@article{leeper_matthews_cesarini_bell_2021, title={Evaluation of Air and Soil Temperatures for Determining the Onset of Growing Season}, volume={126}, ISSN={["2169-8961"]}, DOI={10.1029/2020JG006171}, abstractNote={While air temperature has commonly been used to define the onset of the growing season (plant uptake of soil nutrients), there is evidence in the literature suggesting vegetation growth is sensitive to soil temperature. As soil temperature observations become increasingly available from monitoring networks, differences in the start of season (SOS) estimates based on both above and below‐ground temperatures should be explored. In this study, air, surface, and soil (at depths of 5, 10, and 20 cm) temperature from the U.S. Climate Reference Network were used to estimate SOS at 104 stations across the U.S.. Temperature thresholds of 0, 5, or 10°C were used to estimate the SOS as the earliest date of the year when temperatures remained above each threshold. SOS dates based on temperature were compared with MODIS‐satellite‐derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Results indicated that the day‐of‐year of SOS based on soil temperature occurred about two months earlier than SOS estimates from air and surface temperatures. Overall, 5 cm soil temperature SOS estimates using a 5°C threshold matched well with SOSNDVI; albeit, only slightly better than air temperature SOS estimates using the 0°C threshold. This was in part because air temperature conditions were more likely to dip back below a given threshold with the passage cold fronts than soil temperatures. This often resulted in later air temperature SOS estimates particularly in years with sub‐freezing late season cold fronts. This suggests soil temperature can improve SOS estimates for many locations across the U.S.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-BIOGEOSCIENCES}, author={Leeper, Ronald D. and Matthews, Jessica L. and Cesarini, Maria S. and Bell, Jesse E.}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{leeper_bell_palecki_2019, title={A Description and Evaluation of US Climate Reference Network Standardized Soil Moisture Dataset}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1558-8432"]}, DOI={10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0269.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY}, author={Leeper, Ronald D. and Bell, Jesse E. and Palecki, Michael A.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={1417–1428} }
 @article{rennie_bell_kunkel_herring_cullen_abadi_2019, title={Development of a Submonthly Temperature Product to Monitor Near-Real-Time Climate Conditions and Assess Long-Term Heat Events in the United States}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1558-8432"]}, DOI={10.1175/JAMC-D-19-0076.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY}, author={Rennie, Jared and Bell, Jesse E. and Kunkel, Kenneth E. and Herring, Stephanie and Cullen, Heidi and Abadi, Azar M.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={2653–2674} }
 @misc{bell_brown_conlon_herring_kunkel_lawrimore_luber_schreck_smith_uejio_2018, title={Changes in extreme events and the potential impacts on human health}, volume={68}, ISSN={["2162-2906"]}, DOI={10.1080/10962247.2017.1401017}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Extreme weather and climate-related events affect human health by causing death, injury, and illness, as well as having large socioeconomic impacts. Climate change has caused changes in extreme event frequency, intensity, and geographic distribution, and will continue to be a driver for change in the future. Some of these events include heat waves, droughts, wildfires, dust storms, flooding rains, coastal flooding, storm surges, and hurricanes. The pathways connecting extreme events to health outcomes and economic losses can be diverse and complex. The difficulty in predicting these relationships comes from the local societal and environmental factors that affect disease burden. More information is needed about the impacts of climate change on public health and economies to effectively plan for and adapt to climate change. This paper describes some of the ways extreme events are changing and provides examples of the potential impacts on human health and infrastructure. It also identifies key research gaps to be addressed to improve the resilience of public health to extreme events in the future. Implications: Extreme weather and climate events affect human health by causing death, injury, and illness, as well as having large socioeconomic impacts. Climate change has caused changes in extreme event frequency, intensity, and geographic distribution, and will continue to be a driver for change in the future. Some of these events include heat waves, droughts, wildfires, flooding rains, coastal flooding, surges, and hurricanes. The pathways connecting extreme events to health outcomes and economic losses can be diverse and complex. The difficulty in predicting these relationships comes from the local societal and environmental factors that affect disease burden.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION}, author={Bell, Jesse E. and Brown, Claudia Langford and Conlon, Kathryn and Herring, Stephanie and Kunkel, Kenneth E. and Lawrimore, Jay and Luber, George and Schreck, Carl and Smith, Adam and Uejio, Christopher}, year={2018}, pages={265–287} }
 @article{leeper_bell_vines_palecki_2017, title={An Evaluation of the North American Regional Reanalysis Simulated Soil Moisture Conditions during the 2011-13 Drought Period}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1525-7541"]}, DOI={10.1175/jhm-d-16-0132.1}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY}, author={Leeper, Ronald D. and Bell, Jesse E. and Vines, Chante and Palecki, Michael}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={515–527} }
 @article{shriber_conlon_benedict_mccotter_bell_2017, title={Assessment of vulnerability to coccidioidomycosis in Arizona and California}, volume={14}, number={7}, journal={International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, author={Shriber, J. and Conlon, K. C. and Benedict, K. and McCotter, O. Z. and Bell, J. E.}, year={2017} }
 @misc{lakind_overpeck_breysse_backer_richardson_sobus_sapkota_upperman_jiang_ben beard_et al._2016, title={Exposure science in an age of rapidly changing climate: Challenges and opportunities}, volume={26}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology}, author={LaKind, J. S. and Overpeck, J. and Breysse, P. N. and Backer, L. and Richardson, S. D. and Sobus, J. and Sapkota, A. and Upperman, C. R. and Jiang, C. S. and Ben Beard, C. and et al.}, year={2016}, pages={529–538} }
 @article{wilson_baker_meyers_kochendorfer_hall_bell_diamond_palecki_2016, title={Site-specific soil properties of the US climate reference network soil moisture}, volume={15}, number={11}, journal={Vadose Zone Journal}, author={Wilson, T. B. and Baker, C. B. and Meyers, T. P. and Kochendorfer, J. and Hall, M. and Bell, J. E. and Diamond, H. J. and Palecki, M. A.}, year={2016} }
 @article{bilotta_bell_shepherd_arguez_2015, title={Calculation and evaluation of an air-freezing index for the 1981-2010 climate normals period in the coterminous united states}, volume={54}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology}, author={Bilotta, R. and Bell, J. E. and Shepherd, E. and Arguez, A.}, year={2015}, pages={69–76} }
 @article{bell_leeper_palecki_coopersmith_wilson_bilotta_embler_2015, title={Evaluation of the 2012 Drought with a Newly Established National Soil Monitoring Network}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1539-1663"]}, DOI={10.2136/vzj2015.02.0023}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
New US soil moisture network provides new opportunity to evaluate drought
Soil moisture at deeper depths did not fully recover from the 2012 drought in 2013
Soil moisture varied by region in the response to drought
The NOAA United States Climate Reference Network (USCRN) deployed soil moisture sensors during 2009 to 2011 to monitor the temporal and spatial variability of soil moisture at 114 locations in the contiguous United States. These new soil observations will enhance our understanding of changing soil conditions for better drought monitoring. One year after full deployment of the network, a large drought occurred across most of the United States and provided an opportunity to evaluate the utility of this network for drought monitoring. The soil moisture signal of the 2012 drought in the continental United States was detected nationally at all observational depths (5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 cm), with an overall 11.07% decrease from the average of the 2011 to 2013 summers. The top three depths (5, 10, and 20 cm) experienced the largest decrease in soil moisture. Although 2013 national precipitation totals returned to normal values and national soil moisture levels recovered from the 2012 drought, the national average soil moisture concentrations combined at the 50‐ and 100‐cm depths remained around 18% below pre‐drought levels. Regional analysis of the 2012 drought identified that the Upper Midwest, Northeast, Northern Rockies and Plains, and Ohio Valley climate regions were most impacted and demonstrated a temporal pattern similar to the national analysis. These results demonstrate the utility of using USCRN for monitoring national soil moisture conditions, assessing droughts, and tracking climate change with time.}, number={11}, journal={VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL}, author={Bell, Jesse E. and Leeper, Ronald D. and Palecki, Michael A. and Coopersmith, Evan and Wilson, Tim and Bilotta, Rocky and Embler, Scott}, year={2015}, month={Nov} }
 @article{coopersmith_bell_cosh_2015, title={Extending the soil moisture data record of the US Climate Reference Network (USCRN) and Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN)}, volume={79}, journal={Advances in Water Resources}, author={Coopersmith, E. J. and Bell, J. E. and Cosh, M. H.}, year={2015}, pages={80–90} }
 @article{yan_luo_sherry_bell_zhou_xia_2014, title={Rain use efficiency as affected by climate warming and biofuel harvest: results from a 12-year field experiment}, volume={6}, number={5}, journal={Global Change Biology Bioenergy}, author={Yan, L. M. and Luo, Y. Q. and Sherry, R. A. and Bell, J. E. and Zhou, X. H. and Xia, J. Y.}, year={2014}, pages={556–565} }
 @article{bell_palecki_baker_collins_lawrimore_leeper_hall_kochendorfer_meyers_wilson_et al._2013, title={U.S. climate reference network soil moisture and temperature observations}, volume={14}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Hydrometeorology}, author={Bell, J. E. and Palecki, M. A. and Baker, C. B. and Collins, W. G. and Lawrimore, J. H. and Leeper, R. D. and Hall, M. E. and Kochendorfer, J. and Meyers, T. P. and Wilson, T. and et al.}, year={2013}, pages={977–988} }
 @article{palecki_bell_2013, title={U.S. climate reference network soil moisture observations with triple redundancy: Measurement variability}, volume={12}, number={2}, journal={Vadose Zone Journal}, author={Palecki, M. A. and Bell, J. E.}, year={2013} }