@article{johnson_coggburn_llorens_2022, title={Artificial Intelligence and Public Human Resource Management: Questions for Research and Practice}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1945-7421"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/00910260221126498}, DOI={10.1177/00910260221126498}, abstractNote={ Advances in big data and artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML) and other cognitive computing technologies (CCT), have facilitated the development of human resource management (HRM) applications promising greater efficiency, economy, and effectiveness for public administration (Maciejewski, 2017) and better alignment with the modern, constantly evolving employment landscape. It is not surprising then that these advanced technologies are featured in proposals to elevate the government’s human capital. This article discusses current and emerging AI applications that stand to impact most (if not all) HRM functions and their prospects for elevating public human capital. In particular, this article (a) reviews the current state of the field with regards to AI and HRM, (b) discusses AI’s current and potential impact upon the core functional areas of HRM, (c) identifies the main challenges AI poses to such concerns as public values, equity, and traditional merit system principles, and (d) concludes by identifying research needs for public HRM scholarship and practice that highlight the growing role and influence of AI applications in the workplace. }, number={4}, journal={PUBLIC PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Johnson, Brad A. M. and Coggburn, Jerrell D. and Llorens, Jared J.}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{coggburn_llorens_2020, title={Strategic Planning for Your Program}, DOI={10.4324/9781003019817-5}, abstractNote={Graduate programs of public affairs, policy, and administration operate in an increasingly turbulent environment. Facing challenges related to resources, technology, viability, and legitimacy, this chapter argues it is imperative that public affairs programs adopt strategic approaches to defining mission, guiding decision-making, and meeting stakeholder expectations. This argument is bolstered by the NASPAA accreditation standards for graduate programs, which entail strategic program planning and management as requirements for accreditation. After establishing its importance, the chapter offers public affairs program directors practical guidance on the major components of strategic planning, including analyzing stakeholder expectations, reviewing the program’s mission, developing program strategies, and closing the loop through assessment and revision. The chapter concludes with a summary of the role strategic planning plays in building and maintaining high-quality, impactful public affairs programs.}, journal={The Public Affairs Faculty Manual}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D. and Llorens, Jared J.}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={77–97} }
 @article{coggburn_daley_jameson_berry-james_2018, title={Assessing the Six-Factor Model of Organizational Justice in the Context of Workplace Mediation}, volume={40}, ISSN={0734-371X 1552-759X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734371X18816758}, DOI={10.1177/0734371X18816758}, abstractNote={Applying the six-factor model of organizational justice, this study examines the relationship between disputants’ (i.e., grievants and respondents) perceptions of organizational justice and satisfaction with workplace mediation. Using secondary data, collected postmediation from participants in the (former) North Carolina Department of Correction’s (DOC) mediation process, the findings show that perceptions of organizational justice and mediation satisfaction are high for both grievants and, especially, respondents. Logistic regression results find statistically significant relationships between mediation satisfaction and three factors of organizational justice—distributive justice, procedural justice–process, and disputant–disputant interpersonal justice—as well as unexpected results for procedural justice–mediator and disputant–mediator interpersonal justice.}, number={3}, journal={Review of Public Personnel Administration}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D. and Daley, Dennis M. and Jameson, Jessica Katz and Berry-James, RaJade M.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={0734371X1881675} }
 @article{neely_coggburn_phelps-hillen_2018, title={Measuring the practice of engagement in public administration}, volume={36}, ISSN={["2047-8720"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85047403493&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0144739418775783}, abstractNote={ Following recent calls for greater synergies between public administration's (PA)’s academic and practitioner communities, this paper examines the prevalence and use of engaged teaching and faculty practices in Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration (NASPAA)-affiliated schools. Results are reported from a survey of PA academic program leaders that includes specific practices – such as the use of service-learning pedagogies, teaching-cases, and faculty–practitioner exchange programs – suggested in the literature. While anecdotal evidence suggests that these practices promote connectedness between PA’s scholarly and practitioner communities, little is known empirically about how widely they are employed or how their use differs across faculty cohorts and institutional settings. This study attempts to address that gap, providing both empirical context and a baseline against which future studies can be compared. }, number={3}, journal={TEACHING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Neely, Stephen R. and Coggburn, Jerrell D. and Phelps-Hillen, Johanna}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={276–300} }
 @article{diebold_coggburn_2018, title={The Determinants and Opportunity Costs of External Management Fees for State-Administered Pension Plans}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1540-5850"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85052823056&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/pbaf.12207}, abstractNote={Private investment firms receive billions of dollars in fees to actively manage the assets held within state pension funds. We examine the determinants of the fees paid and find that more financially burdensome plans tend to pay more. The magnitude of this relationship declines as the size of the plan increases, suggesting economies of scale. These fees do not appear to be associated with higher pension fund returns. Finally, we calculate the opportunity costs of fees and estimate that most pension funds would be better financially positioned today if they had, instead, passively invested the fees in broad‐based market indices.}, number={4}, journal={PUBLIC BUDGETING AND FINANCE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Diebold, Jeffrey and Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={3–31} }
 @article{coggburn_2017, title={At-Will Employment in Government: Its Impact in The State of Texas}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85082275454&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.4324/9781315097336-10}, journal={American Public Service}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={151–174} }
 @inbook{katz jameson_berry-james_daley_coggburn_2017, place={London}, title={Effectiveness of mediation in the state agency grievance process}, ISBN={9781315648330}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315648330-18}, DOI={10.4324/9781315648330-18}, booktitle={The Mediation Handbook}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Katz Jameson, Jessica and Berry-James, RaJade M. and Daley, Dennis M. and Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={164–169} }
 @article{coggburn_battaglio_bradbury_2017, title={Employee job satisfaction and organizational performance: The role of conflict management}, volume={17}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84946728203&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1108/ijotb-17-04-2014-b005}, abstractNote={Organizational conflict is often thought of as a malady to be avoided or quickly resolved. Such views neglect the potential value of conflict—that is, the constructive management of conflict—to organizational outcomes. Managerial practices resulting in too little conflict may shape and reflect an organization hypersensitive to discord, dissent, and innovation. But management practices promoting excessive conflict may overload an organization with information, rendering it incapable of reaching timely decisions, generating animosity, or creating other unproductive outcomes. This paper examines constructive conflict management, which gives employees voice and encourages authentic participation in decision-making. We hypothesize that such an approach is positively related to employee job satisfaction and organizational performance. However, given the potential for “too much of a good thing” when it encouraging conflict, we also test for a curvilinear relationships between conflict management and organizational outcomes.}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior}, publisher={Emerald}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D. and Battaglio, R. Paul and Bradbury, Mark D.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={498–530} }
 @article{coggburn_2017, title={Exploring differences in the american states’ procurement practices}, volume={3}, DOI={10.1108/jopp-03-01-2003-b001}, abstractNote={This exploratory article examines the issue of state government procurement. It uses original survey data to create a measure of reformed state procurement practices, as suggested by the literature, and explores the ability of several variables from the state policy literature to explain observed differences in state procurement. Findings suggest that the states’ procurement practices possess varying degrees of reform characteristics, that interest group diversity, legislative professionalism, results-oriented management, and regional effects each have significant relationships to state procurement practices, and that several “classic” explanations of state policy are not significantly related to state procurement practices. One implication is that procurement, like other forms of state administrative policy, may not be readily explained by widely utilized theories of state policy.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Public Procurement}, publisher={Emerald}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={3–28} }
 @article{thai_rahm_coggburn_2017, title={Globalization and the Environment: an Introduction}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84946498811&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.4324/9781315093253-1}, journal={Handbook of Globalization and the Environment}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Thai, Khi V. and Rahm, Dianne and Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={1–15} }
 @article{coggburn_rahm_2017, title={Government Green Procurement in the U.S.: an Approach to Meeting Global Environmental Challenges}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85144916033&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.4324/9781315093253-13}, journal={Handbook of Globalization and the Environment}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D. and Rahm, Dianne}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={259–288} }
 @book{thai_rahm_coggburn_2017, title={Handbook of Globalization and the Environment}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85124009250&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.4324/9781315093253}, abstractNote={Globalization and the Environment: An Introduction, K.V. Thai, D. Rahm, and J.D. Coggburn GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND POLICIES Sustainable Development in an International Perspective , R. Prizzia The Role of the Bureaucracy in European Global Warming Policy D.H. Davis Transborder Air Pollution, Z.A. Smith and K.D. Taylor Desertification, S. Bauer The Environmental Frontier of Space, W.H. Lambright and A.Y. Ni Human Rights to Water, Z.A. Smith and K.L. Ross GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS Global Environmental Governance, F. Biermann The Role of the United Nations: From Stockholm to Johannesburg, L. Nelson The World Trade Organization: Free Trade and Its Environmental Impacts, F. Zelli United Nations Conferences and the Legitimization of Environmental NGOs, K. Farmbry and A. Manorahan Global Academia: The State of Environmental Learning and Awareness, B.S. Steel and R.L. Warner ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND ACCOUNTABILITY Government Green Procurement in the U.S.: An Approach to Meeting Global Environmental Challenges, J.D. Coggburn and D. Rahm Environmental Management, L.E. Pasquale Sustainable Waterfront Development in the Great Lakes Basin, W.A. Kellogg and E. Matheny Getting Agricultural Productivity and Environmental Sustainability at the Same Time: What Matters, What Doesn't? E. Weber, M. Khalmirzaeva, M. Stephan, T. Lysak, and I. Esanov Sustainability Issues in Public Procurement, B. Pangrle Managing Nuclear Waste, C. Horiuchi Inter-Agency Collaborative Approaches to Endangered Species Act Compliance and Salmon Recovery in the Pacific Northwest, N.P. Lovrich, M.J. Gaffney, E.P. Weber, R.M. Bireley, D.R. Matthews, and B. Bjork CONTROVERSIES IN GLOBALIZATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT Eco-Terrorism: A Natural Reaction to Violence? M.J. Mortimer Globalization, Environmental Challenges and North-South Issues, J. Gupta Environmental Justice: A Global Perspective, C. Murphy-Greene Globalization and Growth of Developing Countries, D. Tran Complexity and the Science-Policy Interface, K.K. Beratan Multi-Party Environmental Negotiations: The Democratizing Nations of Mexico and Ecuador, J.E. Horan and D.L. Lybecker Index}, journal={Handbook of Globalization and the Environment}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Thai, Khi V. and Rahm, Dianne and Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, editor={Thai, Khi V. and Rahm, Dianne and Coggburn, Jerrell D.Editors}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={1–588} }
 @article{neely_coggburn_2017, title={Incentives for Sharing Knowledge: A Survey of Scholarly Practices in Public Affairs and Administration}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1537-5935"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85016733063&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1017/s1049096516003036}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={2}, journal={PS-POLITICAL SCIENCE & POLITICS}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Neely, Stephen R. and Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={480–485} }
 @book{thai_rahm_coggburn_2017, title={Preface}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85144982029&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, journal={Handbook of Globalization and the Environment}, author={Thai, K.V. and Rahm, D. and Coggburn, J.D.}, year={2017}, pages={ix} }
 @article{coggburn_2016, title={At-Will Employment in Government}, volume={26}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34248035711&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0734371x06287724}, abstractNote={ Supplanting civil service systems’ procedural protections with at-will employment policies is a recent and important phenomenon in public service. This article examines the state of Texas, an at-will employer. It reports a 2005 survey of the state's human resource directors focusing on the at-will doctrine and its use and effects. Respondents agreed that at-will employment enhances employee responsiveness to agency administrators but held mixed opinion of its effects on other employee behaviors (e.g., risk taking, whistle-blowing, decision making, sensitivity to issues of fairness) and agency performance. The article calls for governments to take a more holistic view of at-will employment when considering its adoption. }, number={2}, journal={Review of Public Personnel Administration}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={158–177} }
 @article{rahm_coggburn_2016, title={Environmentally Preferable Procurement}, volume={12}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-51249150584&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/1087724x07304302}, abstractNote={ Since passage of the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) in 1992, the U.S. federal government has imposed procurement restrictions on state government fleets. Regulations, overseen by the Department of Energy (DoE), require that a high percentage of new state fleet acquisitions be “green” alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs). This article first reviews AFV technologies, advanced technology designs, and alternative fuels. A discussion of the EPAct mandates and other policy incentives for state fleets follows. The next section presents findings of a survey of state fleet managers regarding their compliance obligations. The article concludes with a discussion of the recently passed EPAct of 2005 and how its provisions may affect the continued greening of state fleets. }, number={2}, journal={Public Works Management & Policy}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Rahm, Dianne and Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={400–415} }
 @article{coggburn_2016, title={Is Deregulation the Answer for Public Personnel Management? Revisiting a Familiar Question}, volume={20}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84993814829&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0734371x0002000402}, abstractNote={To ask whether a particular version of ref rm is &dquo;the answer&dquo; for public personnel management (PPM) suggests that PPM faces problems requiring solutions (i.e., answers). And, in fact, there has been no shortage of opinion regarding the nature of PPM’s problems. The typical charges, sounded by academics, practitioners, and various reform commissions, have by now become all too familiar: government’s personnel systems are}, number={4}, journal={Review of Public Personnel Administration}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={5–8} }
 @article{coggburn_2016, title={Outsourcing Human Resources}, volume={27}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-51249144042&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0734371x07301976}, abstractNote={This article examines human resources outsourcing (HRO) at the State of Texas Health and Human Services Commission (HHSC). It describes the emergence of HRO in the public sector and analyzes the HHSC case. The article develops an eight-dimension conceptual framework for assessing the appropriateness of public HRO and demonstrates the framework's usefulness by applying it to the HHSC case.}, number={4}, journal={Review of Public Personnel Administration}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={315–335} }
 @article{coggburn_2016, title={Professional Notes}, volume={18}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038260393&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0734371x9801800105}, number={1}, journal={Review of Public Personnel Administration}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={68–79} }
 @book{kearney_coggburn_2016, title={Public Human Resource Management: Problems and Prospects}, DOI={10.4135/9781483395982}, abstractNote={Chapter Topic Contributors Introduction to PPA Hays, Kearney, & Coggburn Section One: The Setting Values and Perspectives Klingner, Donald HRM and the Constitution Rosenbloom, David and Chanin, Joshua Federal Government HR Thompson, James & Seidner, Robert State Government HR Selden, Sally Local Government HR Mason, Susan G. & Stein, Lana Nonprofit HR Issues Gazley, Beth Section Two: Techniques Strategic Human Capital Pynes, Joan Performance Appraisal/Management Daley, Dennis Pensions and Benefits Roberts, Gary Motivation Gabris, Gerald & Davis, Trenton HR Metrics Hays, Steve Workforce Planning Jacobsen, Willow Grievances and Employee Rights Sowa, Jessica Section Three: The Issues EEO and Affirmative Action Kellough, Ed Gender and Workplace Issues Guy, Mary Ellen &Spice, Susan Info Technology/Virtual HR Wooters, Robert T. Ethics and HRM West, Jonathan Public Sector Labor Issues Mareschal, Patrice Outsourcing HR Coggburn, Jerrell Conclusion: Reform and Prospects Prospects for PPAâ ¦ Bowman, James}, publisher={CQ Press}, author={Kearney, Richard C. and Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2016} }
 @article{reddick_coggburn_2016, title={State Government Employee Health Benefits in the United States}, volume={27}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-43249147095&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0734371x06291427}, abstractNote={ Employer-sponsored health benefits are an important but relatively understudied area in public sector human resource management. This study examines the choices that state governments make in the United States and the views of state human resource directors (HRD) on health benefits. Survey data, gathered from state HRDs in fall 2005, reveal several important findings: In terms of choices, the most common plan offered is the preferred provider organization (PPO); less than one third of states offer health benefits to nontraditional partners; health benefits improve employee satisfaction and the performance of the state government; and cost to the state government is the most important factor that affects choice of plan. There is not a high level of agreement on what strategies state government should pursue to reduce costs of health benefits; however, there is some agreement that premiums will be increasing in the near future. }, number={1}, journal={Review of Public Personnel Administration}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Reddick, Christopher G. and Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={5–20} }
 @article{kearney_coggburn_2016, title={The Civil Service Under                        Siege}, DOI={10.4135/9781483395982.n27}, journal={Public Human Resource Management: Problems and Prospects}, publisher={CQ Press}, author={Kearney, Richard C. and Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2016}, pages={375–384} }
 @article{coggburn_2016, title={The Effects of Deregulation on State Government Personnel Administration}, volume={20}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84993705066&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0734371x0002000404}, abstractNote={ Using a cross-sectional design, this research examines the effects ofpersonnel deregulation on several measures of state government personnel administration In particular, the article examines personnel deregulation's relationship to the economy (measured by per capita wages) and efficiency (measured by the percentage of state spending devoted to state salaries and wages) of the states' personnel function, and to the states' use of discretion over the personnel function (measured as the percentage of part-time employees in a state's workforce) Findings suggest no direct relationship between personnel deregulation and the economy or efficiency of state personnel administration There does appear to be a significant relationship, however, between personnel deregulation and the utilization of discretion states with higher levels of personnel deregulation have significantly higher percentages of part-time employees Findings also suggest the utility of traditional theories (i e , political, economic, and contextual) in explaining measures of state personnel administration Overall, the article argues that it would be prudent to abandon the cost-savings rhetoric that typically accompanies personnel deregulation proposals }, number={4}, journal={Review of Public Personnel Administration}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={24–40} }
 @article{coggburn_neely_2015, title={Publish or Perish? Examining Academic Tenure Standards in Public Affairs and Administration Programs}, volume={21}, ISSN={1523-6803 2328-9643}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15236803.2015.12001828}, DOI={10.1080/15236803.2015.12001828}, abstractNote={Abstract Academic tenure is a topic of great concern in the field of public affairs and administration. Especially for pre-tenured faculty members, institutional expectations profoundly influence individual decisions regarding what to research and how, and where to publish results. For academic programs, the stakes are also high: negative tenure decisions affect morale and represent lost resources that may not be easily recovered, while positive decisions on marginal cases may have long-term impacts on department performance. This suggests an imperative of establishing and communicating clear tenure expectations. Yet little is known, aside from anecdote and myth, about public affairs and administration tenure standards. A survey of the Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration’s member institutions elicited responses from 144 academic leaders (54% response rate). One portion of the survey specifically addressed this fundamental question: What are NASPAA member institutions’ tenure expectations for public affairs and administration faculty members?}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Public Affairs Education}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D. and Neely, Stephen R.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={199–214} }
 @article{coggburn_daley_kearney_2012, title={Public Sector Retiree Health Care Benefits: A View from the American States}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0091-0260"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84865482507&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/009102601204100202}, abstractNote={ This paper reports findings of a survey on retiree health care benefits in the American states. It begins with an overview of the challenges the states face following the reporting of their unfunded liabilities for other (non-pension) post employment benefits, as required by GASB 45. Next, it reports survey data on the perceived effects of health care benefits on human resources goals (recruitment, retention, and retirement), the current structure of state retiree health care programs, and measures being considered and/or adopted to deal with retiree health care costs. Survey results show that the states have adopted cost containment strategies and cost-sharing programs. They have now begun to introduce preventive medicine and wellness efforts while continuing with further cost-sharing. A few states have even begun to contemplate major cost shedding options. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for retiree health care policy and human resource management. }, number={2}, journal={PUBLIC PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D. and Daley, Dennis M. and Kearney, Richard C.}, year={2012}, pages={219–240} }
 @article{clerkin_coggburn_2012, title={The Dimensions of Public Service Motivation and Sector Work Preferences}, volume={32}, ISSN={["0734-371X"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84864712898&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0734371x11433880}, abstractNote={ Public service motivation (PSM) is a needs-based approach to motivation. People may sate this need in different ways, including direct government service. This article investigates the relationship between individuals’ PSM and their work sector (pubic, nonprofit, or for-profit) preferences. It asks, “Does PSM affect an individual’s preference for the sector of the economy in which they would ideally be employed?” Our findings indicate that PSM, measured in dimensional form, is a moderate indicator of an individual’s sector preference: as PSM increases (particularly, the Self-Sacrifice dimension), the attractiveness of working in the public and nonprofit sector, relative to the for-profit sector, also increases. Focusing on a preservice sample of undergraduate students allows us to conclude that PSM is a need people have prior to entering the workplace, and it may indeed drive whether an individual works in the government, nonprofit, or for-profit sector. }, number={3}, journal={REVIEW OF PUBLIC PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Clerkin, Richard M. and Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={209–235} }
 @article{bradbury_coggburn_2010, title={Book Review Editorial}, volume={30}, DOI={10.1177/0734371x09360173}, abstractNote={Would anyone like to review Paul Van Riper’s History of the United States Civil Service to commemorate its 50th year in print? We are the new editorial team for the book review section of ROPPA, and we would like to introduce ourselves and our vision for the section. Mark Bradbury is an assistant professor at Appalachian State University and teaches undergraduate and MPA courses in public administration and human resources management. Jerrell Coggburn is an associate professor and chair of public administration in the School of Public and International Affairs at North Carolina State University and teaches administrative ethics and human resource management. Both of us have published on HR-related topics in a variety of journals, including ROPPA. Mark and Jerrell will jointly manage the book review section and may be contacting you soon with a request to submit a review. We hope to receive reviews from a variety of authors, including senior scholars, junior faculty members, practitioners, and doctoral students. Similarly, we would like to expand the notion of the types of resources that will be reviewed in the section. We identify four distinct categories of resources. First, the most common resource reviewed has been, and will continue to be, books that can be used as supplements in undergraduate and graduate courses on public personnel and human resource administration. The ROPPA book review section is designed to identify, and draw attention to, manuscript-length discussions of essential HRM topics, and we will continue to have it serve this function. Second, we would like to include a greater number of textbook reviews. There are numerous core texts on public HRM, and we believe that ROPPA is the ideal outlet for reviews to assist instructors in identifying texts that best fit their teaching strategy and orientation to the field. The last two types of recourses are not traditionally included in book review sections, but we believe that both should be included in ROPPA as public HRM matures as both a professionalized field of practice and a rigorous field of research.}, number={2}, journal={Review of Public Personnel Administration}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Bradbury, Mark D. and Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2010}, month={May}, pages={135–136} }
 @article{coggburn_2010, title={Civil Service Reform Act of 1978}, DOI={10.1201/noe1420052756.ch64}, journal={Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, Second Edition (Print Version)}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={329–334} }
 @article{coggburn_2010, title={Civil Service Reform and Reinvention}, DOI={10.1201/noe1420052756.ch65}, journal={Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, Second Edition (Print Version)}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={335–342} }
 @article{daley_coggburn_2010, title={Employee Benefits}, DOI={10.1201/noe1420052756.ch128}, journal={Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, Second Edition (Print Version)}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Daley, Dennis and Coggburn, Jerrell}, year={2010}, month={Feb}, pages={654–660} }
 @article{coggburn_battaglio_bowman_condrey_goodman_west_2010, title={State Government Human Resource Professionals' Commitment to Employment at Will}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1552-3357"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77649247973&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/0275074009333596}, abstractNote={This article examines the attitudes of a key set of state government officials—state human resource (HR) professionals—toward employment at will (EAW) in state government. It presents original survey data obtained from HR professionals in four southern states: Georgia, Florida, Texas, and Mississippi. Drawing on these data, the article creates an index measuring respondents’ commitment to EAW, as measured by their attitudes toward arguments used to advocate for EAW. The index is used as the dependent variable in an exploratory regression analysis indicating the importance of respondents’ experiences with the exercise of EAW discretion, years of public sector service, educational background, and state context to explaining variation in commitment to EAW. The article concludes with a discussion of the findings’ implications for the future of civil service reform in the United States.}, number={2}, journal={AMERICAN REVIEW OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D. and Battaglio, R. Paul, Jr. and Bowman, James S. and Condrey, Stephen E. and Goodman, Doug and West, Jonathan P.}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={189–208} }
 @article{coggburn_kearney_2010, title={Trouble Keeping Promises? An Analysis of Underfunding in State Retiree Benefits}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1540-6210"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-73849089554&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1540-6210.2009.02114.x}, abstractNote={ This article examines the funding of two key components of state government total compensation: pensions and other postemployment benefits (OPEB), the latter consisting primarily of retiree health care. A brief overview of the economic, political, and legal environments of state pensions and OPEB is followed by an analysis of the unfunded liabilities for these respective benefits. Regression results suggest the importance of state management capacity, per capita income, and public employee density in understanding differences in the states' pension and OPEB funding performance. Additionally, employers' level of pension contributions, legislative professionalism, and fiscal constraint are significantly related to pension funding, while political ideology and levels of state pension funding are significantly related to OPEB funding. The article concludes by discussing the tensions that states face in attempting to balance the fiscal imperative of funding retiree benefits liabilities with the human capital challenge of attracting and retaining a professional workforce. Failure on either could be costly to state government. }, number={1}, journal={PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D. and Kearney, Richard C.}, year={2010}, pages={97–108} }
 @article{coggburn_2009, title={At-Will Employment in Government}, DOI={10.1201/9780849305412.ch7}, journal={American Public Service}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell}, year={2009}, pages={151–173} }
 @article{reddick_coggburn_2009, title={Employee Benefits Administration}, DOI={10.1201/9781420051933.ch1}, journal={Handbook of Employee Benefits and Administration}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Reddick, Christopher and Coggburn, Jerrell}, year={2009} }
 @article{thai_rahm_coggburn_2009, title={Globalization and the Environment}, DOI={10.1201/9781420016932.ch1}, journal={Public Administration and Public Policy}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Thai, Khi and Rahm, Dianne and Coggburn, Jerrell}, year={2009}, pages={1–16} }
 @article{rahm_coggburn_2009, title={Government Green Procurement in the U.S.}, DOI={10.1201/9781420016932.ch13}, journal={Public Administration and Public Policy}, publisher={CRC Press}, author={Rahm, Dianne and Coggburn, Jerrell}, year={2009}, pages={259–288} }
 @inbook{reddick_coggburn_2008, title={Employee benefi ts administration: An introduction and overview}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85099417139&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={Handbook of Employee Benefits and Administration}, author={Reddick, C.G. and Coggburn, J.D.}, year={2008}, pages={1–14} }
 @book{reddick_coggburn_2008, title={Handbook of Employee Benefits and Administration}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-70749126888&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1201/9781420051933}, abstractNote={OVERVIEW Employee Benefits Administration: An Introduction and Overview, C. G. Reddick and J.D. Coggburn THE CONTEXT OF PUBLIC EMPLOYEE BENEFITS Strategic Benefits in Human Resource Management, D.M. Daley Employee Benefits: Weighing Ethical Principles and Economic Imperatives, J.P. West and J.S. Bowman Comparing Federal Employee Benefits with Those in the Private Sector, M. Musell, C. Elliott, and D. Torregrosa Employee Support and Development Benefits: Generational Issues, I.M. Decker The Social and Economic Context of Employee Healthcare Benefits, A. Beck HEALTH AND RETIREMENT BENEFITS An Overview of Federal Retirement Benefits, D. Torregrosa, C. Elliott, and M. Musell The Changing Environment of State and Local Government Public Pensions, A. Hyde Retirement Planning in the United Kingdom, O. Gough and S. Arkani Comparing Public and Private Sector Wage and Health Benefit Compensation, A. Beck FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEE BENEFITS Financial Management Challenges of Other Postemployment Benefits, J. Marlowe Benefits and Costs in the Public Sector of Service in the National Guard and Reserves, A.G. White Trends in Outsourcing Human Resources Benefits: Opportunities, Challenges, and the Florida Example, E.B. Crowell Accounting and Financial Reporting by Governments for Retirement Benefits: Understanding and Using the Information in Audited Financial Reports, D.M. Mead CONTEMPORARY EMPLOYEE BENEFITS ISSUES Work-Life Benefits, N.J. Cayer and C.M.L. Roach Higher Education Benefits: How They Help Employees and Organizations, J.E. Pynes Transitioning to Defined Contribution Retirement Plans: The Importance of Financial Literacy Development in the Workplace, J.H. Holland and D. Goodman Domestic Partner Benefits, C.W. Gossett Transgender-Inclusive Workplaces and Health Benefits: New Administrative Territory for Public Administrators, R. Colvin INDEX}, journal={Handbook of Employee Benefits and Administration}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Reddick, Christopher G. and Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={1–447} }
 @article{coggburn_2007, title={Civil Service Reform Act of 1978}, DOI={10.1081/e-epap2-64}, journal={Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2007}, pages={329–334} }
 @article{coggburn_2007, title={Civil Service Reform and Reinvention}, DOI={10.1081/e-epap2-65}, journal={Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2007}, pages={335–342} }
 @article{reddick_coggburn_2007, title={E-commerce and the Future of the State Sales Tax System: Critical Issues and Policy Recommendations}, volume={30}, ISSN={0190-0692 1532-4265}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900690701221373}, DOI={10.1080/01900690701221373}, abstractNote={Abstract This article examines the issues associated with the taxation of electronic commerce in the United States. It outlines the scope of the debate surrounding the taxing of electronic commerce. There is a discussion of the difference between sales and use tax collection. The important court decisions and their impact on taxing electronic commerce are outlined. The arguments for and against taxing electronic commerce are presented. The estimated state economic losses resulting from not taxing Internet sales are shown. The major reforms that have been initiated to address this tax policy issue are alluded to. The conclusion of this article indicates that a major overhaul of the states' sales tax system is necessary to bring it into the 21st century, since it was created before the arrival of the Internet.}, number={10}, journal={International Journal of Public Administration}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Reddick, Christopher G. and Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={1021–1043} }
 @article{coggburn_daley_2007, title={Employee Benefits}, DOI={10.1081/e-epap2-128}, journal={Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D. and Daley, Dennis M.}, year={2007}, pages={654–660} }
 @book{thai_rahm_coggburn_2007, title={Handbook of Globalization and the Environment}, DOI={10.1201/9781420016932}, abstractNote={Globalization and the Environment: An Introduction, K.V. Thai, D. Rahm, and J.D. Coggburn GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND POLICIES Sustainable Development in an International Perspective , R. Prizzia The Role of the Bureaucracy in European Global Warming Policy D.H. Davis Transborder Air Pollution, Z.A. Smith and K.D. Taylor Desertification, S. Bauer The Environmental Frontier of Space, W.H. Lambright and A.Y. Ni Human Rights to Water, Z.A. Smith and K.L. Ross GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS Global Environmental Governance, F. Biermann The Role of the United Nations: From Stockholm to Johannesburg, L. Nelson The World Trade Organization: Free Trade and Its Environmental Impacts, F. Zelli United Nations Conferences and the Legitimization of Environmental NGOs, K. Farmbry and A. Manorahan Global Academia: The State of Environmental Learning and Awareness, B.S. Steel and R.L. Warner ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND ACCOUNTABILITY Government Green Procurement in the U.S.: An Approach to Meeting Global Environmental Challenges, J.D. Coggburn and D. Rahm Environmental Management, L.E. Pasquale Sustainable Waterfront Development in the Great Lakes Basin, W.A. Kellogg and E. Matheny Getting Agricultural Productivity and Environmental Sustainability at the Same Time: What Matters, What Doesn't? E. Weber, M. Khalmirzaeva, M. Stephan, T. Lysak, and I. Esanov Sustainability Issues in Public Procurement, B. Pangrle Managing Nuclear Waste, C. Horiuchi Inter-Agency Collaborative Approaches to Endangered Species Act Compliance and Salmon Recovery in the Pacific Northwest, N.P. Lovrich, M.J. Gaffney, E.P. Weber, R.M. Bireley, D.R. Matthews, and B. Bjork CONTROVERSIES IN GLOBALIZATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT Eco-Terrorism: A Natural Reaction to Violence? M.J. Mortimer Globalization, Environmental Challenges and North-South Issues, J. Gupta Environmental Justice: A Global Perspective, C. Murphy-Greene Globalization and Growth of Developing Countries, D. Tran Complexity and the Science-Policy Interface, K.K. Beratan Multi-Party Environmental Negotiations: The Democratizing Nations of Mexico and Ecuador, J.E. Horan and D.L. Lybecker Index}, journal={Public Administration and Public Policy}, publisher={CRC Press}, year={2007}, month={Feb} }
 @article{coggburn_reddick_2007, title={Public Pension Management: Issues and Trends}, volume={30}, ISSN={0190-0692 1532-4265}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900690701221340}, DOI={10.1080/01900690701221340}, abstractNote={Abstract Expenditures for human resources typically account for the lion's share of government budgets. Success or failure in pension management has direct bearing on well-being of governments, taxpayers, and public employees and retirees. This article examines the management of public pensions. The article considers specific managerial issues faced by pension systems. This discussion focuses on both the investment side of pensions and the often-neglected benefits side. The article concludes with a discussion on the importance of public pension management to meeting governmental commitments and to ensuring the overall financial health of jurisdictions.}, number={10}, journal={International Journal of Public Administration}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D. and Reddick, Christopher G.}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={995–1020} }
 @inbook{coggburn_2006, title={The decentralized and deregulated approach to state human resources management in Texas}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-77649250669&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, booktitle={Civil Service Reform in the States: Personnel Policy and Politics at the Subnational Level}, author={Coggburn, J.D.}, year={2006}, pages={203–237} }
 @article{coggburn_rahm_2005, title={Environmentally preferable purchasing: Who is doing what in the united states?}, volume={5}, DOI={10.1108/jopp-05-01-2005-b002}, abstractNote={In recent years, concerns over environmental degradation and environmental sustainability have pushed governments to search for new ways to combat environmental problems. One such approach, which is gaining in popularity, is environmentally preferable purchasing (EPP). EPP attempts to address environmental challenges by taking advantage of government's vast purchasing power to create strong markets for environmentally friendly products and services. This article reviews governments’ experience with EPP in the United States. Specifically, the article describes the development of EPP in the federal government and reviews EPP activities at both the national and subnational levels. Next, the article presents several broad strategies that governments and procurement professionals can pursue in implementing EPP. The article concludes by identifying several challenges facing EPP.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Public Procurement}, publisher={Emerald}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D. and Rahm, Dianne}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={23–53} }
 @article{coggburn_vega_2005, title={Municipal service bundling: the case of san antonio’s neighborhood sweep program}, volume={8}, DOI={10.1108/ijotb-08-03-2005-b003}, abstractNote={Local governments play important roles in creating public value for their residents. Recognizing this, they have made improving local quality of life a high priority. Such emphasis has led to the development of various service innovations designed to make urban areas better places to live and work. This article examines one such innovation, the city of San Antonio’s Neighborhood Sweep program (or, simply, “Sweeps”). Sweeps is an example of a general service delivery strategy we term “municipal services bundling” (or MSB). MSB entails targeting resources to particular neighborhoods and tailoring bundles of public services designed to meet neighborhoods' respective needs. Analysis of survey data collected from residents of “swept” neighborhoods from 1999 to 2002 suggests that MSB can have positive effects on overall levels of neighborhood satisfaction and, in the case of Sweeps, may empower local residents while promoting their sense of individual responsibility for neighborhood appearance.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior}, publisher={Emerald}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D. and Vega, Arturo}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={343–370} }
 @article{coggburn_2005, title={The Benefits of Human Resource Centralization: Insights from a Survey of Human Resource Directors in a Decentralized State}, volume={65}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-23844549268&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/j.1540-6210.2005.00469.x}, abstractNote={Texas is unique among American state governments in its approach to human resources because it has no central human resource (HR) or personnel office and no comprehensive set of centrally prescribed HR policies and procedures. Given contemporary calls for HR decentralization, Texas is an excellent case study of the practical implications of a decentralized approach to HR. This article examines findings from a survey of state agency HR directors. The results suggest that respondents do not see the putative benefits of a centralized HR model. However, respondents from small state agencies, those who perceive they do not have requisite HR expertise, and those with lower levels of educational attainment hold significantly different opinions about the benefits of centralized HR.}, number={4}, journal={Public Administration Review}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={424–435} }
 @article{coggburn_2003, title={<i>Civil Servants and Their Constitutions</i>. By John A. Rohr. (University Press of Kansas, 2002. Pp. 208. $35.00 cloth, $16.95 paper.)}, volume={65}, DOI={10.1111/1468-2508.00652_6}, abstractNote={Previous articleNext article No AccessCivil Servants and Their Constitutions. By John A. Rohr. (University Press of Kansas, 2002. Pp. 208. $35.00 cloth, $16.95 paper.)Jerrell D. CoggburnJerrell D. CoggburnUniversity of Texas at San Antonio Search for more articles by this author University of Texas at San AntonioPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Politics Volume 65, Number 2May 2003 Sponsored by the Southern Political Science Association Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00652_6 Views: 17Total views on this site Copyright © 2003, Southern Political Science AssociationPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.}, number={2}, journal={The Journal of Politics}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={2003}, month={May}, pages={595–597} }
 @article{coggburn_schneider_2003, title={The Quality of Management and Government Performance: An Empirical Analysis of the American States}, volume={63}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0142060896&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/1540-6210.00280}, abstractNote={Government performance is an enduring concern for students of public management, public administration, and political science. Government's administrative arrangements and managerial behavior can profoundly influence programmatic content, activities, and outcomes; therefore, considering public management's effects is necessary for a true understanding of public policy and government performance. This article uses data from the Maxwell School's Government Performance Project to examine the relationship between state governments’ managerial capacity and a measure of government performance (specifically, state policy priorities). We find that state management capacity has direct effects on state policy commitments: States possessing higher levels of management capacity tend to favor programmatic areas that distribute societal benefits widely (that is, collective benefits) as opposed to narrowly (that is, particularized benefits). Our analysis demonstrates that public interest group activity, government ideology, and citizen ideology each have significant, predictable effects on state policy commitments. Thus, our findings place managerial capacity alongside other more commonly studied state characteristics as an important influence on government activities.}, number={2}, journal={Public Administration Review}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D. and Schneider, Saundra K.}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={206–213} }
 @article{coggburn_schneider_2003, title={The Relationship Between State Government Performance and State Quality of Life}, volume={26}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85044914807&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1081/pad-120024400}, abstractNote={Abstract This article examines the relationship between government performance and quality of life in the American states. We contend that the management capacity of state governments should have direct, tangible impacts on the overall social and economic well‐being of state citizenry. In order to test this idea, we examine the influence of state management capacity (using the 1999 Government Performance Project grades), alongside other economic and political variables, on two prominent measures of state quality of life—The Morgan Quitno “Most Livable State” Index and State Policy Reports' (SPP) “Camelot Index.” We find that both state economic conditions and governmental policy priorities have significant impacts on state performance levels. But, our results clearly indicate that the management capacity of state governments also contributes directly to improving the overall quality of life for state citizens. #A version of this article was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Western Political Science Association, March 27–29, 2003, Denver, Colorado.}, number={12}, journal={International Journal of Public Administration}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Coggburn, Jerrell D. and Schneider, Saundra K.}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={1337–1354} }
 @article{coggburn_2001, title={Personnel Deregulation: Exploring Differences in the American States}, volume={11}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0345861191&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a003500}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Coggburn, J. D.}, year={2001}, month={Apr}, pages={223–244} }
 @article{coggburn_1999, title={Lessons in Government Transformation}, volume={9}, DOI={10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024404}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Coggburn, J. D.}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={179–186} }
 @article{schneider_jacoby_coggburn_1997, title={The Structure of Bureaucratic Decisions in the American States}, volume={57}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0039258106&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2307/976655}, abstractNote={Bureaucrats have a significant impact on the ways that governmental policies impinge on American citizens. This is particularly true at the state level. Administrators in state agencies have wide latitude to make vital decisions in important public programs. And yet, surprisingly little is known about this process. The present analysis will address this topic by focusing on the structure of bureaucratic initiatives in state Medicaid policies. We believe that doing so has several important advantages. Substantively, our focus on the structure inherent in bureaucratic decisions reveals a great deal about the nature of administrative policy making in social program developments at the state level. Methodologically our analysis produces an empirical measure of bureaucratic policy outputs, which can be used as an analytic variable in other research efforts. Altogether the information obtained in this analysis provides new insights about the role of administrators in the American policy process. Background In this study, we will examine state adoptions of Medicaid optional health care services. The federal government and state legislators establish the general parameters for the Medicaid program (Coughlin, Ku, and Holahan, 1994). But, state-level bureaucrats make important decisions that determine the exact configuration of services to be offered within each state (Bovbjerg and Holahan, 1982; Congressional Research Service, 1993; Schneider and Jacoby, 1996). Hence, many of the differences that exist across state Medicaid programs are due to administrative initiatives rather than to state legislative statutes or federal regulations (Davison, 1980). The objective of this article is to determine whether there is an underlying structure among these interstate differences. If such a structure does exist, then it should be useful for discerning the criteria that Medicaid bureaucrats have in mind when they make administrative decisions. Given the importance of state bureaucracies in the Medicaid policy making process, it is somewhat surprising that so little is known about how they operate. There has been virtually no research conducted on this topic so we do not know whether there is any pattern or structure to bureaucratic decisions. Previous empirical analyses have focused on other aspects of the Medicaid program, such as state expenditures and assessments of program intention, content, and/or scope (Hanson, 1984; Holahan and Cohen, 1986; Barrilleaux and Miller, 1988; Schneider, 1988; Buchanan, Cappelleri, and Ohsfeldt, 1991). Those few studies that have focused directly on administrative initiatives in the Medicaid program have tended to be speculative and interpretive (Lemov, 1991; Hovrath, 1992). They generally conclude that there is no discernible pattern among state bureaucratic policy adoptions. Instead, they argue that the range of available services is too wide to be analyzed or summarized in any comprehensible form (Davison, 1980; McDonough, 1992). We emphatically disagree with the preceding conclusion and believe that there is an underlying structure to bureaucratic decisions in state Medicaid programs. We hypothesize a pattern of bureaucratic activity based upon the degree of difficulty involved in providing various health care services. State administrators would begin by adopting easy options; only after doing so would they move on to implement more difficult services. The exact nature of the difficulty is an empirical matter, to be determined as pa-rt of the analysis. It could be based upon the costs of the services, the size of the clientele groups for the various services, or the level of political controversy surrounding different health care options. In a-nv case, a cumulative pattern should arise because states adopt easier services before proceeding to more difficult options. Most states are willing to provide a set of minimal health care services while others are willing to bear greater burdens. …}, number={3}, journal={Public Administration Review}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Schneider, Saundra K. and Jacoby, William G. and Coggburn, Jerrell D.}, year={1997}, month={May}, pages={240} }