@article{doll_jennings_spooner_penrose_usset_blackwell_fernandez_2016, title={Can rapid assessments predict the biotic condition of restored streams?}, volume={8}, url={http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/8/4/143}, DOI={10.3390/w8040143}, abstractNote={Five rapid visual stream assessment methods were applied to 65 restored streams in North Carolina, and the results were correlated with measured macroinvertebrate community metrics to evaluate predictive ability. The USEPA Rapid Bioassessment Protocol (RBP), USDA Stream Visual Assessment Protocol (SVAP), Peterson’s Riparian Channel and Environmental Inventory (RCE), NCSU Eco-Geomorphological Assessment (EGA), and NCSU Stream Performance Assessment (SPA) were applied by teams with expertise in hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, and aquatic ecology. Predictions of most macroinvertebrate metrics were improved by re-weighting assessment variables using principal component analysis (PCA) and including watershed factors (e.g., size, slope, land use). The correlations of EGA, RCE, SPA and SVAP assessment results to macroinvertebrate metrics were most improved by variable re-weighting using PCA, while the correlations of RBP were most improved by adding watershed parameters. Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) indicates that PCA re-weighting including watershed parameters improves the predictor model for the total number of dominant EPT taxa more than using the sum total raw points for all five assessment methods. To demonstrate the application of the study results, a single-value index was generated for the RBP method using principal component regression (PCR) based on the EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) taxa metric.}, number={4}, journal={Water}, author={Doll, B. and Jennings, G. and Spooner, J. and Penrose, D. and Usset, J. and Blackwell, J. and Fernandez, M.}, year={2016} }
 @article{doll_jennings_spooner_penrose_usset_blackwell_fernandez_2016, title={Identifying watershed, landscape, and engineering design factors that influence the biotic condition of restored streams}, volume={8}, url={http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/8/4/151}, DOI={10.3390/w8040151}, abstractNote={Restored stream reaches at 79 sites across North Carolina were sampled for aquatic macroinvertebrates using a rapid bioassessment protocol. Morphological design parameters and geographic factors, including watershed and landscape parameters (e.g., valley slope, substrate), were also compiled for these streams. Principal component regression analyses revealed correlations between design and landscape variables with macroinvertebrate metrics. The correlations were strengthened by adding watershed variables. Ridge regression was used to find the best-fit model for predicting dominant taxa from the “pollution sensitive” orders of Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Trichoptera (caddisflies), or EPT taxa, resulting in coefficient weights that were most interpretable relative to site selection and design parameters. Results indicate that larger (wider) streams located in the mountains and foothills where there are steeper valleys, larger substrate, and undeveloped watersheds are expected to have higher numbers of dominant EPT taxa. In addition, EPT taxa numbers are positively correlated with accessible floodplain width and negatively correlated with width-to-depth ratio and sinuosity. This study indicates that both site selection and design should be carefully considered in order to maximize the resulting biotic condition and associated potential ecological uplift of the stream.}, number={4}, journal={Water}, author={Doll, B. and Jennings, G. and Spooner, J. and Penrose, D. and Usset, J. and Blackwell, J. and Fernandez, M.}, year={2016} }
 @article{doll_jennings_spooner_penrose_usset_2015, title={EVALUATING THE ECO-GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CONDITION OF RESTORED STREAMS USING VISUAL ASSESSMENT AND MACROINVERTEBRATE METRICS}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1752-1688"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12233}, DOI={10.1111/jawr.12233}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION}, author={Doll, Barbara A. and Jennings, Gregory D. and Spooner, Jean and Penrose, David L. and Usset, Joseph L.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={68–83} }
 @article{tuttle_mcmillan_gardner_jennings_2014, title={Channel complexity and nitrate concentrations drive denitrification rates in urban restored and unrestored streams}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1872-6992"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.09.066}, abstractNote={Stream restoration projects constructed in urbanizing watersheds provided an opportunistic setting to determine how channel bedform influenced nitrate removal by denitrification. We measured denitrification rates in streambed sediments seasonally at eight streams in North Carolina, USA to characterize the physicochemical drivers of nitrogen transformations in restored urban streams. Mean denitrification rates were highly variable (97 ± 58 to 585 ± 214 μmol m−2 h−1) and most significantly influenced by nitrate concentrations; baseflow nitrate concentrations ranged from 0.06 to 1.07 mg/L. A multiple linear regression approach also revealed the importance of channel complexity, water depth and temperature, which together with nitrate concentrations explained 60% of the variability among sites and seasons. Controlling for nutrient limitation, we observed significantly greater denitrification rates in more geomorphically complex streams, particularly near grade control structures and in deep pools. However, these trends were not consistently observed across all sites, which suggest the added influence of watershed scale drivers (e.g., urban hydrology) as well as reach scale drivers including the design, construction and age of the restoration project.}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Tuttle, Alea K. and McMillan, Sara K. and Gardner, Angela and Jennings, Gregory D.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={770–777} }
 @article{mcmillan_tuttle_jennings_gardner_2014, title={INFLUENCE OF RESTORATION AGE AND RIPARIAN VEGETATION ON REACH-SCALE NUTRIENT RETENTION IN RESTORED URBAN STREAMS}, volume={50}, ISSN={["1752-1688"]}, DOI={10.1111/jawr.12205}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION}, author={McMillan, Sara K. and Tuttle, Alea K. and Jennings, Gregory D. and Gardner, Angela}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={626–638} }
 @article{tillinghast_hunt_jennings_d'arconte_2012, title={Increasing Stream Geomorphic Stability Using Storm Water Control Measures in a Densely Urbanized Watershed}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1943-5584"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000577}, abstractNote={This study used previously established unit critical discharges, annual allowable erosional hours, and annual allowable volume of eroded bed-load standards to evaluate two types of storm water control measures (SCMs): low-impact development (LID) practices and a large detention SCM (wet pond). Nine initial scenarios modeled in PC Storm Water Management Model (PCSWMM) incorporated different combinations of wet ponds, green roofs, rainwater harvesting systems, permeable pavement, and rain gardens to determine the best scenario for reducing stream erosion potential within a highly urbanized watershed in Chapel Hill, NC. The best-case scenario to reduce annual erosional hours and eroded bed load within the stream consisted of an aggressive utilization of LID practices in combination with an undersized wet pond. Although this scenario did not meet the annual erosional hour standard for rural reference streams, 0.35 h/ha/year, it did reduce erosional hours and eroded bed-load sediment by factors of 2.4 and 2.5, respectively, improving the existing condition. An alternative wet pond outlet structure that used two elevations of small drawdown orifices was explored to determine if current wet pond design practices could be improved to include stream stability. The new configuration provided a modest reduction in the number of erosional hours, a factor of 1.3, but increased the volume of eroded bed load by a factor of 1.2 when compared with the normal wet pond. However, adding widespread LID practices to the alternative outlet design reduced erosional hours and bed load transport by factors of 1.8 and 1.2, respectively, when compared with the normally configured wet pond. The failure to meet the erosional standards in all scenarios demonstrated the difficulty of requiring highly urbanized watersheds (60% impervious) to meet such strict stream protection measures.}, number={12}, journal={JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING}, author={Tillinghast, E. D. and Hunt, W. F. and Jennings, G. D. and D'Arconte, Patricia}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={1381–1388} }
 @article{zink_jennings_price_2012, title={Morphology Characteristics of Southern Appalachian Wilderness Streams}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1093-474X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1752-1688.2012.00647.x}, abstractNote={Zink, Jason M., Gregory D. Jennings, and G. Alexander Price, 2012. Morphology Characteristics of Southern Appalachian Wilderness Streams. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(4): 762‐773. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00647.x}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION}, author={Zink, Jason M. and Jennings, Gregory D. and Price, G. Alexander}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={762–773} }
 @article{tillinghast_hunt_jennings_2011, title={Stormwater control measure (SCM) design standards to limit stream erosion for Piedmont North Carolina}, volume={411}, ISSN={["1879-2707"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.09.027}, abstractNote={This study evaluated the potential impacts of sub-bankfull flows produced by stormwater control measures (SCMs) on stream geomorphic stability. In part, design standards for SCMs include peak flow attenuation to maintain pre-development flow conditions to those of undeveloped watersheds or return urbanized, developed watersheds back to the pre-developed state. Most SCMs target lower frequency storms, usually the 2-and/or 10-year discharge events, but leave peak flows resulting from higher frequency storms uncontrolled. SCMs are possibly subjecting streams to longer and more frequent periods of erosion, increasing stream channel instability. The d65 substrate size, pattern, profile, and dimension of 33 reference stream cross-sections in Piedmont North Carolina were modeled using the continuous simulations program, SWMM, to develop (1) a unit critical discharge metric in L/s/ha, Qc = 0.0035(d65)1.5048, (2) allowable annual erosional hour standard, Log(AAEH) = −1.26Log(d65) + 1.21, and (3) allowable volume of eroded bedload standard, Log(AV) = −0.64(Qc) − 1.52, for watersheds containing SCMs discharging into surface waters. The unit critical discharge represents a threshold that, once exceeded, incipient motion of the d65 particle can occur. These standards represented benchmarks of stable, naturally eroding reference streams. Ninety-four percent of the unit critical discharges were less than the 2-year 24-h event, indicating the necessity of controlling higher frequency sub-bankfull flows. The standards were applied to an urbanized watershed (one sub-catchment containing a structural SCM and two sub-catchments without) in Raleigh, North Carolina. The unit critical discharge metric appeared to adequately represent urbanized stream geomorphic processes for the sub-catchment undergoing urbanization (4.5% difference) but not for the mature urbanized sub-catchments (47.5% and 68.8% difference). Depending on the long-term management goal of the unstable stream, this metric is not applicable for all urbanized watersheds due to the discrepancy between the field and calculated unit critical discharges. Standards developed from urbanized reference streams could possibly better represent SCMs in urbanized watersheds. All three sub-catchments failed to meet the erosional standards demonstrating the ability of the standards to predict unstable geomorphic processes in streams. The addition of a detention SCM (wet pond), in the urbanized sub-catchment extended the duration of erosive flows from 37 to 87 h/ha/yr, but reduced the estimated volume of eroded bedload from 1.81 to 0.99 m3/m/ha/yr when compared to uncontrolled urbanization (no wet pond). Alterations to the design of the wet pond, increased volume size and change in orifice diameter, were explored to see if erosional standards could be better met. This study demonstrated the effect of current SCM design standards on stream stability and why geomorphic processes of stream channels should be incorporated in SCM design standards.}, number={3-4}, journal={JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY}, author={Tillinghast, E. D. and Hunt, W. F. and Jennings, G. D.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={185–196} }
 @article{tullos_penrose_jennings_cope_2009, title={Analysis of functional traits in reconfigured channels: implications for the bioassessment and disturbance of river restoration}, volume={28}, ISSN={["0887-3593"]}, DOI={10.1899/07-122.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Channel reconfiguration is a popular but controversial approach to river restoration, and ecological responses to channel reconfiguration have not been rigorously assessed. We compared physical-habitat variables, taxonomic and functional-trait diversities, taxonomic composition, and functional-trait abundances between 24 pairs of upstream (control) and downstream reconfigured (restored) reaches in 3 catchment land uses (urban, agricultural, rural) across the North Carolina Piedmont. We asked how environmental filters and functional species traits might provide insight to biological responses to restoration. Taxonomic and functional-trait differences between control and restored reaches suggest that restoration affected aquatic assemblages only in agricultural and rural catchments. Our results highlight 2 important aspects of channel reconfiguration as a restoration practice. First, responses to restoration differ between agricultural/rural and urban catchments, possibly because of modified hydrological regimes caused by urbanization. Second, we find evidence that channel reconfiguration disturbs food and habitat resources in stream ecosystems. Taxa sensitive to disturbance were characteristic of control reaches, whereas insensitive taxa were characteristic of restored reaches. Abundances of traits related to reproduction (voltinism, development, synchronization of emergence, adult life span), mobility (occurrence in drift, maximum crawling rate, swimming ability), and use of resources (trophic and habitat preferences) differed significantly between control and recently restored reaches. Our results suggest that taxa in restored habitats are environmentally selected for traits favored in disturbed environments. Our work suggests how functional-trait approaches could benefit the practice of river restoration when used to target restoration activities and to develop informed expectations regarding recovery following restoration activities.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY}, author={Tullos, Desiree D. and Penrose, David L. and Jennings, Gregory D. and Cope, W. Gregory}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={80–92} }
 @article{mclaughlin_king_jennings_2009, title={Improving construction site runoff quality with fiber check dams and polyacrylamide}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1941-3300"]}, DOI={10.2489/jswc.64.2.144}, abstractNote={Sediment and turbidity are among the most common pollutants affecting surface waters, resulting in reduced reservoir capacity, degradation of aquatic organism habitat, and decreased aesthetic value. Construction activities, including roadway projects, can be significant contributors to sediment loading in streams and lakes. We studied water quality in stormwater runoff from three systems for erosion and sediment control on two roadway projects in the North Carolina mountains. The first roadway project was divided into three experimental sections, each with one the following treatments installed in the adjacent drainage ditch: (1) the standard best management practice (BMP) consisting of narrow sediment traps in the ditch along with rock check dams, (2) fiber check dams (FCDs) consisting of a mix of straw wattles and coir logs, or (3) FCDs with granulated, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) added to each. The second project was smaller and included only two of the experimental sections described above: (1) the standard BMPs and (2) FCDs with PAM. Significant reductions in turbidity and total suspended solids were obtained using the FCDs, particularly those with PAM added. At site 1, from June 2006 to March 2007, the average turbidity values for the stormwater runoff were 3,813 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) for the standard BMPs, 202 NTU for the FCDs-only, and 34 NTU for the FCDs with PAM. Average turbidity in discharges at site 2 was reduced from 867 NTU for the standard BMPs to 115 NTU for the FCDs with PAM. Sediment loading at both sites was similarly reduced with the use of FCDs. At site 1, the standard BMPs lost an average of 428 kg (944 lb) of sediment per storm event compared to just 2.1 kg (4.6 lb) for the FCDs-only and 0.9 kg (2.0 lb) for the FCDs with PAM. At site 2, the standard BMPs lost an average of 3.3 kg (7.3 lb) per storm event compared with 0.8 kg (1.8 lb) for the FCDs with PAM. A conservative economic analysis suggests that the costs of the FCDs are lower than the standard BMPs. This study suggests that the use of FCDs with PAM can bring discharges from similar linear construction projects much closer to the regulatory guidelines for non-point source discharges than the current standard practices.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION}, author={McLaughlin, R. A. and King, S. E. and Jennings, G. D.}, year={2009}, pages={144–154} }
 @article{mclaughlin_hayes_clinton_mccaleb_jennings_2009, title={Water quality improvements using modified sediment control systems on construction sites}, volume={52}, DOI={10.13031/2013.29214}, abstractNote={A study of the water quality of discharges from three different sediment control systems was conducted on a large construction site in North Carolina. Samples were obtained during storm events at the outlets of 11 of these systems using automatic samplers. Turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) were measured, and a storm-weighted average (SWA) was determined for the systems. Water discharged from five standard sediment traps with rock dam outlets and unlined diversion ditches with rock check dams had an SWA turbidity of 4,320 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) and an SWA peak of 12,640 NTU over a total of 26 storm events. The representative TSS values were 4,130 and 11,800 mg L-1, respectively. Measurements of runoff entering and exiting the traps suggested that heavy sediment was being captured, but turbidity was not reduced. Three traps with modifications including forebays, porous baffles, improved ditch stabilization (lining, additional check dams), and polyacrylamide application had SWA and peak turbidity of 990 and 1,580 NTU, respectively, over a total of 31 events. Total suspended solids were also much lower, at 740 and 1,810 mg L-1, respectively. Three basins with these same modifications, but with surface outlets, had somewhat higher average SWA values (1,560 NTU, 820 mg L-1), suggesting that the outlet type may not improve discharge water quality above the benefits of the other modifications to the standard sediment trap. However, when one of the latter systems was at optimal function, turbidity was reduced to below the receiving stream water levels (<100 NTU). These results strongly suggest that relatively simple modifications of commonly employed sediment trapping systems can dramatically improve discharge water quality and reduce the impacts on receiving waters.}, number={6}, journal={Transactions of the ASABE}, author={McLaughlin, R. A. and Hayes, S. A. and Clinton, D. L. and McCaleb, M. S. and Jennings, G. D.}, year={2009}, pages={1859–1867} }
 @article{hathaway_hunt_jennings_2008, title={Afield study of green roof hydrologic and water quality performance}, volume={51}, number={1}, journal={Transactions of the ASABE}, author={Hathaway, A. M. and Hunt, W. F. and Jennings, G. D.}, year={2008}, pages={37–44} }
 @article{aneja_blunden_james_schlesinger_knighton_gilliam_jennings_niyogi_cole_2008, title={Ammonia assessment from agriculture: US status and needs}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-40849136515&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2007.0002in}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Aneja, Viney P. and Blunden, Jessica and James, Kristen and Schlesinger, William H. and Knighton, Raymond and Gilliam, Wendell and Jennings, Greg and Niyogi, Dev and Cole, Shawn}, year={2008}, pages={515–520} }
 @article{line_jennings_shaffer_calabria_hunt_2008, title={Evaluating the effectiveness of two stormwater wetlands in North Carolina}, volume={51}, number={2}, journal={Transactions of the ASABE}, author={Line, D. E. and Jennings, G. D. and Shaffer, M. B. and Calabria, J. and Hunt, W. F.}, year={2008}, pages={521–528} }
 @article{hazel_franklin_thomas_jennings_2008, title={Integrated practices for reducing sediment loss from Piedmont tobacco fields}, volume={63}, ISSN={["0022-4561"]}, DOI={10.2489/jswc.63.3.143}, abstractNote={We evaluated the effectiveness of three best management practices for flue-cured tobacco production—reduced tillage, grassed field-side filter zones, and forested filter zones—to determine the total reduction in suspended solids from storm water runoff. Use of reduced tillage in comparison with conventional tillage decreased total suspended solids leaving tobacco fields by 82%. Grassed field-side filter zones functioned very well in retaining solids in early summer but were overloaded by late summer. Forested filter zones were able to back up the grassed filter zones when they overloaded and exported total suspended solids to the forested filter zones. In combination, grassed filter zones and forested filter zones retained 68% to 69% of total suspended solids, respectively. Dense vegetation in the cutover forested filter zone more than doubled its capacity to detain solids, compared to the same forested filter zone when it was covered by mature mixed pine-hardwood. Use of these best management practices in series can significantly reduce sediment loss from tobacco; however, use of reduced-till may reduce tobacco yield and quality.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION}, author={Hazel, D. W. and Franklin, E. C. and Thomas, K. T. and Jennings, G. D.}, year={2008}, pages={143–152} }
 @article{aneja_blunden_roelle_schlesinger_knighton_niyogi_gilliam_jennings_duke_2008, title={Workshop on Agricultural Air Quality: State of the science}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1873-2844"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-41449102642&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.07.043}, abstractNote={The first Workshop on Agricultural Air Quality: State of the Science was held at the Bolger Center in Potomac, Maryland from 4 to 8 June 2006. This international conference assembled approximately 350 people representing 25 nations from 5 continents, with disciplines ranging from atmospheric chemistry to soil science. The workshop was designed as an open forum in which participants could openly exchange the most current knowledge and learn about numerous international perspectives regarding agricultural air quality. Participants represented many stakeholder groups concerned with the growing need to assess agricultural impacts on the atmosphere and to develop beneficial policies to improve air quality. The workshop focused on identifying methods to improve emissions inventories and best management practices for agriculture. Workshop participants also made recommendations for technological and methodological improvements in current emissions measurement and modeling practices. The workshop commenced with a session on agricultural emissions and was followed by international perspectives from the United States, Europe, Australia, India, and South America. This paper summarizes the findings and issues of the workshop and articulates future research needs. These needs were identified in three general areas: (1) improvement of emissions measurement; (2) development of appropriate emission factors; and (3) implementation of best management practices (BMPs) to minimize negative environmental impacts. Improvements in the appropriate measurements will inform decisions regarding US farming practices. A need was demonstrated for a national/international network to monitor atmospheric emissions from agriculture and their subsequent depositions to surrounding areas. Information collected through such a program may be used to assess model performance and could be critical for evaluating any future regulatory policies or BMPs. The workshop concluded that efforts to maximize benefits and reduce detrimental effects of agricultural production need to transcend disciplinary, geographic, and political boundaries. Also, such efforts should involve natural and social scientists, economists, engineers, business leaders, and decision makers. The workshop came to the conclusion that through these collaborative efforts improvements in air quality from agricultural practices will begin to take effect.}, number={14}, journal={ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT}, author={Aneja, Viney P. and Blunden, Jessica and Roelle, Paul A. and Schlesinger, William H. and Knighton, Raymond and Niyogi, Dev and Gilliam, Wendell and Jennings, Greg and Duke, Clifford S.}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={3195–3208} }
 @misc{tullos_penrose_jennings_2006, title={Development and application of a bioindicator for benthic habitat enhancement in the North Carolina Piedmont}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1872-6992"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.03.001}, abstractNote={This paper describes the development, application, and evaluation of a method for assessing the effectiveness of stream restoration activities in enhancing four lotic habitats based on the presence of habitat specialists. Three genera were identified as specialists for indicators of the enhancement of woody debris, coarse bed substrate, fine roots, and leaf pack habitats. These indicator genera were determined for each habitat type through indicator species analysis, extensive literature review, and consultation with local experts and a statewide distribution database. Water quality influences were isolated by excluding taxa with low tolerance to degraded water quality conditions. The difference in the presence of indicator genera between pairs of upstream-restored reaches was used to evaluate the success of the restoration activities in re-establishing benthic habitats. Application of this methodology to 27 paired reaches in the North Carolina Piedmont indicated that no change in specialists was the most frequent result of restoration, particularly for the woody debris habitats, when each habitat was examined individually. By combining the habitats into a composite score, a distinction by land use emerged, with habitats in urban areas indicating the greatest enhancement, while presence of the indicator genera at the agricultural and rural sites showed no clear trend of improvement or degradation in response to the restoration activities. When this composite IG metric was compared to the EPT taxa richness metric and RBP scores, the dependency of the EPT taxa richness metric on upstream conditions and the improvement in discriminatory ability over the RBP score suggest that this indicator genera (IG) metric provides a distinct signal for representing the biological perspective on the enhancement of benthic habitats by stream restoration activities. While further development of the methodology is desirable, this framework introduces a valuable alternative for evaluating benthic habitat enhancement in various hydrogeographic and land use conditions, and is constructive for guiding restoration designs to maximize biotic integrity.}, number={3}, journal={ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING}, author={Tullos, Desiree D. and Penrose, David L. and Jennings, Gregory D.}, year={2006}, month={Oct}, pages={228–241} }
 @article{showers_williams_jennings_2006, title={Impact of large poultry operations on groundwater: Stable 15N isotopes of nitrate assessment}, volume={5}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2006.318.329}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Showers, W. J. and Williams, C. M. and Jennings, G. D.}, year={2006}, pages={318} }
 @article{karr_showers_jennings_2003, title={Low-level nitrate export from confined dairy farming detected in North Carolina streams using delta N-15}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1873-2305"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0167-8809(02)00103-2}, abstractNote={Animal waste-produced nitrate in streams can be detected with natural abundance nitrogen isotopes even when stream nitrate concentrations are low and derive predominantly from natural soil nitrate sources. The objective of this limited study was to demonstrate the utility of such an approach with a minimal number of samples and minimal supporting data. These constraints are important in terms of the usefulness of the small-scale isotopic approach as a component of long-term, large-scale watershed and river basin monitoring, given the expense of nitrate isotopic measurements. The study was able to identify a small animal waste nitrate export signal over a significant background signal of soil nitrate and possible fertilizer nitrate in the stream draining the site. During the course of a year, a second-order stream adjacent to a carefully managed research dairy farm near Raleigh, NC had mean nitrate–N of 0.4 mg l−1 with mean δ15N–NO3 values of +8.7‰ downstream of the farm. Secondary dairy lagoon liquids used for spray irrigation of nearby fields had a mean ammonium concentration of 87.5 mg l−1, and a mean δ15N of +20.7‰. A small, intermittent first-order stream draining the dairy sprayfields and emptying into the second-order stream had a mean nitrate–N level of 3.7 mg l−1 and mean δ15N–NO3 of +16.0‰. Even at the relatively low nitrate levels and slightly elevated δ15N–NO3 values of the second-order receiving stream, an observed increase in δ15N values with increasing nitrate concentration in this stream indicates that a small amount of animal waste-produced nitrate is being exported. This type of monitoring could be applied to many small watersheds as part of a larger watershed or river basin study where sampling density is constrained by logistical and economic factors. This is the case in the Neuse River Basin, where this study was an early part of a developing basin-wide Nitrogen Isotope Tracer Program. This type of monitoring can be particularly useful where identification of targets for reduction or stabilization of N export from livestock farms is desired, and the animal waste nitrate signal is superimposed on a larger natural background nitrate or fertilizer nitrate + natural background nitrate signal.}, number={1}, journal={AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT}, author={Karr, JD and Showers, WJ and Jennings, GD}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={103–110} }
 @article{line_white_osmond_jennings_mojonnier_2002, title={Pollutant export from various land uses in the upper Neuse River Basin}, volume={74}, ISSN={["1061-4303"]}, DOI={10.2175/106143002X139794}, abstractNote={Because of the relatively high variability of pollutant export from urban land uses, a significant number of monitoring studies, including data from many storms, are needed to adequately characterize export from urban land uses. Pollutant runoff from six small drainage areas with different land uses was monitored for at least 20 storm events over the course of more than 1 year. The land uses included single‐family residential, golf course, industrial, dairy cow pasture, construction site, and wooded site. Average event mean concentrations and total annual load were computed for nitrogen forms, total phosphorus, and sediment from the land uses. Annual total nitrogen export was greatest for the construction land use during the house‐building phase, followed closely by the residential and golf course land uses. Total phosphorus export was greatest for the golf course site followed by the pasture and residential land uses. Sediment export was greatest for the construction site during the rough grading phase, which averaged more than 10 times more sediment export than any of the other sites. To estimate export from a multiuse urban watershed, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment export from the residential, golf course, and construction sites were averaged. The average total nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment export from the three land uses was, respectively, 269, 302, and 256% greater than the corresponding exports from the wooded site, which was considered similar to the predevelopment land use. Additionally, analyses of rainfall samples indicated that a considerable portion of the nitrogen export from these sites likely comes from nitrogen in rainfall.}, number={1}, journal={WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH}, author={Line, DE and White, NM and Osmond, DL and Jennings, GD and Mojonnier, CB}, year={2002}, pages={100–108} }
 @article{line_harman_jennings_thompson_osmond_2000, title={Nonpoint-source pollutant load reductions associated with livestock exclusion}, volume={29}, ISSN={["0047-2425"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900060022x}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Line, DE and Harman, WA and Jennings, GD and Thompson, EJ and Osmond, DL}, year={2000}, pages={1882–1890} }
 @article{endreny_jennings_1999, title={A decision support system for water quality data augmentation: A case study}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1093-474X"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb03596.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT:  Recent developments in water quality monitoring have generated interest in combining non‐probability and probability data to improve water quality assessment. The Interagency Task Force on Water Quality Monitoring has taken the lead in exploring data combination possibilities. In this paper we take a developed statistical algorithm for combining the two data types and present an efficient process for implementing the desired data augmentation. In a case study simulated Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) probability data are combined with auxiliary monitoring station data. Auxiliary stations were identified on the STORET water quality database. The sampling frame is constructed using ARC/INFO and EPA's Reach File‐3 (RF3) hydrography data. The procedures for locating auxiliary stations, constructing an EMAP‐SWS sampling frame, simulating pollutant exposure, and combining EMAP and auxiliary stations were developed as a decision support system (DSS). In the case study with EMAP, the DSS was used to quantify the expected increases in estimate precision. The benefit of using auxiliary stations in EMAP estimates was measured as the decrease in standard error of the estimate.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION}, author={Endreny, TE and Jennings, GD}, year={1999}, month={Apr}, pages={363–377} }
 @misc{line_jennings_mclaughlin_osmond_harman_lombardo_tweedy_spooner_1999, title={Nonpoint sources}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1554-7531"]}, DOI={10.2175/106143099X133965}, abstractNote={Water Environment ResearchVolume 71, Issue 5 p. 1054-1069 Fate and Effect of PollutantFree Access Nonpoint Sources Daniel E. Line, Daniel E. LineSearch for more papers by this authorGregory D. Jennings, Gregory D. JenningsSearch for more papers by this authorRichard A. McLaughlin, Richard A. McLaughlinSearch for more papers by this authorDeanna L. Osmond, Deanna L. OsmondSearch for more papers by this authorWilliam A. Harman, William A. HarmanSearch for more papers by this authorLaura A. Lombardo, Laura A. LombardoSearch for more papers by this authorKevin L. Tweedy, Kevin L. TweedySearch for more papers by this authorJean Spooner, Jean SpoonerSearch for more papers by this author Daniel E. Line, Daniel E. LineSearch for more papers by this authorGregory D. Jennings, Gregory D. JenningsSearch for more papers by this authorRichard A. McLaughlin, Richard A. McLaughlinSearch for more papers by this authorDeanna L. Osmond, Deanna L. OsmondSearch for more papers by this authorWilliam A. Harman, William A. HarmanSearch for more papers by this authorLaura A. Lombardo, Laura A. LombardoSearch for more papers by this authorKevin L. Tweedy, Kevin L. TweedySearch for more papers by this authorJean Spooner, Jean SpoonerSearch for more papers by this author First published: 15 August 1999 https://doi.org/10.2175/106143099X133965Citations: 13AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume71, Issue51999 Literature ReviewAugust 1999Pages 1054-1069 RelatedInformation}, number={5}, journal={WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH}, author={Line, DE and Jennings, GD and McLaughlin, RA and Osmond, DL and Harman, WA and Lombardo, LA and Tweedy, KL and Spooner, J}, year={1999}, month={Aug}, pages={1054–1069} }
 @article{line_harman_jennings_1998, title={Comparing sampling schemes for monitoring pollutant export from a dairy pasture}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1752-1688"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05430.x}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT:  Dairy cow pastures and feeding areas around barns can be a significant source of nonpoint source pollutants to nearby streams. To help document the significance of these sources, nutrient export in streamfiow from a 56.7‐ha, mostly agricultural, watershed located in southwestern North Carolina was monitored from August 1994 to January 1996. Total nitrogen and phosphorus export rates from the upper, predominantly pasture, part of the watershed were 18.0 and 1.4 kg/ha/yr, respectively, as measured by weekly grab sampling and 18.7 and 4.9 kg/halyr, respectively, as measured from storm event monitoring. Nitrogen and phosphorus export rates for the area between the monitoring sites, which included overgrazed cow holding and feeding areas and farm buildings, were 376 and 86 kgfhalyr, respectively, for grab sampling and 351 and 160 kg/ha/yr, respectively, for storm event monitoring. To estimate the amount of reduction from nonpoint source controls necessary to effect a significant reduction in pollutant loading, statistical analyses of the load data were conducted. The analyses for the five pollutants monitored showed that total suspended solids would require the greatest reduction (34.6 percent for weekly grab and 33.6 percent for storm) in loading after the implementation of controls for statistical significance. Nitrate plus nitrite was found to require the least reduction (12.6 percent for weekly grab). Pollutant export rates computed from weekly grab samples and storm event samples used separately were compared to corresponding export rates computed from combining grab and storm event samples to assess the differences in monitoring schemes.}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION}, author={Line, DE and Harman, WA and Jennings, GD}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={1265–1273} }
 @misc{line_mclaughlin_osmond_jennings_harman_lombardo_spooner_1998, title={Nonpoint sources}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1554-7531"]}, DOI={10.2175/106143098X134514}, abstractNote={and Renormalized Perturbation Expansion. Adv. Water Res., 20,5. Zhang, R.D. (1997a) Determination of Soil Sorptivity and Hydraulic Conductivity from the Disk Infiltrometer. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 61,4. Zhang, R.D. (I997b) Infiltration Models for the Disk Infiltrometer. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 61, 6. Zhang, R.; Shouse, S.; and Yates, S. (1997) Use of Pseudo-Crossvariograms and Cokriging to Improve Estimates of Soil Solute Concentrations. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 61, 5. Zhang, Y.K. (1997) On the Variances of 2nd Spatial Moments of a Nonergodic Plume in Heterogeneous Aquifers. Water Resour. Res., 33,8. Zhang, Y.M.; Maier, W.I.; and Miller, R.M. (1997) Effect of Rhamnolipids on the Dissolution, Bioavailability and Biodegradation of Phenanthrene. Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 8. Zhao, L.T.; Gray, D.M.; and Male, D.H. (1997) Numerical Analysis of Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer during Infiltration into Frozen Ground. J. Hydrol., 200. Zhou, D.G., and Blunt, M. (1997) Effect of Spreading Coefficient on the Distribution of Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquid in the Subsurface. J. Contam. Hydro/., 25, I. Zhou, J.L.; Rowland, 5.1.; Mantoura, R.F.; and Lane, M.e. (1997) Desorption of Teftuthrin Insecticide from Soil in Simulated RainfallRunoff Systems-Kinetic-Studies and Modeling. Water Res. (G.B.), 31, 1.}, number={4}, journal={WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH}, author={Line, DE and McLaughlin, RA and Osmond, DL and Jennings, GD and Harman, WA and Lombardo, LA and Spooner, J}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={895–912} }
 @article{jennings_harman_line_mojonnier_1997, title={Agricultural and urban stream restoration in the Long Creek watershed}, number={972140}, journal={Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers)}, author={Jennings, G. D. and Harman, W. A. and Line, D. E. and Mojonnier, C. B.}, year={1997}, pages={7} }
 @article{jennings_harman_mclaughlin_carter_clinton_woerner_1997, title={McLendons Creek Watershed water quality assessment and management}, number={972197}, journal={Paper (American Society of Agricultural Engineers)}, author={Jennings, G. D. and Harman, W. A. and McLaughlin, R. A. and Carter, T. A. and Clinton, D. R. and Woerner, N. J.}, year={1997}, pages={6} }
 @misc{line_osmond_coffey_mclaughlin_jennings_gale_spooner_1997, title={Nonpoint sources}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1554-7531"]}, DOI={10.2175/106143097X135055}, abstractNote={Micellar Solubilization of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coal Tar-Contaminated Soils. Environ. Sci. Technol., 30,2104. Yiacoumi, S., and Rao, A.V. (1996) Organic Solute Uptake from Aqueous Solutions by Soil: A New Diffusion Model. Water Resour. Res., 32, 431. Yonezawa, e.; Tanaka, T.; and Kamioka, H. (1996) Water-Rock Reactions During Gamma-Ray Irradiation. Appl. Geochem., 11, 461. Yoon, J.-H., and Shoemaker, e.A. (1996) Applications of SALQR and Evolutionary Algorithms to Optimization of Groundwater Bioremediation. Computat. Methods Water Resour. XI, Cancun, Mexico, Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, U.K., 1,383. You, e.N., and Liu, J.e. (1996) Desorptive Behavior of Chlorophenols in Contaminated Soils. Water Sci. Technol. (G.B.), 33, 263. You, G.R.; Sayles, G.D.; Kupferle, M.J.; Kim, I.S.; and Bishop, P.L. (1996) Anaerobic DDT Biotransformation: Enhancement by Application of Surfactants and Low Oxidation Reduction Potential. Chemosphere, 32, 2269. Yu, S.C.T. (1995) Transport and Fate of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Vadose Zone-A Literature Review with Discussions on Regulatory Implications. J. Soil Contam., 4, 25. Yu, Y.S.; Bailey, G.W.; and Jin, X.C. (1996) Application of a Lumped, Nonlinear Kinetics Model to Metal Sorption on Humic Substances. 1. Environ. Qual., 25, 552. Zaidel, J.; Russo, D.; and Feldman, G. (1996) Theoretical Analysis of the Impact of Vapor Transport on the NAPL Distribution in Dry Soils. Adv. Water Resour., 19, 145. Zegeling, P.A. (1996) Numerical Solution of Advection-Dispersion Models Using Dynamically-Moving Adaptive Grids. Computat. Methods Water Resour. XI, Cancun, Mex., Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, U.K., 1, 593. Zhang, D., and Zhang, Y.-K. (1996) Higher-Order Velocity Covariance and Its Effect on Advective Transport in Three-Dimensional Heterogeneous Anisotropic Media. Computat. Methods Water Resour. Xl, Cancun, Mex., Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, U.K., 1, 689. Zhang, D.X., and Neuman, S.P. (1996a) Head and Velocity Covariances Under Quasi-Steady State Flow and Their Effects on Advective Transport. Water Resour. Res., 32,77.}, number={4}, journal={WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH}, author={Line, DE and Osmond, DL and Coffey, SW and McLaughlin, RA and Jennings, GD and Gale, JA and Spooner, J}, year={1997}, month={Jun}, pages={844–860} }
 @article{line_wu_arnold_jennings_rubin_1997, title={Water quality of first flush runoff from 20 industrial sites}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1061-4303"]}, DOI={10.2175/106143097X125489}, abstractNote={A sampling program was conducted to assess the quality of first flush storm water runoff from 10 industrial groups typical of many businesses located in North Carolina. Analysis of samples collected during the first 30 min of runoff (first flush) indicated that zinc and copper were the most common of the eight metals measured in runoff from the 20 industrial sites monitored. Ten volatile organic, semivolatile organic, or pesticide compounds were found at eight different sites, with the most common being methylene chloride (three sites). Conventional pollutants such as nutrients and solids were measured at varying levels at every site, but were generally the highest where a significant amount of biological waste or exposed soil was present.}, number={3}, journal={WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH}, author={Line, DE and Wu, J and Arnold, JA and Jennings, GD and Rubin, AR}, year={1997}, pages={305–310} }