@article{alili_nalam_li_liu_feng_si_huang_2023, title={A Novel Framework to Facilitate User Preferred Tuning for a Robotic Knee Prosthesis}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1558-0210"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85147231065&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1109/TNSRE.2023.3236217}, abstractNote={The tuning of robotic prosthesis control is essential to provide personalized assistance to individual prosthesis users. Emerging automatic tuning algorithms have shown promise to ease the device personalization procedure. However, very few automatic tuning algorithms consider the user preference as the tuning goal, which may limit the adoptability of the robotic prosthesis. In this study, we propose and evaluate a novel prosthesis control tuning framework for a robotic knee prosthesis, which could enable user preferred robot behavior in the device tuning process. The framework consists of 1) a User-Controlled Interface that allows the user to select their preferred knee kinematics in gait and 2) a reinforcement learning-based algorithm for tuning high-dimension prosthesis control parameters to meet the desired knee kinematics. We evaluated the performance of the framework along with usability of the developed user interface. In addition, we used the developed framework to investigate whether amputee users can exhibit a preference between different profiles during walking and whether they can differentiate between their preferred profile and other profiles when blinded. The results showed effectiveness of our developed framework in tuning 12 robotic knee prosthesis control parameters while meeting the user-selected knee kinematics. A blinded comparative study showed that users can accurately and consistently identify their preferred prosthetic control knee profile. Further, we preliminarily examined gait biomechanics of the prosthesis users when walking with different prosthesis control and did not find clear difference between walking with preferred prosthesis control and when walking with normative gait control parameters. This study may inform future translation of this novel prosthesis tuning framework for home or clinical use.}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL SYSTEMS AND REHABILITATION ENGINEERING}, author={Alili, Abbas and Nalam, Varun and Li, Minhan and Liu, Ming and Feng, Jing and Si, Jennie and Huang, He}, year={2023}, pages={895–903} }
 @article{feng_deng_lau_cauffman_johnson_cunningham_kaber_2023, title={Age differences in driver visual behavior and vehicle control when driving with in-vehicle and on-road deliveries of service logo signs}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1872-8219"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ergon.2022.103386}, abstractNote={With the advances in vehicle technologies, more information is communicated in real-time to the driver via an in-vehicle interface. In-vehicle messaging may deliver safety-related information such as warnings as well as non-safety-related information such as an upcoming lodging place. While much research has focused on the design of messaging safety-related information, little is known about the best practice in in-vehicle messaging of non-safety-related information. This study investigated the effects of information source and load on driver signage logo identification, glance behavior, and vehicle control among younger, middle-aged and older drivers. The logos were presented on: (1) an on-road sign panel, (2) an in-vehicle display, or (3) a combination of both, with half of the drives showing logo only, and the other half of the drives showing logo plus additional text. The general findings support the use of in-vehicle displays, especially when it is presented simultaneously with on-road signs. In-vehicle displays did not lead to a higher workload or more visual distraction, and simultaneous presentations resulted in slightly better speed control. The findings also showed minimal negative impacts on logo identification from increased information load. Older drivers performed less well in signage identification and vehicle control, and they made longer glances to logo information suggesting design considerations should be made to accommodate specific driver characteristics.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS}, author={Feng, Jing and Deng, Yulin and Lau, Mei Y. and Cauffman, Stephen J. and Johnson, Ebony and Cunningham, Christopher and Kaber, David B.}, year={2023}, month={Jan} }
 @article{hwang_feng_2023, title={Using 3D virtual fitting room stimuli to enhance older adults' spatial visualization skills}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1552-3934"]}, DOI={10.1111/fcsr.12486}, abstractNote={AbstractThis study examines how three‐dimensional virtual fitting room (VFR) stimuli can influence older adults' spatial visualization abilities. A total of 821 adults aged 60 and older participated in the online study. Paper folding tests were administered before and after exposure to interactive, screen‐based VFR stimuli. The results showed that the stimuli led to greater training gains in the experimental group. Lower pre‐test scores were predictive of a greater training gain and there was no gender difference in the training gain. Findings contribute to providing strategies to positively influence spatial visualization abilities for older adults using the VFR stimuli.}, journal={FAMILY & CONSUMER SCIENCES RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Hwang, Chanmi and Feng, Jing}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{choi_feng_gruhn_2022, title={A Two-Part Approach Distinguishing the Occurrence and Frequency of Self-reported Attentional Failures During Driving to Predict Crash Risks Among Older Drivers}, ISSN={["1758-5368"]}, DOI={10.1093/geronb/gbac077}, abstractNote={Abstract
               
                  Objectives
                  With advancing age, older drivers experience greater fatal crash risks due to age-related declines in cognitive and physical capabilities. Being informed of the age-related increased risks could help older drivers form compensatory strategies and determine when to seek further help to stay on the road safely for longer. Using a self-report assessment tool, the Attentional Failure during Driving Questionnaire (AFDQ), we examined older drivers’ experience of various attentional failures during daily driving and how the measures could predict their crash risks.
               
               
                  Methods
                  We used a new methodological approach distinguishing the occurrences of attentional failures during driving and the frequency of those occurrences. The individuals’ AFDQ occurrence and frequency scores were compared with prior driving outcomes and simulated driving performance.
               
               
                  Results
                  Unlike middle-aged drivers, frequency rather than occurrence of attentional failures was a significant predictor of prior traffic violations and crashes among older drivers. Also, attentional failures, but not chronological age, predicted older drivers’ crash risks. AFDQ frequency was also associated with older drivers’ poorer performance in simulated driving.
               
               
                  Discussion
                  The findings suggest that the self-report assessment for attention-related driving failures can predict older drivers’ crash risks. Furthermore, the two-part approach of AFDQ provides an opportunity to do a more comprehensive investigation of the associations between attentional declines and crash risks among older drivers.
               }, journal={JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES}, author={Choi, HeeSun and Feng, Jing and Gruhn, Daniel}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{cauffman_lau_deng_cunningham_kaber_feng_2022, title={Research and Design Considerations for Presentation of Non-Safety Related Information via In-Vehicle Displays during Automated Driving}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2076-3417"]}, DOI={10.3390/app122010538}, abstractNote={As automated vehicles become more prevalent on roadways, it is necessary to study driver behaviors in interacting with such systems. With higher levels of vehicle automation, drivers may become less engaged with the roadway environment. As a result, how to effectively bring non-safety related information (e.g., guide and service sign content) to a driver’s attention is an open research question. In this review, we summarize current literature on three domains of research, including: (1) the design and effectiveness of traditional road signage, (2) human factors considerations in vehicle automation design, and (3) current design guidelines for in-vehicle information presentation. Based on the review, including empirical studies, we identify knowledge relevant to communicating road signage information in automated vehicles. We propose a framework highlighting various factors that could determine the effectiveness of in-vehicle messaging. The framework is intended to motivate future research on development of in-vehicle interfaces for highly automated driving.}, number={20}, journal={APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL}, author={Cauffman, Stephen J. and Lau, Mei and Deng, Yulin and Cunningham, Christopher and Kaber, David B. and Feng, Jing}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{yuan_bai_driscoll_liu_huang_feng_2022, title={Standing and Walking Attention Visual Field (SWAVF) task: A new method to assess visuospatial attention during walking}, volume={104}, ISSN={["1872-9126"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103804}, DOI={10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103804}, abstractNote={Visuospatial attention during walking has been associated with pedestrian safety and fall risks. However, visuospatial attention measures during walking remained under-explored. Current studies introduced a newly-developed Standing and Walking Visual Attention Field (SWAVF) task to assess visuospatial attention during walking and examined its reliability, validity, and stability. Thirty young adults completed a traditional computerized Attention Visual Field (AVF) task while sitting, and the SWAVF task under walking and standing settings. Nine participants also performed the SWAVF task under additional distraction conditions. Results showed good split-half reliability during standing (r = 0.70) and walking (r = 0.69), moderate concurrent validity with the sitting AVF task (r = 0.42), moderate convergent validity between the standing and walking settings (r = 0.69), good construct validity, and moderate rank-order stability (r = 0.53). Overall, the SWAVF task showed good psychometric properties. Potential applications to the evaluation of prosthetic and other exoskeleton devices, smart glasses, and ground-level traffic lights or signs were discussed.}, journal={APPLIED ERGONOMICS}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Yuan, Jing and Bai, Xiaolu and Driscoll, Brendan and Liu, Ming and Huang, He and Feng, Jing}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{kim_joines_feng_2022, title={Technology-driven design process: teaching and mentoring technology-driven design process in industrial design education}, volume={3}, ISSN={["1573-1804"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10798-022-09739-0}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN EDUCATION}, author={Kim, Byungsoo and Joines, Sharon and Feng, Jing}, year={2022}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{yuan_cline_liu_huang_feng_2021, title={Cognitive measures during walking with and without lower-limb prosthesis: protocol for a scoping review}, volume={11}, ISBN={2044-6055}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85101189834&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039975}, abstractNote={IntroductionTuning of lower-limb (LL) robotic prosthesis control is necessary to provide personalised assistance to each human wearer during walking. Prostheses wearers’ adaptation processes are subjective and the efficiency largely depends on one’s mental processes. Therefore, beyond physical motor performance, prosthesis personalisation should consider the wearer’s preference and cognitive performance during walking. As a first step, it is necessary to examine the current measures of cognitive performance when a wearer walks with an LL prosthesis, identify the gaps and methodological considerations, and explore additional measures in a walking setting. In this protocol, we outlined a scoping review that will systematically summarise and evaluate the measures of cognitive performance during walking with and without LL prosthesis.Methods and analysisThe review process will be guided and documented by CADIMA, an open-access online data management portal for evidence synthesis. Keyword searches will be conducted in seven databases (Web of Science, MEDLINE, BIOSIS, SciELO Citation Index, ProQuest, CINAHL and PsycINFO) up to 2020 supplemented with grey literature searches. Retrieved records will be screened by at least two independent reviewers on the title-and-abstract level and then the full-text level. Selected studies will be evaluated for reporting bias. Data on sample characteristics, type of cognitive function, characteristics of cognitive measures, task prioritisation, experimental design and walking setting will be extracted.Ethics and disseminationThis scoping review will evaluate the measures used in previously published studies thus does not require ethical approval. The results will contribute to the advancement of prosthesis tuning processes by reviewing the application status of cognitive measures during walking with and without prosthesis and laying the foundation for developing needed measures for cognitive assessment during walking. The results will be disseminated through conferences and journals.}, number={2}, journal={BMJ OPEN}, author={Yuan, Jing and Cline, Emily and Liu, Ming and Huang, He and Feng, Jing}, year={2021} }
 @article{yuan_crowson_richardson_feng_2021, title={Drive aware training: A computerized training program for older drivers' detection of road hazards}, ISSN={["1538-957X"]}, DOI={10.1080/15389588.2021.1929944}, abstractNote={Abstract Objective Cognitive training for reducing crash rate can be delivered to older drivers via in-person on-road sessions, a driving simulator, or using computer-based cognitive methods. Despite established effectiveness, in-person on-road assessment and rehabilitation are expensive, and limited professional service may not be readily accessible; simulator-based training may not fit every driver due to simulator sickness. In comparison, computerized training is easier to implement and could be delivered with little cost to older drivers with computer access. Based on the Drive Aware Task, a validated measure of attentional processes in hazard detection, we developed a computerized cognitive training method with a focus on hazard detection. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of this newly-developed interactive training program in improving older drivers’ detection of road hazards. Methods Using a matched-pair design, nine triads of three older drivers (aged 65 or above) with matched pretest performance and gender were formed. For each triad, each participant was randomly allocated to one of the three groups: 1) active training group to receive the two training sessions (1.5–2.5h per session); 2) passive training group to receive two video-watching sessions (i.e., watch the video of training session performance from the corresponding paired participant); 3) no-contact control group. Older drivers’ performances on hazard detection and simulated driving were measured before and after training. Results The active training group showed significant training effects on the computerized hazard detection task and simulated driving performance, while there were only marginal effects in the passive training group and no effects in the no-contact control group. A post-training survey suggested older drivers were receptive to the Drive Aware training program. Conclusions The computerized Drive Aware training program has the potential to be used as a prevention and intervention tool to improve older drivers’ hazard detection performance. Future studies should examine the effectiveness of this tool in more diverse samples and in long-term outcomes.}, journal={TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION}, author={Yuan, Jing and Crowson, Aaron and Richardson, Geoffrey and Feng, Jing}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @article{hancock_kajaks_caird_chignell_mizobuchi_burns_feng_fernie_lavalliere_noy_et al._2020, title={Challenges to Human Drivers in Increasingly Automated Vehicles}, volume={62}, ISSN={["1547-8181"]}, DOI={10.1177/0018720819900402}, abstractNote={Objective We examine the relationships between contemporary progress in on‐road vehicle automation and its coherence with an envisioned “autopia” (automobile utopia) whereby the vehicle operation task is removed from all direct human control. Background The progressive automation of on‐road vehicles toward a completely driverless state is determined by the integration of technological advances into the private automobile market; improvements in transportation infrastructure and systems efficiencies; and the vision of future driving as a crash‐free enterprise. While there are many challenges to address with respect to automated vehicles concerning the remaining driver role, a considerable amount of technology is already present in vehicles and is advancing rapidly. Methods A multidisciplinary team of experts met to discuss the most critical challenges in the changing role of the driver, and associated safety issues, during the transitional phase of vehicle automation where human drivers continue to have an important but truncated role in monitoring and supervising vehicle operations. Results The group endorsed that vehicle automation is an important application of information technology, not only because of its impact on transportation efficiency, but also because road transport is a life critical system in which failures result in deaths and injuries. Five critical challenges were identified: driver independence and mobility, driver acceptance and trust, failure management, third-party testing, and political support. Conclusion Vehicle automation is not technical innovation alone, but is a social as much as a technological revolution consisting of both attendant costs and concomitant benefits. }, number={2}, journal={HUMAN FACTORS}, author={Hancock, P. A. and Kajaks, Tara and Caird, Jeff K. and Chignell, Mark H. and Mizobuchi, Sachi and Burns, Peter C. and Feng, Jing and Fernie, Geoff R. and Lavalliere, Martin and Noy, Ian Y. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Mar}, pages={310–328} }
 @article{geden_smith_campbell_spain_amos-binks_mott_feng_lester_2019, title={Construction and Validation of an Anticipatory Thinking Assessment}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1664-1078"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85077306542&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02749}, abstractNote={Anticipatory thinking is a critical cognitive skill for successfully navigating complex, ambiguous systems in which individuals must analyze system states, anticipate outcomes, and forecast future events. For example, in military planning, intelligence analysis, business, medicine, and social services, individuals must use information to identify warnings, anticipate a spectrum of possible outcomes, and forecast likely futures in order to avoid tactical and strategic surprise. Existing methods for examining anticipatory thinking skill have relied upon task-specific behavioral measures or are resource-intensive, both of which are challenging to scale. Given the increasing importance of anticipatory thinking in many domains, developing a generic assessment of this skill and identifying the underlying cognitive mechanisms supporting it are paramount. The work reported here focuses on the development and validation of the anticipatory thinking assessment (ANTA) for measuring the divergent generative process of anticipatory thinking. Two-hundred and ten participants completed the ANTA, which required them to anticipate possible risks, opportunities, trends, or other uncertainties associated with a focal topic. Responses to the anticipatory thinking and divergent thinking tasks were rated by trained raters on a five-point scale according to the uniqueness, specificity, and remoteness of responses. Results supported the ANTA’s construct validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. We also explored the relationship between the ANTA scores and certain psychological traits and cognitive measures (need for cognition, need for closure, and mindfulness). Our findings suggest that the ANTA is a psychometrically valid instrument that may help researchers investigate anticipatory thinking in new contexts.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Geden, Michael and Smith, Andy and Campbell, James and Spain, Randall and Amos-Binks, Adam and Mott, Bradford W. and Feng, Jing and Lester, James}, year={2019}, month={Dec} }
 @article{sall_feng_2019, title={Dual-target hazard perception: Could identifying one hazard hinder a driver's capacity to find a second?}, volume={131}, ISSN={["1879-2057"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aap.2019.06.016}, abstractNote={Low-level cognitive processes like visual search are crucial for hazard detection. In dual-target searches, subsequent search misses (SSMs) are known to occur when the identification of one target impedes detection of another that is concurrently presented. Despite the high likelihood of concurrent hazards in busy driving environments, SSMs have not been empirically investigated in driving. In three studies, participants were asked to identify safety-related target(s) in simulated traffic scenes that contained zero, one, or two target(s) of low or high perceptual saliency. These targets were defined as objects or events that would have prevented safe travel in the direction indicated by an arrow preceding the traffic scene. Findings from the pilot study (n = 20) and Experiment 1 (n = 29) demonstrated that detecting one target hindered drivers' abilities to find a second from the same scene. In Experiment 2 (n = 30), explicit instructions regarding the level of risk were manipulated. It was found that search times were affected by the instructions, though SSMs persisted. Implications of SSMs in understanding the causes of some crashes are discussed, as well as future directions to improve ecological and criterion validity and to explore the roles of expertise and cognitive capabilities in multi-hazard detection.}, journal={ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION}, author={Sall, Robert J. and Feng, Jing}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={213–224} }
 @article{feng_sanchez_sall_lyons_nam_2019, title={Emotional expressions facilitate human-human trust when using automation in high-risk situations}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1532-7876"]}, DOI={10.1080/08995605.2019.1630227}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This study investigated the utility of emotional expression for human decision aids, when human aids conflict with an automated decision support system (DSS). The increasing presence of automation in society has resulted in critical, and often life threatening, situations when information from human and automated sources disagree. It has been known that reliance on human aids decrease during high-risk situations, while reliance on automated aids increase. However, it is also possible that human decision aids gain credibility from users when they embody the charismatic and emotionally expressive gesticulations seen in successful organizational leaders. The present study tested how a human agent's expressiveness when providing information would influence participants' behavioral reliance. Using the program Convoy Leader, participants (n=56) engaged in three decision-making scenarios where risk was manipulated as a within-subject factor and emotional expression as a between-subject factor. Emotional susceptibility, perceived risk, and trust for human as well as automated aids were measured. Overall trust was higher for the automated tool than human decision aid, and that pattern was amplified in conditions without an emotionally expressive human aid. Reliance was greater for emotionally expressive human aids, than stoic human aids, particularly during high risk conditions. The findings suggest that emotional expression of a human aid significantly impacts both reliance and trust of a decision aid, especially at higher risk levels. Emotionally expressive human agents should be utilized in decision conflicts where the automated system has certainly failed.}, number={4}, journal={MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Feng, Jing and Sanchez, Joseph and Sall, Robert and Lyons, Joseph B. and Nam, Chang S.}, year={2019}, pages={292–305} }
 @article{choi_kasko_feng_2019, title={An Attention Assessment for Informing Older Drivers' Crash Risks in Various Hazardous Situations}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1758-5341"]}, DOI={10.1093/geront/gny079}, abstractNote={Background and Objectives
Mobility is a critical factor that influences older adults' independence and well-being. Older drivers may experience increased crash risks due to age-related cognitive declines. Ensuring safe driving practices among older drivers is important to maintain their mobility without sacrificing safety. Investigations for an effective assessment technology that can inform older drivers' risks associated with cognitive declines are warranted. This study aims to identify attentional deteriorations that may underlie crashes in various situations.


Research Design and Methods
This study employed driving simulation to examine associations between attentional functions of older drivers and crash risks in various hazardous situations. Using the Attention Network Test (ANT), a computerized assessment that measures efficiencies of the three distinct attentional functions (i.e., alerting, orienting, and executive), we examined specific attentional functions that underlie older drivers' crash risks in particular driving situations.


Results
Findings from this study revealed significant associations between executive attentional efficiency and crash risks in situations that demand a driver quickly resolving conflicts among multiple competing tasks or information. These situations include turning while a pedestrian is crossing from an opposite direction, merging, and multitasking while driving.


Discussion and Implications
The present findings expand our understanding of unique involvements of attentional functions in particular driving situations at an old age. Future driver assessment technologies for informing older drivers about their crash risks may aim to address more fundamental cognitive mechanisms that lead to elevated risks in particular driving situations rather than merely focusing on the situations themselves.}, number={1}, journal={GERONTOLOGIST}, author={Choi, HeeSun and Kasko, Jonathan and Feng, Jing}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={112–123} }
 @article{choi_kasko_feng_2021, title={An Attention Assessment for Informing Older Drivers' Crash Risks in Various Hazardous Situations (vol 59, pg 112, 2019)}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1758-5341"]}, DOI={10.1093/geront/gny170}, number={1}, journal={GERONTOLOGIST}, author={Choi, Hee Sun and Kasko, Jonathan and Feng, Jing}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={136–136} }
 @article{namian_albert_feng_2018, title={Effect of Distraction on Hazard Recognition and Safety Risk Perception}, volume={144}, ISSN={["1943-7862"]}, DOI={10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001459}, abstractNote={AbstractBoth hazard recognition and safety risk perception are fundamental to effective safety management. When construction hazards remain unrecognized or the associated safety risk remains unperc...}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Namian, Mostafa and Albert, Alex and Feng, Jing}, year={2018}, month={Apr} }
 @article{geden_staicu_feng_2018, title={Reduced Target Facilitation and Increased Distractor Suppression During Mind Wandering}, volume={65}, ISSN={["2190-5142"]}, DOI={10.1027/1618-3169/a000417}, abstractNote={ Abstract. The perceptual decoupling hypothesis suggests a general mechanism that while mind wandering, our attention is detached from our environment, resulting in diminished processing of external stimuli. This study focused on examining two possible specific mechanisms: the global suppression of all external stimuli, and a combination of reduced target facilitation and increased distractor suppression. An attentional capture task was used in which certain trials measured distractor suppression effects and others assessed target facilitation effects. The global suppression account predicts negative impacts on both types of trials, while the combined mechanisms of reduced target facilitation and increased distractor suppression suggest that only target-present trials would be affected. Results showed no cost of mind wandering on target-absent trials, but significant distractor suppression and target facilitation effects during mind wandering on target-present trials. These findings suggest that rather than perceptual decoupling globally suppressing all stimuli, it is more selective, falling in line with evidence on strong top-down modulation. }, number={6}, journal={EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Geden, Michael and Staicu, Ana-Maria and Feng, Jing}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={345–352} }
 @article{zhu_rudisill_rauscher_davidov_feng_2018, title={Risk Perceptions of Cellphone Use While Driving: Results from a Delphi Survey}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1660-4601"]}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph15061074}, abstractNote={Cellphone use while driving has been recognized as a growing and important public health issue by the World Health Organization and U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveys typically collect data on overall texting while driving, but do not differentiate between various forms of cellphone use. This study sought to improve the survey indicators when monitoring cellphone use among young drivers. Experts and young drivers were recruited to propose behavioral indicators (cellphone use while driving behaviors) and consequential indicators (safety consequences of cellphone use while driving) in 2016. Subsequently, experts and young drivers selected the top indicators using the Delphi survey method. We enrolled 22 experts with published articles on cellphone use while driving nationally, and seven young drivers who were freshmen at a state university. Sending a text or e-mail on a handheld phone was picked as the top behavioral indicator by both groups. However, young drivers chose playing music on a handheld phone as the second most important behavioral indicator, which was overlooked by experts. Injury/death and collision were the top two consequential indicators. Experts and young drivers identified the important survey indicators to monitor cellphone use while driving.}, number={6}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Zhu, Motao and Rudisill, Toni M. and Rauscher, Kimberly J. and Davidov, Danielle M. and Feng, Jing}, year={2018}, month={Jun} }
 @inproceedings{namian_albert_feng_2018, place={Reston, Virginia}, title={The Distracted Worker: Effect on Hazard Recognition and Safety Performance}, ISBN={9780784481288}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481288.036}, DOI={10.1061/9780784481288.036}, abstractNote={Hazard recognition is an essential element for successful accident and injury prevention. However, studies have revealed that construction workers fail to identify a large proportion of hazards in their workplaces. Therefore, understanding factors that adversely affect hazard recognition performance is a fundamental step towards improving safety performance. Given the unique, complex, and dynamic nature of construction operations, past research has provided anecdotal evidence suggesting that distraction may be correlated to undesirable safety outcomes such as injuries. For example, Hinze's distraction theory suggests that workers are more likely to be involved in an accident while they are distracted. However, these theoretical propositions have not been empirically tested. To address this knowledge gap, the objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that distracted workers will identify fewer hazards than undistracted workers. To test the hypothesis, an experiment was conducted with 70 construction workers where the participants were randomly assigned to a distracted or an undistracted group. Sixteen pre-selected case images, representing real construction operations, were used to evaluate the hazard recognition performance of the workers. For the distracted group, distraction was induced using visual stimuli presented as unrelated video clips during the hazard recognition activity. The data analysis results showed that the distracted workers recognized a smaller proportion of hazards than the undistracted workers (p-value = 0.003). The research findings indicate that reducing workplace distractions can be a useful intervention to improve the safety performance of construction workers such as hazard recognition levels.}, booktitle={Construction Research Congress 2018}, publisher={American Society of Civil Engineers}, author={Namian, Mostafa and Albert, Alex and Feng, Jing}, year={2018}, month={Mar} }
 @article{geden_smith_campbell_amos-binks_mott_feng_lester_2018, title={Towards Adaptive Support for Anticipatory Thinking}, DOI={10.1145/3183654.3183665}, abstractNote={Adaptive training and support technologies have been used to improve training and performance in a number of domains. However, limited work on adaptive training has examined anticipatory thinking, which is the deliberate, divergent exploration and analysis of relevant futures to avoid surprise. Anticipatory thinking engages the process of imagining how uncertainties impact the future, helps identify leading indicators and causal dependencies of future scenarios, and complements forecasting, which focuses on assessing the likelihood of outcomes. It is particularly important for intelligence analysis, mission planning, and strategic forecasting, wherein practitioners apply prospective sense-making, scenario planning, and other methodologies to identify possible options and their effects during decision making processes. However, there is currently no underlying cognitive theory supporting specific anticipatory thinking methodologies, no adaptive technologies to support their training, and no existing measures to assess their efficacy. We are engaged in an ongoing effort to design adaptive technologies to support the acquisition and measurement of anticipatory thinking. As a first step toward adaptive environments that support the acquisition and application of anticipatory thinking competencies, we have developed a task to measure anticipatory thinking in which participants explore uncertainties and the impacts on the future given a particular topic. We present preliminary results from a study to examine the validity of this measure and discuss multiple factors that affect anticipatory thinking including attention, inhibitory control, need for cognition, need for closure, convergent thinking, and divergent thinking. We then introduce design principles for supporting training, application, and assessment of anticipatory thinking.}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE TECHNOLOGY, MIND, AND SOCIETY CONFERENCE (TECHMINDSOCIETY'18)}, author={Geden, Michael and Smith, Andy and Campbell, James and Amos-Binks, Adam and Mott, Bradford and Feng, Jing and Lester, James}, year={2018} }
 @article{shen_koech_feng_rice_zhu_2017, title={A cross-sectional study of travel patterns of older adults in the USA during 2015: implications for mobility and traffic safety}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2044-6055"]}, DOI={10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015780}, abstractNote={BackgroundWith an ever increasing population of older adults (65+ years) in the USA, a better understanding of this population’s travel patterns is needed to improve travel mobility and transportation safety.ObjectiveIn this study, we described the travel patterns of older adults in the USA during 2015.MethodsTravel patterns of older adults (65–74 and 75+ years) were compared with younger adults (25–64 years) by frequency and proportion of daily trips. The daily trips of various age groups were estimated using the 2015 American Time Use Survey.ResultsThe percentage of daily travellers was 88% for adults (25–64 years), 75% for adults (65–74 years) and 68% for adults (75+ years). While the percentage of privately owned vehicle (POV) drivers and average time of driving POVs decreased, the percentage of POV passengers increased as adults aged. Females were less likely to drive POVs and had decreased average daily driving time, but they were more likely to ride in POVs as passengers and had longer average daily riding times than their male counterparts across all age groups. Older adults were more likely to travel in the mornings and early afternoons (from 8:00 to 15:59) while younger adults were more likely to travel in the late afternoons and early evenings (from 16:00 to 19:59).ConclusionsPOV use is the predominant mode of transit in the USA. As adults age, the percentages of daily travellers and POV drivers decrease. This pattern is more apparent among females than males. This study delineated travel patterns of older adults using a 2015 national survey, and the findings facilitate traffic systems designers and policy-makers to develop and implement initiatives to accommodate older adults’ mobility needs and improve traffic safety.}, number={8}, journal={BMJ OPEN}, author={Shen, Sijun and Koech, Wilson and Feng, Jing and Rice, Thomas M. and Zhu, Motao}, year={2017}, month={Aug} }
 @article{feng_choi_craik_levine_moreno_naglie_zhu_2018, title={Adaptive response criteria in road hazard detection among older drivers}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1538-957X"]}, DOI={10.1080/15389588.2017.1373190}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Objectives: The majority of existing investigations on attention, aging, and driving have focused on the negative impacts of age-related declines in attention on hazard detection and driver performance. However, driving skills and behavioral compensation may accommodate for the negative effects that age-related attentional decline places on driving performance. In this study, we examined an important question that had been largely neglected in the literature linking attention, aging, and driving: can top-down factors such as behavioral compensation, specifically adaptive response criteria, accommodate the negative impacts from age-related attention declines on hazard detection during driving? Methods: In the experiment, we used the Drive Aware Task, a task combining the driving context with well-controlled laboratory procedures measuring attention. We compared younger (n = 16, age 21–30) and older (n = 21, age 65–79) drivers on their attentional processing of hazards in driving scenes, indexed by percentage of correct responses and reaction time of hazard detection, as well as sensitivity and response criteria using signal detection analysis. Results: Older drivers, in general, were less accurate and slower on the task than younger drivers. However, results from this experiment revealed that older, but not younger, drivers adapted their response criteria when the traffic condition changed in the driving scenes. When there was more traffic in the driving scene, older drivers became more liberal in their responses, meaning that they were more likely to report that a driving hazard was detected. Conclusions: Older drivers adopt compensatory strategies for hazard detection during driving. Our findings showed that, in the driving context, even at an older age our attentional functions are still adaptive according to environmental conditions. This leads to considerations on potential training methods to promote adaptive strategies that may help older drivers maintain performance in road hazard detection.}, number={2}, journal={TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION}, author={Feng, Jing and Choi, HeeSun and Craik, Fergus I. M. and Levine, Brian and Moreno, Sylvain and Naglie, Gary and Zhu, Motao}, year={2018}, pages={141–146} }
 @article{choi_geden_feng_2017, title={More visual mind wandering occurrence during visual task performance: Modality of the concurrent task affects how the mind wanders}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0189667}, abstractNote={Mind wandering has been considered as a mental process that is either independent from the concurrent task or regulated like a secondary task. These accounts predict that the form of mind wandering (i.e., images or words) should be either unaffected by or different from the modality form (i.e., visual or auditory) of the concurrent task. Findings from this study challenge these accounts. We measured the rate and the form of mind wandering in three task conditions: fixation, visual 2-back, and auditory 2-back. Contrary to the general expectation, we found that mind wandering was more likely in the same form as the task. This result can be interpreted in light of recent findings on overlapping brain activations during internally- and externally-oriented processes. Our result highlights the importance to consider the unique interplay between the internal and external mental processes and to measure mind wandering as a multifaceted rather than a unitary construct.}, number={12}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={Choi, HeeSun and Geden, Michael and Feng, Jing}, year={2017}, month={Dec} }
 @article{feng_spence_2017, title={The Effects of Spatial Endogenous Pre-cueing across Eccentricities}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1664-1078"]}, DOI={10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00888}, abstractNote={Frequently, we use expectations about likely locations of a target to guide the allocation of our attention. Despite the importance of this attentional process in everyday tasks, examination of pre-cueing effects on attention, particularly endogenous pre-cueing effects, has been relatively little explored outside an eccentricity of 20°. Given the visual field has functional subdivisions that attentional processes can differ significantly among the foveal, perifoveal, and more peripheral areas, how endogenous pre-cues that carry spatial information of targets influence our allocation of attention across a large visual field (especially in the more peripheral areas) remains unclear. We present two experiments examining how the expectation of the location of the target shapes the distribution of attention across eccentricities in the visual field. We measured participants’ ability to pick out a target among distractors in the visual field after the presentation of a highly valid cue indicating the size of the area in which the target was likely to occur, or the likely direction of the target (left or right side of the display). Our first experiment showed that participants had a higher target detection rate with faster responses, particularly at eccentricities of 20° and 30°. There was also a marginal advantage of pre-cueing effects when trials of the same size cue were blocked compared to when trials were mixed. Experiment 2 demonstrated a higher target detection rate when the target occurred at the cued direction. This pre-cueing effect was greater at larger eccentricities and with a longer cue-target interval. Our findings on the endogenous pre-cueing effects across a large visual area were summarized using a simple model to assist in conceptualizing the modifications of the distribution of attention over the visual field. We discuss our finding in light of cognitive penetration of perception, and highlight the importance of examining attentional process across a large area of the visual field.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY}, author={Feng, Jing and Spence, Ian}, year={2017}, month={Jun} }
 @article{geden_staicu_feng_2018, title={The impacts of perceptual load and driving duration on mind wandering in driving}, volume={57}, ISSN={1369-8478}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.TRF.2017.07.004}, DOI={10.1016/J.TRF.2017.07.004}, abstractNote={A significant portion of the risk of driver distraction comes from the cognitive consequences of attention deviating from the current task. While distraction can be due to external stimulations such as flashing billboards or a ringing phone, simply engaging in internally-generated task-unrelated thoughts (i.e., mind wandering) could raise one's crash risk as well. Compared to the extensive efforts in recent years to understand the mechanisms of external distraction, relatively little is known about internal distraction such as mind wandering. This study investigated how perceptual load and driving duration can impact both the rate of mind wandering and its costs on drivers' performance in vehicular control. Generalized additive mixed effects models were used to estimate these effects in both a lower perceptual load scenario and a higher perceptual load scenario in simulated driving. Our study found that, under a higher perceptual load, participants' minds wandered less often. Significant nonlinear effects for driving duration were found on vehicular control during mind wandering for both perceptual load conditions, while the effect of driving duration was linear for on-task periods. These results suggest that, while mind wandering, individuals' driving performance fluctuates greatly, which has significant implications on driving safety for individual drivers and overall traffic flow.}, journal={Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Geden, Michael and Staicu, Ana-Maria and Feng, Jing}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={75–83} }
 @article{jacob_snyder_feng_choi_2016, title={A neural model for straight line detection in the human visual cortex}, volume={199}, ISSN={0925-2312}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUCOM.2016.03.023}, DOI={10.1016/J.NEUCOM.2016.03.023}, abstractNote={Building a computational model for how the visual cortex identifies objects is a problem that has attracted much attention over the years. Generally, the interest has been in creating models that are translation, rotation, and luminance invariant. In this paper, we utilize the philosophy of Hough Transform to create a model for detecting straight lines under conditions of discontinuity and noise. A neural network that can learn to perform a Hough Transform-like computation in an unsupervised manner is the main takeaway from this work. Performance of the network when presented with straight lines is compared with that of human subjects. Optical illusions like the Poggendorff illusion could potentially find an explanation in the framework of our model.}, journal={Neurocomputing}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Jacob, Theju and Snyder, Wesley and Feng, Jing and Choi, HeeSun}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={185–196} }
 @article{clark_feng_2017, title={Age differences in the takeover of vehicle control and engagement in non-driving-related activities in simulated driving with conditional automation}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1879-2057"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.aap.2016.08.027}, abstractNote={High-level vehicle automation has been proposed as a valuable means to enhance the mobility of older drivers, as older drivers experience age-related declines in many cognitive functions that are vital for safe driving. Recent research attempted to examine age differences in how engagement in non-driving-related activities impact driving performance, by instructing drivers to engage in mandatory pre-designed activities. While the mandatory engagement method allows a precise control of the timing and mental workload of the non-driving-related activities, it is different from how a driver would naturally engage in these activities. This study allowed younger (age 18-35, mean age=19.9years) and older drivers (age 62-81, mean age=70.4years) to freely decide when and how to engage in voluntarily chosen non-driving-related activities during simulated driving with conditional automation. We coded video recordings of participants' engagement in non-driving-related activities. We examined the effect of age, level of activity-engagement and takeover notification interval on vehicle control performance during the takeover, by comparing between the high and low engagement groups in younger and older drivers, across two takeover notification interval conditions. We found that both younger and older drivers engaged in various non-driving-related activities during the automated driving portion, with distinct preferences on the type of activity for each age group (i.e., while younger drivers mostly used an electronic device, older drivers tended to converse). There were also significant differences between the two age groups and between the two notification intervals on various driving performance measures. Older drivers benefited more than younger drivers from the longer interval in terms of response time to notifications. Voluntary engagement in non-driving-related activities did not impair takeover performance in general, although there was a trend of older drivers who were more engaged in non-driving-related activities braking harder than those with low activity-engagement during the takeover.}, journal={ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION}, author={Clark, Hallie and Feng, Jing}, year={2017}, month={Sep}, pages={468–479} }
 @article{feng_craik_levine_moreno_naglie_choi_2017, title={Differential age-related changes in localizing a target among distractors across an extended visual field}, volume={14}, ISSN={["1613-9380"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10433-016-0399-7}, abstractNote={Age differences in the spatial distribution of attention over a wide field of view have only been described in terms of the spatial extent, leaving the topographical aspect unexplored. This study examined age differences between younger and older adults in good general health in an important topographical characteristic, the asymmetry between the upper and lower visual fields. In Experiment 1, we found age differences across the entire attentional visual field. In addition, age differences were greater in the upper compared to the lower field. In Experiment 2, we examined whether the finding of a greater age difference in the ability to localize a target among distractors in the upper visual field in Experiment 1 was a result of possible differential age differences between the upper and lower visual fields in the ability to localize a target even when there was no distractor competing for attention. Our results suggested that the age differences we observed were linked to age differences in the ability to filter out distractors that compete with the target for attention rather than the ability to process only the target over a wide field of view. While younger adults demonstrated an upper visual field advantage in the ability to localize a target among distractors, there was no such field advantage in older adults. We discuss this finding of diminished upper visual field advantage in older adults in light of an account of pervasive loss of neural specialization with age. We postulate that one possible explanation of age differences in the asymmetry between the upper and lower visual fields may be an adaptation to age-related physical decline. We also discuss important implications of our findings in risks of falls and vehicle crashes.}, number={2}, journal={EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF AGEING}, author={Feng, Jing and Craik, Fergus I. M. and Levine, Brian and Moreno, Sylvain and Naglie, Gary and Choi, HeeSun}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={167–177} }
 @inbook{riggan_snyder_wang_feng_2014, place={Cham, Switzerland}, series={Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, title={A Human Factors Study of Graphical Passwords Using Biometrics}, ISBN={9783319117515 9783319117522}, ISSN={0302-9743 1611-3349}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11752-2_38}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-11752-2_38}, abstractNote={One mode of authentication used in modern computing systems is graphical passwords. Graphical passwords are becoming more popular because touch-sensitive and pen-sensitive technologies are becoming ubiquitous. In this paper, we construct the “BioSketch” database, which is a general database of sketch-based passwords (SkPWs) with pressure information used as a biometric property. The BioSketch database is created so that recognition approaches may be commensurable with the benchmark performances. Using this database, we are also able to study the human-computer interaction (HCI) process for SkPWs. In this paper, we compare a generalized SKS recognition algorithm with the Fréchet distance in terms of the intra/inter-class variations and performances. The results show that the SKS-based approach achieves as much as a 7 % and 17 % reduction in equal error rate (EER) for random and skilled forgeries respectively.}, booktitle={Pattern Recognition. GCPR 2014}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={Riggan, Benjamin S. and Snyder, Wesley E. and Wang, Xiaogang and Feng, Jing}, editor={Jiang, X. and Hornegger, J. and Koch, R.Editors}, year={2014}, pages={464–475}, collection={Lecture Notes in Computer Science} }
 @inproceedings{riggan_snyder_wang_feng_2014, title={A human factors study of graphical passwords using biometrics}, volume={8753}, booktitle={Pattern recognition, gcpr 2014}, author={Riggan, B. S. and Snyder, W. E. and Wang, X. G. and Feng, J.}, year={2014}, pages={464–475} }
 @article{fang_marulanda_donmez_2014, title={Susceptibility to Driver Distraction Questionnaire Development and Relation to Relevant Self-Reported Measures}, ISSN={["2169-4052"]}, DOI={10.3141/2434-04}, abstractNote={Driver distraction significantly impairs performance and increases the likelihood of vehicle crashes. Understanding the underlying reasons for distraction engagement as well as individuals’ susceptibility to various types of distractions is a necessary step in developing effective solutions for mitigating distraction. This paper describes the development and initial evaluation of a questionnaire, the Susceptibility to Driver Distraction Questionnaire (SDDQ), which investigates distraction involvement by making a distinction between voluntary and involuntary engagement in secondary activities, or distractions, as referred to in this paper. The paper presents the theoretical underpinnings, the questionnaire itself, as well as the results of an online survey that examined the reliability and validity of the newly developed questionnaire. The analyses show moderate to high levels of internal consistency among the questionnaire items; this consistency provides support to the reliability of the SDDQ. The results also suggest that self-reported engagement in driver distraction is correlated with other self-reported, unsafe driving behaviors. As expected, personality is associated with attitudes and beliefs that motivate voluntary engagement in distraction, while susceptibility to involuntary distraction is related to cognitive limitations. These results indicate that the SDDQ can potentially be a useful tool to study driver distraction and the underlying reasons for distraction engagement.}, number={2434}, journal={TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD}, author={Fang, Jing and Marulanda, Susana and Donmez, Birsen}, year={2014}, pages={26–34} }
 @article{feng_spence_2014, title={Upper visual field advantage in localizing a target among distractors}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2041-6695"]}, DOI={10.1068/i0625rep}, abstractNote={ Biases exist in many perceptual and cognitive functions. Since visual attention plays an important role in a wide range of perceptual and cognitive processes, any bias in the spatial distribution of attention is likely to be a significant source of perceptual and cognitive asymmetries. An attentional visual field task (AVF) requiring localization of a target among distractors was used to assess possible asymmetries in attentional processing in the vertical meridian. The results showed a bias favoring the upper visual field, suggesting a potentially important role of attention in perceptual and cognitive asymmetries. }, number={2}, journal={I-PERCEPTION}, author={Feng, Jing and Spence, Ian}, year={2014}, pages={97–100} }
 @article{spence_jia_feng_elserafi_zhao_2013, title={How Speech Modifies Visual Attention}, volume={27}, ISSN={0888-4080}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ACP.2943}, DOI={10.1002/ACP.2943}, abstractNote={SummaryAuditory distractions can have serious consequences in critical situations such as driving. Mobile phones, radios, media players, and information devices that interpret and produce speech are increasingly common in vehicles, but the threats to visual attention are not yet fully understood. In three experiments, we found that most speech tasks had relatively small adverse effects on the detection of a briefly presented target among distractors across a 60° subarea of the visual field. Although there was a little impact on detectability, moderately difficult speech tasks slowed responding relative to silence. Our most demanding condition—generating and speaking a word beginning with the last letter of another word—had the greatest effects on accuracy and latency, with responding slowed by about 900 ms. An impairment of this magnitude presents a significant threat to safe driving and calls into question the belief that hands‐free voice‐controlled devices are the answer to the problem of driver distraction. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.}, number={5}, journal={Applied Cognitive Psychology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Spence, Ian and Jia, Andrew and Feng, Jing and Elserafi, Jonny and Zhao, Ying}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={633–643} }
 @article{feng_spence_2013, title={A Mixture Distribution of Spatial Attention}, volume={60}, ISSN={1618-3169 2190-5142}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000182}, DOI={10.1027/1618-3169/a000182}, abstractNote={ Although it may seem paradoxical, the unified-focus and multiple-foci theories of spatial selective attention are both well supported by experimental evidence. However, the apparent contradiction is illusory and the two competing views may be reconciled by a closer examination of the spatial mechanisms involved. We propose that the deployment of attention may be modeled as a mixture of individual distributions of attention and we tested this hypothesis in two experiments. Participants had to identify targets among distractors, with the targets presented at various distances from the cued locations. Experiment 1 confirmed that the distribution of attention may be described by a mixture of individual distributions, each centered at a cued location. Experiment 2 showed that cue separation is an important determinant of whether spatial attention is divided or not. }, number={3}, journal={Experimental Psychology}, publisher={Hogrefe Publishing Group}, author={Feng, Jing and Spence, Ian}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={149–156} }
 @article{spence_feng_2010, title={Video Games and Spatial Cognition}, volume={14}, ISSN={1089-2680 1939-1552}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0019491}, DOI={10.1037/a0019491}, abstractNote={Video game enthusiasts spend many hours at play, and this intense activity has the potential to alter both brain and behavior. We review studies that investigate the ability of video games to modify processes in spatial cognition. We outline the initial stages of research into the underlying mechanisms of learning, and we also consider possible applications of this new knowledge. Several experiments have shown that playing action games induces changes in a number of sensory, perceptual, and attentional abilities that are important for many tasks in spatial cognition. These basic capacities include contrast sensitivity, spatial resolution, the attentional visual field, enumeration, multiple object tracking, and visuomotor coordination and speed. In addition to altering performance on basic tasks, playing action video games has a beneficial effect on more complex spatial tasks such as mental rotation, thus demonstrating that learning generalizes far beyond the training activities in the game. Far transfer of this sort is generally elusive in learning, and we discuss some early attempts to elucidate the brain functions that are responsible. Finally, we suggest that studying video games may contribute not only to an improved understanding of the mechanisms of learning but may also offer new approaches to teaching spatial skills.}, number={2}, journal={Review of General Psychology}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Spence, Ian and Feng, Jing}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={92–104} }
 @article{spence_yu_feng_marshman_2009, title={Women match men when learning a spatial skill.}, volume={35}, ISSN={1939-1285 0278-7393}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0015641}, DOI={10.1037/a0015641}, abstractNote={Meta-analytic studies have concluded that although training improves spatial cognition in both sexes, the male advantage generally persists. However, because some studies run counter to this pattern, a closer examination of the anomaly is warranted. The authors investigated the acquisition of a basic skill (spatial selective attention) using a matched-pair two-wave longitudinal design. Participants were screened with the use of an attentional visual field task, with the objective of selecting and matching 10 male-female pairs, over a wide range (30% to 57% correct). Subsequently, 20 participants 17-23 years of age (selected from 43 screened) were trained for 10 hr (distributed over several sessions) by playing a first-person shooter video game. This genre is known to be highly effective in enhancing spatial skills. All 20 participants improved, with matched members of the male-female pairs achieving very similar gains, independent of starting level. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the learning trajectory of women is not inferior to that of men when acquiring a basic spatial skill. Training methods that develop basic spatial skills may be essential to achieve gender parity in both basic and complex spatial tasks.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition}, publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)}, author={Spence, Ian and Yu, Jingjie Jessica and Feng, Jing and Marshman, Jeff}, year={2009}, pages={1097–1103} }
 @article{spence_deyoung_feng_2009, title={The technology profile inventory: Construction, validation, and application}, volume={25}, ISSN={0747-5632}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.10.009}, DOI={10.1016/j.chb.2008.10.009}, abstractNote={The technology profile inventory (TPI) measures attitudes toward computers and the internet. We describe the most recent phase of the construction of the TPI. The studies reported refine and validate the instrument, and we present the final version as an Appendix A. Using a new sample of respondents (N=394), we replicated the three major factors found previously (Confidence, Approval, and Interest). The TPI scores were related to patterns of information technology (IT) usage and also to gender. To demonstrate the practical utility of the TPI we report (1) results linking TPI scores to behavior during an internet search task; (2) test-retest results obtained as part of a cognitive training experiment using action video games; and (3) results showing that attitudes to IT may be modified by a particular experience with information technology.}, number={2}, journal={Computers in Human Behavior}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Spence, Ian and DeYoung, Colin G. and Feng, Jing}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={458–465} }
 @inbook{feng_spence_2007, place={Berlin Heidelberg}, series={Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, title={Effects of Cognitive Training on Individual Differences in Attention}, ISBN={9783540733300}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73331-7_30}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-540-73331-7_30}, abstractNote={Selective attention is responsible for detecting, localizing and identifying a target while neglecting distractors [1],[2]. A superior capacity in selective attention contributes to good performance in tasks that require monitoring the environment and searching for a target [2],[3],[4]. Since it is our goal to optimize work efficiency, understanding individual differences in attentional capacity and whether they are mutable is important. Our first experiment demonstrates the existence of systematic individual differences in selective attention. More remarkably, our second experiment shows that appropriate cognitive training using an action video game can alter selective attentional capacity. Furthermore, individuals with the poorest initial scores gain most from the training. We show that these gains cannot be attributed to regression effects alone. Thus we conclude that individual differences in attentional capacity can be reduced or even eliminated by training.}, booktitle={Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics}, publisher={Springer}, author={Feng, Jing and Spence, Ian}, editor={Harris, D.Editor}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={279–287}, collection={Lecture Notes in Computer Science} }