@article{spears_lloyd_flores_krafka_hyda_grimes_2024, title={Chromium propionate in turkeys: effect on performance and animal safety}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2023.103195}, abstractNote={Two hundred and eighty-eight male Nicholas Large White turkey poults were used to determine the effect of supplementing turkeys with chromium propionate (Cr Prop) from 1 to 84 d of age on performance and animal safety. Treatments consisted of Cr prop supplemented to provide 0, 0.2, or 1.0 mg Cr/kg diet. One mg of supplemental Cr is 5 times (x) the minimal concentration of Cr Prop that enhanced insulin sensitivity in turkeys. Each treatment consisted of 8 floor pens with 12 poults per pen. Turkeys were individually weighed initially, and at the end of the starter 1 (d 21), starter 2 (d 42), grower 1 (d 63), and grower 2 phase (d 84). On d 85, blood was collected from the wing vein in heparinized tubes from 2 turkeys per pen for plasma chemistry measurements. A separate blood sample was collected from the same turkeys in tubes containing K2EDTA for hematology measurements. Turkey performance was not affected by treatment during the starter 1 phase. Gain was greater (P = 0.024) and feed/gain lower (P = 0.030) for turkeys supplemented with Cr compared with controls during the starter 2 phase. Over the entire 84-d study turkeys supplemented with Cr had greater (P = 0.005) ADG and tended (P = 0.074) to gain more efficiently than controls. Gain (P = 0.180) and feed/gain (P = 0.511) of turkeys supplemented with 0.2 mg Cr/kg did not differ from those receiving 1.0 mg Cr/kg over the entire 84-d study. Feed intake was not affected by treatment. Body weights of turkeys supplemented with Cr were heavier (P = 0.005) than controls by d 84. Chromium supplementation did not affect hematological measurements and had minimal effect on plasma chemistry variables. Results of this study indicates that Cr Prop supplementation can improve turkey performance, and is safe when supplemented to turkey diets at 5x the minimal concentration that enhanced insulin sensitivity.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Spears, J. W. and Lloyd, K. E. and Flores, K. and Krafka, K. and Hyda, J. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{spears_lloyd_krafka_hyda_grimes_2024, title={Chromium propionate in turkeys: effects on insulin sensitivity}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2023.103215}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary chromium (Cr), as Cr propionate (Cr Prop), on measures of insulin sensitivity in turkeys. Plasma glucose and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and liver glycogen concentrations were used as indicators of insulin sensitivity. One-day-old Nicholas Large White female poults (n = 336) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments consisting of 0 (control), 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 mg supplemental Cr/kg diet. Each treatment consisted of 12 replicate cages with 7 turkeys per cage. Final BW were taken on d 34, and on d 35 two birds from each cage were sampled for plasma glucose and NEFA, and liver glycogen determination at the initiation (fed state) and termination (fasted state) of a 24-h fast. Following a 24-h fast, two turkeys per cage were refed (refed state) their treatment diet for 4 h, and then harvested. Feed/gain and ADG did not differ between control and Cr-supplemented turkeys over the 34-d study, but feed intake tended (P = 0.071) to be greater for controls than turkeys receiving 0.4 mg Cr/kg diet. Fed turkeys had greater plasma glucose (P = 0.002) and liver glycogen (P = 0.001) concentrations, and lower (P = 0.001) NEFA concentrations than fasted birds. Turkeys refed after fasting had greater (P = 0.001) plasma glucose and liver glycogen concentrations, and lower (P = 0.001) plasma NEFA levels than fed turkeys. Liver glycogen and plasma NEFA concentrations did not differ among control and Cr-supplemented birds in the fed, fasted, or refed state. Plasma glucose concentrations were not affected by treatment in fed or fasted turkeys. Turkeys supplemented with 0.2 or 0.4 mg Cr/kg and refed after fasting had lower (quadratic, P = 0.038) plasma glucose concentrations than controls. Plasma glucose concentrations in refed birds did not differ among Cr-supplemented turkeys. The lower plasma glucose concentration in Cr-supplemented turkeys following refeeding is consistent with Cr enhancing insulin sensitivity.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Spears, J. W. and Lloyd, K. E. and Krafka, K. and Hyda, J. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2024}, month={Jan} }
 @article{crespo_grimes_2024, title={Effect of brooding conditions on the blood chemistry and performance of turkey poults}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2024.100408}, DOI={10.1016/j.japr.2024.100408}, abstractNote={Hematologic parameters and the levels of certain plasma metabolites offer an objective measure, and real-time insight into the physiological status of an animal. We hypothesized that blood chemistry analysis in brooding poults varies with even minor differences of temperature and can affect poult performance. A total of 2240 1-d-old turkey hens were assigned randomly to one of 4 treatments [Control (C) = 32C and 60%RH; Cold stress (CS) = 29C and 60%RH; Heat stress (HS) = 35C and 60%RH; and Heat stress plus Humidity (HHS) = 35C and 75%RH]. In all the treatments, the temperatures were lowered 2 degrees Celsius the first week, and 1.5 degrees Celsius each week thereafter. The relative humidity was maintained constant, as much as possible, throughout the 35 d duration of the experiment. Brooding treatment affected pH, partial carbon dioxide (pCO2), potassium (K), and sodium (Na). The treatments HS and HHS had higher pH and K, and lower pCO2 and K in the blood. These changes suggest an attempt by the poults to cool down by increased water intake and panting. Furthermore, by the end of the experiment more birds in these two treatment groups had distended crops, possible to increased water intake also. The increase of ketone in the plasma, at 3 d of age, of poults from the two warmest brooding conditions (HS and HHS) suggests that these birds were consuming less feed and using more fat as its main fuel source. Furthermore, at 28 d of age significantly more poults from HS and HHS had reduced ventricular contractility of their hearts. However, no significant differences in the concentration of creatinine kinase (CK) or cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were found between treatments. In conclusion, this research revealed that blood parameters were influenced by minor temperature and humidity changes. Warmer brooding temperatures resulted in a higher incidence of pendulous crop. Overall, there were no significant differences in the estimated BW between the treatments. Further research is needed to optimize the number of samples needed and the time of sampling to optimize brooding conditions. We also need to investigate blood parameters that can reveal reduced contractility of the heart and if the reduced myocardial contractility from birds kept at a higher temperature and relative humidity predisposes them to dilated cardiomyopathy or other metabolic diseases.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Crespo, R. and Grimes, J.}, year={2024}, month={Jun} }
 @article{rahimi_rahimi_torshizi_sharafi_masoudi_grimes_2024, title={The effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) as a mediator of dietary fatty acids and thiazolidinedione in pulmonary arterial hypertension induced by cold stress of broilers}, volume={168}, ISSN={["1532-2661"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105157}, abstractNote={The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of dietary fish oil and pioglitazone as peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activating ligands on the reduction of cold-induced ascites in broiler chickens. A total of 480 one-day-old (Ross 308) male chicks were randomly allocated to four treatment groups with eight replicates of 15 birds each. The following treatments were used: 1) ambient temperature (negative control), with basal diet; 2) cold-induced ascites (positive control), with basal diet; 3) cold-induced ascites, with basal diet +10 mg/kg/day pioglitazone and 4) cold-induced ascites, with basal diet +1% of fish oil. When compared with the positive control, body weight gain was higher (P ≤ 0.05) for broilers fed diets containing fish oil and pioglitazone at 28, 42, and 0-42 d. Broilers under cold-induced ascites had the highest blood pressure at 21 and 42 d, while fish oil and pioglitazone treatment reduced the blood pressure (P ≤ 0.05). Red blood cells, white blood cells, hematocrit, erythrocyte osmotic fragility, bursa of Fabricius and spleen weights were improved (P ≤ 0.05) for chickens fed fish oil diets and pioglitazone compared to the cold-induced ascites (positive control). Exposure to cold temperature resulted in an increase in plasma T3 and T3/T4 ratio and decline in plasma T4 (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, PPARγ agonist pioglitazone and fish oil as source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid could be used as a strategy to reduce the negative effects of pulmonary arterial hypertension and ascites in broiler chickens.}, journal={RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Rahimi, Mahsa and Rahimi, Shaban and Torshizi, Mohammad Amir Karimi and Sharafi, Mohsen and Masoudi, Ali Akbar and Grimes, Jesse L.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{uemura_shah_regmi_grimes_wang-li_2023, title={LOW-COST CALIBRATION METHOD FOR THE INFRARED CAMERA}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1943-7838"]}, DOI={10.13031/aea.15546}, abstractNote={
 Highlights
 
 
 
 
 Simple, low-cost infrared camera calibration method proposed.
 
 
 Calibration equation can improve accuracy for a narrower range of surface temperature.
 
 
 Infrared camera moderately sensitive to both emissivity and reflected air temperature.
 
 
 
 
 Abstract. Infrared (IR) or thermal cameras are being increasingly used in livestock research and management. An IR camera’s accuracy is specified over its entire surface temperature measurement range, whereas in livestock research and management, a narrower range suffices. A camera’s accuracy could be higher in a narrower range of temperatures. Hence, a novel low-cost method was used to calculate the FLIR E8 camera’s accuracy in a range of 24°C to 37°C, representative of surface temperature of poultry birds. Sensitivity analyses were also performed to evaluate the impact of three user specified parameters, namely, emissivity (e), distance between camera and surface (d), and reflected air temperature (tair). A linear regression model was used to correct the camera’s absolute error of 2.8°C (greater than its published error). However, the camera possessed precision and hence, repeatability. The IR camera was moderately sensitive to e, and slightly sensitive to tair and d, but its error could increase with the difference between the measured and assumed tair values. Attention is required to accurately characterize e and tair. This simple calibration method can reduce cost and could improve accuracy in a narrower temperature range than the IR camera’s published range, which could be useful for applied research. Keywords: Absolute error, Accuracy, Emissivity, Heat stress, IR, Precision, Reflected air temperature, Sensitivity analysis.}, number={5}, journal={APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE}, author={Uemura, Derek Koji and Shah, Sanjay B. and Regmi, Prafulla and Grimes, Jesse and Wang-Li, Lingjuan}, year={2023}, pages={529–534} }
 @article{uemura_regmi_grimes_wang-li_shah_2023, title={Low Airspeed Impacts on Tom Turkey Response to Moderate Heat Stress}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2624-7402"]}, url={https://www.mdpi.com/2624-7402/5/4/121}, DOI={10.3390/agriengineering5040121}, abstractNote={Heat stress is a concern for turkeys in naturally ventilated houses. Chamber and room studies were used to assess heat stress at moderate temperatures (<25 °C) and low airspeeds on grown tom turkeys. In the chamber study, four ventilation rates × two temperatures (thermal comfort and thermal stress, 11 °C above thermal comfort) were applied to 13- to 19-week birds. Very small differences in airspeeds among the four treatments masked subcutaneous, cloacal, and infrared (IR) temperature differences at both temperatures. In the room study, four ventilation rates (0.07 m3·min−1·kg−1 or 100%, 75%, 50%, and 30% or Control) were applied to 21-week toms housed at < 23 °C. The Control treatment had significantly higher whole-body and head temperatures vs. the other treatments. Only 100% had higher weight gain vs. 50%; hematology was unaffected by treatment. Higher ventilation rates reduced heat stress due to lower room temperatures, not airspeed differences, which were very low. The low-cost IR camera detected a heat stress difference ≥ 0.8 °C, corresponding to wind chill of 0.8 °C due to an airspeed of 0.8 m·s−1 vs. still air on the USDA broiler wind chill curve. Machine vision combined with IR thermography could alleviate real-time poultry heat stress.}, number={4}, journal={AGRIENGINEERING}, author={Uemura, Derek and Regmi, Prafulla and Grimes, Jesse and Wang-Li, Lingjuan and Shah, Sanjay}, year={2023}, month={Dec}, pages={1971–1988} }
 @article{flores_carvalho_reading_fahrenholz_ferket_grimes_2023, title={Machine learning and data mining methodology to predict nominal and numeric performance body weight values using Large White male turkey datasets}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.japr.2023.100366}, abstractNote={Large biological data sets with many variables and a small number of biological replicates ("omics" sciences and industry data) are challenging to analyze with traditional inferential statistics. Statistical models can be applied to data containing more observations than variables, and they are strongly suited for this purpose. However, the power to detect actual differences is reduced when the number of comparisons exceeds the number of experimental replicates or observations. Machine learning (ML) allows researchers to evaluate treatments groups or multiple categories of variables with fewer observations. Thus, it has become a tool used to predict phenomena and evaluate relationships within datasets that are less suited for traditional statistics. Data mining (DM) helps researchers to identify the most critical variables in an ML predictive model and can be used akin to "statistical significance" for interpretation. This current effort aimed to develop ML and DM methodologies while applying them to predict Large White male turkey body weight (BW). Data from a previously reported study were used. Bird BW, weekly BW gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), small intestine pH, cloacal temperature, density, microbiome taxa, litter content of Mn and Zn, were used as variables for the ML analysis. A total of 253 variables were used in ML and DM analysis. BW and FI at 18 wk were classified as low, objective, and high based on a 5% for BW and 3% for FI margin of the Aviagen male turkey objectives for ML analysis. The WEKA 3.8.5 Experimenter tool used various classification and regression algorithms with a 10-fold cross-validation system to predict 18 wk BW based on input data. A single algorithm made the most practical model, from 3 models constructed, with a correlation of 0.73 and a root square error of 0.26 based only on turkey 14 wk BW. In conclusion, these ML and DM tools could be applied to turkey research and production systems by analyzing large data sets to predict growth performance.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Flores, K. R. and Carvalho, L. V. F. M. and Reading, B. J. and Fahrenholz, A. and Ferket, P. R. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2023}, month={Dec} }
 @article{rahimi_rahimi_torshizi_shara_masoudi_grimes_2023, title={Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR & gamma;) activation: a potential treatment for ascites syndrome in broiler chickens}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2023.102859}, abstractNote={Ascites (serous fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity) has been observed worldwide in fast growing broilers. Pulmonary vascular remodeling is an important pathological feature of broiler ascites syndrome. Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) are expressed in pulmonary vascular endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) where they participate in the regulation of normal pulmonary vascular function. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids (found in fish oil) and pioglitazone (PIO) as natural and synthetic PPARγ ligands supplementation on PPARγ and PGC-1α expression in the prevention of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) syndrome in broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted with 4 treatment groups: 1) negative control, normal temperature conditions with basal diet; 2) positive control, low-temperature conditions with basal diet; 3) positive control + 10 mg PIO/kg of weight/d and 4) positive control + 1% FO. Each treatment had 5 replicates. Ascites heart index (RV/TV) was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in chickens receiving FO (0.20) and PIO (0.21) compared to the positive control group (0.26). The addition of PIO in broilers under cold-induced ascites significantly increased the expression of PPARγ (9.44) and PGC-1α (5.81) genes in lung tissue compared to the negative control group (1.03, P < 0.05). Proliferative indexes of VSMC in pulmonary arteries such as PMT, PIT, and percentage wall thickness were significantly elevated in positive control group, indicating that pulmonary vascular remodeling occurred following VSMC proliferation in ascites. The vessel internal diameter was increased in FO and PIO groups. Based on these results, activation and expression of PPARγ and PGC-1α genes as a critical regulator of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell using ligands, especially PIO, can be effective in reducing the incidence of PAH in broiler chickens.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Rahimi, Mahin and Rahimi, Shaban and Torshizi, Mohammad Amir Karimi and Shara, Mohsen and Masoudi, Ali Akbar and Grimes, Jesse L.}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @misc{graves_kolar_shah_grimes_sharara_2022, title={Can Biochar Improve the Sustainability of Animal Production?}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2076-3417"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/app12105042}, DOI={10.3390/app12105042}, abstractNote={Animal production is a significant contributor of organic and inorganic contaminants in air, soil, and water systems. These pollutants are present beginning in animal houses and impacts continue through manure storage, treatment, and land application. As the industry is expected to expand, there is still a lack of affordable, sustainable solutions to many environmental concerns in animal production. Biochar is a low-cost, sustainable biomaterial with many environmental remediation applications. Its physicochemical properties have been proven to provide environmental benefits via the adsorption of organic and inorganic contaminants, promote plant growth, improve soil quality, and provide a form of carbon sequestration. For these reasons, biochar has been researched regarding biochar production, and application methods to biological systems have a significant influence on the moisture content, pH, microbial communities, and carbon and nitrogen retention. There remain unanswered questions about how we can manipulate biochar via physical and chemical activation methods to enhance the performance for specific applications. This review article addresses the positive and negative impacts of biochar addition at various stages in animal production from feed intake to manure land application.}, number={10}, journal={APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL}, author={Graves, Carly and Kolar, Praveen and Shah, Sanjay and Grimes, Jesse and Sharara, Mahmoud}, year={2022}, month={May} }
 @article{flores_grimes_2022, title={Performance and processing yield comparisons of Large White male turkeys by genetic lines, sources, and seasonal rearing}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85123829181&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2022.101700}, abstractNote={Large White male turkey genetic lines (GL) comparison in performance and processing yields under the same conditions are rare in the literature. Two rearing experiments (EXP) were conducted to accomplish 2 objectives. The first objective was to test the effects of poult source and genetic lines on performance and processing yields. The second objective was to extract season and growth patterns when comparing both EXP common treatments. In EXP 1, male poults from 5 different sources were randomly assigned to 48 concrete: litter-covered floor pens. In EXP 2, male poults from 7 different genetic lines were randomly assigned to 48 concrete: litter-covered floor pens. For both EXP, the experimental design was a completely randomized block design with a one-factor arrangement. Both EXP were placed in the same house with the same management and nutrition in two separate seasons of the same year. Bird performance and carcass processing yield were analyzed in SAS 9.4 or JMP 15.1 in a mixed model. In EXP 1 no significant difference in BW or processing yield was observed. However, a similar GL from a commercial hatchery had an improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) over the same GL sourced directly from the genetic company hatchery. In EXP 2, statistical differences were observed in performance and breast meat yield depending on the GL. A season effect was observed when comparing the two EXP. Birds raised in the fall season had a 2 kg BW increase, on average, over their spring counterparts. This difference in BW can also be observed in a statistically higher breast meat yield by the birds raised in the fall over the ones raised in the spring. In conclusion, a comparison between GL resulted in effects due to genetic line, poult source, and rearing season on bird performance and carcass yield.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Flores, K. R. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{flores_fahrenholz_ferket_biggs_grimes_2021, title={Effect of methionine chelated Zn and Mn and corn particle size on Large White male turkey live performance and carcass yields}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85115128987&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2021.101444}, abstractNote={Most turkey research has been conducted with a regular corn particle size set through phase-feeding programs. This study's first objective was to determine the effect of increasing corn particle size through the feed phases on performance, processing yield, and feed milling energy usage in Large White commercial male turkey production. Zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) are essential microminerals for animals' healthy growth. The source in which these elements are supplied to the bird will determine their bioavailability, effect on bird growth, and subsequent environmental impact. This study's second objective was to measure both inorganic and chelated Zn and Mn sources on turkey performance, turkey carcass processing yields, and subsequent litter residues. Twelve hundred Nicolas Select male poults were randomly assigned to 48 concrete; litter-covered floor pens. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of 2 sources of minerals (organic blend vs. inorganic) formulated to match breeder recommendations and 2 types of corn mean particle size (coarse corn [1,000–3,500 µm] vs. fine corn [276 µm]). The ASABE S319.4 standard was used to measure corn mean particle size. Bird performance, carcass processing yield, litter content of Zn and Mn, and pellet mill energy consumption were analyzed in SAS 9.4 in a mixed model. There was a reduction of pellet mill energy usage of 36% when coarse corn was added post-pelleting. Birds fed increasing coarse corn mean particle size were 250 g lighter on average in body weight (BW) than birds fed a constant control mean particle size. No difference was found in feed intake (FI) or feed conversion ratio (FCR). Birds fed methionine chelated Zn and Mn blended with inorganic mineral sources were 250 g heavier on average than birds fed only an inorganic source of minerals. In addition, feeding an organic blend of Zn and Mn resulted in greater breast meat yield. Litter from birds fed the control corn mean particle size, and inorganic minerals had a higher concentration of Zn in the litter but were not different when the chelated Zn/Mn were fed. In conclusion, increasing the corn mean particle size and adding it post pellet could save money during feed milling; however, birds might have a slightly lower BW. A combination of inorganic and chelated Zn and Mn may improve performance and increase total breast meat yields.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Flores, K. R. and Fahrenholz, A. and Ferket, P. R. and Biggs, T. J. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{flores_fahrenholz_grimes_2021, title={Effect of pellet quality and biochar litter amendment on male turkey performance}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85101351113&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2021.01.025}, abstractNote={Bedding (litter) is essential to poultry performance and health and can have an environmental impact after use in the poultry facility such as a soil amendment or as an alternative energy source. Pine shavings are the most common bedding used for turkey production. However, the increase in its price and its increasing scarcity in some areas have created new research opportunities for reusing litter as bedding. Improvement in feed pellet quality has been reported to improve poultry performance. However, the reports for turkeys are limited and dated. This study's objective was to determine how the improvement of feed pellet quality and the use of biochar added to a combination of used turkey brooder house litter and Miscanthus grass as bedding affects turkey performance, small intestine morphology, and ammonia production. Nicolas Select (Aviagen Turkeys, Lewisburg, WV) male poults (816) were randomly assigned to 48 concrete litter floor pens on the day of hatch. The experiment used a completely randomized block design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments: 2 levels of fines in the feed and 4 bedding treatments. The bedding treatments were a constant level of used turkey brooder house litter combined with a varying combination of biochar and Miscanthus grass. Turkey's body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined. Differences in treatment means were considered to be statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05 using a mixed model in SAS 9.4. Turkeys fed the feed with improved pellet quality had a higher BW from 3 to 17 wk (17.0 ± 0.1 kg) than turkeys fed an increased abundance of fines (16.72 ± 0.1 kg). Turkeys fed feed with increased pellet quality had a lower FI (45.6 vs. 48.1 ± 0.4 kg) and improved FCR (2.20 vs. 2.31 ± 0.01) from 0 to 20 wk. Litter treatment with 20% biochar resulted in higher BW at 20 wk (20.91 ± 0.16 kg) because of increased BWG at 11 wk over the rest of the biochar levels (3.7 ± 0.1 kg). Strategies to reduce the abundance of fines in feed through feed formulation, feed manufacturing, feed transport, and in-house feed management should be considered to increase male turkeys' performance. There may be opportunities to use biochar as a litter amendment to improve turkey health and performance.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Flores, K. R. and Fahrenholz, A. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{behnamifar_rahimi_torshizi_sharafi_grimes_2021, title={Effects of dietary alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on the seminal parameters and fertility potential in aging broiler breeder roosters}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.076}, abstractNote={High levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in avian sperm cause more susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. Aging in roosters reduces the antioxidant capacity of sperm and thus fertility. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) as a feed supplement to improve the semen quality and fertility parameters of aged broiler breeder roosters and identification of its most effective level. A total of forty-two roosters at 45 wk of age were randomly assigned to 7 treatments (0, 15, 40, 70, 95, 120, and 145 mg ALA/bird per day) for 8 wk. Semen parameters and body weight were assessed biweekly, and testosterone plasma levels were determined in the 8th wk of the experimental period. Artificial insemination was performed at the end of the experiment to evaluate the fertility potential. The dietary administration of ALA had no significant effects on body weight, semen volume, average path velocity, linearity, straightness, wobble, the amplitude of lateral head displacement, beat-cross frequency, sperm concentration, morphology, plasma testosterone level, fertility, or hatchability (P > 0.05). Alpha-lipoic acid supplementations resulted in a significant decrease in seminal malondialdehyde concentration and immotile (type D) sperms (P < 0.05). The total motility, progressive motility (types A + type B sperms), curvilinear velocity, straight-line velocity, viability, and membrane integrity of sperm improved with ALA dietary supplementations (P < 0.05). With increasing ALA levels, improvement in semen parameters had an incremental trend until the level of 95 mg ALA. Thus, 95 mg dietary ALA as an antioxidant supplement can improve semen quality of aging breeder roosters while higher doses resulted in no further improvement.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Behnamifar, Alireza and Rahimi, Shaban and Torshizi, Mohammad Amir Karimi and Sharafi, Mohsen and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={1221–1238} }
 @article{shah_mckettrick_najafian_grimes_2021, title={Impact of microbial waste additives and glucose on ammonia emissions from broiler litter in the lab}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1532-4117"]}, DOI={10.1080/10934529.2021.1886776}, abstractNote={Abstract Ammonia (NH3) produced inside livestock houses can adversely affect animal welfare and performance and degrade the environment. In broiler houses, NH3 levels are mitigated by applying acidifiers to the litter but acidifiers provide short-term NH3 suppression requiring heavy or repeated applications. Microbial additives may provide longer-term NH3 control through nitrogen (N) immobilization and nitrification. The objective of this 50-d lab study was to evaluate the impact of two microbial additives (Environoc 301 and Environoc 501), 2% glucose, and distilled water (control) treatments applied to broiler litter on NH3 emissions and litter properties. During the first 34 d, glucose significantly but modestly reduced NH3 emissions vs. the other treatments which were not significantly different from one-another. For the entire study, when glucose was excluded (due to lost replicates), the three treatments were not significantly different. The unreplicated glucose treatment had higher final litter nitrate concentration than the other treatments. Litter properties were unaffected by the two microbial additive and control treatments. The effectiveness of glucose in reducing NH3 emission could have been due to greater N immobilization and nitrification vs. the other treatments. More research on cost-effective labile carbon sources and higher application rates to achieve greater NH3 reduction is required.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING}, author={Shah, Sanjay B. and McKettrick, Will and Najafian, Adib and Grimes, Jesse}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={454–459} }
 @article{barasch_grimes_2021, title={The effect of a heat-stable xylanase on digesta viscosity, apparent metabolizable energy and growth performance of broiler chicks fed a wheat-based diet}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2021.101275}, abstractNote={Feed costs represent a significant portion of the cost of poultry production. This study, in 3 experiments, was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a heat-stable xylanase (XYL) as a dietary supplement and its effect on digesta viscosity, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), and live performance in broiler chicks. Experiment 1: the objective was to determine the effects of the amount and type of enzyme supplementation on digesta viscosity, AMEn, and bird performance using 7 diets. The dietary treatments were: no supplementation (C), 5 levels of XYL (1 to 16 ppm), or supplementation with a carbohydrase cocktail (CC). Experiment 2: the objective was to determine the interaction of the dietary XYL and the energy content of the feed. There were 2 levels of XYL (0 and 20 ppm) and 3 dietary energy levels (2,770, 2,920, and 3,070 kcal/kg ME). Experiment 3: the objective was to determine the interaction of the dietary XYL and feed form. The treatments were: 5 levels of XYL (0 to 40 ppm) and 2 feed forms (mash and crumble). Broiler chicks were reared in battery cages to 21 d. Statistical analysis of the data was completed using Proc GLM of SAS (9.2) (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). In experiment 1, increasing XYL (0 to 16 ppm) resulted in a decrease in digesta viscosity and an increase in AMEn. The XYL included as low as 1 ppm resulted in a significant increase in AMEn which reached 5% with 16 ppm XYL. In contrast, increase in BWG (4%) above values with the basal diet was greatest with 1 ppm XYL. In experiment 2, the caloric content of the diet influenced the increase in AMEn with inclusion of XYL, 8% and 6% increases with 2,920 kcal/kg and 3,070 kcal/kg diets, respectively. Without addition of XYL, BWG was significantly lower when fed the diet with the highest energy content. In experiment 3, feed form x XYL influenced the effect of XYL on BWG. The BWG was greater when birds were fed the crumble diet with XYL vs when they were fed the mash feed with XYL. The xylanase proved effective for broilers to 21 d when fed the diets used herein with changes in digesta viscosity, increased dietary AMEn, and improved bird performance represented by either BW gain or FCR.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Barasch, I. B. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{evans_garlich_stark_grimes_2021, title={The effect of feed processing of novel unheated, low trypsin inhibitor soybeans on the performance of young female turkeys reared from hatch to 21 days of age}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2021.101399}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of a novel low trypsin inhibitor soybean (LTI) fed as mash or crumbled pellet form on the productive performance and digestibility in turkey poults from hatch to 21 d. A total of 336 Hybrid Converter turkey poults were allocated in groups of 7 to 6 treatments, each with 8 replicate cages. Treatments were arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial with inclusion level of the low trypsin-inhibitor soybean (0, 20, and 40% LTI) and feed form (mash and crumbled pellet). A single batch of feed was mixed for each inclusion level and divided into 2 aliquots: one remaining as mash and the other conditioned at 82°C for approximately 30 s, pelleted and then crumbled. On d 7, 14, and 21 posthatching, BW, and feed intake (FI) were recorded and BW gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) calculated. Excreta samples were collected from d 19 to 21 and pooled by cage. At d 21, intestines were excised, pancreas weights recorded (PRW), and ileal contents collected. There were no interactions (linear, P > 0.05) between LTI inclusion and feed form on BW, BWG, FI, or FCR at d 7 or 21. Increasing LTI resulted in a linear reduction in BW at 7, 14, and 21 d (P < 0.006). Poults fed crumbles were significantly heavier at d 21 than those fed mash feed (P < 0.027) with no interaction of LTI level with feed form. FCR was not significantly greater with increasing LTI. However, poults fed crumbles had a better, lower FCR that those fed mash feed from d 0 to 21 (P < 0.018). There was a significant interaction between feed form and LTI level at 14 d (P < 0.031), but not 7 or 21 d. Pancreatic hypertrophy (PRW) increased linearly with increasing LTI (P < 0.001) with a significant linear interaction with feed form (P < 0.001). Poults fed crumbles had less pancreatic hypertrophy. At 21 d of age, dietary fat digestibility (ALD, %) was linearly reduced with increasing LTI (P < 0.001). However, poults fed crumbles had significantly better fat absorption than poults fed mash (91.2 vs. 85.8%) (P < 0.001), and there was a significant linear interaction between feed form and LTI level (P < 0.001). AMEn was significantly better for the poults fed crumbles compared to mash (3228 vs. 3132 kcal/kg) (P < 0.001), and there was a significant linear interaction between feed form and LTI level (P < 0.001). Based on the results this trial, it is possible to include up to 20% unheated full fat LTI soybeans into poult starter diets after pelleting. Pelleting improves nutrient utilization, allowing for greater incorporation of the LTI soybean in the crumbled diet compared to the mash diet.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Evans, C. E. and Garlich, J. D. and Stark, C. R. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{rahimi_rahimi_sharafi_shahverdi_grimes_2021, title={The effect of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin on DNA absorption and quality of posttransfected sperm}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2021.101058}, abstractNote={Sperm can be selected as a natural vector for the production of transgenic animals. Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MBCD) removes cholesterol from the phospholipid membrane of sperm and improves the efficiency of DNA uptake by sperm. In experiment 1, fresh sperm was treated with various concentrations of MBCD. The direct effects of MBCD on sperm parameters were monitored. In experiment 2, different concentrations of MBCD (0, 1, 2, and 4 mmol) were assessed for the transfection of genetically exogenous construction to rooster sperm. Washed semen was divided into 5 equal groups for the incubation and transfection with a pcDNA3.1+/hG-CSF vector (exogenous DNA) as follows; Treatment I—Control (washed semen without DNA); Treatment II—Control (washed semen with DNA); Treatment III—(washed semen incubated with DNA and 1 mmol MBCD); Treatment IV—(washed semen incubated with DNA and 2 mmol MBCD); and Treatment V—(washed semen incubated with DNA and 4 mmol MBCD). We demonstrated that rooster spermatozoa spontaneously can uptake exogenous DNA; this was assessed using exogenous DNA amplification (sperm genomic DNA used as a template for PCR reaction) after DNase I treatment. In addition, total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), velocity parameters [curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight linear velocity (VSL), sperm track straightness (STR), linearity (LIN)], membrane integrity (MI), and membrane functionality were posttransfectionally evaluated. The concentrations of 1 and 2 mmol MBCD significantly (P < 0.05) improved the motion characteristics and membrane integrity of fresh sperm. The presence of hG-CSF in rooster sperm was detected by PCR and based on sperm analyses MBCD (1 mmol) improved the percentage of motility (98.9 ± 0.81), membrane functionality (64 ± 1.64), and MI (76.2 ± 1.65) after transfection when compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). For the production of transgenic chicken, hens were inseminated (AI) by transfected sperm treated with 1 and 0 mmol MBCD. A PCR analysis of the blood samples and dead embryo tissues of chicks did not reveal the transgene integration.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Rahimi, Mahin and Rahimi, Shaban and Sharafi, Mohsen and Shahverdi, Abdolhossein and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @article{flores_fahrenholz_grimes_2020, title={Effect of feed form, soybean meal protein content, and Rovabio Advance on poult live performance to 3 wk of age}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85092338578&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.009}, abstractNote={Based on research reports, feed characteristics can increase poult growth via several factors. Two rearing experiments (EXP) were conducted to test the effects of feed form and ingredient quality in turkey poults. Bird performance and the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum morphology were observed in both EXP. Poults were reared in battery cages (48 cages in EXP 1 and 72 cages in EXP 2). Four dietary treatments with differing feed form and function factors were evaluated in EXP 1. A completely randomized block design with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of 2 levels of fines, 2 soybean meal (SBM) sources, and 2 levels of an enzyme cocktail (Rovabio Advance) was tested in EXP 2. Poult BW, BW gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined in both EXP. Apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) was determined in EXP 2. Differences were considered to be statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05. Feeding increased feed crumble particle size with fewer fines in the starter feed resulted in an increased BWG accompanied by an increased FI. Reduced feed fines reduced AMEn when the dietary enzyme cocktail was not present. The feed formulation with 60% CP SBM resulted in a lower FI and an improved FCR. The enzyme cocktail interacted synergistically with screening and fed SBM source factors on the AMEn and FCR. It was concluded that both the feed form and quality, as used in this study, affect poult performance.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Flores, K. R. and Fahrenholz, A. C. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={6705–6714} }
 @article{bartz_anderson_oviedo-rondon_livingtson_grimes_2020, title={Effects of stocking density on large white, commercial tom turkeys reared to 20 weeks of age: 1. growth and performance}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.024}, abstractNote={Industry standards for turkey stocking densities are variable and may not represent the more rapidly growing strains currently available. Therefore, a study was completed to evaluate 4 stocking densities: a nominal density (0.3525 m2/bird), 10% tighter density (0.3169 m2/bird), 10% looser density (0.3882 m2/bird), and 20% looser density (0.4238 m2/bird) on the effects on large white, commercial male turkeys with regard to performance from 5 to 20 wk of age. Brooding stocking density was fixed for all pens of birds with 60 birds per replicate pen at 0.46 m2/bird to 5 wk of age. Density treatments were applied from 5 to 20 wk by altering pen size with pen population held constant at 60 per pen. There were 4 pens of birds per density treatment. Birds were weighed individually at 0, 5, and 20 wk of age and performance parameters were calculated. There were no differences in bird performance at 5 wk, which was expected because stocking density was fixed. From 5 to 20 wk and at 20 wk, birds that were reared at the nominal standard (0.3525 m2/bird) and 10% tighter density (0.3169 m2/bird) had significantly lower body weight compared with the 10% looser density (0.3882 m2/bird) and 20% looser density (0.4238 m2/bird) (P = 0.03 and 0.01, respectfully). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) tended (P = 0.08) to be improved for birds reared at looser density. In addition, based on linear regression, as stocking density decreased (i.e., m2/bird increased), BW (P < 0.05) increased, and FCR (P = 0.10) tended to decrease (improve) at 20 wk. It was concluded that birds reared at looser density had improved performance.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Bartz, B. M. and Anderson, K. A. and Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Livingtson, K. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={5582–5586} }
 @article{chadwick_rahimi_grimes_pitts_beckstead_2020, title={Sodium bisulfate feed additive aids broilers in growth and intestinal health during a coccidiosis challenge}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.027}, abstractNote={Sodium bisulfate (SB) was evaluated on its ability to improve broiler growth and intestinal structure with(out) a coccidia challenge. One thousand two hundred Cobb500 day-old males were randomly assigned within 4 experimental groups with a 2 × 2 factorial design, with (out) SB in the diet and with(out) a day 0 coccidia challenge using a 10× dose of a commercial vaccine. At day 7, oocysts per gram of feces were determined. At day 0, 14, 28, and 41, BW and feed consumption were measured. At day 21, 20 birds per treatment were subjectively scored for coccidia lesions, and jejunal histologic samples were collected for villi measurements. Twenty additional birds were given fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran to determine gut permeability. At day 41, 10 birds per treatment had histologic samples collected. Statistical analysis was conducted in JMP Pro 14 using GLM procedure to compare disease state and diet. Means were separated using Dunnett's test (P ≤ 0.05) with the nonchallenged standard diet treatment that is considered the control. All parameters measured indicated an effect due to the coccidia inoculation. Therefore, effects of diet on (non)challenged treatments were determined using a Student t test (P ≤ 0.05). Limited differences due to diet were seen for the nonchallenged production data. Sodium bisulfate had a thinner villi base width (P = 0.04) on day 21 and greater villi height (P = 0.03), smaller base width (P = 0.04), thicker muscularis (P = 0.03), and lower crypt: height ratio (P = 0.01) on day 41. Challenged SB had similar gut permeability to the nonchallenged control (P = 0.94) on day 21. There was no difference in flock uniformity, feed intake, oocysts per gram of feces, or lesion scores between challenged treatments. Challenged SB had greater BW on day 14 (P < 0.0001), 28 (P < 0.0001), and 41 (P = 0.02). Feed conversion ratio from day 0 to 14 was also lower (P = 0.0002). Challenged SB had smaller crypts (P = 0.02) and therefore a smaller crypt: height ratio (P = 0.03) on day 21. Challenged control had a larger apical width (P = 0.03) and thicker muscularis (P = 0.04) on day 41. Overall, the addition of SB during coccidial enteropathy aided in BW, feed conversion ratio, and villi health with no observed effects on parasite cycling.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Chadwick, Elle and Rahimi, Shaban and Grimes, Jesse and Pitts, John and Beckstead, Robert}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={5324–5330} }
 @article{talghari_behnamifar_rahimi_torshizi_beckstead_grimes_2020, title={The effect of sodium bisulfate and coccidiostat on intestinal lesions and growth performance of Eimeria spp.-challenged broilers}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.060}, abstractNote={Coccidiosis is a high-prevalence disease that annually entails huge costs for the poultry industry. Control of coccidiosis in poultry production is based on the use of coccidiostats and vaccines. However, along with the problem of drug resistance, there is a concern about food safety and drug residues in poultry products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium bisulfate (SBS) in comparison with monensin (M) and their combination (SBSM) effects on controlling coccidiosis in broilers. In a randomized design, 300 chickens (Ross 308) were divided into 5 treatments and 4 replications (15 birds per replicate). All birds, except the negative control (NC), were orally inoculated with 4 Eimeria species on 14 D of age. Treatments included were as follows: NC, an unsupplemented basal diet, nonchallenged; positive control, a basal diet unsupplemented, challenged with Eimeria spp; a basal diet supplemented with 5 g/kg of SBS; a basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg of M; and a basal diet supplemented with 5 g/kg SBS and 1 g/kg M (SBSM). Oocyst shedding per gram (OPG) of the faecal sample from each experimental unit was counted on 5 to 14 D after inoculation. Two chicks from each experimental unit were euthanized to investigate intestinal lesions on day 5 after inoculation. The NC birds showed the highest BW gain and the lowest feed conversion ratio. The birds in the SBSM group had improved feed consumption compared with the M group in the prechallenge period (P < 0.05). All supplemented treatments resulted in a significant decrease in OPG. The M and SBSM treatments showed more efficacy than the SBS group (P < 0.05) in reducing OPG. There was a significant reduction in cecal lesions owing to supplementation with SBS, but the effect of SBS in the upper part of the intestine was lower than the M and SBSM groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of this study, SBS has protective effects against coccidiosis in ceca, and the combination of M and SBS (SBSM) did not show any further improvement effect compared with M alone on the control of coccidiosis.}, number={10}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Talghari, Mariam and Behnamifar, Alireza and Rahimi, Shaban and Torshizi, Mohammad Amir Karimi and Beckstead, Robert and Grimes, Jesse L.}, year={2020}, month={Oct}, pages={4769–4775} }
 @article{spears_lloyd_pickworth_huang_krafka_hyda_grimes_2019, title={Chromium propionate in broilers: human food and broiler safety}, volume={98}, ISSN={0032-5791}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez444}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pez444}, abstractNote={Chromium propionate (Cr Prop) is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine for supplementation to broiler diets up to 0.20 mg Cr/kg diet. A 49-D study was conducted to: 1) determine the safety of Cr Prop when supplemented at 2 and 10 times (×) the approved feeding level over the normal life span of broilers, and 2) determine the effects of supplementing Cr Prop on Cr concentrations of tissues consumed by humans. On day zero, 216 Ross 708 broilers were stratified by weight within sex and randomly assigned to treatments. Dietary treatments were 0 (control), 0.40, and 2.0 mg supplemental Cr/kg diet from Cr Prop. There were 6 replicate cages each of male and female broilers per treatment. At the end of the study blood was collected for determination of plasma biochemical measurements and tissue samples were collected for Cr analysis. Supplementing 0.40 mg Cr/kg diet (2×) did not adversely affect broiler performance, mortality, plasma biochemical measurements or Cr concentrations in breast muscle, skin with adhering fat, or liver. Chromium propionate supplemented at 2.0 mg Cr/kg (10×) did not affect Cr concentrations in breast muscle or skin with adhering fat, but increased (P < 0.05) liver Cr concentrations. Supplementing Cr Prop at 10× the approved feeding level decreased feed intake and gain in male but not female broilers from days 21 to 49. Results of this study support the safety of Cr Prop in broiler diets, and indicate that Cr Prop supplementation to broiler diets at 2 or 10× the approved feeding level does not present a human health concern.}, number={12}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Spears, J.W. and Lloyd, K.E. and Pickworth, C.A. and Huang, Y.L. and Krafka, K. and Hyda, J. and Grimes, J.L.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={6579–6585} }
 @article{rahimi_kathariou_fletcher_grimes_2019, title={Effect of a direct-fed microbial and prebiotic on performance and intestinal histomorophology of turkey poults challenged with Salmonella and Campylobacter}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pez436}, abstractNote={Salmonella and Campylobacter are leading human foodborne pathogens commonly associated with poultry and poultry products, and several methods to control these pathogens have been applied to poultry production. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of CALSPORIN, (CSP), a direct-fed microbial (DFM), and yeast cell wall (Saccharomyces cervisiae, IMW50, a mannanoligosaccharide (MOS)-based prebiotic, on performance, levels of Salmonella and Campylobacter in the feces, and intestinal histomorphometry in turkey poults. A 21-day battery cage study was conducted using 4 dietary treatments, including: an unsupplemented basal diet (corn and soybean-based) as negative control (NC); basal diet supplemented with 0.05% DFM; basal diet supplemented with 0.05% MOS; and basal diet supplemented with 0.05% mixture of DFM and MOS at equal proportions. Female Large White turkey poults (n = 336) were randomly distributed in 6 electrically-heated battery cages with 4 treatments and 12 replicates per treatment (7 poults per replicate pen). The first 16 pens were not inoculated with bacteria, while poults in pens 17 to 32 were orally challenged at day 7 with 105 CFU Salmonella Heidelberg and the poults in pens 33 to 48 were orally challenged at day 7 with 105 CFU Campylobacter jejuni. Feed consumption, body weight, and feed conversion ratio were measured weekly and at the end of the experiment. At day 21, fresh fecal samples from each pen were collected for Salmonella and Campylobacter enumeration and ileal tissue samples were collected from 1 bird per pen for histomorphology examination. DFM and MOS supplementation was accompanied with reduced levels of Salmonella shed by the treated birds compared to the control group, and with increased body weight (P ≤ 0.05). The surface area of villi increased in the MOS-supplemented group compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.05). There was a significant difference in V:C ratio between supplemented groups and control group (P ≤ 0.05). Based on these results, there is potential for CALSPORIN and IMW50 to reduce Salmonella shedding in feces, enhance ileal mucosal health, and improve growth performance of turkey poults.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Rahimi, Shaban and Kathariou, Sophia and Fletcher, Oscar and Grimes, Jesse L.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={6572–6578} }
 @article{evans_garlich_barasch_stark_fahrenholz_grimes_2019, title={The Effects of Miscanthus Grass as a Bedding Source and the Dietary Inclusion of Unheated, Low-Trypsin Inhibitor Soybeans on the Performance of Commercial Tom Turkeys Reared to Market Age}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr/pfz060}, abstractNote={SUMMARY A study was conducted to evaluate bedding source and the inclusion of rolled, unheated soybeans on the growth performance of male turkeys when reared to market age. Pine shavings are the most common poultry bedding material, however recently, increased marketplace competition has significantly reduced its availability and necessitated the need for economical alternatives. Additionally, the development of new varieties of soybeans with low levels of antinutritional factors have created an opportunity for dietary inclusion with minimal processing. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of Miscanthus grass as an alternative to pine shavings litter and to evaluate 2 novel, low trypsin inhibitor soybean varieties as a potential ingredient for turkeys. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial design with main effects of litter type (Miscanthus grass or pine shavings) and dietary treatment. Diets were defined based on the soy protein source: LO (novel, unheated low oligosaccharide and trypsin inhibitor soybean), LT (novel, unheated low trypsin inhibitor soybean), SBM (commercial solvent extracted soybean meal), or CB (unheated conventional soybeans). Bedding type did not affect BW gain or feed intake at market, however, a tendency for improved FCR was observed when turkeys were raised on Miscanthus grass (P = 0.073). Turkey toms fed diets containing low trypsin inhibitor soybeans had improved BW gain and feed intake with a lower overall FCR compared to turkeys fed diets containing conventional raw whole soybeans. Therefore, there was improved digestibility of the novel soybean lines. Nutrient utilization of the novel low trypsin inhibitor soybeans, however, remained inferior to diets containing solvent extracted soybean meal, which yielded the heaviest BW and lowest FCR with similar feed intake to the low trypsin inhibitor soybean diets.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Evans, C. E. and Garlich, J. D. and Barasch, I. B. and Stark, C. R. and Fahrenholz, A. C. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={982–996} }
 @article{bartz_mcintyre_grimes_2018, title={Effects of Management Related Practices on Turkey Hen Performance Supplemented With Either Original XPC (TM) or AviCare (TM)}, volume={5}, DOI={10.3389/tvets.2018.00185}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Bartz, Brooke M. and McIntyre, Don R. and Grimes, Jesse L.}, year={2018} }
 @article{poole_shah_grimes_boyette_stikeleather_2018, title={Evaluation of a novel, low-cost plastic solar air heater for turkey brooding}, volume={45}, ISSN={0973-0826}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2018.04.004}, DOI={10.1016/j.esd.2018.04.004}, abstractNote={Solar heat could displace fossil fuel to reduce energy cost for brooding livestock and poultry. A transpired solar collector (TSC), consisting of a perforated dark-colored metal surface, can provide considerable heating but metal TSCs (mTSCs) are expensive. Since a perforated black plastic sheet will be less-expensive, a plastic TSC (pTSC) was evaluated. The 1.49 m2 pTSC (porosity of 1.2%) supplemented a propane heater in a room housing 240 turkey poults; an adjacent room without a pTSC, with 240 poults was the control. Monitoring was performed over two flocks of poults. A custom-built controller bypassed the pTSC during nighttime or when the room did not require heating to bring in fresh air. The pTSC gave a maximum temperature rise of 25.4 °C at a solar irradiance (I) of 882 W/m2 and suction velocity (Vs) of 0.033 m/s over 15 min. Over 178 h of operation, with an average I of 668 ± 295 W/m2 and average Vs of 0.036 m/s, the pTSC increased air temperature by an average of 8.1 ± 4.2 °C. Probably due to higher ventilation rate and an oversized propane heater, propane use was not reduced in the Test room with the pTSC vs. the Control room. The Test room had lower CO2 and CO concentrations due to higher ventilation, which may have improved turkey performance. The metal TSC gave a slightly higher temperature rise at a lower Vs but the less-expensive pTSC could be a more cost-effective solar air heater that could readily be scaled up for agricultural and other applications in many parts of the world. Scale-up considerations seem feasible and are presented for a 10,000-poult brooder barn.}, journal={Energy for Sustainable Development}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Poole, Mark R. and Shah, Sanjay B. and Grimes, Jesse L. and Boyette, Michael D. and Stikeleather, Larry F.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={1–10} }
 @article{poole_shah_boyette_grimes_stikeleather_2018, title={Evaluation of landscape fabric as a solar air heater}, volume={127}, ISSN={0960-1481}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.05.045}, DOI={10.1016/j.renene.2018.05.045}, abstractNote={Solar heating has great potential to displace fossil fuels in agricultural and industrial space heating. The conventional metal transpired solar collectors (mTSC) is highly-efficient but its high cost has impeded its adoption. While the plastic TSC (pTSC) would be less-expensive than the mTSC, it requires perforation. Since a high absorptance, non-woven landscape fabric is widely available and inexpensive, it could be cost-effective solar collector. The landscape fabric collector (fTSC) was compared with mTSC (anodized aluminum) and pTSC for temperature rise (ΔT) and efficiency (η) at two suction velocities (Vs). The mTSC and pTSC had porosity of 1.2% while the fTSC had a porosity of 80%. At 0.047 m/s, the fTSC produced higher average ΔT (by at least 2 °C) and average η (by at least 10%) than the mTSC and pTSC that were similar in performance. At the higher Vs of 0.060 m/s, the fTSC slightly outperformed the mTSC while the pTSC had the lowest ΔT and η. Superior performance of the fTSC was likely due to lower energy losses than the other two collectors as was indicated by its scanning electron microscope images. Modeling the fTSC as a simplified packed bed may be appropriate and challenges have been identified. Practical scale-up suggestions are provided. The fTSC is the least expensive solar air heater for space heating.}, journal={Renewable Energy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Poole, Mark R. and Shah, Sanjay B. and Boyette, Michael D. and Grimes, Jesse L. and Stikeleather, Larry F.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={998–1003} }
 @article{brooks_grimes_lloyd_krafka_lamptey_spears_2016, title={Chromium propionate in broilers: effect on insulin sensitivity}, volume={95}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pew018}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary chromium (Cr), as chromium propionate, on measures of insulin sensitivity. Liver and muscle glycogen, and plasma glucose and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were used as indicators of insulin sensitivity. In total, 288 newly hatched male Ross broilers were divided into 4 dietary treatments consisting of 0 (control diet analyzed 0.43 to 0.45 mg Cr/kg), 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 mg supplemental Cr/kg diet, resulting in 4 treatments with 9 replicate pens per treatment containing eight birds per pen. At d 21, 2 birds per cage were removed based on the greatest deviation from pen mean BW, resulting in each pen containing 6 birds for the final analyses. Final BW were taken on d 40, and on d 42 two birds from each pen were sampled for plasma NEFA, glucose, and muscle and liver glycogen determination at the initiation and termination of a 22 h fast. The remaining 2 fasted birds were sampled after a 30 min refeeding period. No differences were observed in feed intake, BW gain, or feed efficiency on d 21 or d 40. Liver glycogen tended (P=0.10) to be greater in Cr-supplemented chicks in the fed state, and muscle glycogen concentrations tended (P=0.07) to be greater in Cr-supplemented chicks compared with controls following fasting and refeeding. Plasma glucose concentrations were not affected by dietary Cr in the fed, fasted, or refed state. Plasma NEFA levels were not affected by treatment in fed or fasted birds. However, plasma NEFA concentrations were lower (P<0.01) in chicks supplemented with Cr than in controls following fasting and refeeding, suggesting that Cr increased insulin sensitivity. No differences were detected among birds supplemented with 0.2 or 0.4 mg Cr/kg, and among those receiving 0.4 or 0.6 mg Cr/kg. Results of this study indicate that Cr propionate supplementation of a control diet containing 0.43 to 0.45 mg Cr/kg enhanced insulin sensitivity.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Brooks, M. A. and Grimes, J. L. and Lloyd, K. E. and Krafka, K. and Lamptey, A. and Spears, J. W.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={1096–1104} }
 @article{crespo_kathariou_grimes_cox_buhr_frye_miller_jackson_smith_2016, title={Routes of transmission of Salmonella and Campylobacter in breeder turkeys}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr/pfw035}, abstractNote={Abstract Salmonella and Campylobacter are frequent colonizers of the intestinal tracts of poultry and have often been associated with human foodborne illness. The entry, transmission, and prevalence of both pathogens have been extensively studied in chickens but little information is available for turkeys. This project monitored turkey breeder hens and toms from d of hatch to 65 wk of age with the objective of determining routes of transmission for Salmonella and Campylobacter throughout the turkey production cycle. Breeder poults were separated by sex and then into 2 groups (control and inoculated) for each sex. The inoculated group was orally gavaged with marker strains of both Salmonella and Campylobacter. The inoculated groups (toms and hens) were placed on the opposite side of a growout house from the uninoculated groups. Fecal samples, intestinal samples and organs, feed, drinkers, and potential vectors such as insects and mice, were analyzed at different times until 65 wk. Monitoring showed that Campylobacter spread rapidly and cross-contaminated turkeys throughout the growout house. For both Salmonella and Campylobacter, naturally occurring strains that were first isolated in control groups at wk 3 and 4, respectively, outcompeted marker strains several wk post inoculation and persisted in the flock. The most common naturally occurring strains were C. jejuni (tetracycline resistant), C. coli (kanamycin resistant), and S. Agona. Campylobacter and Salmonella also were isolated from flies and from a mouse, confirming the importance of proper pest control and biosecurity to reduce the spread of the bacteria.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Crespo, M. D. and Kathariou, S. and Grimes, J. L. and Cox, N. A. and Buhr, R. J. and Frye, J. G. and Miller, W. G. and Jackson, C. R. and Smith, D. P.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={591–609} }
 @article{ebrahimi_rahimi_khaki_grimes_kathariou_2016, title={The effects of probiotics, organic acid, and a medicinal plant on the immune system and gastrointestinal microflora in broilers challenged with Campylobacter jejuni}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1300-0128"]}, DOI={10.3906/vet-1502-68}, abstractNote={Campylobacter jejuni, a zoonotic bacterial pathogen with worldwide distribution, infects about 400 million humans in the world annually. In order to reduce C. Jejuni colonization in the gastrointestinal tracts of broilers and make chickens less susceptible to colonization, four commercial products based on organic acid, probiotics, and medicinal plants were used. In this experiment, 210 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were assigned to 7 treatment groups randomly with 3 replications and 10 birds in each pen. Birds were challenged on day 21 by 1 mL of 6 × 107 CFU/mL C. Jejuni live suspension and samples were collected on days 28 and 42. The immune system's efficiency was evaluated by lymphoid organ development assessment and two specific and nonspecific immune system tests. The cecal contents and liver were considered for C. Jejuni enumeration. According to the results, all treatments except one showed a significant difference from the control in terms of cecal colonization (P ≤ 0.001). Probiotic and Echinacea purpurea treatments could significantly increase the immune system's efficiency (P ≤ 0.001). In general, in this study we provide evidence that some commercial feed and water additives can reduce chickens' susceptibility to C. Jejuni colonization and also can effectively increase immune system efficiency.}, number={3}, journal={TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY & ANIMAL SCIENCES}, author={Ebrahimi, Hossein and Rahimi, Shaban and Khaki, Pejvak and Grimes, Jesse L. and Kathariou, Sophia}, year={2016}, pages={329–336} }
 @article{quilumba_quijia_gernat_murillo_grimes_2015, title={Evaluation of different water flow rates of nipple drinkers on broiler productivity}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr/pfv005}, abstractNote={Abstract Watering systems utilized in broiler production can impact bird performance. Many companies have increased water flow rates (WFR) in their nipple drinkers (ND) system during brooding above the manufacturers recommended level, then make adjustments in WFR during the grow period. This has increased moisture and early caking problems in litter. The objective of this study was to determine how birds perform on different WFR rates during brood and grow periods while observing litter condition. Seven WFR treatments were evaluated for broilers reared from 1 to 42 d age: 50 mL/min, 75 mL/min, 100 mL/min, 120 mL/min, 50 mL/min 1 to 7 d increasing to 75 mL/min 8 to 42 d, 75 mL/min 1 to 7 d increasing to 100 mL/min 8 to 42 d, and 100 mL/min 1 to 7 d increasing to 120 mL/min 8 to 42 d. Chicks were identified and randomly allocated in a randomized complete block design. BW, cumulative feed consumption (FC), FCR (feed:BW), litter moisture (%), and litter moisture under the ND were determined weekly to 42 d. Mortality (MO) was recorded daily. Birds tended to have heavier BW on d 35 when (P = 0.08) on the higher WFR (75, 100, and 120 mL/min) in comparison to birds on the lowest WFR (50 mL/min). No differences were observed for FC, FCR, or MO. Birds on treatments with higher WFR (100 and 120 mL/min) and treatments which were increased to higher WFR (75 to 100 mL/min and 100 to 120 mL/min) utilized greater amounts of water as compared to birds receiving lower WFR (50 and 75 mL/min). The 100 and 120 mL/min WFR resulted in higher percent litter moisture (P ≤ 0.01) under the ND but decreased at the end of the growing period. In conclusion, as birds become heavier, they attempt to utilize larger amounts of water from ND with greater WFR without any beneficial effect on bird performance. As WFR increase, litter moisture under the ND will initially increase but then decrease as the birds age.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Quilumba, C. and Quijia, E. and Gernat, A. and Murillo, G. and Grimes, J.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={58–65} }
 @article{shah_grimes_oviedo-rondón_westerman_2014, title={Acidifier application rate impacts on ammonia emissions from US roaster chicken houses}, volume={92}, ISSN={1352-2310}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.044}, DOI={10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.044}, abstractNote={Due to its potential environmental and public health impacts, emissions of ammonia (NH3) as well as several other gases from US livestock farms may be regulated. Broiler houses are important sources of NH3 emissions. However, there are no emissions data from roaster (8–12 wk old broilers, ∼4 kg ea.) houses. Producers treat the litter in broiler houses with acidifiers, such as sodium bisulfate (SBS, NaHSO4) to reduce ammonia production and protect bird health. However, there is very little data on the effect of acidifiers, particularly at high application rates on ammonia emissions. The impact of different SBS application rates [High (0.95–1.46 kg m−2, whole house), Medium (0.73 kg m−2, whole house), Low (0.37–0.49 kg m−2, whole house), and Control (0.37–0.49 kg m−2, brood chamber)] on ammonia emissions was evaluated in commercial roaster houses over 22 months spanning eight flocks. Ammonia emission from each fan was measured with an acid scrubber that operated only when the fan operated. Emissions were calculated using >95% measured data with the rest being estimated using robust methods. Exhaust ammonia–N concentrations were inversely correlated with the SBS application rates. Emission rates on animal unit (AU, where 1 AU = 500 kg live-mass) basis (ER, g d−1 AU−1) were reduced by 27, 13, and 5%, respectively, in the High, Medium, and Low treatments vs. the Control treatment (mean: 100 g d−1 AU−1, range: 86–114 g d−1 AU−1). Emission rates for the Control treatment measured in this study on roasters were mostly higher than ERs in the literature. Differences in ERs are not only due to diet, environmental and management conditions, but also due to measurement methods.}, journal={Atmospheric Environment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Shah, Sanjay B. and Grimes, Jesse L. and Oviedo-Rondón, Edgar O. and Westerman, Philip W.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={576–583} }
 @article{da costa_grimes_oviedo-rondón_barasch_evans_dalmagro_nixon_2014, title={Footpad dermatitis severity on turkey flocks and correlations with locomotion, litter conditions, and body weight at market age1}, volume={23}, ISSN={1537-0437 1056-6171}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2013-00848}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2013-00848}, abstractNote={Abstract Footpad dermatitis (FPD) and walking ability are both parameters used on poultry welfare audits. One survey was conducted to determine the correlation between FPD severity, gait score (GS), BW, and litter condition on turkeys at market age. A total of 41 commercial tom flocks of 16 to 19 wk of age were evaluated. On each visit, 50 toms were selected, weighed, and evaluated for GS and FPD. Litter score (LS) was also recorded according to moisture content and caking. Data analyses consisted of pairwise correlations and 3 separate multiple linear regression models using FPD, GS, and BW as response variables. Fixed effects included LS, season, FPD, GS, and BW. Based on pairwise correlations, FPD was correlated with LS, BW, GS, and age. Gait score was correlated with LS, BW, and age. Body weight was correlated with LS. With multiple linear regression analysis it was observed that LS and BW were the parameters that were associated the most with FPD severity and GS. As litter condition worsened and BW increased, FPD and GS worsened. Moreover, a seasonal effect was observed on both FPD and GS. Colder seasons, winter and autumn, were associated with increased FPD severity and GS. A negative effect of FPD and GS was observed on BW. In conclusion, FPD and GS are correlated with BW at market age and litter condition is a major factor in FPD development and walking ability in turkeys.}, number={2}, journal={The Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Da Costa, M. J. and Grimes, J. L. and Oviedo-Rondón, E. O. and Barasch, I. and Evans, C. and Dalmagro, M. and Nixon, J.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={268–279} }
 @article{love_shah_grimes_willits_2014, title={Transpired solar collector duct for tempering air in North Carolina turkey brooder barn and swine nursery}, volume={102}, ISSN={0038-092X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.SOLENER.2013.11.028}, DOI={10.1016/J.SOLENER.2013.11.028}, abstractNote={Abstract Transpired solar collector (TSC) ducts were installed at a swine nursery and a turkey brooder farm in eastern North Carolina (NC), USA. Each farm had a Test (TSC duct-equipped) and an identical, adjacent Control treatment. Five swine herds and six turkey brooder flocks were monitored over two heating seasons (2010–2012). Propane uses were reduced by 55 and 27 L/m 2 -yr, respectively, in the swine and turkey barns; reductions were highly variable among herds or flocks and the modest reductions were due to warm weather and use of attic ventilation. Over a 14-d period, both the swine and turkey TSC units increased ambient temperature in the barns by ∼6 °C with a maximum increase of 22.5 °C in the turkey TSC. In the swine and turkey houses, calculated energy additions by the TSC were 433 and 81 MJ/yr-m 2 of collector surface area, or 16 and 3 L/m 2 , respectively, of propane saved. Calculated propane savings were much lower than measured values. Short-term efficiencies were higher in the swine TSC (>61%) vs. the turkey TSC (39–50%) probably due to the lower face velocity of the turkey TSC which increased collector heat losses. While barn CO 2 , RH, and temperature values were unaffected by the TSC, it was unclear why animal performance in the Test treatment was better. Simple payback periods for the TSC ducts at both farms were favorable (}, journal={Solar Energy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Love, Chris D. and Shah, Sanjay B. and Grimes, Jesse L. and Willits, Daniel W.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={308–317} }
 @article{shah_oviedo-rondon_grimes_westerman_campeau_2013, title={Acidifier dosage effects on inside ammonia concentrations in roaster houses}, volume={29}, DOI={10.13031/aea.29.9904}, abstractNote={Abstract. Ammonia (NH 3 ) in broiler houses can degrade bird performance. Acidifier such as, sodium bisulfate (SBS) applied to litter inside broiler houses can reduce NH 3 release and thus improve bird performance. While there are multiple studies on acidifier effects on inside NH 3 concentrations in broiler houses, there are no studies in roaster houses where big broiler birds are grown for 8 to 12 wk. The impact of different SBS application rates - High (1.46 kg/m 2 , whole house), Medium (0.73 kg/m 2 , whole house), Low (0.49 kg/m 2 , whole house), and Control (0.49 kg/m 2 , brood chamber) on inside NH 3 concentrations was evaluated over six flocks of roaster chickens (~4 kg ea.). Ammonia concentrations were measured with acid scrubbers that sampled air at two locations (mid-house, end-house) 0.15 m above the litter. Inside NH 3 concentrations were much higher in the cool-season versus warm-season flocks. Generally, higher acidifier application rates provided better NH 3 suppression. Ammonia concentrations were ≤10 ppm during brooding, as well as for the entire duration of most warm-weather flocks with the High and Medium treatments. In the Low treatment, NH 3 concentrations were ≤25 ppm during brooding but approached or exceeded 25 ppm with the Control treatment. During brooding, the High, Medium, and Low treatments resulted in significantly lower mid-house NH 3 concentrations of 3, 6, and 14 ppm, respectively, versus the Control treatment (24 ppm). For a 62-d flock, mid-house NH 3 concentrations were significantly lower in the High and Medium treatments versus the Control treatment; concentrations in the High, Medium, and Low treatments were reduced by 47%, 32%, and 20%, respectively, versus the Control treatment.}, number={4}, journal={Applied Engineering in Agriculture}, author={Shah, Sanjay and Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Grimes, J. L. and Westerman, P. W. and Campeau, D.}, year={2013}, pages={573–580} }
 @article{shah_westerman_grimes_oviedo-rondon_campeau_2013, title={Ancillary effects of different acidifier application rates in roaster houses}, volume={22}, ISSN={1056-6171 1537-0437}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2012-00693}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2012-00693}, abstractNote={SUMMARY High ammonia levels in broiler houses can reduce bird performance. Broiler producers commonly use acidifiers to reduce ammonia build-up. In addition to improving broiler performance, acidifiers can also provide other ancillary benefits such as reducing propane and electricity use and increasing cake (caked litter) N content. In this 2-yr study involving 9 flocks, 4 levels of an acidifier (sodium bisulfate) were applied to commercial roaster houses in eastern North Carolina. The control treatment had a sodium bisulfate application rate of up to 0.1 lb/ft2 to the brood chamber, whereas the high, medium, and low treatments had application rates of up to 0.3, 0.15, and 0.1 lb/ft2, respectively, to the whole house. No treatment effect was observed on propane or electricity use. However, compared with published studies involving smaller broilers, roasters required lesser amounts of propane and electricity. Linear regressions of propane and electricity use as a function of ambient temperature may help with decision making in roaster production. Brooding accounted for 88% of propane consumption. Reduced pH in the high treatment compared with the other treatments led to significantly higher ammonium concentration in the cake.}, number={3}, journal={The Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Shah, S. B. and Westerman, P. W. and Grimes, J. L. and Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Campeau, D.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={565–573} }
 @article{brooks_grimes_lloyd_verissimo_spears_2013, title={Bioavailability in chicks of zinc from zinc propionate}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2012-00525}, abstractNote={SUMMARY The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the relative bioavailability of Zn from Zn propionate relative to feed-grade Zn sulfate using BW gain and bone Zn as response criteria. For the first 7 d posthatching, chicks were fed a semipurified starter diet deficient in Zn (22 mg of Zn/kg). From d 8 to 21 birds were fed a control (20 mg of Zn/kg) semipurified diet containing ground corn, soy protein concentrate, and dextrose. The control diet was supplemented with 0, 6, or 12 mg of Zn/kg of diet from feed-grade Zn sulfate or organic Zn propionate. Using corn in the diet increased the level of phytate, an important Zn antagonist in nonruminant animals. As supplemental dietary Zn increased, a dose-dependent increase was observed in feed intake, weight gain, total Zn intake, tibia Zn concentration, and total tibia Zn. Zinc supplementation improved FE (feed:gain), but not in a dose-dependent manner. Relative bioavailability of Zn was determined using weight gain, tibia Zn concentration, and total tibia Zn, assuming a value of 100% for feed-grade Zn sulfate. Using relative slope assay, relative bioavailability of Zn propionate was 119, 116, and 116% compared with Zn sulfate, respectively. We concluded, based on these results, that bioavailability of Zn from organic Zn propionate is greater than feed-grade Zn sulfate in the presence of dietary phytate.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Brooks, M. A. and Grimes, J. L. and Lloyd, K. E. and Verissimo, S. and Spears, J. W.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={153–159} }
 @article{oviedo-rondon_shah_grimes_westerman_campeau_2013, title={Live performance of roasters raised in houses receiving different acidifier application rates}, volume={22}, ISSN={1056-6171 1537-0437}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2012-00716}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2012-00716}, abstractNote={SUMMARY The reutilization of litter is currently a common practice in broiler production due to several environmental and economic factors. The application of litter amendments in broiler houses is a popular practice that can reduce ammonia emissions from recycled litter by converting them to nonvolatile ammonium. Sodium bisulfate (SBS) is one of the acidifiers frequently used in broiler houses. Broilers raised to 9 wk may require higher acidifier application rates to prevent unhealthy NH3 levels throughout the flock than broilers raised to smaller sizes. A study with 6 flocks of roasters was conducted under commercial conditions to evaluate 4 levels of SBS. In a farm with 8 houses, 4 treatments were evaluated. In the control treatment 0.49 kg/m 2 of SBS was applied to the brood chamber, whereas the low, medium, and high treatments received 0.49, 0.73, and 1.46 kg/m 2 , respectively, in the whole house. Data were obtained as the average of 2 houses with approximately 21,000 broilers per house in each of the 6 flocks evaluated. Results indicated no significant differences due to treatments on final average BW, FCR, mortality, or the majority of condemnation parameters. The significant reductions in NH3 levels observed in the whole flock across all 6 flocks receiving SBS treatments did not significantly improve broiler live performance or affect condemnations at the processing plant.}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Shah, S. B. and Grimes, J. L. and Westerman, P. W. and Campeau, D.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={922–928} }
 @article{shah_grimes_oviedo-rondon_westerman_campeau_2013, title={Nitrogen mass balance in commercial roaster houses receiving different acidifier application rates}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2012-00704}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Broiler production has the potential to cause water and air pollution. Acidifiers such as sodium bisulfate (SBS) can reduce ammonia (NH3) emissions from broiler houses; NH3 is an important air pollutant that also affects bird health. Due to their longer grow-outs, roasters may require higher acidifier application rates to prevent unhealthy NH3 levels during the flock than ordinary broilers. Changes in NH3 emission with acidifier use may affect the partitioning of the input nitrogen (N) among the different N output pathways. Accounting for these output pathways through N mass balance provides a complete picture of N as it cycles through the roaster house. In a 2-yr study involving 9 flocks of roasters, 4 levels of SBS were applied to the litter in commercial roaster houses. Whereas the control treatment received up to 0.49 kg/ m 2 to the brood chamber, the high, medium, and low treatments received up to 1.46, 0.73, and 0.49 kg/m 2 , respectively, to the whole house. Ammonia-N emission decreased and N removed in cake and litter increased with SBS application rate. Nitrogen output components were averaged over the 4 treatments and expressed as percent of total N input or per unit mass of live weight (LW). Ammonia-N emission during grow-out, bird N exported, and cake and litter N removed accounted for 17.3% or 11.2 g/kg of LW, 38.9% or 25.1 g/kg of LW, and 22.4% or 14.4 g/kg of LW, respectively. We accounted for 79.1% of the total N inputs, with NH3-N losses during layout probably constituting the bulk of the unaccounted N. In addition to uncertainties in measurements of inputs and outputs, other factors that limited the ability to close the N mass balance were exclusion of feathers during cake and litter sampling, soil N leaching, and nitrous oxide emissions.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Shah, S. B. and Grimes, J. L. and Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Westerman, P. W. and Campeau, D.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={539–550} }
 @article{brooks_grimes_lloyd_valdez_spears_2012, title={Relative bioavailability in chicks of manganese from manganese propionate}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2011-00331}, abstractNote={SUMMARY The relative bioavailability (RB) of Mn propionate, as compared with feed-grade Mn sulfate, was determined in chicks fed a corn- and soybean meal-based diet for 14 d. Diets were supplemented with 0, 20, 100, and 500 mg of Mn/kg of diet and assessed for growth, intake, and FE. Levels of Ca and P were also increased in this diet compared with a typical production diet to see whether, when chicks were challenged with antagonists, a difference existed between inorganic Mn sulfate and organic Mn propionate. No differences were observed for any growth parameters for either mineral level or dietary source. Relative bioavailability was determined using Mn concentration in bone, assuming a value of 100% from the feed-grade Mn sulfate. The RB of Mn propionate was 139% compared with Mn sulfate when using the relative slope assay. We concluded that organic Mn propionate has an improved RB compared with the commonly used inorganic feed-grade Mn sulfate in the presence of high dietary Ca and P.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Brooks, M. A. and Grimes, J. L. and Lloyd, K. E. and Valdez, F. and Spears, J. W.}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={126–130} }
 @article{rahimi_grimes_fletcher_oviedo_sheldon_2009, title={Effect of a direct-fed microbial (Primalac) on structure and ultrastructure of small intestine in turkey poults}, volume={88}, ISSN={0032-5791 1525-3171}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00272}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2008-00272}, abstractNote={The effects of dietary supplementation of the direct-fed microbial (DFM) Primalac in mash or crumbled feed on histological and ultrastructural changes of intestinal mucosa was determined in 2 populations of poults; 1 with and 1 without a Salmonella spp. challenge. Three hundred thirty-six 1-d-old female Large White turkey poults were randomly distributed into 8 treatment groups with 6 replicates of 7 poults in each pen. The poults were placed on 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (mash or crumble feed, with or without DFM, not-challenged or challenged at 3 d of age). The DFM groups were fed a Primalac-supplemented diet from d 1 until the last day of the experiment (d 21). At 3 d of age, 50% of the poults were challenged with 1 mL of 10(10) cfu/ mL of Salmonella spp. (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Salmonella Heidelberg, and Salmonella Kentucky) by oral gavage. The inoculated poults were housed in a separate room from nonchallenged controls. Feed and water were provided ad libitum for all birds. At d 21, 1 poult per pen (total of 6 poults per treatment) was randomly selected and killed humanely by cervical dislocation. After necropsy, the small intestine was removed, and tissue samples from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were taken for light and electron microscopic evaluation. The DFM birds showed increased goblet cell (GC) numbers, total GC area, GC mean size, mucosal thickness, and a greater number of segmented filamentous bacteria compared with controls. Changes in intestinal morphology as observed in this study support the concept that poultry gut health and function, and ultimately bird performance, can be improved by dietary supplementation with DFM products such as Primalac as used in this study.}, number={3}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Rahimi, S. and Grimes, J. L. and Fletcher, O. and Oviedo, E. and Sheldon, B. W.}, year={2009}, month={Mar}, pages={491–503} }
 @article{ferket_oviedo-rondon_mente_bohorquez_santos_grimes_richards_dibner_felts_2009, title={Organic trace minerals and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol affect performance characteristics, leg abnormalities, and biomechanical properties of leg bones of turkeys}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2008-00200}, abstractNote={Leg problems and resulting mortality can exceed 1% per week in turkey toms starting at approximately 15 wk of age. Dietary supplementation of organic trace minerals (MIN) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (HyD) may improve performance, decrease incidence of leg abnormalities, and increase bone strength. Nicholas 85X700 toms were assigned to 4 treatments consisting of a factorial arrangement of 2 concentrations of MIN (0 and 0.1% of Mintrex P(Se), which adds 40, 40, 20, and 0.3 mg/kg of Zn, Mn, Cu, and Se, respectively) and 2 concentrations of HyD (0 and 92 microg/kg of HyD). Diets were formulated to be equal in nutrient content and fed ad libitum as 8 feed phases. Feed intake and BW were measured at 6, 12, 15, 17, and 20 wk of age. Valgus, varus, and shaky leg defects were determined at 12, 15, 17, and 20 wk of age. Tibia and femur biomechanical properties were evaluated by torsion and bending tests at 17 wk of age. There were no treatment effects on BW. Only MIN significantly improved feed conversion ratio through to 20 wk of age. Cumulative mortality at 3 wk of age was greater among the MIN birds, but it was lower by 20 wk (P = 0.085). The MIN decreased the incidence of varus defects at 17 wk of age; shaky leg at 12, 15, and 17 wk of age; and valgus defects at 15, 17, and 20 wk of age. There were no MIN x HyD interaction effects on individual gait problems. Maximum load and the bending stress required for tibias to break in a 4-point assay were increased with MIN supplementation, especially when HyD was also added. Maximum shear stress at failure of femoral bones in a torsion assay was increased by supplementation with both MIN and HyD together. Dietary supplementation of MIN and HyD may improve biomechanical properties of bones. Dietary MIN supplementation may improve feed conversion of turkeys, likely by decreasing leg problems.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Ferket, P. R. and Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Mente, P. L. and Bohorquez, D. V. and Santos, A. A., Jr. and Grimes, J. L. and Richards, J. D. and Dibner, J. J. and Felts, V.}, year={2009}, month={Jan}, pages={118–131} }
 @article{russell_grimes_2009, title={The effect of a direct-fed microbial (Primalac) on turkey live performance}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2008-00110}, abstractNote={Abstract Two pen trials and 2 field trials were conducted to determine whether a direct-fed microbial (DFM; Primalac) was effective in improving turkey productive performance. In the pen trials, typical turkey diets were formulated with and without Primalac. All feed was provided by a commercial feed mill. In trial 1, Large White male turkey poults were placed in 48 pens (18 birds/pen, 24 pens/treatment) on the day of hatch and were reared to 20 wk. In trial 2, Large White female turkey poults were placed in 48 pens (30 birds/pen, 24 pens/treatment) on the day of hatch and were reared to 18 wk. Cumulative FCR was significantly improved for birds fed DFM feed compared with birds fed control feed at 20 wk in trial 1 and at 8 wk in trial 2. Body weight was significantly greater for birds fed DFM feed compared with birds fed the control feed through 12 wk in both trials. In 2 field trials, 2 brooder houses and 4 grow-out houses were paired on each farm (4 brooder houses and 8 grow-out houses total). All birds received the same feed provided by the integrator. The DFM was provided in the water from placement to market in 1 brooder house and in the 2 matching grow-out houses. Breeder flocks were equally represented in both brooder houses within each trial. Approximately 12,000 male poults were placed in each brooder house and were transferred to 2 grow-out houses at 5 wk. Although no statistical analyses were computed for the field trials, there was a nominal improvement in performance associated with the DFM: mean livability was increased by 3.5%, mean BW was increased by 0.9 kg (2 lb), mean total weight removed from the farms was increased by 13,706 kg (30,153 lb), mean FCR was improved by 0.165, and cost of production was reduced by $0.0195/kg ($0.043/lb) of BW by the DFM. In conclusion, the DFM product (Primalac) used in these studies was effective in improving turkey live performance.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Russell, S. M. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2009}, pages={185–192} }
 @article{weerakoon_borden_goodson_grimes_olson_2009, title={The role of respiratory donor enzymes in Campylobacter jejuni host colonization and physiology}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0882-4010"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.micpath.2009.04.009}, abstractNote={The human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni utilizes oxidative phosphorylation to meet all of its energy demands. The genome sequence of this bacterium encodes a number of respiratory enzymes in a branched electron transport chain that predicts the utilization of a number of electron transport chain donor and acceptor molecules. Three of these electron donor enzymes: hydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase, and 2-oxoglutarate:acceptor oxidoreductase (OOR), oxidize hydrogen, formate and alpha-ketoglutarate as electron donors, respectively. Mutations were created in these donor enzymes to isolate mutants in hydrogenase (HydB::CM), formate dehydrogenase (Fdh::CM), and OOR (OorB::CM), as well as a strain with insertions in both hydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase (Hyd::Fdh). These mutants are deficient in their respective enzyme activities and do not reduce the components of the electron transport chain when provided with their respective substrates. The presence of either hydrogen or formate in the media stimulated the growth of wild type (WT) C. jejuni (but not the associated mutant strains) and at least one of these alternative substrates is required for growth of the OOR mutant strain OorB::CM. Finally, the importance of hydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase and OOR as well as the complex I of C. jejuni are elucidated by chicken colonization assays, where the double mutant Hyd::Fdh, OorB::CM and nuo mutants are severely impaired in host colonization.}, number={1}, journal={MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS}, author={Weerakoon, Dilan R. and Borden, Nathan J. and Goodson, Carrie M. and Grimes, Jesse and Olson, Jonathan W.}, year={2009}, month={Jul}, pages={8–15} }
 @article{grimes_rahimi_oviedo_sheldon_santos_2008, title={Effects of a direct-fed microbial (Primalac) on turkey poult performance and susceptibility to oral Salmonella challenge}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2008-00498}, abstractNote={A study was conducted to determine 1) the effect of a dietary direct-fed microbial (DFM) on turkey poult performance, 2) the effect of a DFM on a Salmonella challenge, and 3) the effect of feed processing on the efficacy of the dietary DFM. Day-of-hatch Large White female poults were placed in 2 rooms in 2 Petersime batteries per room. Twelve pens of 7 birds each were used in each battery (24 pens per room, 336 birds total). One of 4 dietary feed treatments was assigned to each pen (6 pens per room for each diet). One room housed non-Salmonella-challenged poults, and the other room housed poults challenged with a 1-mL oral gavage of Salmonella (10(10) cfu/mL). A single batch of starter ration was split into 4 parts and used to provide 4 dietary treatments: 1) mash feed with no DFM (M), 2) mash feed with DFM (Primalac; 0.9 kg/tonne of feed, MD), 3) pelleted (20-s steam conditioning at 80 degrees C) and crumbled feed with no DFM (C), and 4) pelleted and crumbled feed with DFM (CD). Feed and deionized, distilled water were provided ad libitum. Data were collected and analyzed separately for each room. Mortality was recorded for each pen on a daily basis and totaled by week and for the 3-wk period. Individual BW and feed consumption, by pen, were measured weekly. Weekly and cumulative BW gains and feed to gain ratios (F:G) were calculated. Liver, spleen, total and lower intestinal tract weights, intestinal length, and most-probable-number Salmonella populations were determined for one randomly selected bird per pen. Feeding processed feed resulted in improved BW and F:G. Feeding the DFM improved 3-wk cumulative F:G in birds not gavaged and reduced relative intestinal weight in birds gavaged. Salmonella populations were reduced 1 log by feeding DFM. Dietary DFM improved bird performance, reduced Salmonella populations, and was not affected by feed processing.}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Grimes, J. L. and Rahimi, S. and Oviedo, E. and Sheldon, B. W. and Santos, F. B. O.}, year={2008}, month={Jul}, pages={1464–1470} }
 @article{oviedo-rondon_small_wineland_christensen_grimes_funderburk_ort_mann_2008, title={Effects of incubator temperature and oxygen concentration during the plateau stage of oxygen consumption on turkey embryo long bone development}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2007-00470}, abstractNote={Temperature (TEM) and O(2) concentrations during the plateau stage of oxygen consumption are known to affect yolk utilization, tissue development, and thyroid metabolism in turkey embryos. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate these incubation effects on long bone development. Fertile eggs of Nicholas turkeys were used. In each trial, standard incubation conditions were used to 24 d, when the eggs containing viable embryos were randomly divided into 4 groups. Four experimental cabinets provided 4 TEM (36, 37, 38, or 39 degrees C) or 4 O(2) concentrations (17, 19, 21, or 23% O(2)). In the third experiment, 2 temperatures (36 and 39 degrees C) and 2 O(2) concentrations (17 and 23%) were evaluated in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Body and residual yolk weights were obtained. Both legs were dissected, and shanks, femur, and tibia weights, length, and thickness were recorded. Relative asymmetry of each leg section was calculated. Chondrocyte density was evaluated in slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Immunofluorescence was used to evaluate the presence of collagen type X and transforming growth factor beta. Hot TEM caused reduction of tibia weights and increase of shank weight when compared with cool TEM. The lengths of femur, tibia, and shanks were reduced by 39 degrees C. The relative asymmetry of leg weights were increased at 38 and 39 degrees C. Poult body and part weights were not affected by O(2) concentrations, but poults on 23% O(2) had bigger shanks and heavier tibias than the ones on 17% O(2). High TEM depressed the fluorescence of collagen type X and transforming growth factor beta. The O(2) concentrations did not consistently affect the immunofluorescence of these proteins. The chondrocyte density was affected by TEM and O(2) in resting and hypertrophic zones. In the third experiment, high TEM depressed BW, leg muscle weights, and shank length. Low O(2) reduced tibia and shanks as a proportion of the whole body. We concluded that incubation conditions affect long bone development in turkeys.}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Small, J. and Wineland, M. J. and Christensen, V. L. and Grimes, J. L. and Funderburk, S. V. L. and Ort, D. T. and Mann, K. M.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={1484–1492} }
 @article{weingarten_grimes_olson_2008, title={Role of Campylobacter jejuni respiratory oxidases and reductases in host colonization}, volume={74}, ISSN={["0099-2240"]}, DOI={10.1128/AEM.02261-07}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={5}, journal={APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Weingarten, Rebecca A. and Grimes, Jesse L. and Olson, Jonathan W.}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={1367–1375} }
 @article{ruiz_ruiz_gernat_grimes_murillo_wineland_anderson_maguire_2008, title={The effect of quicklime (CaO) on litter condition and broiler performance}, volume={87}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2007-00101}, abstractNote={High levels of phosphorus and pathogens in runoff are 2 major concerns following manure applications to fields. Phosphorus losses from fields following manure applications have been linked to the solubility of phosphorus in manure; therefore, by decreasing manure phosphorus solubility, a decrease in phosphorus loss in runoff should be apparent. The objective of this research was to develop a process using quicklime that would result in reduced phosphorus solubility and bacteria counts in broiler litter. The 4 litter treatments evaluated were T1, new wood shavings without the addition of quicklime; T2, used, untreated broiler litter; T3, used litter with 10% quicklime (based on the weight of the litter); and T4, used litter with 15% quicklime (based on the weight of the litter). Body weight, cumulative feed consumption, and feed conversion (feed:BW) were determined on a weekly basis through 42 d of age. Mortality was recorded daily. Carcass weights and percentages of carcass yield without giblets were determined prechill. Litter pH, total phosphorus, nitrogen, soluble phosphorus, litter moisture (%), and total plate counts were measured for each litter treatment on d 7 and 42 after bird placement. No significant differences were found for BW, feed consumption, feed conversion, mortality, carcass weight, or carcass yield. No breast or footpad blisters were observed. On d 7, 15% quicklime had higher (P < 0.001) pH (11.2) when compared with the other treatments. Percentages of phosphorus and nitrogen were lower (P < 0.001) for new wood shavings in comparison with the used litter treatments. Soluble phosphorus (ppm) was lower (P < 0.001) for 15% quicklime (2.75) when compared with new wood shavings (42.2), untreated broiler litter (439.2), and 10% quicklime (35.0). Although not significant, 15% quicklime had lower total plate counts (cfu/g) in comparison with the other treatments on d 1 and 10 postmixing and at 7 d after bird placement. Litter conditions on d 42 after bird placement were similar. We concluded that the use of quicklime as a treatment for broiler litter would initially reduce nitrogen and soluble phosphorus and bacteria counts without negatively affecting bird productivity.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Ruiz, V. and Ruiz, D. and Gernat, A. G. and Grimes, J. L. and Murillo, J. G. and Wineland, M. J. and Anderson, K. E. and Maguire, R. O.}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={823–827} }
 @article{grimes_carter_gernat_godwin_2007, title={A novel bedding material made from cotton waste, gypsum, and old newsprint for rearing turkeys}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2007-00034}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Two experiments and 3 field trials were conducted to examine the usefulness of a novel bedding material for rearing Large White commercial turkeys. The control bedding was pine shavings (PS) in both experiments and all trials. The novel bedding, aGroChips (AC), is a chopped paper product made from cotton lint waste, gypsum, and old newsprint following a proprietary paper manufacturing process. In both experiments, hens and toms were reared according to typical industry techniques. In the first experiment, use of AC resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) heavier toms and hens. In the second, the toms brooded and reared on AC were significantly (P < 0.05) heavier than those brooded and reared on PS, whereas toms brooded on one bedding and then reared on the other were intermediate in weight. There were no differences in final cumulative FCR or carcass yield in either experiment. Three field trials were conducted with Large White commercial turkey hens in which the hens were brooded either on PS or AC, with both groups reared on PS. There was a mean increase of 0.2 kg in BW, a decrease (improvement) of 0.03 in FCR, and an increase of 3,200 kg per trial for AC-brooded birds (based on 16,000 hens placed per brooder house). A hard, dry litter crust was observed in the AC houses. With subsequent testing, further changes in the manufacturing process to create a hard, durable pellet may result in a more usable and useful bedding material.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Grimes, J. L. and Carter, T. A. and Gernat, A. E. and Godwin, J. L.}, year={2007}, pages={598–604} }
 @article{havenstein_ferket_grimes_qureshi_nestor_2007, title={Comparison of the performance of 1966-versus 2003-type turkeys when fed representative 1966 and 2003 turkey diets: Growth rate, livability, and feed conversion}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.2.232}, abstractNote={Body weight, livability, and feed conversion of a randombred control turkey line (RBC2) started in 1966 at The Ohio State University was compared with that of modern commercial turkeys hatched in 2003 when fed representative 1966- and 2003-type diets from hatch (March 5, 2003) through 196 d of age. Each pen of modern turkeys consisted of 5 birds each of the Nicholas, British United Turkeys of America, and Hybrid strains. Eight groups (i.e., 2 strains (RBC2 vs. modern), 2 sexes, and 2 dietary regimens) were randomly assigned into each of 4 blocks of 8 litter floor pens (32 total) for growout. Using the BW performance of the 2 strains on the modern feed as the basis, the study showed that the 2003 turkeys were approximately twice as heavy as the 1966 RBC2 at the 4 slaughter ages and that tom weights have increased by 186, 208, 227, and 241 g/yr, and hen weights have increased by 164, 179, 186, and 205 g/yr at 112, 140, 168, and 196 d of age, respectively, over the past 37 yr. Cumulative feed conversion (kg of feed/kg of BW) was approximately 20% better in the 2003 tom turkey on the 2003 feed (2.638) than in the RBC2 tom on the 1966 feed (3.278) at 20 wk of age. Feed efficiency to 11 kg of BW in the 2003 toms (2.132 at 98 d of age) was approximately 50% better than in the RBC2 toms (4.208 at 196 d of age). The number of days to reach that weight was halved during this period of time. Growth performance during the different periods of the study appeared to be strongly affected by type of feed used and seasonal changes in ambient temperature. Overall livability was very good for all groups, but the mortality level of the RBC2 was consistently higher, although not significantly so, than for the modern birds.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Havenstein, G. B. and Ferket, P. R. and Grimes, J. L. and Qureshi, M. A. and Nestor, K. E.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={232–240} }
 @article{christensen_grimes_rowland_ort_2006, title={Effect of chelated calcium proteinate fed in the maternal diet of turkey breeders on embryo cardiac physiology and poult quality}, volume={5}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2006.337.343}, abstractNote={Embryo and hatchling survival diminish as turkey breeder hens age. Recent data indicated that a chelated calcium proteinate (CCP) additive given to turkey breeder hens improved embryo survival as hens aged but did not affect shell thickness. We hypothesized that the mechanism by which this occurred may be by improved functional shell quality and its consequent effect on cardiac physiology. To test the hypothesis, CCP was supplemented to the diet of Large White turkey breeder hens for a 25 week egg production period and compared with controls without supplementation. Eggshell conductance, conductance constants, poult growth and cardiac physiology were measured at weeks 10, 18 and 25 of production. Because elevated temperatures increase heart rates and reduce heart weight and survival, half of the eggs was incubated at 37.9°C whereas the remaining eggs were incubated at 37.5°C. Embryos and poults from the CCP group exhibited increased heart weights and improved cardiac health. The hatching poults from CCP-fed hens also grew faster for the first 3 d of life. We conclude that CCP improves eggshell conductance, and the subsequent eggshell conductance constant (k) of eggs from turkey breeder hens. The change in k improved embryo cardiac health and poult BW after hatching.}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Christensen, V. L. and Grimes, J. L. and Rowland, R. D. and Ort, D. T.}, year={2006}, pages={337} }
 @article{maguire_hesterberg_gernat_anderson_wineland_grimes_2006, title={Liming poultry manures to decrease soluble phosphorus and suppress the bacteria population}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33646558633&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2005.0339}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Maguire, R. O. and Hesterberg, D. and Gernat, A. and Anderson, K. and Wineland, M. and Grimes, J.}, year={2006}, pages={849–857} }
 @article{grimes_carter_godwin_2006, title={Use of a litter material made from cotton waste, gypsum, and old newsprint for rearing broiler chickens}, volume={85}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/85.3.563}, abstractNote={Three experiments, which included 4 broiler flocks, were conducted to examine the usefulness of a novel bedding material for rearing broilers. The control bedding was pine shavings. The novel bedding, aGroChips (AC), was a chopped material made from cotton lint waste, gypsum, and old newsprint using a proprietary paper manufacturing process (Novovita, Inc., Raleigh, NC). All birds were fed the same feeding program: starter from 0 to 3 wk, grower from 3 to 5 or 6 wk, and finisher during the last week. Birds were marketed at either 6 or 7 wk of age. Feed consumption by pen and individual bird BW were measured at 3 and 6 or 7 wk. Mean BW and feed conversion, adjusted to include weight of mortality, were calculated. A sample of birds (n = 10) from each pen was evaluated for hock and foot pad condition. Each pen was evaluated at the end of the trial for litter cake index in 3 of the 4 flocks. Litter cake index scores were generally higher for birds reared on AC litters. There were no other differences in bird performance for any of the flocks. In conclusion, broilers reared on AC bedding perform as well as those reared on pine shavings.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Grimes, JL and Carter, TA and Godwin, JL}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={563–568} }
 @article{godwin_grimes_christensen_wineland_2005, title={Effect of dietary phosphorus and phytase levels on the reproductive performance of large white turkey breeder hens}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/84.3.485}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary P levels and dietary phytase enzyme (E) inclusion on Large White turkey breeder hen reproductive performance from 31 to 62 wk of age. Hens were placed in a curtain-sided house with 48 pens (10 birds per pen; 8 pens per treatment) at 31 wk and were fed a breeder ration with treatments as follows: HP, dietary available P = 0.55%; HPE, HP + E; MP, dietary available P = 0.35%; MPE, MP + E; LP, dietary available P = 0.17%; and LPE, LP + E. Feed and water were available ad libitum for 28 wk of lay. Diets were fed in mash form, and all other nutrients were formulated to meet or exceed NRC requirements. All hens were photostimulated in January (31 wk) with 15.5 h of light daily. Production data were recorded on a pen basis. Individual bird BW and feed consumption, by pen, were determined at monthly intervals from 31 to 62 wk. Hens were observed for weekly reproductive performance for hen housed egg production, hen-day egg production, settable eggs, cumulative settable eggs, hens out of lay, and hen mortality and for biweekly performance for egg fertility, hatchability of all eggs, hatchability of fertile eggs, egg weight loss, conductance, conductance constant (k), and embryonic mortality. Egg weight, eggshell thickness, egg components, and albumen and yolk P were measured monthly. At 62 wk of age, hen tibia P, plasma P, total fecal P, and water-soluble fecal P were determined. Decreasing dietary P resulted in no decreases in reproductive performance for turkey breeder hens to 62 wk. Additionally, decreased dietary P resulted in decreased total fecal P and water-soluble fecal P. Feeding turkey breeder hens dietary phytase enzyme resulted in significantly fewer hens going out of lay; however, this was not reflected in hen housed egg production. It was concluded that phosphorus could be lowered in turkey breeder hen diets, compared with current surveyed industry levels, without impairing reproductive performance.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Godwin, JL and Grimes, JL and Christensen, VL and Wineland, MJ}, year={2005}, month={Mar}, pages={485–493} }
 @article{fairchild_grimes_porter_croom_daniel_hagler_2005, title={Effects of diacetoxyscirpenol and fusaric acid on poults: Individual and combined effects of dietary diacetoxyscirpenol and fusaric acid on turkey poult performance}, volume={4}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2005.350.355}, abstractNote={Turkey poults were randomly placed in batteries and fed one of four dietary treatments: control (C); control plus 4ppm diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS); control plus 300ppm Fusaric Acid (FA); and control plus 4ppm DAS and 300ppm FA (FD). There were 10 poults per pen with 6 replicate pens per treatment. Individual BW, BW gains (BWG) and feed consumption by pen were determined at d6, d12, and d18. Period and cumulative feed to gain were calculated. Mouth lesions were scored for treatments at d18. On d18 poults were euthanized for determination of organ weights and jejunal histomorphometrics. FA had no effect on BW or BWG at any period compared to C. Poults fed FD had reduced BW and BWG compared to C, while poults fed DAS had lower BW than all treatments at every period. Poults fed FA or C had better feed to gain (P<0.05) than poults fed DAS or FD at d6. There were no differences among the treatments at d12 or d18. Poults fed FA had significantly lower relative intestine wt than poults fed the other diets, and significantly higher relative bursa wt at d18 when compared to poults fed DAS or FD. DAS, FA and FD altered intestinal architecture. Poults fed DAS or FD had higher mouth lesion scores than poults fed FA or C, but mouth lesion scores in DAS and FD poults were not different from each other. Dietary DAS resulted in decreased poult performance, while dietary FA had little or no effect. Fusaric acid fed in combination with DAS resulted in some protective effect towards DAS.}, number={6}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Fairchild, A. S. and Grimes, J. L. and Porter, J. K. and Croom, W. J. and Daniel, L. R. and Hagler, W. M.}, year={2005}, pages={350} }
 @article{parks_grimes_ferket_2005, title={Effects of virginiamycin and a man mannanoligosaccharide-virginiamycin shuttle program on the growth and performance of large white female turkeys}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/84.12.1967}, abstractNote={Shuttle programs involving dietary supplementation of mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) and virginiamycin (VM) were evaluated in turkeys by their effects on growth performance, body weight uniformity, and carcass yield characteristics. Diets containing no growth promoter (control), VM (22 mg/kg), or a shuttle program (MOS-VM) of MOS (0 to 6 wk of age at 500 mg/ kg) and VM (6 to 14 wk of age at 22 mg/kg) were fed to Hybrid female turkeys. All diets were formulated to exceed NRC nutrient requirements. Each treatment was assigned to 8 replicate floor pens containing 20 birds that were reared from 1 to 98 d of age. Body weights and feed consumption were recorded at 3-wk intervals, and mortality and culled birds were recorded daily. At the conclusion of the trial, 2 birds per pen were randomly chosen for carcass yield analysis. Feeding VM alone significantly (P < 0.05) increased body weight compared with control fed birds during all periods. The MOS-VM shuttle program resulted in early growth depression for birds less than 3 wk of age, possibly influenced by an unplanned cold stress, but better growth than the nonmedicated control birds after 6 wk of age. Birds fed VM had superior (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio from 0 to 3 wk, which persisted until 14 wk (P < 0.10). There were no treatment effects on overall feed consumption, uniformity, mortality, or cull rate. Processing yields or weight of various parts were also unaffected by treatment.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Parks, CW and Grimes, JL and Ferket, PR}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={1967–1973} }
 @article{grimes_godwin_2005, title={Enzyme supplementation may improve diets}, volume={21}, ISBN={1388-3119}, number={8}, journal={World Poultry (Doetinchem, Netherlands)}, author={Grimes, J. L. and Godwin, J. L.}, year={2005}, pages={14} }
 @article{grimes_godwin_2005, title={Phytase helps to reduce the phosphorus load into the environment}, volume={21}, ISBN={1388-3119}, number={9}, journal={World Poultry (Doetinchem, Netherlands)}, author={Grimes, J. L. and Godwin, J. L.}, year={2005}, pages={13} }
 @article{grimes_2005, title={Recycling paper products into litter material}, ISBN={1388-3119}, journal={World Poultry (Doetinchem, Netherlands)}, author={Grimes, J. L.}, year={2005}, pages={19} }
 @article{santos_ferket_grimes_edens_2004, title={Dietary pentosanase supplementation of diets containing different qualities of wheat on growth performance and metabolizable energy of turkey poults}, volume={3}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2004.33.45}, abstractNote={Wheat varies in apparent metabolizable energy N-corrected (AMEn) due to the presence of non- starch polysaccharides (NSP), which can be improved by dietary enzyme supplementation. Poults from 0-17 d-age were fed diets containing various wheat sources (WS) with or without Natugrain Blend® (NB) (BASF, Germany). Five replicate cages of 10 poults were assigned to each eight-soybean-meal/wheat treatment diets and a control soybean-meal/corn diet. The treatments were a factorial arrangement of 4 WS (A, B, C, D) and 2 enzyme levels (0 and 200 mg NB/kg). The WS differed by the degree of frost damage during seed development. Regardless of the source of wheat, NB increased 17 d BW (351 vs 381 g, P < 0.001) , decreased 1-17 d FCR (1.55 vs 1.49, P < 0.05), increased AMEn (2,204 vs 2,455 kcal/kg, P < 0.001), and increased apparent nitrogen retention (ANR) (35.0 vs 41.4 %, P < 0.05). No effects of WS were seen on growth performance, but WS A and B had higher (P < 0.05) AMEn than sources C and D (2,396 and 2,460 vs 2,246 and 2,216 kcal/kg, respectively). Gut viscosity was higher (P < 0.05) in poults fed wheat-based diets than the control diet. Enzyme supplementation to the wheat-based diets decreased viscosity (5.57 vs 3.98 cP, P < 0.05) to a level similar to the corn-based control diet, and it resulted in equivalent growth performance. Viscosities were negatively correlated with AMEn. The results demonstrated a positive effect of enzyme supplementation on nutrient utilization and performance of turkeys.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Santos, A. A. and Ferket, Peter and Grimes, J. L. and Edens, F. W.}, year={2004}, pages={33} }
 @article{santos_ferket_grimes_edens_2004, title={Dietary supplementation of endoxylanases and phospholipase for turkeys fed wheat-based rations}, volume={3}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2004.20.32}, abstractNote={The adverse effects of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) on turkeys fed wheat-based diets may be alleviated by dietary supplementation of endoxylanase (to reduce the adverse effects of digesta viscosity) or phospholipase (to improve the digestibility of fat). BUTA toms were fed wheat-based diets containing one of 5 enzyme treatments: unsupplemented control, Natugrain Blend® (> 5,500 EXU/kg diet; NB), Lyxasan®-50 (> 2,250 EXU/kg diet; LX50), Lyxasan®-100 (> 5,500 EXU/kg diet; LX100), and Phospholipase (> 500 PLU/kg diet; PL) (BASF, Germany). Each treatment group was assigned to 8 pens containing 12 birds to evaluate growth performance (1-128 d), and 2 pens of 12 birds (excluding LX50) for the apparent metabolizable energy N-corrected (AMEn) and ileum viscosity determination (56-128 d). All enzyme treatments improved growth performance. In comparison to the control, dietary enzyme increased (P < 0.05) BW and decreased 1-128 d feed/gain (2.45 vs 2.37, P < 0.005). PL was most effective in reducing feed/gain during the starting phase and LX100 during the finishing phase, while NB had intermediate benefits throughout the experiment. PL increased AMEn from 9 to 12 wk, while NB and LX-100 resulted in the highest AMEn during the later finishing period. Viscosity was significantly higher for PL than the other treatments (13.5 vs 7.07 cP, P < 0.001). Growth performance and energy utilization of turkeys fed wheat-based diets can be significantl y enhanced by phospholipase supplementation of starter feeds and endoxylanase supplementation of growing and finishing feeds. However, enzyme blends may provide a positive response regardless of turkey age.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Santos, A. A. and Ferket, Peter and Grimes, J. L. and Edens, F. W.}, year={2004}, pages={20} }
 @article{grimes_noll_brannon_godwin_smith_rowland_2004, title={Effect of a chelated calcium proteinate dietary supplement on the reproductive performance of large white turkey breeder hens}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/13.4.639}, abstractNote={Abstract Researchers have reported that organic mineral complexes can have increased availability compared with inorganic sources. This work was conducted to examine the inclusion of a small amount of chelated calcium proteinate (CalKey) into turkey breeder hen diets and its effect on turkey breeder hen performance. Two studies were conducted, one each in Minnesota (A) and North Carolina (B). Typical corn and soybean meal diets without animal by-product meals were used as the control diets. Hens in the first study were photostimulated at 30 wk of age in December with 15L:9D for a 24-wk lay period, and hens in a second study were photostimulated after an induced molt in January with 15.5L:8.5D for a 24-wk lay period. In study A, hatchability of fertile eggs was improved during the last 4 wk of production for hens fed calcium proteinate. During 1 period, hens fed calcium proteinate had lower daily feed intake and increased incidence of soft-shelled eggs. In study B, hatchability of fertile eggs was improved for hens fed dietary calcium proteinate for 19 and 20 wk of lay. This result was associated with improved embryo livability for wk 3 and 4 of development. It was concluded that feeding 500 ppm calcium from chelated calcium proteinate improved hatchability of turkey eggs during the later period of egg production, which was associated with decreased late embryo mortality.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Grimes, JL and Noll, S and Brannon, J and Godwin, JL and Smith, JC and Rowland, RD}, year={2004}, pages={639–649} }
 @article{fasina_garlich_classen_ferket_havenstein_grimes_qureshi_christensen_2004, title={Response of turkey poults to soybean lectin levels typically encountered in commercial diets. 1. Effect on growth and nutrient digestibility}, volume={83}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/83.9.1559}, abstractNote={Lectins are known to bind to the intestinal brush border membrane and induce antinutritional effects such as disruption of the brush border membrane (BBM) and reduced nutrient digestibility in laboratory rodents. Because soybean lectin (SBL) is usually present in poult starter diets, 2 similar experiments with starting turkey poults were conducted to investigate the effects of purified SBL on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Experimental diets were a corn starch-casein based control (lectin-free) semipurified diet (PD), semipurified diets containing 0.024 or 0.048% soybean lectin (PDL, PDH), and a corn-soybean meal diet (SBD). Experimental diets were fed from hatch to 14 d. Antibodies specific for soybean lectin were detected in the serum of poults fed the PDL and PDH diets, implying that the SBL in these diets remained active in the digestive tract. Poults fed the control PD or SBD grew equally well. The 0.024% SBL level in PDL had no significant detrimental effect on any parameters assessed in the 2 experiments. In contrast, the 0.048% SBL level in the PDH gave inconsistent results for feed efficiency (FE) and brush border enzyme levels. For instance, on d 6 in experiment 2, poults fed the PDH had poorer FE (P < 0.05) compared with the control PD treatment, but had similar FE to poults fed the PD in experiment 1. In conclusion, SBL present at levels up to 0.024% of the diet would not cause antinutritional effect in turkey poults up to 2 wk of age.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Fasina, YO and Garlich, JD and Classen, HL and Ferket, PR and Havenstein, GB and Grimes, JL and Qureshi, MA and Christensen, VL}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={1559–1571} }
 @article{christensen_ort_wineland_grimes_2004, title={Turkey sire effects on embryonic survival and physiology}, volume={3}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2004.80.88}, abstractNote={Sire effects on turkey embryonic survival and growth are not well understood. In avian species, the sire may play only a minor role in embryonic growth as dam effects, mediated through physical and functional qualities of eggs, are thought to be the main determinants. Very little is known of separate dam and sire influences on embryonic survival. The hypothesis was proposed that sires from lines with different BW and embryonic survival rates when mated to an unrelated dam line would produce embryos with different survival, growth and metabolism. Sires from a line with light BW but good embryonic survival (LBW) or sires from a heavy BW line and poor embryonic survival (HBW) were mated to dams of the same unrelated line. Sires from the dam line were included as a control group (Controls). Hens were randomly assigned to sires and inseminated identically at weekly intervals with semen from the assigned sire line. Eight biweekly settings of eggs were placed into incubators to test embryonic survival rates among the sire lines. Tissues were sampled at designated intervals during the experiment to assess the physiological basis for embryonic survival. Contrary to our hypothesis, embryos from the HBW sire line had the best survival compared to LBW and Control. Although LBW poults were from smaller sires, they weighed more than HBW poults. During development LBW sire embryos stored greater amounts of glycogen and lactate in liver and muscle. No effects were seen in cardiac tissue. BW differences were related to greater yolk, but the differences in organ weights and metabolism were clearly related to sire. Thus, sire DNA may direct organ growth and function and influence embryonic survival.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Christensen, V. L. and Ort, D. T. and Wineland, M. J. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2004}, pages={80} }
 @article{christensen_grimes_wineland_davis_2003, title={Accelerating embryonic growth during incubation following prolonged egg storage 1. Embryonic livability}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/82.12.1863}, abstractNote={The hypothesis was proposed that shorter incubation periods and faster growth rates for long-stored eggs would improve embryonic survival and poult hatchling quality. Increased incubation temperatures were tested for their efficacy in improving embryonic livability in fertilized eggs stored for 15 d prior to setting in the incubator compared to controls stored for only 3 d. Two temperature treatments were applied. In experiment 1, a 37.8 degrees C set point for dry bulb temperature was used to accelerate development for the initial 2 wk compared to the controls at 37.5 degrees C. Following treatment, the accelerated embryos were returned to the same machine as the controls. In experiment 2, higher temperature exposure was only for the initial week of incubation. The temperature and storage treatments were in a completely random 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. At the completion of 28 d of incubation, survival rates of all treatments were determined by opening all nonhatching eggs to differentiate truly fertilized eggs from unfertilized. Hatchability was determined by dividing the total number of poults on a hatching tray by the number of fertilized eggs on a tray. Incubator trays were the experimental unit. Tissues were sampled in both experiments to verify treatment effects on growth and metabolism. Hatching times were observed at 4-h intervals during the actual hatching process beginning at 25 d of incubation. It was concluded that delayed growth and depressed metabolism of fertilized turkey eggs stored for 15 d can be compensated for by exposure to higher incubation temperatures for the initial 1 or 2 wk of incubation.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Christensen, VL and Grimes, JL and Wineland, MJ and Davis, GS}, year={2003}, month={Dec}, pages={1863–1868} }
 @article{christensen_grimes_wineland_davis_2003, title={Accelerating embryonic growth during incubation following prolonged egg storage 2. Embryonic growth and metabolism}, volume={82}, DOI={10.1093/ps/82.12.1869}, abstractNote={The hypothesis was proposed that the improved embryonic livability observed when higher incubation temperatures were imposed on eggs stored for 15 d prior to setting might have basis in energy metabolism. To test the hypothesis, fertilized turkey eggs were incubated either for the first 2 wk of development (experiment 1) or only the first week of development (experiment 2) at 37.8 degrees C compared with controls incubated at 37.5 degrees C. In both experiments, eggs were stored for either 15 or 3 d prior to setting. Viable embryos were selected randomly from each storage-by-incubation period treatment combination at 25 to 28 d of incubation and were sampled for blood, heart, and skeletal muscle tissues. Tissues were weighed and assayed subsequently for glucose or glycogen content. In experiment 2, the randomly selected embryos from each treatment combination were sampled at 7, 14, 21, and 28 d of incubation. Embryos at 7 and 14 d were assayed on a whole body basis, whereas at 21 and 28 d the bodies were dissected, and heart, liver, and skeletal muscle tissues were weighed and assayed for glycogen and lactate. Blood samples were collected between 25 and 28 d of incubation as in experiment 1 and assayed for glucose, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and thyroid hormone concentrations. In both experiments, accelerated development was noted due to higher temperature and enhanced embryonic carbohydrate metabolism, and elevated thyroid hormone concentrations were observed compared with controls. It was concluded that a possible mechanism for the improved livability of faster growing embryos observed after prolonged egg storage might be due to better utilization of carbohydrate.}, number={12}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Christensen, V. L. and Grimes, J. L. and Wineland, M. J. and Davis, G. S.}, year={2003}, pages={1869–1878} }
 @article{grimes_williams_godwin_smith_2003, title={Heat treatment of turkey litter for reuse as bedding}, volume={2}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2003.287.292}, abstractNote={Local and national laws regulating poultry litter (PL) land application may require that PL be applied based on crop needs and PL nutrient content such as N and P. In addition, some may require monitoring of soil metals such as Cu and Zn. Even with efforts to decrease fecal nutrient excretion, there is also a need to extend the useful life of current bedding materials and to develop alternative uses of spent PL. Heat treatment of PL may extend bedding life and offer alternative uses of PL. The objective of this study was to determine if heat processed turkey litter (TL) can be reused as bedding for turkeys. Pine shavings (PS) which had been used as bedding to rear Large White male turkeys from hatch to 20 weeks of age was processed at 95 and 220 C in an enclosed auger system. Four litter treatments (LT) were used: 1) control - new PS (T ), o 1 2) TL processed at 95 C (T ), 3) a 70:30 (w/w) mixture of TL processed at 95 or 220 C (T ) and 4) a 95:5 o o 2 3 (w/w) mixture of TL processed at 95 or 220 C (T ). These bedding mixtures were placed in 36 floor pens in o 4 a randomized block design to provide 9 replicate pens per LT. Thirty Large White turkey hen poults were placed in each pen on day of hatch. The birds were reared to 14 wk. Mortality and feed consumption were monitored. Period and cumulative feed conversion (FC) ratios were calculated. Regression analysis of SAS, Inc. was used for data analysis. The LS Means procedure was used to separate treatment means (P<0.05). At 6 wks, T hens were heavier than T (1.78 kg), T (1.80 kg) or T (1.81 kg) hens. There were no differences 3 1 2 4 in BW at 10 (5.42 kg) or 14 wk (8.67 kg) among treatments. There were no differences in FC. The LT did not affect bird mortality. Litter treated by the heat process used for this study produces a bedding material suitable for rearing market turkeys.}, number={5}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Grimes, J. L. and Williams, C. M. and Godwin, J. L. and Smith, J. C.}, year={2003}, pages={287} }
 @article{christensen_ort_grimes_2003, title={Physiological factors associated with weak neonatal poults (Meleagris gallopavo)}, volume={2}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2003.7.14}, abstractNote={Management related deaths in turkey hatchlings remain a problem for turkey growers. The etiologies of such deaths also remain obscure. The hypothesis proposed by the current study was that weak poults identified by their characteristic flip-over behavior would differ physiologically from normal poults in a way that interferes with development of critical systems such as the cardiovascular and nervous system. Eight groups of 500 poults (from a 20-wk laying cycle) of the same breeder flock were examined. Each placement was in the same brooder house operated at identical conditions. Observations of "flip-over" poults were made at 6-h intervals for the initial wk of age. Identified poults (n = 12) were sacrificed and sampled immediately. Flip- over poults differed from controls only in depressed heart weight and plasma thyroid hormone concentrations. The identified poults did not differ from controls in body weight, liver weight, yolk weight, blood glucose or organ glycogen concentrations. In a second trial, reduced heart weights were noted along with reduced capability to maintain cardiac glycogen concentrations. The reduced heart weight or function may result in failure to provide nutrients for proper brain function. The data suggest that management to aid weak neonatal turkey poult deaths may need to focus on conditions fostering heart growth and function.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Christensen, V. L. and Ort, D. T. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2003}, pages={7} }
 @article{christensen_ort_suvarna_croom_grimes_2003, title={Relationship of the eggshell conductance constant to intestinal physiology}, volume={2}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2003.207.213}, abstractNote={The hypothesis was proposed that eggshell conductance constants (k) alter embryonic intestinal development and affect growth post hatching. Egg weight (EW), eggshell conductance (G) and length of the incubation period (IP), the three components of the conductance constant were changed to determine their effect on intestinal physiology. Eggs were selected based on EW and G properties. Half of the selected eggs were incubated using a single stage temperature profile to shorten IP in each of two experiments. EW, G and IP interacted in the first experiment to affect intestinal growth and metabolism. In Experiment 2, k reduced intestinal weight in embryos as well as poults. EW and IP affected the size and maturity of intestinal tissue at the time of hatching. Differences in EW, G and IP observed at hatching were shown to affect the growth of poults for the first week following hatching. Thus, k may act to reduce growth in poults by affecting intestinal maturation. It is suggested that large eggs with low permeability may be at risk for weak poults. This may be especially true when they are exposed to shorter IP.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Christensen, V. L. and Ort, D. T. and Suvarna, S. and Croom, W. J. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2003}, pages={207} }
 @article{christensen_ort_grimes_2003, title={Relationship of the eggshell conductance constant to neonatal cardiac physiology}, volume={2}, ISBN={1682-8356}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2003.220.228}, abstractNote={The hypothesis was proposed that changes in functional qualities of eggs, or the eggshell conductance constant (k), may affect cardiac weight and physiology and predispose poults to a weakened condition. Improved knowledge of this relationship may allow selection of k to optimize hatchling cardiac health. Egg weights (EW), eggshell conductance (G) and lengths of the incubation period (IP) (the three components of k) were manipulated to determine their effect on the heart. Eggs were selected based on EW and G in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, eggs from the same strain were obtained from flocks of different ages so they differed in EW. Half of the eggs were exposed to increased temperature treatments resulting in shorter incubation periods (IP). Interactions of EW and G affected heart weight and metabolism in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, imposing short IP on different EW reduced cardiac weights as well as elevated glycogen to lactate ratios in the heart. Post-hatching growth was also depressed by k due to interactions of EW and IP. Thus, k affects cardiac weight and function and may contribute to weak poults.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Christensen, V. L. and Ort, D. T. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2003}, pages={220} }
 @article{grimes_ferket_2003, title={Turkey breeder hen weight control}, ISBN={0392-0593}, number={11}, journal={Zootecnica International}, author={Grimes, J. L. and Ferket, P. R.}, year={2003}, pages={18} }
 @article{odetallah_ferket_grimes_mcnaughton_2002, title={Effect of mannan-endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase on the growth performance of turkeys fed diets containing 44 and 48% crude protein soybean meal}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.9.1322}, abstractNote={Soybean meal (SBM) contains heat-resistant mannans. Domesticated turkeys are sensitive to mannans because of the high inclusion rate of SBM in their diets, causing increased chyme viscosity, wet droppings, and reduced feed conversion. Three experiments of similar design were conducted to determine the effect of mannan-endo-1,4-f'-mannosidase supplementation of corn-SBM diets on market turkeys. Experiment 1 was conducted at North Carolina State University using Nicholas hens raised from 1 to 98 d of age. Experiments 2 and 3 were conducted at PARC Institute Inc. using Large White turkey toms raised from 1 to 126 d of age. In each experiment, birds were randomly assigned to litter floor pens. Each pen was assigned to one of four experimental treatments in 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of two basal diets containing 44% CP and 48% CP SBM (SBM-44 and SBM-48, respectively) with or without 100 million units (MU) Hemicell/tonne (1 MU = 106 enzyme activity U). Birds fed SBM-44 had lower final BW (14.9 vs. 14.56 kg 18 wk BW / tom; 7.66 vs. 7.46 kg 14 wk BW/hen, P < 0.05) and higher final cumulative feed/gain than those fed the SBM-48. Hemicell supplementation generally improved performance of all birds, with a greater response in birds fed SBM-44. Hemicell improved BW and feed/gain by 1% (P = 0.779) and 3% (P = 0.377) in hens and 2.5% (P = 0.0016) and 4% (P = 0.0001) in toms, respectively. The results of these experiments indicate that some of the adverse effects of antinutritional factors of SBM of on turkey growth performance can be alleviated by dietary mannan-endo-1,4-beta-mannosidase supplementation.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Odetallah, NH and Ferket, PR and Grimes, JL and McNaughton, JL}, year={2002}, month={Sep}, pages={1322–1331} }
 @article{crouch_grimes_christensen_krueger_2002, title={Effect of physical feed restriction during rearing on Large White turkey breeder hens: 3. Body and carcass composition}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.12.1792}, abstractNote={Large White turkey breeder hens were used to evaluate the effect of three different levels of physical feed restriction on subsequent body and carcass composition. The four feed treatments were 1) ad libitum fed throughout the study (CC), 2) feed restricted from 16 to 24 wk (CR), 3) feed restricted from 3 to 16 wk (RC), and 4) feed restricted from 3 to 24 wk (RR). Feed restriction was implemented so that RC and RR hens achieved a 45% reduction in BW compared to CC hens at 16 wk. From 16 to 24 wk, feed was allotted to RR and CR hens to maintain a slight increase in BW. At the completion of each restriction period, hens were gradually returned to ad libitum feeding. At 30 wk, hens were photostimulated for a 20-wk summer season egg production cycle. Restricted fed hens had increased moisture levels at 16 and 30 wk and decreased fat levels at 16, 30, 39, and 54 wk (P < or = 0.05). Absolute and relative weights of the pectoralis major muscle were greater in hens fed ad libitum through 43 wk (P < or = 0.05). There were no differences in the number of maturing yellow follicles due to treatment. However, restricted fed hens had higher peak egg production during early lay but decreased subsequent and cumulative egg production. Changes in egg production were associated with changes in breast muscle weight. Prolactin levels were greater in hens in-production compared to hens out-of-production; however, there were no differences due to feed treatment. In conclusion, further research on quantitative feed-restriction programs, which result in body weight reductions as described in this study, should address specific physiological and nutritional requirements and not be implemented as general programs.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Crouch, AN and Grimes, JL and Christensen, VL and Krueger, KK}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={1792–1797} }
 @article{crouch_grimes_christensen_krueger_2002, title={Effect of physical feed restriction during rearing on large white turkey breeder hens: 1. Growth performance}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.1.9}, abstractNote={Large White turkey breeder hens were fed ad libitum (CC), feed-restricted from 16 to 24 wk (CR), feed-restricted from 3 to 16 wk (RC), or feed-restricted from 3 to 24 wk (RR). Feed restriction was implemented so that RC and RR hens achieved a 45% reduction in BW compared to CC hens at 16 wk. From 16 to 24 wk, feed was allotted to RR and CR hens to maintain a slight increase in BW. At the completion of each restriction period, hens were gradually released back to ad libitum feeding. At 30 wk of age, hens were photostimulated for a 20-wk summer season egg production cycle. Mean BW for all treatments were different (P < or = 0.05) at 16 and 30 wk. At the end of lay, hens on treatment CR were not different in BW from treatment CC hens, and treatment RR hens were not different in BW from treatment RC hens. Hens on treatment RR had the greatest BW gain and feed consumption leading into the production cycle. All treatment hens lost BW from the time of first egg until 47 wk of age. Hens on treatment CC lost significantly (P < or = 0.05) more relative BW (%) than those in any other treatment. Coefficient of variation for flock uniformity was similar for all treatments at time of photostimulation. At the end of the study, cumulative feed consumption was significantly less for restricted treatments: 86.5, 83.1, 75.8, and 70.7 kg/hen for treatments CC, CR, RC, and RR, respectively.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Crouch, AN and Grimes, JL and Christensen, VL and Krueger, KK}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={9–15} }
 @article{crouch_grimes_christensen_krueger_2002, title={Effect of physical feed restriction during rearing on large white turkey breeder hens: 2. Reproductive performance}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.1.16}, abstractNote={Large White turkey breeder hens were used to evaluate the effect of three different levels of physical feed restriction on subsequent reproductive performance. The feed treatments were: 1) fed ad libitum throughout the study (CC), 2) feed-restricted from 16 to 24 wk (CR), 3) feed-restricted from 3 to 16 wk (RC), and 4) feed-restricted from 3 to 24 wk (RR). Feed restriction was implemented so that restricted-fed hens (RC and RR) achieved a 45% reduction in BW as compared to CC hens at 16 wk. From 16 to 24 wk, feed was allotted to RR and CR hens to maintain a slight increase in BW. At the completion of the respective restriction periods, hens were gradually returned to ad libitum feeding. At 30 wk of age, hens were photostimulated for a 20-wk summer season egg production cycle. Hens receiving RC and RR treatments laid significantly more eggs than did CC and CR hens for the first 5 wk of lay. However, once the house temperature increased to 26.7 to 29.4 C during 6 to 10 wk of lay, egg production of all hens decreased, resulting in a significant decrease in cumulative egg production for RR and RC hens compared to CC and CR hens. Egg and poult weights were less for RC and RR hens compared to those from CC and CR hens. In conclusion, age of breeder, season of implementation, and length of physical feed restriction have significant effects on the reproductive performance of turkey breeder hens.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Crouch, AN and Grimes, JL and Christensen, VL and Krueger, KK}, year={2002}, month={Jan}, pages={16–22} }
 @article{fairchild_christensen_grimes_wineland_bagley_2002, title={Hen age relationship with embryonic mortality and fertility in commercial turkeys}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/11.3.260}, abstractNote={Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine embryonic mortality in turkey eggs from hens of two ages and to report values that minimize the error of wrongly distinguishing between early embryonic mortality (EEM, Days 1 to 7 of incubation) and unfertilized eggs. Three hatch residue breakouts were performed at each of two commercial turkey hatcheries for a total of six hatches. Nicholas Large White turkey eggs from two hen age groups (32 to 35 and 44 to 50 wk of age) were set in the same incubator that operated under the incubation profile of each hatchery. The EEM was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.0001) in younger hens when compared to older hens. This was true for mortality prior to blood formation and mortality following blood formation. Hatchability, percentage internal pips, and live pips were not different between the two hen ages. Prepip mortality and percentage dead pips were significantly (P ≤ 0.0001) greater in older flocks. Fertility and EEM occurring after blood formation were negatively correlated in younger hens, whereas mortality occurring before blood formation did not correlate with fertility in eggs from either hen age. Eggs from young hens tended to experience embryonic mortality earlier in incubation than eggs from older hens. The results suggest that hen age influences embryonic mortality in modern commercial turkeys and could be used as an experimental model for further study of embryonic mortality.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Fairchild, BD and Christensen, VL and Grimes, JL and Wineland, MJ and Bagley, LG}, year={2002}, pages={260–265} }
 @misc{grimes_smith_williams_2002, title={Some alternative litter materials used for growing broilers and turkeys}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1743-4777"]}, DOI={10.1079/wps20020037}, abstractNote={This paper discusses materials used as bedding or litter for the rearing of broilers and turkeys in the U.S.A. The U.S. poultry industry has historically used pine shavings as the litter of choice for many years. Sawdust has replaced pine shavings in many areas, however, not by choice, but because pine shavings have become increasingly difficult to obtain. Regionally, rice hulls, straw, and peanut hulls can be found in use by poultry producers for litter. Re-cycled paper products have received a lot of research and development, but have not had a great deal of acceptance by the poultry industry. Sand is another alternative bedding that is currently being tested in southern climates. Alternative litter materials for poultry will continue to be researched and evaluated, and pine shavings or sawdust will probably continue to be used as the benchmark comparison. However, while bird performance will always be a threshold criterion, cost and availability will ultimately determine the adoption of new or alternative litter materials by poultry growers and the poultry industry.}, number={4}, journal={WORLDS POULTRY SCIENCE JOURNAL}, author={Grimes, JL and Smith, J and Williams, CM}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={515–526} }
 @article{carver_grimes_christensen_joyce_fairchild_fairchild_2001, title={A novel delivery of oxytetracycline in turkey breeder hens}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592984}, abstractNote={A novel product (SQ12) for subcutaneous (SQ) injectable delivery of oxytetracycline (OTC) has been developed for use in livestock. SQ12 employs microfluidic spheres encasing OTC crystals, which allows for longer release of the OTC compared with other injectable antibiotics. The objectives of the study were to determine serum and tissue levels of SQ12 in turkey breeder hens to 14 days postinjection and to evaluate effects of SQ12 on reproductive status. Thirty photostimulated hens were housed in litter floor pens and provided with 14.5 hr of light per day in a curtain-sided facility. Six hens served as untreated controls. Twelve hens per treatment group received SQ injections in the neck with SQ12 at 11.4 (L dose group) or 22.7 mg/kg (H dose group) to assess low and high doses, respectively. Serum samples were obtained from each hen at predose and 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 168, 240, and 336 hr postinjection. All hens were euthanatized at 14 and 15 days postinjection. One-half of the hens in each treatment group were sampled (liver, lung, kidneys, and breast muscle) for tissue residue levels of OTC. The control group had no detectable OTC in serum or tissues at any sample collection time. There were no detectable serum levels of OTC in either treatment group prior to injection. The average serum concentrations of the L and H dose groups showed similar depletion curves although the H dose group was 42% higher at maximum concentration than the L group. Average tissue concentration of OTC for all tissues sampled from the H dose group was twice that of the L dose group. All tissue levels were below the OTC residue tolerance limit. SQ12 provided an extended source of OTC in serum of turkey breeder hens with no effect on reproductive status. SQ12 may provide for a novel treatment of bacterial infection in turkey breeder hens with longer lasting serum levels compared with other single injectable OTC products.}, number={2}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Carver, DK and Grimes, JL and Christensen, VL and Joyce, KA and Fairchild, BD and Fairchild, AS}, year={2001}, pages={437–441} }
 @article{fairchild_grimes_jones_wineland_edens_sefton_2001, title={Effects of hen age, Bio-Mos,(R) and Flavomycin (R) on poult susceptibility to oral Escherichia coli challenge}, volume={80}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/80.5.562}, abstractNote={The effects of hen age, Escherichia coli, and dietary Bio-Mos and Flavomycin on poult performance from 1 to 21 d were studied. Day-of-hatch BUTA (BIG-6) male poults were gavaged orally (1 mL) with approximately 10(8) cfu/mL E. coli composed of four serotypes or sterile carrier broth. A mixture of the same E. coli cultures was added to the poults' water troughs to attain a concentration of approximately 10(6) cfu/mL on a weekly basis to ensure a continuous bacterial challenge. Within each E. coli split plot treatment group, poults from hens of different ages (33 and 58 wk of age) were fed diets containing Bio-Mos (1 g/kg feed), Flavomycin (2.2 mg active ingredient/kg feed), Bio-Mos plus Flavomycin, or a control diet, in a randomized complete block design. This experiment yielded eight treatments per challenge group. At Weeks 1 and 3, eight birds from each treatment from the E. coli challenged and unchallenged groups were randomly chosen for bacterial sampling of liver and intestinal tissue for coliforms, aerobic bacteria, and Lactobacillus spp. E. coli isolates from tissue samples were O serotyped. During E. coli challenge, dietary Bio-Mos and Flavomycin improved poult BW and BW gains (P < or = 0.05). When poults were not challenged with E. coli, poults from old hens had improved BW and cumulative BW gains over poults from young hens (P < or = 0.05). Cumulative 3-wk BW gains for unchallenged poults from young hens were improved by Bio-Mos and Flavomycin (P < or = 0.05) alone and in combination when compared to the control diet. Two of the four E. coli serotypes administered were recovered. Several serotypes were recovered that were not administered. It may be concluded that dietary Bio-Mos and Flavomycin can improve the overall performance of poults, especially when they are faced with an E. coli challenge.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Fairchild, AS and Grimes, JL and Jones, FT and Wineland, MJ and Edens, FW and Sefton, AE}, year={2001}, month={May}, pages={562–571} }
 @article{christensen_grimes_wineland_bagley_2001, title={Effects of turkey breeder hen age, strain, and length of the incubation period on survival of embryos and hatchlings}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/10.1.5}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Embryonic growth relationships exist for egg weight, eggshell conductance, and length of the incubation period. These relationships have been well established for comparisons of embryonic development across species; however, very little is known about these relationships within a species. The hypothesis was tested that survival of embryos in turkey eggs could be changed by manipulating incubation periods. Fertile eggs were obtained three times from the same breeder flocks (two strains). Two incubator temperature treatments were used to create two different incubation periods for the eggs. Eggs produced at 33 weeks of age hatched better at shorter incubation periods, eggs produced at 43 weeks of age hatched equally well at both incubation temperatures, and eggs produced at 54 weeks of age hatched better at longer incubation periods. Livability for 5 days in brooder houses was highly variable but indicated survival differences between strains. Additionally, longer incubation periods produced poults that lived better than did controls. The results suggest that the conductance constant principle, which describes the relationship among egg weight, length of incubation, and eggshell conductance, can be used in commercial hatcheries to improve embryo survival and poult quality.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Christensen, VL and Grimes, JL and Wineland, MJ and Bagley, LG}, year={2001}, pages={5–15} }
 @article{crouch_grimes_christensen_garlich_2001, title={Restriction of feed consumption and body weight in turkey breeder hens during the rearing period to improve reproductive performance}, ISBN={0392-0593}, number={5}, journal={Zootecnica International}, author={Crouch, A. N. and Grimes, J. L. and Christensen, V. L. and Garlich, J. D.}, year={2001}, pages={50} }
 @article{parks_grimes_ferket_fairchild_2001, title={The effect of mannanoligosaccharides, bambermycins, and virginiamycin on performance of large white male market turkeys}, volume={80}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/80.6.718}, abstractNote={A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), bambermycins (BAM), and virginiamycin (VIR) on the growth performance of male turkeys. Hybrid Large White male poults were assigned to six dietary treatments: control, MOS, BAM, VIR, MOS+BAM (MB), and MOS+VIR (MV). All diets were formulated to meet NRC (1994) nutrient requirements. There were eight replicate floor pens per treatment with 20 birds per pen reared from 1 to 140 d. Body weight and feed conversion (FC) were collected at 3-wk intervals and at 20 wk of age. Mortality and culled birds were recorded daily. All treatments except MV significantly (P < 0.05) increased 20 wk BW. Body weight was increased at 12 wk by BAM, whereas VIR increased BW at Weeks 12 and 15. All treatments improved FC for Weeks 0 to 3, whereas VIR, MB, and MV improved FC for Weeks 0 to 12 and 0 to 18. There were no treatment effects on cumulative mortality or cull rate. Dietary supplemental MOS, BAM, and VIR resulted in improved growth performance of Large White turkeys. These results indicate that MOS may be utilized as an alternative to antibiotic growth promotants to improve turkey performance.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Parks, CW and Grimes, JL and Ferket, PR and Fairchild, AS}, year={2001}, month={Jun}, pages={718–723} }
 @article{grimes_2001, title={Using enzyme supplementation to improve wheat utilization by broilers and turkeys}, ISBN={0392-0593}, number={6}, journal={Zootecnica International}, author={Grimes, J. L.}, year={2001}, pages={50} }
 @article{fairchild_grimes_wineland_jones_2000, title={A comparison of the microbiological profile of poults from young versus old turkey breeder hens}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/9.4.476}, abstractNote={Abstract This study was performed to determine whether poults from young turkey breeder hens (YHP, 15 wk of lay) and whether poult bacterial profiles change over the life of a breeder hen flock. Within two hatcheries, YHP had higher numbers of coliforms present in intestines than OHP (p ≤ 0.05). Isolated incidences of significantly different bacteria counts by hen age existed in poults from a third hatchery for all bacteria groups examined. However, within each hatchery, there were more differences due to farm than due to breeder hen age. Seasonal variation had as much influence as hen age when evaluating poult bacterial profiles. It was concluded that factors such as individual farm management, poult environment, biosecurity and traffic control, breeder flock bacterial profiles, and weekly conditions in the hatchery probably have a greater effect on poult bacterial profile than age of breeder hen.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Fairchild, AS and Grimes, JL and Wineland, MJ and Jones, ET}, year={2000}, pages={476–486} }
 @article{christensen_grimes_donaldson_lerner_2000, title={Correlation of body weight with hatchling blood glucose concentration and its relationship to embryonic survival}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/79.12.1817}, abstractNote={The negative correlation between selection for rapid growth and embryonic survival was investigated. Embryonic growth was assessed with hatchling weights of a closed population of commercial turkey breeders. Hatchling weights were highly significantly (P < 0.0001) and positively correlated with blood glucose concentrations at hatching. This relationship existed for both tom and hen poults. Significant differences among dams for hatchling blood glucose were observed. Further experiments examined dams selected for producing poults hatching with high (High) or low (Low) blood glucose concentrations. The High embryos were in larger-sized eggs with the same eggshell conductance but with significantly lower conductance constants than the Low embryos, suggesting that Low had longer incubation periods. High embryos grew faster than Low embryos with elevated organ glycogen concentrations. Organic acid analysis indicated elevated plasma alpha-ketoglutarate, urate, and beta-hydroxy butyrate concentrations, suggesting a greater reliance on gluconeogenesis for the High group. Posthatch growth was significantly positively correlated with hatchling blood glucose concentrations in toms but not in hens. Tom poults hatching with elevated glucose were heavier than low glucose hatch mates until 22 wk of age, but hen poults displayed no differences until 16 wk when High hens weighed less than Low hens. These data suggest that the negative correlation between rapid growth and embryonic survival is related to egg-shell conductance constants and embryonic energy metabolism.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Christensen, VL and Grimes, JL and Donaldson, WE and Lerner, S}, year={2000}, month={Dec}, pages={1817–1822} }
 @article{grimes_williams_carter_godwin_2000, title={Heat processing of turkey litter for re-use as a bedding material}, ISBN={0962768267}, journal={Proceedings, 2000 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium}, publisher={Auburn University, AL : National Poultry Waste Management Symposium Committee}, author={Grimes, J. L. and Williams, C. M. and Carter, T. A. and Godwin, J. L.}, year={2000}, pages={353} }
 @article{christensen_grimes_donaldson_lerner_2000, title={Paternal influences on turkey embryonic growth in the absence of changes in egg weight and eggshell conductance}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/79.12.1810}, abstractNote={The hypothesis was proposed that embryonic growth could be influenced paternally in the absence of changes in egg weight or eggshell conductance. Sire families were established by selecting 11 sires based on blood sampling of approximately 50 commercial turkey males. Southern blot analysis was used to identify the most distantly related individuals in the subpopulation. Five hen siblings or half-siblings of the males were randomly assigned to each male to randomize effects of egg size and eggshell conductance. Artificial inseminations were performed weekly for 17 wk, using each sire with the assigned hens. Fertilized eggs were collected and set in incubators at biweekly intervals. Offspring were observed at the time of hatching for sex, body weight, and blood glucose concentration. Significant differences among sires were observed at hatching for poult weights and blood glucose concentration, and a significant correlation between the BW and glucose concentration was noted. Progeny of sires with the highest and lowest BW and blood glucose concentrations were subsequently compared. Mean BW of poults from different sires differed by as much as 10 g, although they were hatched from eggs of the same weight. Elevated blood glucose was associated with heavier BW; heavier heart, liver, and muscle weights; a rapid utilization of glycogen at pipping; and increased gluconeogenesis as measured by plasma organic acids and glucose-6-phosphatase activity. We conclude that poult embryonic growth differs even when not mediated by egg size and functional characteristics.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Christensen, VL and Grimes, JL and Donaldson, WE and Lerner, S}, year={2000}, month={Dec}, pages={1810–1816} }
 @article{parks_grimes_ferket_fairchild_2000, title={The case for mannanoligosaccharides in poultry diets. An alternative to growth promotant antibiotics?}, ISBN={1897676751}, journal={Biotechnology in the feed industry. proceedings of Alltech's 16th Annual Symposium: the future of food}, publisher={Nottingham : Nottingham University Press}, author={Parks, C. W. and Grimes, J. L. and Ferket, P. R. and Fairchild, A. S.}, year={2000}, pages={45} }
 @article{fairchild_grimes_wineland_jones_2000, title={The effect of hen age on antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolates from turkey poults}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/9.4.487}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of turkey breeder hen age on the efficacy of different antibiotics commonly used in the turkey industry against poult Escherichia coli isolates. Intestinal isolates demonstrated more incidences of resistance to chlortetracycline (CTC), gentamicin (GEN), enrofloxacin (ENO), neomycin (NEO), and sulfadimethoxine-ormetoprim (SDM-ORM) when cultured from poults from young hens (YHP, 15 weeks of lay) (p ≤ 0.05). Liver isolates demonstrated varied hen age differences to GEN (p ≤ 0.05). However, liver isolates cultured from YHP showed higher levels of resistance to NEO and SDM-ORM and lower levels of resistance to ENO (p ≤ 0.05). All isolates cultured were resistant to clindamycin (CLD) and bacitracin (BAC), and no less than 96.6% of the isolates cultured were resistant to penicillin (PEN). Isolates from Hatchery 1 and 2 exhibited strong susceptibility to ENO, but, in Hatchery 3, results to ENO varied. The results were more variable when breeder flocks were followed from young to old, which may be due to pronounced seasonal effects. In conclusion, E. coli isolates from YHP have a higher incidence of resistance to antibiotics than E. coli isolates from OHP. These data suggest that age of breeder flock and hatchery-related environmental differences might influence the effectiveness of antibiotics against avian E. coli isolates from turkey poults.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Fairchild, AS and Grimes, JL and Wineland, MJ and Jones, FT}, year={2000}, pages={487–495} }
 @article{godwin_carter_grimes_2000, title={The use of litter plus(R) as a bedding material for broilers}, ISBN={0962768267}, journal={Proceedings, 2000 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium}, publisher={Auburn University, AL : National Poultry Waste Management Symposium Committee}, author={Godwin, J. L. and Carter, T. A. and Grimes, J. L.}, year={2000}, pages={344} }
 @misc{grimes_siopes_1999, title={A survey and overview of lighting practices in the US turkey breeder industry}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/8.4.493}, abstractNote={Abstract A survey to address lighting management practices was sent to members of the turkey breeder industry. Surveys representing 39 complexes were returned. The results indicate that members of the turkey breeder industry have a good basic understanding of light management. However, there was variation in response to some of the questions. Most of the respondents photostimulate their hens with 14 to 15 hr of light/day; the next-highest number gradually increase the day length to 16 to 18 hr/day. High pressure sodium (HPS) lights were indicated as the most common light source, followed by incandescent and fluorescent. Half of the respondents use phase shifting of light; the majority indicated that they do not use intermittent or step-down/step-up lighting programs. Most indicated that they are satisfied with their lighting programs but indicated interest or concern for improving their programs, especially with respect to the proper light intensity for specific ages or reproductive stages of their breeder turkeys. A discussion of light and light management is provided.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Grimes, JL and Siopes, TD}, year={1999}, pages={493–498} }
 @article{caldwell_johnson_yule_grimes_ficken_christensen_1999, title={Increased egg production in juvenile turkey hens after active immunization with vasoactive intestinal peptide}, volume={78}, DOI={10.1093/ps/78.6.899}, abstractNote={Juvenile turkey hens were actively immunized against vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) prior to photostimulation to evaluate its effect on enhancing egg production. VIP antibody titers were generated in the VIP immunized hens and a greater rate of egg production per hen was observed compared to controls. In addition, the first egg laying cycle was extended for an additional 7 wk without a significant decline in egg production. Over a 27-wk period, 116 settable eggs per hen were produced from the VIP immunized hens as compared to 102 and 90 eggs for the keyhole limpet hemocyanin and saline control groups, respectively. Based on the increased egg production and the extension of the first egg laying cycle, this experiment demonstrates that VIP immunization of turkey hens is potentially economically relevant.}, number={6}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Caldwell, S. R. and Johnson, A. F. and Yule, T. D. and Grimes, J. L. and Ficken, M. and Christensen, V. L.}, year={1999}, pages={899–901} }
 @article{crouch_grimes_christensen_garlich_1999, title={Restriction of feed consumption and body weight in two strains of large white turkey breeder hens}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/78.8.1102}, abstractNote={Large White female-line turkey breeder hen poults (576) of two strains (N, female line and B, male line) were brooded by strain in floor pens from day of hatch until 3 wk of age (WOA). At 3 WOA, all poults were randomly distributed by strain to 48 floor pens in a curtain-sided house. Poults were feed (calorie) restricted beginning at 3 (N3, B3) or 6 (N6, B6) WOA to obtain a 45% reduction in BW at 16 WOA compared to ad libitum controls (NC, BC). At 16 WOA, all hens were gradually returned to ad libitum feeding. At 18 to 30 WOA, all hens were subjected to 8 h light/d. At 30 WOA, all hens were photostimulated with 15.5 h/d. Hens were inseminated weekly with semen from same strain, male-line breeder males. Eggs were collected daily, and all settable eggs from weeks of lay (WOL) 5 to 6, 10 to 11, 15 to 16, 20 to 21, and 24 to 25 were incubated by pen in a common incubator for each set date. Measurements included BW, feed consumption, egg production, mortality, egg fertility, egg hatchability, and poult weight. Statistical analysis of means was performed by strain. Target BW were obtained for feed-restricted hens. Restricted hens increased their feed consumption upon re-alimentation but did not achieve the cumulative feed consumption or BW of control fed hens by 56 WOA. Egg production of N3 hens was greater than NC hens for WOL 2 and 3. Total and settable eggs per hen were greater for N3 hens than for NC for WOL 1 to 5. There were no differences observed for egg weight, egg fertility, hatch of all eggs set, hatch of fertile eggs, or offspring weight among N hen treatments. The B0 hens produced more eggs than B3 or B6 hens. The B6 hens produced lighter weight eggs than B0 hens. It was concluded that early severe feed restriction of female line breeder hens might improve subsequent reproductive performance.}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Crouch, AN and Grimes, JL and Christensen, VL and Garlich, JD}, year={1999}, month={Aug}, pages={1102–1109} }
 @article{williams_grimes_mikkelsen_1999, title={The use of poultry litter as Co-substrate and source of inorganic nutrients and microorganisms for the ex situ biodegradation of petroleum compounds}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/78.7.956}, abstractNote={The purpose of this investigation was to determine the feasibility of utilizing poultry litter as a source of microorganisms, C co-substrate, N, and P to enhance the biodegradation of petroleum compounds in contaminated soil. An initial laboratory-scale study utilized soil contaminated with approximately 3,000 mg/kg (ppm) total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHC) as diesel fuel. Biotreatment units, each containing 10 L of contaminated soil, were supplemented (0, 1, 10, and 20%, total weight basis) with broiler litter containing 3.65% N and 1.89% P. Petroleum-degrading microorganisms previously enriched from broiler and turkey litter were also inoculated into the litter-treated units. A significant first order rate of TPHC biodegradation was measured for all treatment units containing broiler litter (P < 0.05). Based on these results, a subsequent study was conducted at the site of a commercial facility permitted to treat soil (ex situ) contaminated with hazardous compounds. Soil treatment plots, each containing approximately 1 ton of soil contaminated with approximately 1,200 to 1,600 mg/kg diesel fuel were established. Each plot was replicated four times and the experiment was conducted for 35 d. Treatments were as follows: control, soil only; soil + commercial blend of bioremediation nutrients; soil + commercial fertilizer; soil + poultry litter (1% by volume); soil + poultry litter (10% by volume); soil + pelleted poultry litter (10% by volume). The results showed that the remediation of soil contaminated with petroleum compounds is significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced when supplemented with poultry litter (pelleted or nonpelleted) in concentrations of 10% soil volume. These results demonstrate the potential for a specialized market for the use of poultry litter.}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Williams, CM and Grimes, JL and Mikkelsen, RL}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={956–964} }
 @article{grimes_crouch_1997, title={Enzyme supplementation may improve bird performance}, volume={69}, number={22}, journal={Feedstuffs}, author={Grimes, J. L. and Crouch, A. N.}, year={1997}, pages={18–193334} }
 @article{crouch_grimes_ferket_thomas_sefton_1997, title={Enzyme supplementation to enhance wheat utilization in starter diets for broilers and turkeys}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/6.2.147}, abstractNote={Abstract Two trials, one using chicks and the other poults, were conducted to determine the efficacy of an enzyme designed to enhance the utilization of wheat non-starch polysaccharides in two sources of wheat. There were five treatment rations: corn-soybean meal (CSBM) and four other diets containing 40% wheat from two locations (North Carolina, NC, and western Canada, CN) supplemented with and without enzyme. Intestinal viscosity was decreased for both chicks and poults with enzyme supplementation of both wheat sources. Body weight gain was improved for both chicks and poults fed NC wheat. Birds fed NC wheat did not grow as well as birds fed CN wheat or corn-based diets. It was concluded that 1) supplementation of wheat sources for both chicks and poults lowered intestinal viscosity; 2) enzyme supplementation of NC wheat diets improved performance of chicks and poults; and 3) source of wheat affected chick and poult performance.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Crouch, AN and Grimes, JL and Ferket, PR and Thomas, LN and Sefton, AE}, year={1997}, pages={147–154} }
 @article{grimes_christensen_whittaker_1997, title={Filtering and the viability of turkey spermatozoa}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/6.1.34}, abstractNote={Abstract The efficacy of turkey semen filtration was tested in six trials utilizing 63, 90, or 180 μm (M2, M3, CF) filters. Nonfiltered semen was compared to filtered semen using the modified ethidium bromide test for fresh and 24-hr stored semen in control buffer (100%) and stress buffer (20%) for all six trials. In the first four trials, filtered semen sometimes had higher sperm viability (P}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Grimes, JL and Christensen, VL and Whittaker, R}, year={1997}, pages={34–38} }
 @article{grimes_maurice_lightsey_lopez_1997, title={The effect of dietary Fermacto on layer hen performance}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/6.4.399}, abstractNote={Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of Fermacto 500 (FER) as a nutritional aid in alleviating protein insufficiency caused by a decrease in ingredient protein quality in diets for laying hens. Egg production, egg weight, egg output, shell weight, and shell surface density were not affected by dietary treatments. Young hens fed FER produced a higher percentage of extra large eggs. Inclusion of FER improved feed conversion for you and old hens. Statistically significant differences were not detected in protein digestibility, though values were consistently higher in FER-fortified diets. Gastrointestinal transit time was significantly prolonged and determined metabolizable energy values of diets were higher when FER was included in the diet. Our results demonstrate that, under conditions of this study, inclusion of FER at 0.2% improved feed utilization, and this was associated with feed staying longer in the digestive tract.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Grimes, JL and Maurice, DV and Lightsey, SF and Lopez, JG}, year={1997}, pages={399–403} }
 @article{grimes_crouch_1997, title={Wheat and enzymes for broiler, turkey diets differ in formulation}, volume={56}, number={7}, journal={Poultry Digest}, author={Grimes, J. L. and Crouch, A. N.}, year={1997}, pages={20} }
 @article{grimes_pardue_1996, title={A survey of commercial turkey hatcheries in the United States}, volume={5}, DOI={10.1093/japr/5.3.231}, abstractNote={Abstract The objective of this survey was to determine hatchery practices and production variables for commercial turkey hatcheries in the United States to help identify areas that need further research and Extension education. This survey was conducted using the USDA NPIP mailing list as an address source. Survey respondents set a total of 166.5 million eggs in 1994. Total hatch equaled 127.4 million poults for a 76.5% hatchability of total eggs set (86.7% hatch of fertile). Poults were removed from incubators at 27.6 days of incubation. Mean placement occurred 22.7 hr following hatch but varied from 4 to 48 hr. Reported mean setter dry bulb (DB), relative humidity (RH), and wet bulb (WB) setting were 99.2° F, 51.3%, and 84.5°F respectively, but considerable variability occurred. Hatcher means for DB, RH, and WB were 98.2°F, 70.3%, and 88.2°F respectively, also with considerable variability. Other factors reported include egg sanitation, egg handling practices, first week poult mortality, and length of breeder hen lay period.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, author={Grimes, J. L. and Pardue, S. L.}, year={1996}, pages={231} }
 @article{grimes_ort_christensen_ball_1989, title={EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PROTEIN-LEVELS FED DURING THE PREBREEDER PERIOD ON PERFORMANCE OF TURKEY BREEDER HENS}, volume={68}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0681436}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of prebreeder protein intake on subsequent reproductive performance and to examine body weight, feed consumption, and body composition changes due to aging in Large White turkey breeder hens. One hundred twenty-nine Hybrid Large White turkey breeder hens were fed either 12, 15, or 18% CP diets (2,882 kcal ME/kg) during the prebreeder period from 24 to 32 wk of age. All hens were photostimulated with 15.5 h light/day and fed a standard 16% protein breeder ration from 32 to 55 wk of age. Prebreeder protein intake increased linearly as dietary protein increased. Treatments did not affect body weight, body composition, egg production, feed consumption, fertility, hatch of fertile eggs, or percentages of early or late dead. Body weight increased from 24 to 55 wk in a cubic response to age. Percentage of carcass moisture decreased, whereas percentage of carcass fat increased from 24 to 55 wk in a quadratic response to age. Prebreeder and breeder feed consumption were not significantly affected by treatment or age. This experiment is evidence that a 12% protein prebreeder ration is adequate for subsequent reproductive performance; observed effects of age on body characteristics agree with published data.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={GRIMES, JL and ORT, JF and CHRISTENSEN, VL and BALL, HR}, year={1989}, month={Nov}, pages={1436–1441} }