@article{flowers_beane_2023, title={Endoparasites of the Corn Snake, <i>Pantherophis guttatus</i> (Linnaeus) (Squamata: Colubridae) from North Carolina, USA}, volume={90}, ISSN={["1938-2952"]}, DOI={10.1654/1525-2647-90.2.89}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT: Twenty-four specimens of Pantherophis guttatus (Linnaeus) (corn snake) from North Carolina were examined for endoparasites. Fourteen species of helminths (2 cestodes, 10 nematodes, 2 acanthocephalans) and 1 pentastome are reported, representing 14 new host records and 1 new geographic distribution record. No trematodes were found, and the salvaged tapeworms were morphologically unidentifiable. Capillaria colubra, at 63%, was the most prevalent helminth, followed by Strongyloides serpentis and immature physalopterid larvae, each at 29%. Two uncommon finds for North Carolina snakes were the pentastome, Porocephalus crotali, and the trichostrongylid nematode, Oswaldocruzia sp.}, number={2}, journal={COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY}, author={Flowers, James R. and Beane, Jeffery C.}, year={2023}, month={Jul}, pages={89–94} }
 @article{browder_kapp_ange-van heugten_flowers_christian_dombrowski_2023, title={The Effect of Pyrantel Pamoate Treatment on Fecal Pinworm (<i>Leidynema appendiculata</i>) Parasites of Dietary Dubia Roaches (<i>Blaptica dubia</i>): Efforts to Eliminate Passthrough Fecal Pseudoparasites in Lesser Hedgehog Tenrecs (<i>Echinops telfairi</i>)}, volume={4}, ISSN={["2673-5636"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg4010015}, DOI={10.3390/jzbg4010015}, abstractNote={Pinworm ova were discovered on lesser hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi) fecal exams. Ova were passthrough pseudoparasite pinworms originating from feeder roaches (Blaptica dubia). Roaches were maintained as a feeder colony and offered to tenrecs as a portion of their diet. Pinworms were identified as Leidynema appendiculata. This study aimed to determine if these pinworms could be eliminated from the roaches. Roaches were randomly assigned into groups (n = 24), including a control (A) and four treatment groups (B–E). Treatment group roaches received oral dosing of anthelmintic pyrantel pamoate at four concentrations (mg/g as offered): 3.5 (Group B), 14.0 (Group C), 26.0 (Group D), and 35.0 (Group E). Roach diets were made weekly and offered to roaches 2 consecutive days per week for 3 consecutive weeks. The total pinworm ova per gram of roach feces examined were visually reduced in all treatment groups compared to controls at the end of the feed dosing period (Day 23). Post-treatment pinworm numbers were visually reduced in all treatment groups compared to controls on Day 29 and Day 65. Groups receiving higher concentrations of the oral dosing (C–E) significantly differed from controls at Day 29 (p = 0.0086, p = 0.0045, and p = 0.0013, respectively) with a concentration-dependent response. Parasites were not eliminated in any group at Day 29 or 65 post-treatment, with an increasing visual trend indicating recontamination. This is the first report confirming a passthrough pseudoparasite in tenrecs from dubia roaches, and anthelmintic dosage research is warranted.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS}, author={Browder, Elizabeth and Kapp, Sabrina and Ange-van Heugten, Kimberly and Flowers, James and Christian, Larry S. and Dombrowski, Daniel S.}, year={2023}, month={Mar}, pages={146–157} }
 @article{swanepoel_loyola_flowers_lewbart_garrett_yabsley_2022, title={Infection with a novel pentastome (Raillietiella sp.) in a juvenile endangered Gal acute accent apagos tortoise (Chelonoidis niger)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["2405-9390"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100782}, abstractNote={Pentastomes are crustacean endoparasites in the lungs of herpetofauna and rarely mammals and birds. To date, the only pentastomes reported in chelonians, all aquatic turtles, are Diesingia megastomum from Brazil and Pelonia africana from South Africa. In March 2021, 185 juvenile tortoises (Chelonoidis niger) were confiscated after an attempted illegal exportation from the Galápagos. It is believed the tortoises were removed from nests on Santa Cruz Island. The young tortoises were individually wrapped in plastic and at seizure ten were dead and another 25 tortoises subsequently died. One of the tortoises, estimated to be 3 months old, had 11 pentastomes in the lungs. The pentastomes were identified as a Raillietiella sp. based on morphology. The specimens had a claviform body that tapers into a bifid tail, a 165.3 μm × 92.1 μm buccal cadre, and sharp tipped anterior and posterior hooks with the posterior hooks being larger than the anterior. The males have smooth copulatory spicules with a rounded, smooth base. All females were gravid. Molecular analysis confirmed that the parasites were a Raillietiella sp. Based on the COI gene, it was most similar (82.7% identical) to an undescribed Raillietiella species from a Caribbean anole (Anolis cristatellus) found in Florida followed by R. hebitihamata (81%), R. indica (80.7%), and R. orientalis (78.8–80.7%). Based on the 18S rRNA gene sequence (1799 bp), it was most similar (99.3% identical) to two undescribed Raillietiella species followed by R. aegypti from a berber skink (Eumeces schneideri) from Saudia Arabia. Phylogenetically, with both molecular targets, the Raillietiella sp. from the Galápagos tortoise grouped with other Raillietiella spp. and was basal within the group. Currently, the origin of this parasite (native to Galápagos or introduced) and the life cycle are unknown. Because some pentastome species, especially when in aberrant hosts, can be pathogenic, additional studies of parasites in native and introduced reptile and amphibian species in the Galápagos are needed to better understand the risk this parasite poses to Galápagos tortoises.}, journal={VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS}, author={Swanepoel, Liandrie and Loyola, Andrea and Flowers, James and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Garrett, Kayla B. and Yabsley, Michael J.}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{troan_swartley_delk_flowers_2020, title={STRONGYLOIDIASIS IN PINE BARRENS TREEFROGS (HYLA ANDERSONII)}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2019-0237}, abstractNote={Abstract: Over a period of 4 mo, an entire collection of seven Pine Barrens treefrogs (Hyla andersonii) died or were euthanized after developing pallor, generalized edema, and coelomic effusion. Necropsy revealed large numbers of strongyloidid nematodes within the small intestines associated with a moderate mucosal hyperplasia. Strongyloides sp. parasitic females, representing a novel species, were isolated from the fixed intestinal tract. This case report represents the first full description of strongyloidiasis in a tree frog army and highlights the potential of Strongyloides spp. as a cause of rapid mortality events associated with protein-losing enteropathy in frogs.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Troan, Brigid V and Swartley, Olivia M. and Delk, Katie W. and Flowers, James R.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={1052–1055} }
 @article{louis_minter_flowers_stoskopf_kennedy-stoskopf_2020, title={Raccoon roundworm prevalence (Baylisascaris procyonis) at the North Carolina Zoo, USA}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2167-8359"]}, DOI={10.7717/peerj.9426}, abstractNote={Baylisascaris procyonis is an important zoonotic nematode of raccoons (Procyon lotor). Infection with this parasite has important health implications for humans, zoo animals, and free-ranging wildlife. As a large, natural habitat zoo, the North Carolina Zoo (NC Zoo) coexists with native wildlife. Raccoons are abundant at the NC Zoo and the prevalence of B. procyonis is unknown. Raccoon latrines were located through employee reporting and systematic searching throughout the zoo and sampled for B. procyonis in October and November of 2018 and 2019. Parasite prevalence, latrine location, substrate category and latrine persistence were recorded. Thirty-three latrines were located in 2018 and eight new latrines in 2019 while four latrines from the prior year were no longer available to be sampled. Of the 29 latrines sampled over the two years, 16 (55%) persisted for at least one year. The majority of the latrines were found on natural substrate with rock showing the highest preference. Just over half (n = 21 of 41 total) of the active latrines in the study were in or immediately adjacent to animal enclosures. Two latrines were found in public areas including one contaminating children’s play equipment. Additionally, fresh fecal samples were collected from five adult raccoons presented to the zoo’s veterinary clinic in 2018 and 2019. All fecal samples tested by centrifugal flotation for both years were negative for B. procyonis. The results of this study show the value of field sampling to properly assess risk and enable informed decision-making regarding public health and wildlife management.}, journal={PEERJ}, author={Louis, Meghan M. and Minter, Larry J. and Flowers, James R. and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{dornburg_lamb_warren_watkins-colwell_lewbart_flowers_2019, title={Are Geckos Paratenic Hosts for Caribbean Island Acanthocephalans? Evidence from Gonatodes antillensis and a Global Review of Squamate Reptiles Acting as Transport Hosts}, volume={60}, ISSN={["2162-4135"]}, DOI={10.3374/014.060.0103}, abstractNote={Abstract It is well known that reptiles can act as paratenic hosts for parasites that use mammals as their definitive hosts. However, studies of potential paratenic hosts in the Caribbean have been temporally restricted to only diurnal species of lizards, thereby neglecting a dominant component of the nocturnal reptilian community: geckos. Many gecko species are human commensals with activity periods that overlap temporally with those of domestic cats, making them prime candidates as potential transport hosts for cat parasites. However, no studies have reported geckos as paratenic hosts for felid parasites on any Caribbean island. Here we report the first records of subcutaneous oligacanthorhynchid cystacanths on the Venezuelan Coastal Clawed Gecko (Gonatodes antillensis) based on specimens collected in Curaçao and Bonaire. The cysts were identified as belonging to the genus Oncicola, likely those of Oncicola venezuelensis. This study reports these geckos as a new host record for oligacanthorhynchid cystacanths, as well as Curaçao and Bonaire as new geographic locales for these acanthocephalan parasites. We additionally provide a review of saurian cystacanths, comparing the restricted taxonomic focus of transport hosts in Caribbean islands to the distribution of paratenic squamate hosts both in the Neotropics and globally. We find evidence that the ability of squamate reptiles to act as transport hosts is a pervasive feature across their Tree of Life, suggesting that these animals may serve as important vectors for transporting parasites between intermediate and definitive hosts.}, number={1}, journal={BULLETIN OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY}, author={Dornburg, Alex and Lamb, April D. and Warren, Dan and Watkins-Colwell, Gregory J. and Lewbart, Gregory A. and Flowers, James}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={55–79} }
 @article{horton_beane_flowers_2019, title={Helminths of the Northern Black Racer, Coluber constrictor constrictor Linnaeus (Squamata: Colubridae), from North Carolina, USA}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1938-2952"]}, DOI={10.1654/1525-2647-86.2.153}, abstractNote={Twenty-three salvaged specimens of Coluber constrictor constrictor Linnaeus (Northern Black Racer) from North Carolina, U.S.A., were examined for gastrointestinal helminths. Eighteen species of helminths (4 trematodes, 2 cestodes, 10 nematodes, and 2 acanthocephalans) are reported, representing 6 new host records and 6 new geographic distribution records. At 52% prevalence, immature physalopterids were the most prevalent helminth, followed by another nematode, Abbreviata terrapenis, at 43%. Specimens of the cestode Oochoristica sp. were the most prevalent (48%) platyhelminth, and macracanthorhynchid cystacanths were the most prevalent (17%) acanthocephalan.}, number={2}, journal={COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY}, author={Horton, Dorothy and Beane, Jeffrey C. and Flowers, James R.}, year={2019}, month={Jul}, pages={153–160} }
 @article{phillips_paez-rosas_flowers_cullen_law_colitz_deresienski_lohmann_lewbart_2018, title={EVALUATION OF THE OPHTHALMIC DISEASE AND HISTOPATHOLOGIC EFFECTS DUE TO THE OCULAR TREMATODE PHILOPHTHALMUS ZALOPHI ON JUVENILE GALAPAGOS SEA LIONS (ZALOPHUS WOLLEBAEKI)}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1937-2825"]}, DOI={10.1638/2017-0096.1}, abstractNote={Abstract The Galapagos sea lion (Zalophus wollebaeki) is an otariid species endemic to the Galapagos archipelago and is currently listed as endangered. The ocular trematode Philophthalmus zalophi was recently reported to affect the survival of juvenile Galapagos sea lions on Santa Cruz Island, resulting in marked ophthalmic changes. This study evaluated the ophthalmic disease and histopathologic effects of P. zalophi on juvenile Galapagos sea lions in the largest rookery located on San Cristóbal Island. Twenty juvenile Galapagos sea lions (10 male and 10 female) were evaluated among five sites in the rookery El Malecón. Ophthalmic examination, including fluorescein staining and evaluation of the adnexa, cornea, and sclera, were performed on each eye. The presence, number, and location of ocular parasites were determined, and parasites were collected for identification. Conjunctival biopsy was performed on 11 animals: 2 that lacked parasites and gross lesions and 9 with both parasites and gross lesions. All parasites collected were confirmed as P. zalophi and identified in 80% (16/20) of the study animals and 70% (28/40) of the examined eyes. Philophthalmus zalophi was most frequently found attached to the nictitating membrane but also located on the palpebral conjunctiva or cornea. The most common clinical signs were varying degrees of conjunctival hyperemia (28/40 eyes), most frequently of the nictitating membrane and mucoid ocular discharge (12/40 eyes). The number of parasites was significantly associated with the degree of conjunctival hyperemia (P < 0.001). Histopathology of conjunctival biopsies revealed organized lymphoid follicles and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates. The histopathologic changes and gross lesions were likely due to the parasite's attachment to the conjunctiva. This study provides additional details of P. zalophi infection in juvenile Galapagos sea lions. Further research is warranted to detail the life cycle of this parasite, transmission to sea lions, and potential treatment protocols.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Phillips, Brianne E. and Paez-Rosas, Diego and Flowers, James R. and Cullen, John M. and Law, Jerry M. and Colitz, Carmen and Deresienski, Diane and Lohmann, Kenneth J. and Lewbart, Gregory A.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={581–590} }
 @article{boggs_deperno_flowers_2018, title={Range Expansion of Fascioloides magna in North Carolina}, volume={17}, ISSN={["1938-5412"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.017.0218}, abstractNote={Abstract In North Carolina, Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) are the definitive natural hosts of Fascioloides magna (Giant Liver Fluke). Previous research identified the enzootic range of Giant Liver Fluke in North Carolina to be within the Tar River and Roanoke River Basins in Halifax and neighboring counties. Recent Giant Liver Fluke infections of Ovis aries (Domestic Sheep), Capra hircus (Domestic Goat), Lama glama (Llama), Vicugna pacos (Alpaca), and Bos taurus (Cattle) outside the historic enzootic range prompted us to investigate the current range of Giant Liver Fluke in North Carolina. From September 2014 to January 2015, we examined livers from hunter-harvested White-tailed Deer within 16 North Carolina counties. We detected Giant Liver Fluke in livers from 5 counties, with an overall prevalence of 10.3%. Besides reporting the first Giant Liver Fluke infections of livestock in North Carolina, we documented new geographic localities (Cabarrus, Franklin, Mecklenburg, Union, Wake, and Washington counties) for Giant Liver Fluke. An increased impact on North Carolina livestock is likely with the possible range expansion of Giant Liver Fluke, which may be related to the increase in populations of White-tailed Deer.}, number={2}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Boggs, April D. and DePerno, Christopher S. and Flowers, James R.}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={365–370} }
 @article{davis_beane_flowers_2016, title={Helminth Parasites of Pit Vipers from North Carolina}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1938-5412"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.015.0414}, abstractNote={Abstract 
 We surveyed for helminth parasites salvaged specimens of 27 Agkistrodon contortrix (Copperhead), 4 Agkistrodon piscivorus (Cottonmouth), and 7 Crotalus horridus (Timber Rattlesnake) collected between 2003 and 2010 from various locations in North Carolina. We detected 10 previously described helminths (2 trematodes: Ochetosoma kansensis, Travtrema stenocotyle; 1 cestode: Proteocephalus sp.; 6 nematodes: Kalicephalus inermis coronellae, Kalicephalus costatus parvus, Physalopterid larvae, Physaloptera squamatae, Capillaria colubra, Strongyloides serpentis; and 1 acanthocephalan: Macracanthorhynchid cystacanths). Herein, we report 7 new host records and 7 new geographic-distribution records with notes on host—parasite biology.}, number={4}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Davis, Elijah and Beane, Jeffrey C. and Flowers, James R.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={729–741} }
 @article{flowers_matsche_2014, title={Notes on the Fish Parasite Nitzschia (Monogenoidea: Capsalidae) in North America}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1938-5307"]}, DOI={10.1656/045.021.0303}, abstractNote={Abstract 
 We review and revise the taxonomic history of Nitzschia sturionis parasitizing North American Acipenser spp. (sturgeon), and provide data regarding its anatomy. The currently accepted diagnostic character of speciation (hamuli lengths) is unreliable, suggesting the synonymy of Nitzschia superba and Nitzschia monticelli under N. sturionis, resulting in two recognized species of Nitzschia spp. in North America—N. sturionis along the Atlantic coast and Nitzschia quadritestes along the Pacific coast.}, number={3}, journal={NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Flowers, James R. and Matsche, Mark A.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={N18–N27} }
 @article{chitwood_deperno_flowers_kennedy-stoskopf_2013, title={Physiological Condition of Female White-tailed Deer in a Nutrient-deficient Habitat Type}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1528-7092"]}, DOI={10.1656/058.012.0206}, abstractNote={Abstract Physiological and morphological indices are useful for determining condition of Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer; hereafter deer) and are important for deer management. However, information about deer condition in nutrient-deficient habitat types is sparse. Pocosins have a low nutritional plane and are characterized by deep, acidic, peat soils with a dense shrub layer that provides little or no hard and soft mast. In July 2008 and March 2009, we collected a total of 60 female deer (30 from each period) from a 31,565-ha pocosin forest managed intensively for Pinus taeda (Loblolly Pine) in coastal North Carolina. We recorded whole weight, eviscerated weight, spleen and adrenal gland weights, and kidney fat index (KFI). Abomasal parasite counts (APC) and femur marrow fat index (MFI) were determined post-collection in the laboratory, and blood samples were analyzed for packed cell volume and standard serum chemistries. Serum chemistries were within expected ranges, with the exception of elevated potassium concentrations. The KFI and MFI were within levels reported in the literature, and APC levels did not indicate heavy parasite loads. Spleen (t58 = 0.69, P = 0.492) and adrenal gland weights (t58 = 1.46, P = 0.151) were similar between periods. Our results provide baseline physiological data for deer in a nutrient-deficient habitat type. Though managers need to consider nutritional plane of particular habitat types, our results indicate that deer can achieve normal body weights and maintain body condition in nutrient-deficient sites.}, number={2}, journal={SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST}, author={Chitwood, M. Colter and DePerno, Christopher S. and Flowers, James R. and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={307–316} }
 @article{niemuth_allgood_flowers_de voe_troan_2013, title={Ventricular Habronemiasis in Aviary Passerines}, volume={2013}, ISSN={2090-7001 2090-701X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/719465}, DOI={10.1155/2013/719465}, abstractNote={A variety of Habronematidae parasites (order Spirurida) have been described as occasional parasites of avian species; however, reports on passerines are relatively uncommon. From 2007 to 2008, 11 passerine deaths at The North Carolina Zoological Park in Asheboro, NC, USA, were associated with ventricular habronemiasis, which was determined to be the cause of death or a major contributing factor in 10 of the 11 individuals. The number and species affected were 5 Red-billed Leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea), 2 Japanese White-eye (Zosterops japonicus), 2 Golden-headed Manakin (Pipra erythrocephala), 1 Blue-grey Tanager (Thraupis episcopus), and 1 Emerald Starling (Coccycolius iris). Affected animals displayed nonspecific clinical signs or were found dead. The ventricular nematodes were consistent in morphology withProcyrneasp. Koilin fragmentation with secondary bacterial and fungal infections was the most frequently observed pathologic lesion. Secondary visceral amyloidosis, attributed to chronic inflammation associated with nematodiasis, was present in 4 individuals. An insect intermediate host is suspected but was not identified. Native passerine species within or around the aviary may be serving as sylvatic hosts.}, journal={Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine}, publisher={Hindawi Limited}, author={Niemuth, Jennifer N. and Allgood, Joni V. and Flowers, James R. and De Voe, Ryan S. and Troan, Brigid V.}, year={2013}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{clarke_harms_law_flowers_williams_ring_mcginty_hopper_sullivan_2012, title={Clinical and Pathological Effects of the Polyopisthocotylean Monogenean, Gamacallum macroura in White Bass}, volume={24}, ISSN={["0899-7659"]}, DOI={10.1080/08997659.2012.713889}, abstractNote={AbstractAn aquaculture research facility experienced high mortality rates in white bass Morone chrysops associated with a monogenean infestation of the gills, but not in striped bass Morone saxatilis in the same facility. All mortalities had pale gills. Monogeneans, identified as Gamacallum macroura (MacCallum and MacCallum 1913) Unnithan 1971, were found on the gills. Pale‐gilled and healthy white bass were selected with no particular attention to condition for venipuncture and euthanasia for postmortem examination, including parasite counts from gills. The median packed cell volume (PCV) of fish with gill pallor was 12.5% (range 9–37%) while PVC of fish with more normal color was 30% (27–33%). Association between the PCV and gill pallor score was statistically significant, as was the association between PCV and the number of monogeneans found on the gills of each fish. Median estimated white blood cell count of fish with gill pallor, at 12.05 × 103/μL (range 3.8–24.7), was significantly lower than of apparently healthy fish: 24.7 × 103/μL (17.3–31.5). Histopathology of the gill arches of pale‐gilled fish revealed multifocal moderate to severe branchitis, focal areas of dilated hyperplastic lamellae occluded by fibrin, and monogeneans attached to the lamellae. Fish that were apparently healthy had grossly similar histologic lesions, but at lower frequency and severity.Received May 27, 2011; accepted July 12, 2012}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Clarke, Elsburgh O., III and Harms, Craig A. and Law, J. McHugh and Flowers, James R. and Williams, Valerie N. and Ring, Brad D. and McGinty, Andrew S. and Hopper, Michael and Sullivan, Craig V.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={251–257} }
 @article{sandfoss_deperno_patton_flowers_kennedy-stoskopf_2011, title={PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODY TO TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND TRICHINELLA SPP. IN FERAL PIGS (SUS SCROFA) OF EASTERN NORTH CAROLINA}, volume={47}, ISSN={["1943-3700"]}, DOI={10.7589/0090-3558-47.2.338}, abstractNote={Feral pigs (Sus scrofa) survive in many climates, reproduce year-round, and are dietary generalists. In the United States, the size and range of the feral pig population has expanded, resulting in greater interaction with humans and domestic swine and increased potential for disease transmission. We conducted a serosurvey in feral pigs from eastern North Carolina to determine exposure to the zoonotic parasites, Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp. Between September 2007 and March 2009, blood serum was collected from 83 feral pigs harvested at Howell Woods Environmental Learning Center, Four Oaks, North Carolina, USA. We used a modified agglutination test to test for T. gondii antibodies and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to test for Trichinella spp. antibodies. The prevalences of antibodies to T. gondii and Trichinella spp. were 27.7% and 13.3%, respectively and 4% (n=3) had antibodies to both agents. We detected an increased risk of T. gondii antibodies with age, whereas the risk of exposure to T. gondii across years and between sexes was similar. In eastern North Carolina, feral pigs have been exposed to T. gondii and Trichinella spp. and may pose a health risk to domestic swine and humans.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES}, author={Sandfoss, Mark and DePerno, Christopher and Patton, Sharon and Flowers, James and Kennedy-Stoskopf, Suzanne}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={338–343} }
 @article{flowers_law_carvajal-endara_2011, title={Pseudosonsinotrema megalorchis n. sp. (Digenea: Pleurogenidae) from the Paramo Marsupial Frog, Gastrotheca pseustes (Anura: Hemiphractidae), Ecuador}, volume={78}, ISSN={["1525-2647"]}, DOI={10.1654/4460.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Approximately 400 specimens of a previously undescribed species of Pseudosonsinotrema sp. (Digenea: Pleurogenidae) were collected from a Paramo marsupial frog, Gastrotheca pseustes (Anura: Hemiphractidae), from the Museo de Zoología of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador. The new digenean species, Pseudosonsinotrema megalorchis n. sp., can be distinguished from others in the genus primarily by its large testes. Flukes attached to the mucosa of the host's intestine cause ulcerative enteritis and become embedded in the intestinal wall, eliciting a severe granulomatous enteritis. This is the first report of this digenean genus from Ecuador and the first report of helminths from G. pseustes. Pseudosonsinotrema saudii is transferred to the genus Pleurogenoides as Pleurogenoides saudii (Ramadan, Banaja, and Saoud, 1980) n. comb. The intense host inflammatory reaction and the relatively low fecundity of specimens suggest that G. pseustes is not the natural host of P. megalorchis.}, number={1}, journal={COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY}, author={Flowers, James R. and Law, Mac and Carvajal-Endara, Sofia}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={15–20} }
 @article{matsche_flowers_markin_spence_2010, title={Observations and Treatment of Nitzschia sturionis on Atlantic Sturgeon from Chesapeake Bay}, volume={22}, ISSN={0899-7659 1548-8667}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/h10-004.1}, DOI={10.1577/h10-004.1}, abstractNote={AbstractFrom 2004 to 2008, 10% of Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus examined during a bycatch study of Maryland's Chesapeake Bay were infested with the trematode Nitzschia sturionis on the skin and gills. The parasite intensity increased on 75% of infested fish 4–24 months after being placed in captivity. Mean parasite intensity increased to a greater extent on the skin (up to 100‐fold) than on the gills (up to16‐fold). Atlantic sturgeon that were infested with N. sturionis gained weight at a reduced rate or lost weight compared with uninfested fish. Skin lesions associated with N. sturionis progressed from a few reddened foci to hemorrhagic ulcers and depigmentation, while gill lesions showed a less‐dramatic progression. Host tissues identified in the intestinal ceca of N. sturionis consisted primarily of malpighian cells, but small amounts of blood were also found in worms attached to lesions in the skin and gills. An Atlantic sturgeon infested with approximately 500 worms was successfully treated with a 3‐h bath of praziquantel at 10 mg/L. This first report of N. sturionis from Chesapeake Bay extends the parasite's reported southern range in North America.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Aquatic Animal Health}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Matsche, Mark A. and Flowers, James R. and Markin, Erin L. and Spence, Charles P.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={174–181} }
 @article{flowers_poore_pote_litaker_levy_2005, title={Cercariae of Bolbophorus damnificus and Bolbophorus sp with notes on North American bolbophorids}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1938-2952"]}, DOI={10.1654/4173}, abstractNote={Abstract Single-species and dual infections of Bolbophorus damnificus and a second cryptic species of Bolbophorus were distinguished in marsh rams-horn snails, Planorbella trivolvis, from aquaculture ponds in Mississippi, U.S.A. The cercariae of both B. damnificus and Bolbophorus sp. are described and distinguished using differences in body length, tail stem length, intestinal primordia, and integument spine patterns.}, number={2}, journal={COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY}, author={Flowers, JR and Poore, MF and Pote, LM and Litaker, RW and Levy, MG}, year={2005}, month={Jul}, pages={220–226} }
 @article{rotstein_flowers_wolfe_loomis_2005, title={Renal trematodiasis in captive double-toothed barbets (Lybius bidentatus)}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/03-119}, abstractNote={Abstract Two double-toothed barbets (Lybius bidentatus) were swallowed and regurgitated by a snake within a free-flight aviary. Trematodes were observed histopatholgically within the renal pelvises and proximal ureters with associated mucosal hyperplasia and mild heterohistiocytic inflammation in both birds. Trematodes were identified as Tanaisia (Tamerlania) zarudnyi, which have a life cycle involving terrestrial snails. Trematodes have been reported within kidneys in several orders of birds, including the Columbiformes, Passeriformes, Stercorariidae, Anseriformes, Galliformes, and Piciformes. Snails were not uncommon within the barbets' aviary and may have been the source of exposure. Renal trematodiasis is probably an incidental finding in these birds because there were no clinical signs and the birds lacked pronounced histologic lesions in the kidney that would be associated with ureteral or pelvic obstruction.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={Rotstein, DS and Flowers, JR and Wolfe, BA and Loomis, M}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={124–126} }
 @article{bakal_hickson_gilger_levy_flowers_khoo_2005, title={Surgical Removal of Cataracts Due to Diplostomum Species in Gulf Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi)}, volume={36}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/04-044.1}, DOI={10.1638/04-044.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Twenty 6-yr-old (1995-yr-class) Gulf of Mexico sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) were diagnosed as having bilateral cataracts. Histopathologic assessment of the lenses of two of the fish revealed the presence of a diplostomid trematode. Pharmacological treatment of the trematodes may be effective for killing the parasites, but the damage to the lenses and resulting cataracts are nonreversible. Because these animals were to be used in a subsequent study as sentinels in the natural environment, it was necessary to return the animals' vision to as close to normal as possible. Electroretinograms were performed on each fish's eyes to ensure that retinal function was present. Cataracts then were surgically removed by phacoemulsification and aspiration. The animals tolerated the surgical procedures well. This report is the first known report of surgical correction of cataracts in sturgeon species. It also is the first known attempt to correct vision problems in fish being returned to the wild.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Bakal, Robert S. and Hickson, Brian H. and Gilger, Brian C. and Levy, Michael G. and Flowers, James R. and Khoo, Lester}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={504–508} }
 @article{flowers_poore_mullen_levy_2004, title={Digeneans collected from piscivorous birds in north Carolina, USA}, volume={71}, ISSN={["1938-2952"]}, DOI={10.1654/4117}, abstractNote={Abstract During investigations of digenetic fluke diseases of aquaculture fish, 11 digeneans (Apharyngostrigea simplex, Apharyngostrigea cornu, Diplostomum compactum, Diplostomum spathaceum, Posthodiplostomum minimum, Hysteromorpha triloba, Clinostomum marginatum, Drepanocephalus spathans, Mesorchis denticulatus, Microparyphium facetum, and Notocotylus pacifera) were collected from 5 species of piscivorous birds (Ardea herodias, Fulica americana, Larus delawarensis, Nycticorax nycticorax, and Phalacrocorax auritus) from North Carolina, U.S.A. Apharyngostrigea simplex from A. herodias represents a new host record. Diplostomum spathaceum, P. minimum, C. marginatum, and M. denticulatus have previously been reported from North Carolina; the remainder represent new locality records.}, number={2}, journal={COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY}, author={Flowers, JR and Poore, MF and Mullen, JE and Levy, MG}, year={2004}, month={Jul}, pages={243–244} }
 @article{dzikowski_levy_poore_flowers_paperna_2003, title={Genetic and morphologic differentiation of Bolbophorus confusus and B-levantinus (Digenea : Diplostomatidae), based on rDNA SSU polymorphism and SEM}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1616-1580"]}, DOI={10.3354/dao057231}, abstractNote={Metacercariae of Bolbophorus species are serious pathogens of farmed fish. Molecular diagnostic tools, capable of identifying and differentiating these parasites, may assist in the development of rationale control strategies. The rDNA 18S (small sub-unit: SSU) genes of adult B. confusus and B. levantinus obtained from a pelican, Pelecanus onocrotalus, and a night heron, Nycticorax nycticorax, respectively, were amplified, sequenced, and aligned. Based on this alignment, we developed a genetic differentiation assay between B. confusus and B. levantinus. These 2 species were compared genetically with the North American species B. damnificus and Bolbophorus sp. ('Type 2'). The relationship between species is outlined and discussed. In addition to the molecular study, specimens of B. confusus and B. levantinus were compared morphologically, using scanning electron microscopy. Morphologic analysis revealed interspecific differences in details of the holdfast organ and the position of the acetabulum.}, number={3}, journal={DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS}, author={Dzikowski, R and Levy, MG and Poore, MF and Flowers, JR and Paperna, I}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={231–235} }
 @article{little_flowers_hammerberg_gardner_2003, title={Management of drug-resistant cyathostominosis on a breeding farm in central North Carolina}, volume={35}, ISSN={["2042-3306"]}, DOI={10.2746/042516403776148264}, abstractNote={Summary Reasons for performing study: Possible anthelmintic resistance on a breeding farm where a rapid rotation anthelmintic programme had been implemented for 9 years was investigated. Cyathostomins resistant to fenbendazole and pyrantel were documented by faecal worm egg count reduction test (FWECRT). Objectives: To 1) manage small strongyle transmission in a herd of horses in which resistance to both pyrantel pamoate and fenbendazole was identified and thereby reduce the risk of clinical disease in the individual animal, 2) monitor the change in resistance patterns over time and 3) monitor the efficacy of ivermectin over the study period. Methods: Targeted ivermectin treatment of horses on the farm was instituted formature horses with faecal worm egg counts (FWEC) >200 eggs/g (epg) and for horses <age 2 years with FWEC >100 epg. Results: Over a 30 month period, targeted ivermectin treatment achieved acceptable control in mares, as judged by FWEC, and improved control of patent cyathostome infection in consecutive foal crops. Egg reappearance time (ERT) after treatment with ivermectin was <8 weeks in mares and foals more frequently in the second year of the study than in the first year. Numbers of anthelmintic treatments were reduced by 77.6 and 53.3% in the mare and foal group, respectively. Conclusions: Targeted ivermect in treatment may be an economically viable method of managing multiple drug resistant cyathostominosis. Potential relevance: Use of ivermectin should be monitored closely for development of resistance.}, number={3}, journal={EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL}, author={Little, D and Flowers, JR and Hammerberg, BH and Gardner, SY}, year={2003}, month={May}, pages={246–251} }
 @article{flowers_hammerberg_wood_malarkey_dam_levy_mclawhorn_2002, title={Heterobilharzia americana infection in a dog}, volume={220}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.2002.220.193}, abstractNote={A 7-year-old castrated male Golden Retriever cross was evaluated because of intermittent blood-tinged diarrhea, severe weight loss, anorexia, and lethargy of 2 months' duration; the dog was unresponsive to antimicrobial and standard anthelmintic treatment. Results of fecal flotations for parasite ova were negative. Alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities and total protein and globulin conentrations were greater than reference ranges. Biopsy specimens were obtained during laparotomy and examination revealed multiple granulomatous lesions with helminth ova nidi in the intestine, pancreas, liver, and mesenteric lymph node. Saline solution direct smear and saline solution sedimentation of feces yielded trematode ova that were morphologically consistent with Heterobilharzia americana. Identification was confirmed when miracidia were hatched from these ova and produced characteristic cercariae from infected snails. An antigen capture ELISA, typically used for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in humans, was performed, and schistosome circulating anodic antigen was detected. Treatment with 30 mg of praziquantel/kg (14 mg/lb) of body weight stopped ova shedding, removed detectable circulating antigens, and caused the dog's body weight and attitude to return to normal. Although this is the first report of canine heterobilharziasis in North Carolina, it suggests that heterobilharziasis is underdiagnosed in dogs that have contact with water frequented by raccoons. Inappropriate diagnostic procedures can foil accurate detection of this parasitic disease.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Flowers, JR and Hammerberg, B and Wood, SL and Malarkey, DE and Dam, GJ and Levy, MG and McLawhorn, LD}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={193–196} }
 @article{levy_flowers_poore_mullen_khoo_pote_paperna_dzikowski_litaker_2002, title={Morphologic, pathologic, and genetic investigations of Bolbophorus species affecting cultured channel catfish in the Mississippi delta}, volume={14}, ISSN={["0899-7659"]}, DOI={10.1577/1548-8667(2002)014<0235:MPAGIO>2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Trematodes belonging to the genus Bolbophorus have recently been reported as the cause of substantial morbidity and mortality in cultured channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in Mississippi and Louisiana. Previous investigators identified only a single species, B. confusus. In this investigation, genetic techniques were used to identify all stages of the parasite in all of its hosts. The 18s rRNA genes from specimens collected in Mississippi were sequenced and compared; this analysis revealed that there are two distinct species, B. damnificus (previously identified as B. confusus) and another, undescribed species. (Phylogenetic analysis indicated that a third species, B. levantinus, is also closely related to the Mississippi species.) Species-specific polymerase chain reaction assays capable of identifying and differentiating between these two parasites were developed. Both species were found to infect the first intermediate host (the ram's horn snail Planorbella trivolvis) in commercial channel catfish ponds, but only B. damnificus was recovered from the fish themselves. The new, unidentified Bolbophorus species was determined to be highly pathogenic to a number of fish species. The contribution of B. damnificus to disease in cultured channel catfish remains undetermined. Future investigations of these parasites must now take into account the presence of two distinct species.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH}, author={Levy, MG and Flowers, JR and Poore, MF and Mullen, JE and Khoo, LH and Pote, LM and Paperna, I and Dzikowski, R and Litaker, RW}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={235–246} }
 @article{howell_luginbuhl_grice_anderson_arasu_flowers_1999, title={Control of gastrointestinal parasite larvae of ruminant using nitrogen fertilizer, limestone and sodium hypochlorite solutions}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1879-0941"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0921-4488(98)00186-2}, abstractNote={Gastrointestinal parasites are considered to be one of the most prominent health problems of small ruminants. Additional concerns are associated with parasite resistance to traditional anthelmintics and drug withdrawal times. Solutions of commercial fertilizers, bleach and limestone were used to examine their effect on the motility of infective Haemonchus contortus larvae (L3) in vitro. Infective larvae were cultured from feces of one Suffolk ram lamb infected with 5000 L3. Infective larvae (500 L3/100 μl) were then pipetted into individual petri dishes with 400 μl of a known concentration of either urea (U), ammonium nitrate (AN), liquid nitrogen fertilizer (LNF), a mixture of ammonium nitrate + urea (ANU), dolomitic limestone (DLM), limestone (LM) and sodium hypochlorite (SH). Percent non-motile L3 increased (p < 0.05) as they were exposed to increasing concentrations of nitrogen (N) sources and SH. However, DLM and LM were not effective. Another trial compared the highest concentrations of the four N sources (18 g N/100 ml) and SH (10%). Percent non-motile L3 were: U, 81.3; AN, 96.8; LNF, 93.3; ANU, 89.2; SH, 99.8. Larvicidal properties of N sources and SH could decrease gastrointestinal parasite loads, may reduce producers dependency on traditional anthelmintics to control infective larvae and may reduce the potential of anthelmintic resistance when used strategically with pasture fertilization and other agricultural practices. Field studies are needed to corroborate results presented herein.}, number={3}, journal={SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH}, author={Howell, JM and Luginbuhl, JM and Grice, MJ and Anderson, KL and Arasu, P and Flowers, JR}, year={1999}, month={May}, pages={197–204} }
 @article{flowers_1997, title={Notes on the life history of Fascioloides magna (Trematoda) in North Carolina}, volume={112}, number={3}, journal={Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society}, author={Flowers, J. R.}, year={1997}, pages={115–118} }
 @article{flowers_miller_1995, title={Armatae xiphidiocercariae of North Carolina, with a description of five new cercarial species}, volume={62}, number={2}, journal={Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington}, author={Flowers, J. R. and Miller, G. C.}, year={1995}, pages={174} }