealed under various conditions. Structure and property variations taking place during the treatment process were followed via wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), small-angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical testing. Both the WAXS and DSC measurements of the cold-drawn samples stretched from a low-speed-spun amorphous fiber indicate that strain-induced crystallization can occur at a temperature below the glass-transition temperature and that the resultant crystal is in the α-form modification. In contrast, when the same precursor was subjected to constrained annealing, its amorphous characteristics remained unchanged even though the annealing was performed at 200 °C. These results may imply that the application of stretching stress is more important than elevated temperatures in producing α-form crystallization. The crystalline structure of the hot-drawn samples depends significantly on the morphology of the precursor fibers. When the precursor was wound at a very low speed and in a predominantly amorphous state, hot drawing induced the formation of crystals that were apparently pure α-form modification. For the (3-form crystallized precursors wound at higher speeds, a partial crystalline transition from the β form to the a form was observed during the hot drawing. In contrast with the mechanical properties of the as-spun fibers, those of the hot-drawn products are not improved remarkably because the draw ratio is extremely limited for most as-spun fibers in which an oriented crystalline structure has already formed.}, number={11}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS}, author={Wu, G and Liu, M and Li, XN and Cuculo, JA}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={1424–1435} }
 @article{raghavan_cuculo_1999, title={Analysis of necking in high-speed spinning}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0887-6266"]}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19990715)37:14<1565::AID-POLB2>3.0.CO;2-7}, abstractNote={A peculiar deformation in the threadline region resembling the “necking” associated with cold drawing of some metals and many polymeric fibers is observed when polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and other semicrystalline polymers are melt-spun at high speeds. This phenomenon is often referred to as the “neck”-like deformation. Perez and Lecluse were the first to report the “neck”-like deformation in the high-speed spinning of PET. Thus far, it has been observed that necking is seen only for polymers which crystallize in the threadline. It is generally believed that the occurrence of necking is in some way associated with the crystallization process. It is still not known whether crystallization initiates necking or vice versa. In our work, we have conducted an analysis of the necking phenomenon based on a geometric description of the neck and applied it to the basic melt-spinning equations to understand what situations can lead to neck formation in the high-speed spinning of fibers. In our analysis, a decrease in viscosity has been proven as a necessary condition for neck formation. A negative viscosity gradient implies that just before the neck region, the viscosity suddenly decreases. In a typical fiber spinning process, normally the reverse process happens: the polymer viscosity increases exponentially along the spinning threadline as the extrudate is transformed from a melt to a solid filament. Our analysis provides a mechanism for rationalizing the observed “neck”-like phenomenon in high-speed spinning by invoking the importance of radial position and availability of released heat of crystallization from crystallization occurring in the skin region, to reduce the viscosity of the fiber core. It is not speed alone which affects threadline crystallization. Of equivalent importance is the existence of favorable thermal conditions in the threadline. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 1565–1573, 1999}, number={14}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS}, author={Raghavan, JS and Cuculo, JA}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={1565–1573} }
 @article{wu_cuculo_1999, title={Structure and property studies of poly(ethylene terephthalate) poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate) melt-blended fibres}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0032-3861"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00317-6}, abstractNote={The effects of blend composition and take-up velocity on structural variations and physical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) [PET]/poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate) [PEN] blend fibres were studied using WAXS, n.m.r., d.s.c., density, tensile and thermal shrinkage tests. Over the ranges studied, the structure and properties of the blend fibres were significantly influenced by the composition and melt spinning velocity. With the increase in content of any second component (PEN or PET), the crystallization process in the as-spun fibres becomes difficult, because of the formation of random copolymers via a transesterification reaction occurring between PET and PEN molecules. This reaction also produces a miscible amorphous phase with the result that all blend samples exhibit a single glass transition temperature intermediate to those of the two homopolymers. The WAXS results of annealed samples, however, indicate separate crystals for the two components rather than a co-crystallization. Room temperature mechanical properties, for fibres spun at constant take-up velocity, improved gradually with increasing PEN content. The thermal shrinkage, however, is relatively high for blend fibres and reaches a maximum for the 50/50 PET/PEN blend, indicating that the copolymer chains are oriented fairly well, but exist in the amorphous state.}, number={4}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Wu, G and Cuculo, JA}, year={1999}, month={Feb}, pages={1011–1018} }
 @article{hotter_cuculo_tucker_annis_1998, title={Effect of initial take-up speed on properties and structure of as-spun and drawn/heat-set poly(ethylene terephthalate) filaments}, volume={69}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980912)69:11<2115::AID-APP3>3.0.CO;2-J}, abstractNote={The effect of initial take-up speed on the properties and structure of both as-spun and drawn/heat-set poly(ethylene terephthalate) filaments was characterized through measurements of birefringence, percent crystallinity, tensile properties, high temperature shrinkage, loss tangent temperature dependence, DSC melting behavior, and wide-angle (WAXS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). While a steady trend toward improved as-spun filament orientation and tensile properties occurred with increasing initial take-up speed, the reduced drawability of these more structured precursor filaments resulted in corresponding drawn/heat-set filaments that were of relatively lower overall orientation and tensile strength. The observed trends in tenacity, initial modulus, and high temperature shrinkage of the drawn/heat-set filaments appeared to be well correlated with the extent and distribution of amorphous phase rigidity as perceived through inferences made from the loss tangent temperature dependence. The WAXS patterns of the drawn/heat-set samples indicated that these filaments all possess a well-developed and highly oriented crystalline structure. Application of a simple two phase model allowed the determination of an amorphous orientation factor, which for the drawn/heat-set filaments was generally found to decrease as the draw ratio imposed in order to achieve comparable levels of elongation to break decreased. The SAXS patterns of the drawn/heat-set filaments indicated that comparable long period spacings exist in all cases and that a transition from a four-point pattern to a two-point bar-shaped pattern occurred when the precursor filament possessed some significant amount of as-spun crystallinity. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 2115–2131, 1998}, number={11}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, author={Hotter, J. F. and Cuculo, J. A. and Tucker, P. A. and Annis, B. K.}, year={1998}, pages={2115–2131} }
 @article{hotter_cuculo_tucker_annis_1998, title={Effect of liquid isothermal bath position in modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) PET melt spinning process on properties and structure of As-spun and annealed filaments}, volume={69}, ISSN={["0021-8995"]}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980906)69:10<2051::AID-APP17>3.3.CO;2-3}, abstractNote={The ability to produce as-spun poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) filaments that possess previously unsurpassed levels of as-spun orientation and tensile properties was achieved through the implementation of a device described as a liquid isothermal bath (LIB). Although much has been published regarding the general effect of the LIB on various properties and structural features, the results of the present study further contribute to the continued development of this unique technology by investigating the positional dependence of the device, as well as the effect of a subsequent annealing process. Characterization methods employed in the present study included birefringence, percent crystallinity, tensile properties, loss tangent temperature dependence, DSC melting behavior, and wide-angle and small-angle X-ray scattering. Strong inferences drawn from the loss tangent temperature dependence indicate that all of the as-spun and annealed LIB filaments possess a more rigid amorphous phase than that present in either the as-spun or annealed no LIB filament and that the extent of rigidness appears to become more profound as the bath is operated at a position more distant from the spinneret. DSC melting endotherms of the as-spun LIB filaments consist of dual overlapping peaks, one component of which is believed to represent the presence of a novel extended chain type of crystalline structure. Application of a simple two phase model allowed for the quantitative evaluation of an amorphous orientation factor, which was found to range, depending on the bath position, from 1.7 to 3.9 times higher in the as-spun LIB filaments than that present in the as-spun no LIB filament. The annealing process was found to play an important role in facilitating the transformation from an as-spun highly oriented and predominantly amorphous structure to a well-defined semicrystalline fibrillar structure. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 2051–2068, 1998}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE}, author={Hotter, JF and Cuculo, JA and Tucker, PA and Annis, BK}, year={1998}, month={Sep}, pages={2051–2068} }
 @article{wu_yoshida_cuculo_1998, title={Heat induced shrinkage and microstructural changes in PET: As-spun fibres prepared via 'Controlled Threadline Dynamics'}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0032-3861"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0032-3861(97)10269-5}, abstractNote={Macroscopic shrinkage behaviour and microstructural changes in PET as-spun fibres prepared by a normal cooling and by a `Controlled Threadline Dynamics' (LIB)1 process have been investigated as a function of temperature. For normally cooled spun fibres, the shrinkage and microstructural changes may be respectively divided into two steps with increasing temperature. A significant shrinkage in the low temperature range was attributed mainly to a disorientation process in oriented noncrystalline chains. In the higher temperature region, the still relatively high but gradually decreasing shrinkage is related principally to the diminished disorientation process and a sequential crystallization process. In comparison with the normally cooled spun fibres, a small but monotonically increasing shrinkage was found in the case of the (LIB) samples. Structurally, a monotonic increase in crystallinity and a decrease in fraction of oriented noncrystalline phase were found to accompany the shrinkage behaviour. This indicates that the microstructural change and corresponding shrinkage in the LIB spun fibres is a one-step process. The ultra-high oriented noncrystalline structure which results from the LIB process may promote minimization of distance between molecular chains in the oriented noncrystalline regime, and enhance intermolecular cohesive forces. When the fibres are heat treated, large-scale molecular motion may be restricted because of high intermolecular interaction. Instead, local thermal motion of highly stretched noncrystalline chains may be activated, and the conversion from very taut noncrystalline chains to a crystalline phase may be easier because of smaller intermolecular distances and enhanced cohesive forces. Therefore, the entire process may be characterized mainly as a continuous mass transfer from oriented noncrystalline phase to crystalline phase in situ, eschewing massive molecular recoiling. This may result in restricted disorientation in the noncrystalline phase and consequently accompanied by apparently restricted shrinkage. © Elsevier Science Ltd.}, number={25}, journal={POLYMER}, author={Wu, G and Yoshida, T and Cuculo, JA}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={6473–6482} }
 @misc{cuculo_tucker_chen_lundberg_1998, title={Ultra-oriented crystalline filaments}, volume={RE35,972}, number={1998 Nov. 24}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Cuculo, J. A. and Tucker, P. A. and Chen, G.-Y. and Lundberg, F.}, year={1998} }
 @misc{cuculo_tucker_lundberg_chen_wu_chen_1998, title={Ultra-oriented crystalline filaments and method of making same}, volume={5,733,653}, number={1998 Mar. 31}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Cuculo, J. A. and Tucker, P. A. and Lundberg, F. and Chen, J.-Y. and Wu, G. and Chen, G.-Y.}, year={1998} }
 @article{chen_tucker_cuculo_1997, title={High performance PET fibers via liquid isothermal bath high speed spinning: fiber properties and structure resulting from threadline modification and posttreatment}, volume={66}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19971226)66:13<2441::AID-APP7>3.3.CO;2-L}, abstractNote={Poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers with improved mechanical properties and dimensional stability were spun via controlled threadline dynamics by a liquid isothermal bath (LIB) spinning process, followed by postdrawing and annealing. Control fibers were made by unperturbed spinning and posttreatment similar to a traditional spin—draw process. The two sets of as-spun fibers were spun at take-up speed in the range of 2000–5000 m/min. Fiber properties of the as-spun fibers and posttreated fibers of each process were compared. Two commercial tire cords, i.e., conventional tire cord and low shrinkage tire cord, were also included. Unlike unperturbed spinning, the LIB as-spun fibers show unique structural properties of high amorphous orientation, low crystallinity, high strength, and high initial modulus. Moreover, noncrystalline chains are further extended during posttreatment. The posttreated LIB fibers exhibit mechanical properties with tenacity higher than approximately 9 g/d, initial modulus higher than 120 g/d, and ultimate elongation less than approximately 10%. They also demonstrate superior dimensional stability with thermal shrinkage less than 6% and LASE-5 higher than 5 g/d. The overall properties are not obtainable by either the traditional spin—draw process or any modified process that produces low shrinkage tire cord. Unlike the case for unperturbed fibers, the mechanical properties of the posttreated LIB fibers demonstrate a strong/dependency on the birefringence of their respective as-spun fibers. There are at least three significant pieces of evidence that strongly indicate the existence of a third phase, referred to as the taut—tie noncrystalline phase (TTNC), in addition to the traditional two-phase model, i.e., crystalline and random amorphous phases. A unique feature involving a high fraction of taut—tie noncrystalline phase (TTNC %) in the LIB as-spun and the posttreated fibers is also found and which is, in fact, achieved neither by the traditional spin—draw nor the commercial tire cord processes. Further, different from the posttreated unperturbed fibers, the posttreated LIB fibers have an enhanced fraction of taut—tie noncrystalline chains with shorter length, which is believed to be one of the important factors leading to the superior mechanical properties and excellent dimensional stability achieved. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 2441–2455, 1997}, number={13}, journal={Journal of Applied Polymer Science}, author={Chen, J. Y. and Tucker, P. A. and Cuculo, J. A.}, year={1997}, pages={2441–2455} }
 @misc{cuculo_tucker_chen_lundberg_1995, title={Ultra-oriented crystalline filaments}, volume={5,405,696}, number={1995 Apr. 11}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Cuculo, J. A. and Tucker, P. A. and Chen, G. Y. and Lundberg, F.}, year={1995} }
 @misc{cuculo_tucker_chen_lundberg_1993, title={Melt spinning of ultra-oriented crystalline filaments}, volume={5,268,133}, number={1993 Dec. 7}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Cuculo, J. A. and Tucker, P. A. and Chen, G. Y. and Lundberg, F.}, year={1993} }
 @article{frey_cuculo_ciferri_1992, title={A review of lattice theory for lyotropic liquid crystalline polymers, spinodal decomposition, and gel formation}, volume={35}, DOI={10.1080/15321799508009639}, abstractNote={Abstract Polymer chain conformations can be described by many models. Some of the main ones are shown in Fig. 1. The rod-like model describes polymer molecules as rigid cylinders with high axis ratio. The axis ratio, X, is equal to the length of the polymer divided by the diameter. X = L/d for molecules in any conformation. Linear polymer chains that are not completely rod-like can be described by Kuhn chains, worm-like chains, or segmented rod-like and random coil chains. Kuhn chains are characterized by rigid segments connected by universal joints. The rod-like segment, known as the Kuhn segment, has a characteristic length, 2q. Worm-like chains have continuous deviation from rod-like behavior but are not necessarily completely flexible. The worm-like chains are characterized by a persistence length, q. Polymers of types a-d in Fig. 1 can all form liquid crystalline solutions under appropriate conditions. The final type of chain, the random coil, is not expected to form liquid crystalline solutions.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Macromolecular Science. Reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry}, author={Frey, M. W. and Cuculo, J. A. and Ciferri, A.}, year={1992}, pages={287–325} }
 @article{yang_cuculo_theil_1992, title={LYOTROPIC MESOPHASES OF CELLULOSE IN THE AMMONIA AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE SOLVENT SYSTEM - PHASE-RELATIONSHIPS}, volume={30}, ISSN={["0887-6266"]}, DOI={10.1002/polb.1992.090300401}, abstractNote={Mesophase formation of the cellulose/NH3/NH4SCN system has been studied as a function of system composition at 25°C. Compositions for incipience of mesophase formation and for wholly anisotropic phase formation have been determined and relevant phase diagrams constructed. The biphasic gap narrowed when the solvent composition approached 75.5 weight percent NH4SCN and as the cellulose concentration decreased. As solvent composition was changed, the minimum cellulose volume fraction for mesophase formation ranged between 0.02 to 0.045.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS}, author={YANG, KS and CUCULO, JA and THEIL, MH}, year={1992}, month={Mar}, pages={315–324} }
 @misc{cuculo_tucker_chen_lundberg_1992, title={Melt spinning of ultra-oriented crystalline polyester filaments}, volume={5,149,480}, number={1992 Sep. 22}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Cuculo, J. A. and Tucker, P. A. and Chen, G. Y. and Lundberg, F.}, year={1992} }
 @misc{cuculo_tucker_lin_lundberg_1992, title={Process for producing high strength, high modulus thermoplastic fibers}, volume={5,171,504}, number={1992 Dec. 15}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Cuculo, J. A. and Tucker, P. A. and Lin, C. Y. and Lundberg, F.}, year={1992} }
 @misc{cuculo_tucker_chen_lin_denton_lundberg_1990, title={Process for high speed melt spinning}, volume={4,909,976}, number={1990 Mar. 20}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Cuculo, J. A. and Tucker, P. A. and Chen, G. Y. and Lin, C. Y. and Denton, J. and Lundberg, F.}, year={1990} }
 @misc{cuculo_theil_yang_chen_1989, title={Anisotropic cellulose articles, fibers, and films and method of producing same}, volume={4,840,673}, number={1989 Jun. 20}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Cuculo, J. A. and Theil, M. H. and Yang, K. S. and Chen, Y. S.}, year={1989} }
 @article{cho_hudson_cuculo_1989, title={THE COAGULATION OF CELLULOSE FROM ANISOTROPIC SOLUTIONS IN THE NH3/NH4SCN SOLVENT SYSTEM}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0887-6266"]}, DOI={10.1002/polb.1989.090270809}, abstractNote={Etude de la vitesse de coagulation en fonction des parametres experimentaux: elle augmente avec la concentration en cellulose et la temperature, le methanol etant le meilleur coagulant. Etude de la difference, des vitesses de transfert de masse: la vitesse de transfert de masse du systeme ammoniac/thiocyanate est plus grande que celle des coagulants. Le gonflement a l'equilibre diminue en augmentant la temperature et la concentration en cellulose}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS}, author={CHO, JJ and HUDSON, SH and CUCULO, JA}, year={1989}, month={Jul}, pages={1699–1719} }
 @misc{cuculo_theil_yang_chen_1988, title={Anisotropic cellulose solutions, fibers, and films formed therefrom}, volume={4,750,939}, number={1988 Jun. 14}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Cuculo, J. A. and Theil, M. H. and Yang, K. S. and Chen, Y. S.}, year={1988} }
 @article{yang_cuculo_1984, title={Lyotropic mesohases of cellulose in the ammonia-ammonium thiocyante solvent system: Effects of composition on phase types, in "polymer association structures"}, volume={384}, DOI={10.1021/bk-1989-0384.ch011}, abstractNote={Formation de solution lyotrope nematique dans ce systeme. Faible rotation specifique des solutions. Augmentation de la concentration minimale de cellulose pour la formation de mesophase, par augmentation de la concentration en NH 4 SCN}, journal={ACS Symposium Series}, author={Yang, K. S. and Cuculo, J. A.}, year={1984} }
 @misc{cuculo_hudson_1983, title={Preparation of cellulose films or fibers from cellulose solutions}, volume={4,367,191}, number={1983 Jan. 4}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Cuculo, J. A. and Hudson, S. M.}, year={1983} }
 @article{hudson_cuculo_wadsworth_1983, title={THE SOLUBILITY OF CELLULOSE IN LIQUID-AMMONIA AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE SOLUTION - THE EFFECT OF COMPOSITION AND TEMPERATURE ON DISSOLUTION AND SOLUTION PROPERTIES}, volume={21}, ISSN={["0887-624X"]}, DOI={10.1002/pol.1983.170210302}, abstractNote={The dissolution process and some solution properties of cellulose in mixtures of liquid ammonia (NH3) and ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) are discussed. The mole fraction ratio of NH3, NH4SCN, and H2O which dissolve cellulose were determined. The effect of temperature on several solution properties was also examined. The temperature coefficient d In [n]/dT for the limiting viscosity number [n] has a value of −1.58 × 10−2 °C−1. This is considered to be rather large but is, in fact, a common occurrence for almost all cellulose derivatives in solution. The values for the Huggins constant K′ showed no systematic trends with temperature. They did, however, suggest the presence of considerable association of the cellulose in solution. Miscibility results of adding the cellulose solutions to organic liquids are also reported.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY}, author={HUDSON, SM and CUCULO, JA and WADSWORTH, LC}, year={1983}, pages={651–670} }
 @article{hudson_cuculo_1982, title={THE SOLUBILITY OF CELLULOSE IN LIQUID-AMMONIA AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE SOLUTIONS - THERMOREVERSIBLE GELATION AND A PRELIMINARY-REPORT ON FIBER FORMATION}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1099-0518"]}, DOI={10.1002/pol.1982.170200223}, abstractNote={The melting temperatures of thermoreversible gels formed from solutions of cellulose in liquid ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate mixtures were measured over a volume fraction range of .01–.004. Three samples of cellulose with Mw ranging from 1 × 105 to 1.64 × 105 were used. The findings show that the structural makeup of the gels is strongly reflected in their time-dependent behavior. The reciprocal of their melting temperature is a nearly linear function of the logarithm of the cellulose concentration. The relation between the logarithm of Mw and the reciprocal temperature of gel melting was also nearly linear. Exothermic heats of reaction ranging from 150 to 460 kcal/mol were calculated from the Ferry-Eldridge relationship (∂ ln C/∂) = ΔHx/R for the formation of cross-links, assuming that they result from a binary association of chains. It is inferred that the cross-linking loci in the gel were crystallites that consisted of glucose units. In addition, an initial study is reported of the fiber-forming potential of the liquid ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate system. Rudimentary fiber extrusion from a modified syringe was readily demonstrated. Operable coagulation systems involved proton-donating agents as well as methanol. Tenacities of these unstretched, as spun fibers, ranged as high as 0.89 g/d.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY}, author={HUDSON, SM and CUCULO, JA}, year={1982}, pages={499–511} }
 @article{hudson_cuculo_1980, title={The solubility of unmodified cellulose: A critique of the literature}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1080/00222358008080915}, abstractNote={Abstract Petrochemical, shortages have stirred renewed interest in cellulose because it is the single replaceable raw material, and exists in great abundance. This literature survey reviews the cellulose solvent systems that do not in general rely on stable cellulose derivatives that can be isolated. This review is arranged in a manner suggested by Turbak [1] that classifies all cellulose solvents by the nature of their interaction with cellulose. An alternate classification, presented in Section VI, mainly for the benefit of the pragmatist, reappraises the various solvents in terms of aqueous or nonaqueous systems. When available, the minimum information on the properties of regenerated and coagulated cellulose is provided to further assist in assessing the overall potential of the many different systems capable of dissolving cellulose.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Macromolecular Science. Reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry}, author={Hudson, S. M. and Cuculo, J. A.}, year={1980}, pages={1–83} }
 @article{wadsworth_cuculo_hudson_1979, title={REACTION OF WOOD PULP WITH ALPHA,BETA-AMIC ACIDS .2. SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POSSIBLE SPINNABLE DERIVATIVES}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0040-5175"]}, DOI={10.1177/004051757904900803}, abstractNote={In this study, liquid anhydrous ammonia has been used as a pre-swelling treatment for wood pulp and as a solvent for the reactants. With the single-step reactions, slightly more crosslinking resulted when the reactant was applied from liquid ammonia than from aqueous media. The multiple bake reactions, however, resulted in higher total degree of substitution (DS) values on the order of 1.0 and greater, but also in disproportionately more crosslinking. Degradation was minimal by the use of aqueous ammonium succinamate from single pad bake reactions, resulting in an average DP of 331. This is compared to the multiple pad-bake reactions with aqueous ammonium succinamate and with suc cinic anhydride in liquid ammonia media, which resulted in very low DP values ranging from 155 to 200. Discoloration of the derivatives accompanied the increases in DS and reductions in DP. Some cellulose derivatives appear to have been dissolved in concentrations to 4% (w/v) in 10 to 13% aqueous sodium hydroxide at 5.5°C and up to 0.7% in DMSO by refluxing. Infrared analyses have shown the material coagulated from the aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions to be pure cellulose, and the coagulant from DMSO solution to be cellulose hemisuccinate. Both infrared crystallinity index determinations and x-ray diffraction patterns indicated that the cellulose regenerated from aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was suhstantially crystalline.}, number={8}, journal={TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={WADSWORTH, LC and CUCULO, JA and HUDSON, SM}, year={1979}, pages={445–455} }