@article{schoenberger_cummins_carroll_yan_lambert_bagley_xuan_green_cook_yule_et al._2024, title={"Wanna cry this out real quick?": an examination of secondary traumatic stress risk and resilience among post-overdose outreach staff in Massachusetts}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1477-7517"]}, DOI={10.1186/s12954-024-00975-2}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={HARM REDUCTION JOURNAL}, author={Schoenberger, Samantha F. and Cummins, Emily R. and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Yan, Shapei and Lambert, Audrey and Bagley, Sarah M. and Xuan, Ziming and Green, Traci C. and Cook, Franklin and Yule, Amy M. and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{beaugard_formica_cummins_bagley_beletsky_green_murray_yan_xuan_walley_et al._2024, title={Privacy and confidentiality in Massachusetts' post-overdose outreach programs: Mixed methods analysis of outreach staff surveys and interviews}, volume={124}, ISSN={["1873-4758"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104310}, abstractNote={Public health-public safety partnerships for post-overdose outreach have emerged in many communities to prevent future overdose events. These efforts often identify overdose survivors through emergency call data and seek to link them with relevant services. The aim of this study was to describe how post-overdose outreach programs in Massachusetts manage the confidentiality of identifiable information and privacy of survivors. In 2019, 138 Massachusetts programs completed surveys eliciting responses to questions about program operations. Descriptive statistics were calculated from the closed-ended survey responses. Thirty-eight interviews were conducted among outreach staff members during 2019–2020. Interview transcripts and open-ended survey responses were thematically analyzed using deductive and inductive approaches. Of programs that completed the survey, 90 % (n = 124/138) reported acting to protect the privacy of survivors following overdose events, and 84 % (n = 114/135) reported implementing a protocol to maintain the confidentiality of personal information. Interviews with outreach team members indicated substantial variation in practice. Outreach programs regularly employed discretion in determining actions in the field, sometimes undermining survivor privacy and confidentiality (e.g., by disclosing the overdose event to family members). Programs aiming to prioritize privacy and confidentiality attempted to make initial contact with survivors by phone, limited or concealed materials left behind when no one was home, and/or limited the number of contact attempts. Despite the establishment of privacy and confidentiality protocols within most post-overdose outreach programs, application of these procedures was varied, discretionary, and at times viewed by staff as competing with engagement efforts. Individual outreach overdose teams should prioritize privacy and confidentiality during outreach to protect overdose survivors from undesired exposure. In addition to individual program changes, access to overdose survivor information could be changed across all programs to bolster privacy and confidentiality protocols. For example, transitioning the management of overdose-related information to non-law enforcement agencies would limit officers' ability to disseminate such information at their discretion.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY}, author={Beaugard, Corinne A. and Formica, Scott W. and Cummins, Emily R. and Bagley, Sarah M. and Beletsky, Leo and Green, Traci C. and Murray, Stephen P. and Yan, Shapei and Xuan, Ziming and Walley, Alexander Y. and et al.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{morrissey_el-sabawi_carroll_2024, title={Prosecuting overdose: An exploratory study of prosecutorial motivations for drug-induced homicide prosecutions in North Carolina}, volume={125}, ISSN={["1873-4758"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.drugpo.2024.104344}, abstractNote={Prosecutorial use of drug-induced homicide (DIH) laws varies, and their public health impacts are poorly understood. This mixed-methods study explores associations between the number of DIH charges filed in North Carolina's 42 prosecutorial districts and district-level characteristics. Further, it documents the experience and views of North Carolina prosecutors on DIH cases.We conducted a descriptive, exploratory analysis of DIH enforcement by prosecutorial district in North Carolina to assess associations between overdose deaths, number of prosecutors employed, and rurality of the district. We also sent a survey to all N.C. prosecutors requesting that they detail their experience with and views on DIH prosecutions.We found no association between overdose deaths or the number of prosecutors and DIH charges within a district. Survey data suggests that perceived justice for the deceased and perceived imperatives to "do something" about overdose influence prosecutorial use of DIH charges. Prosecutors generally appeared to agree that DIH cases had the potential to reduce substance use and/or drug dealing and/or fentanyl dealing and/or drug overdose in their districts, though how DIH cases would produce those effects was not clarified. Many prosecutors framed people who use drugs as helpless victims and forged categorical distinctions between (1) people who use drugs and sell drugs to support their addiction and (2) people who use drugs and sell drugs and are motivated by profit. Several prosecutors suggested that charging one person with homicide for another person's consensual acts may not appear logical to all jurors.DIH prosecutions do not appear to be predicted by district characteristics commonly believed to shape prosecutorial action. Many prosecutors endorsed claims about the community-level impacts of DIH prosecutions that are unproven and generally contradict the available evidence. More research on the implementation and community-level outcomes of DIH prosecutions is needed.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY}, author={Morrissey, Brandon and El-Sabawi, Taleed and Carroll, Jennifer J.}, year={2024}, month={Mar} }
 @article{carroll_bevis_el-sabawi_figgatt_dasgupta_beletsky_leiberman_dennis_davis_2023, title={A discussion of critical errors in a longitudinal study on the deterrent effect of drug-induced homicide laws on opioid-related mortality across 92 counties and the District of Columbia in the United States}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1948-4682"]}, DOI={10.1002/wmh3.570}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={WORLD MEDICAL & HEALTH POLICY}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. J. and Bevis, Leah and El-Sabawi, Taleed and Figgatt, Mary and Dasgupta, Nabarun and Beletsky, Leo and Leiberman, Amy J. J. and Dennis, Ashleigh and Davis, Corey S. S.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{xuan_yan_formica_green_beletsky_rosenbloom_bagley_kimmel_carroll_lambert_et al._2023, title={Association of Implementation of Postoverdose Outreach Programs With Subsequent Opioid Overdose Deaths Among Massachusetts Municipalities}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2168-6238"]}, DOI={10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0109}, abstractNote={ImportanceNonfatal opioid overdose is the leading risk factor for subsequent fatal overdose and represents a critical opportunity to reduce future overdose and mortality. Postoverdose outreach programs emerged in Massachusetts beginning in 2013 with the main purpose of linking opioid overdose survivors to addiction treatment and harm reduction services.}, journal={JAMA PSYCHIATRY}, author={Xuan, Ziming and Yan, Shapei and Formica, Scott W. and Green, Traci C. and Beletsky, Leo and Rosenbloom, David and Bagley, Sarah M. and Kimmel, Simeon D. and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Lambert, Audrey M. and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Mar} }
 @article{kimmel_xuan_yan_lambert_formica_green_carroll_bagley_rosenbloom_beletsky_et al._2023, title={Characteristics of post-overdose outreach programs and municipal-level opioid overdose in Massachusetts}, volume={120}, ISSN={["1873-4758"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104164}, abstractNote={Post-overdose outreach programs have proliferated in response to opioid overdose. Implementing these programs is associated with reductions in overdose rates, but the role of specific program characteristics in overdose trends has not been evaluated.Among 58 Massachusetts municipalities with post-overdose outreach programs, we examined associations between five domains of post-overdose outreach program characteristics (outreach contact rate, naloxone distribution, coercive practices, harm reduction activities, and social service provision or referral) and rates of fatal opioid overdoses and opioid-related emergency medical system responses (i.e., ambulance activations) per calendar quarter from 2013 to 2019 using segmented regression analyses with adjustment for municipal covariates and fixed effects. For both outcomes, each domain was modeled: a) individually, b) with other characteristics, and c) with other characteristics and municipal-level fixed effects.There were no significant associations (p < 0.05) between outreach contact rate, naloxone distribution, coercive practices, or harm reduction activities with municipal fatal overdose trends. Municipalities with programs providing or referring to more social services experienced 21% fewer fatal overdoses compared to programs providing or referring to more social services (Rate Ratio (RR) 0.79, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.66-0.93, p = 0.01). Compared to municipalities in quarters when programs had no outreach contacts, municipalities with some, but less than the median outreach contacts, experienced 14% lower opioid-related emergency responses (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.78-0.96, p = 0.01). Associations between naloxone distribution, coercive practices, harm reduction practices, or social services and opioid-related emergency responses were not consistently significant across modeling approaches.Municipalities with post-overdose outreach programs providing or referring to more social services had lower fatal opioid overdose rates. Municipalities in quarters when programs outreached to overdose survivors had fewer opioid-related emergency responses, but only among programs with below the median number of outreach contacts. Social service linkage should be core to post-overdose programs. Evaluations should assess program characteristics to optimize program design.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY}, author={Kimmel, Simeon D. and Xuan, Ziming and Yan, Shapei and Lambert, Audrey M. and Formica, Scott W. and Green, Traci C. and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Bagley, Sarah M. and Rosenbloom, David and Beletsky, Leo and et al.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{carroll_ostrach_el-sabawi_2023, title={Health Inequities Among People Who Use Drugs in a Post-<i>Dobbs</i> America: The Case for a Syndemic Analysis}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1748-720X"]}, DOI={10.1017/jme.2023.96}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF LAW MEDICINE & ETHICS}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Ostrach, Bayla and El-Sabawi, Taleed}, year={2023}, pages={549–553} }
 @article{ray_korzeniewski_mohler_carroll_pozo_victor_huynh_hedden_2023, title={Spatiotemporal Analysis Exploring the Effect of Law Enforcement Drug Market Disruptions on Overdose, Indianapolis, Indiana, 2020-2021}, volume={113}, ISSN={["1541-0048"]}, DOI={10.2105/AJPH.2023.307291}, abstractNote={ Objectives. To test the hypothesis that law enforcement efforts to disrupt local drug markets by seizing opioids or stimulants are associated with increased spatiotemporal clustering of overdose events in the surrounding geographic area. }, number={7}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Ray, Bradley and Korzeniewski, Steven J. and Mohler, George and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Pozo, Brandon and Victor, Grant and Huynh, Philip and Hedden, BethanyJ.}, year={2023}, month={Jul}, pages={750–758} }
 @article{carroll_rossi_vetrova_blokhina_sereda_lioznov_luoma_kiriazova_lunze_2023, title={The impacts of COVID-19 on structural inequities faced by people living with HIV who inject drugs: A qualitative study in St. Petersburg, Russia}, volume={117}, ISSN={["1873-4758"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104060}, abstractNote={People who inject drugs (PWID) living with HIV may be disproportionately impacted by pandemic restrictions. This study qualitatively explored the impacts of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on PWID with HIV in St. Petersburg, Russia. In March and April 2021, we conducted remote, semi-structured interviews with PWID with HIV, health care providers, and harm reductionists. We interviewed 25 PWID with HIV (aged 28–56 years, 46% female) and 11 providers. The pandemic exacerbated economic and psychological challenges experienced by PWID with HIV. Simultaneously, barriers to HIV care access, ART prescription refill and dispensing and police violence, which hindered the health and safety of PWID with HIV, were themselves hindered from normal operations by the pandemic, significantly reducing these burdens. Pandemic responses should account for the unique vulnerabilities of PWID with HIV to avoid worsening the structural violence they already experience. Wherever the pandemic decreased structural barriers, such as institutional, administrative, and bureaucratic challenges and state violence enacted by police and other elements of the criminal justice system, such changes should be protected.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Rossi, Sarah L. and Vetrova, Marina V. and Blokhina, Elena and Sereda, Yuliia and Lioznov, Dmitry and Luoma, Jason and Kiriazova, Tetiana and Lunze, Karsten}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{carroll_cummins_formica_green_bagley_beletsky_rosenbloom_xuan_walley_2023, title={The police paradox: A qualitative study of post-overdose outreach program implementation through public health-public safety partnerships in Massachusetts}, volume={120}, ISSN={["1873-4758"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104160}, abstractNote={Post-overdose outreach has emerged in the United States as an increasingly common response to non-fatal overdose. This qualitative study investigates the implementation of such programs through public health-public safety partnerships in Massachusetts.We conducted semi-structured interviews with post-overdose outreach team members, overdose survivors, and family members who received outreach. Interview transcripts were inductively analyzed to identify emergent themes and subsequently organized within the framework of Ecological Systems Theory.Forty-nine interviews were conducted, including 15 police officers (80% male, 100% non-Hispanic White); 23 public health partners (48% male, 87% non-Hispanic White); 8 overdose survivors who received outreach services and 3 parents of survivors who received services (collectively 27% male, 64% non-Hispanic White). Implementation factors identified across all levels (macrosystem, exosystem, mesosystem, and microsystem) of Ecological Systems Theory included key program facilitators, such as access to police data and funding (macro), interagency collaboration (exo), shared recognition of community needs (exo), supportive relationships among team members (meso), and program champions (micro). Common barriers included inherent contradictions between policing and public health mandates (macro), poor local treatment and service capacity (exo), divergent staff views of program goals (exo), overdose survivors' prior negative experiences with law enforcement (meso), difficulty locating overdose survivors (meso), and police officers' lack of qualifications or training in providing psycho-social services (micro).Most post-overdose outreach programs in this study were dependent on funding and data-sharing partnerships, which police agencies largely controlled. Yet, police participation, especially during outreach visits presented numerous challenges for engaging overdose survivors and establishing non-coercive linkages with evidence-based services, which may undermine the public health goals of these programs. These findings should inform state and federal efforts to expand the role of law enforcement in behavioral health initiatives.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Cummins, Emily R. and Formica, Scott W. and Green, Traci C. and Bagley, Sarah M. and Beletsky, Leo and Rosenbloom, David and Xuan, Ziming and Walley, Alexander Y.}, year={2023}, month={Oct} }
 @article{morrissey_hughes_ostrach_wilson_getty_combs_bennett_carroll_2022, title={"They don't go by the law around here": law enforcement interactions after the legalization of syringe services programs in North Carolina}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1477-7517"]}, DOI={10.1186/s12954-022-00690-w}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={HARM REDUCTION JOURNAL}, author={Morrissey, Brandon and Hughes, Tamera and Ostrach, Bayla and Wilson, Loftin and Getty, Reid and Combs, Tonya L. and Bennett, Jesse and Carroll, Jennifer J.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{carroll_2022, title={CURRENTS: THE RE-STARTING OF HISTORY: LIFE IN CHANGING SPHERES OF RUSSIAN INFLUENCE Losing the plot On method and meaning in traumatizing ethnographic work}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2049-1115"]}, DOI={10.1086/723680}, abstractNote={This article takes up the question of “Russia’s influence in the world” by focusing on the impact of Russian state policy and military action on ethnographers working in Ukraine. Bringing foundational theories about psychological trauma into conversation with contemporary principles of ethnographic method, I recount, in epistolary form, my own experiences as an ethnographer of Ukraine during a period defined by Russian political and military aggression. I describe the specific challenges I have faced in producing ethnographic work out of these experiences and theorize how certain aspects of psychological trauma—at least as I have experienced them—inhibit the core emotional and narrative capacities that enable such work in the first place. I argue that intimate and insightful ethnography that illuminates the human element of pivotal historical happenings may be counted among the many losses that traumatizing events, such as Russia’s war in Ukraine, produce.}, number={3}, journal={HAU-JOURNAL OF ETHNOGRAPHIC THEORY}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J.}, year={2022}, month={Dec}, pages={642–650} }
 @article{carroll_cushman_lira_colasanti_rio_lasser_parker_roy_samet_liebschutz_2022, title={Evidence-Based Interventions to Improve Opioid Prescribing in Primary Care: a Qualitative Assessment of Implementation in Two Studies}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1525-1497"]}, DOI={10.1007/s11606-022-07909-3}, abstractNote={The TOPCARE and TEACH randomized controlled trials demonstrated the efficacy of a multi-faceted intervention to promote guideline-adherent long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) in primary care settings. Intervention components included a full-time Nurse Care Manager (NCM), an electronic registry, and academic detailing sessions. This study sought to identify barriers, facilitators, and other issues germane to the wider implementation of this intervention. We conducted a nested, qualitative study at 4 primary care clinics (TOPCARE) and 2 HIV primary care clinics (TEACH), where the trials had been conducted. We purposively sampled primary care physicians and advanced practice providers (hereafter: PCPs) who had received the intervention. Semi-structured interviews explored perceptions of the intervention to identify unanticipated barriers to and facilitators of implementation. Interview transcripts were analyzed through iterative deductive and inductive coding exercises. We interviewed 32 intervention participants, 30 physicians and 2 advanced practice providers, who were majority White (66%) and female (63%). Acceptability of the intervention was high, with most PCPs valuing didactic and team-based intervention elements, especially co-management of LTOT patients with the NCM. Adoption of new prescribing practices was facilitated by proximity to expertise, available behavioral health care, and the NCM’s support. Most participants were enthusiastic about the intervention, though a minority voiced concerns about the appropriateness in their particular clinical environments, threats to the patient-provider relationship, or long-term sustainability. TOPCARE/TEACH participants found the intervention generally acceptable, appropriate, and easy to adopt in a variety of primary care environments, though some challenges were identified. Careful attention to the practical challenges of implementation and the professional relationships affected by the intervention may facilitate implementation and sustainability.}, journal={JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Cushman, Phoebe A. and Lira, Marlene C. and Colasanti, Jonathan A. and Rio, Carlos and Lasser, Karen E. and Parker, Victoria and Roy, Payel J. and Samet, Jeffrey H. and Liebschutz, Jane M.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{ray_hedden_carroll_pozo_wagner_kral_o'donnell_victor_huynh_2022, title={Prevalence and correlates of incarceration following emergency medical services response to overdose}, volume={238}, ISSN={["1879-0046"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109571}, abstractNote={To describe the prevalence of incarceration among survivors of non-fatal overdose addressed through an emergency medical services (EMS) response, and compare incarceration by whether the emergency was for opioid-involved or stimulant-involved overdose.Administrative records on 192,113 EMS incidents and 70,409 jail booking events occurring between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2020 in Indianapolis, Indiana were record-linked at the event level. Incarceration taking place within 6-hours of an EMS incident was associated with that incident. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) of incarceration after an overdose.Among all EMS incidents, 2.6% were followed by incarceration. For overdose EMS incidents, the prevalence of incarceration was 10.0%. Overdose incidents had higher odds than non-overdose incidents of leading to a charge of felony, booked on a warrant, and transferred to another law enforcement agency upon release. Prevalence of incarceration following a stimulant-involved overdose was 21.3%, compared to 9.3% for opioid-involved overdose survivors. Compared to persons from other EMS incidents, overdose survivors had greater odds of incarceration (AOR=3.48, 95% confidence interval (CI)= 3.22, 3.75, p < .001), with opioid-involved overdoses (AOR=3.03, 95% CI=2.76, 3.33, p < .001) and stimulant-involved overdoses (AOR=6.70, 95% CI=5.26, 8.55, p < .001) leading to higher odds of incarceration.Incarceration in county jail followed one in ten overdose-involved EMS responses. As illicit drug consumption increasingly involves stimulants, the frequency of incarceration following these events is likely to increase. Policy changes and interventions are needed to reduce incarceration after overdose emergencies.}, journal={DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE}, author={Ray, Bradley and Hedden, Bethany J. and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Pozo, Brandon and Wagner, Karla and Kral, Alex H. and O'Donnell, Daniel and Victor, Grant and Huynh, Phil}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{aronowitz_carroll_hansen_jauffret-roustide_parker_suhail-sindhu_albizu-garcia_alegria_arrendondo_baldacchino_et al._2022, title={Substance use policy and practice in the COVID-19 pandemic: Learning from early pandemic responses through internationally comparative field data}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1744-1706"]}, DOI={10.1080/17441692.2022.2129720}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has created an unprecedented natural experiment in drug policy, treatment delivery, and harm reduction strategies by exposing wide variation in public health infrastructures and social safety nets around the world. Using qualitative data including ethnographic methods, questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews with people who use drugs (PWUD) and Delphi-method with experts from field sites spanning 13 different countries, this paper compares national responses to substance use during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Field data was collected by the Substance Use x COVID-19 (SU x COVID) Data Collaborative, an international network of social scientists, public health scientists, and community health practitioners convened to identify and contextualise health service delivery models and social protections that influence the health and wellbeing of PWUD during COVID-19. Findings suggest that countries with stronger social welfare systems pre-COVID introduced durable interventions targeting structural drivers of health. Countries with fragmented social service infrastructures implemented temporary initiatives for PWUD led by non-governmental organisations. The paper summarises the most successful early pandemic responses seen across countries and ends by calling for greater systemic investments in social protections for PWUD, diversion away from criminal-legal systems toward health interventions, and integrated harm reduction, treatment and recovery supports for PWUD.}, journal={GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Aronowitz, Shoshana V. and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Hansen, Helena and Jauffret-Roustide, Marie and Parker, Caroline Mary and Suhail-Sindhu, Selena and Albizu-Garcia, Carmen and Alegria, Margarita and Arrendondo, Jaimie and Baldacchino, Alexander and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{carroll_rossi_vetrova_kiriazova_lunze_2022, title={Supporting the Health of HIV-Positive People Who Inject Drugs During COVID-19 and Beyond: Lessons for the United States from St. Petersburg, Russia}, volume={112}, ISSN={["1541-0048"]}, DOI={10.2105/AJPH.2022.306727}, abstractNote={Supporting the Health of HIV-Positive People Who Inject Drugs During COVID-19 and Beyond: Lessons for the United States from St. Petersburg, Russia, an article from American Journal of Public Health, Vol 112 Issue S2}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Rossi, Sarah L. and Vetrova, Marina V. and Kiriazova, Tetiana and Lunze, Karsten}, year={2022}, month={Apr}, pages={S123–S127} }
 @article{carroll_mackin_schmidt_mckenzie_green_2022, title={The Bronze Age of drug checking: barriers and facilitators to implementing advanced drug checking amidst police violence and COVID-19}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1477-7517"]}, DOI={10.1186/s12954-022-00590-z}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={HARM REDUCTION JOURNAL}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Mackin, Sarah and Schmidt, Clare and McKenzie, Michelle and Green, Traci C.}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{tori_cummins_beletsky_schoenberger_lambert_yan_carroll_formica_green_apsler_et al._2022, title={Warrant checking practices by post-overdose outreach programs in Massachusetts: A mixed-methods study}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1873-4758"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103483}, abstractNote={Post-overdose outreach programs engage survivors in harm reduction and treatment to prevent future overdoses. In Massachusetts, these emerging programs commonly deploy teams comprised of police and public health professionals based on 911 call information. Some teams use name/address data to conduct arrest warrant checks prior to outreach visits. We used mixed methods to understand approaches to outreach related to warrant checking, from the perspectives of police and public health outreach agencies and staff.We analyzed a 2019 statewide survey of post-overdose outreach programs in Massachusetts to classify approaches to warrant checking and identify program and community factors associated with particular approaches. Ethnographic analysis of qualitative interviews conducted with outreach staff helped further contextualize outreach program practices related to warrants.A majority (57% - 79/138) of post-overdose outreach programs in Massachusetts conducted warrant checks prior to outreach. Among programs that checked warrants, we formulated a taxonomy of approaches to handling warrants: 1) performing outreach without addressing warrants (19.6% - 27/138), 2) delaying outreach until warrants are cleared (15.9% - 22/138), 3) arresting the survivor (11/138 - 8.0%), 4) taking a situational approach (10/138 - 7.2%), 5) not performing outreach (9/138 - 6.5%). Program characteristics and staff training did not vary across approaches. From police and public health outreach staff interviews (n = 38), we elicited four major themes: a) diverse motivations precede warrant checking, b) police officers feel tension between dual roles, c) warrants alter approaches to outreach, and d) teams leverage warrants in relationships. Findings from both analyses converged to demonstrate unintended consequences of warrant checking.Checking warrants prior to post-overdose outreach visits can result in arrest, delayed outreach, and barriers to obtaining services for overdose survivors, which can undermine the goal of these programs to engage overdose survivors. With the public health imperative of engaging overdose survivors, programs should consider limiting warrant checking and police participation in field activities.}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY}, author={Tori, Marco E. and Cummins, Emily and Beletsky, Leo and Schoenberger, Samantha F. and Lambert, Audrey M. and Yan, Shapei and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Formica, Scott W. and Green, Traci C. and Apsler, Robert and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{carroll_2021, title={A Collaborative Approach to Planning and Implementing a Rural Syringe Services Program in Vance County, North Carolina}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @article{el-sabawi_carroll_2021, title={A Model for Defunding: An Evidence-based Statute for Behavioral Health Crisis Response}, volume={94}, number={1}, journal={Temple Law Review}, author={El-Sabawi, Taleed and Carroll, Jennifer J.}, year={2021} }
 @misc{carroll_el-sabawi_fitcher_pope_rafla-yuan_compton_watson_2021, title={A Workforce for Non-Police Behavioral Health Crisis Response Doesn’t Exist – We Need to Create It}, url={https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20210903.856934/full/}, DOI={10.1377/hblog20210903.856934}, journal={Health Affairs blog}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and El-Sabawi, Taleed and Fitcher, Dan and Pope, Leah and Rafla-Yuan, Eric and Compton, Michael T. and Watson, Amy}, year={2021} }
 @article{carroll_2021, title={Auras of Detection: Power and Knowledge in Drug Prohibition}, volume={8}, ISSN={0091-4509 2163-1808}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00914509211035487}, DOI={10.1177/00914509211035487}, abstractNote={ Drug checking is an evidence-based strategy for overdose prevention that continues to operate (where it operates) in a legal “gray zone” due to the legal classification of some drug checking tools as drug paraphernalia—the purview of law enforcement, not public health. This article takes the emergence of fentanyl in the U.S. drug supply as a starting point for examining two closely related questions about drug checking and drug market expertise. First, how is the epistemic authority of law enforcement over the material realities of the drug market produced? Second, in the context of that authority, what are the socio-political implications of technologically advanced drug checking instruments in the hands of people who use drugs? The expertise that people who use drugs maintain about the nature of illicit drug market and how to navigate the illicit drug supply has long been discounted as untrustworthy, irrational, or otherwise invalid. Yet, increased access to drug checking tools has the potential to afford the knowledge produced by people who use drugs a technological validity it has never before enjoyed. In this article, I engage with theories of knowledge production and ontological standpoint from the field of science, technology, and society studies to examine how law enforcement produces and maintains epistemic authority over the illicit drug market and to explore how drug checking technologies enable new forms of knowledge production. I argue that drug checking be viewed as a form of social resistance against law enforcement’s epistemological authority and as a refuge against the harms produced by drug criminalization. }, journal={Contemporary Drug Problems}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J.}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={009145092110354} }
 @article{formica_waye_benintendi_yan_bagley_beletsky_carroll_xuan_rosenbloom_apsler_et al._2021, title={Characteristics of post-overdose public health-public safety outreach in Massachusetts}, volume={219}, ISSN={0376-8716}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108499}, DOI={10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108499}, abstractNote={As a response to mounting overdose fatalities, cross-agency outreach efforts have emerged to reduce future risk among overdose survivors. We aimed to characterize such programs in Massachusetts, with focus on team composition, approach, services provided, and funding.We conducted a two-phase cross-sectional survey of public health and safety providers in Massachusetts. Providers in all 351 municipalities received a screening survey. Those with programs received a second, detailed survey. We analyzed responses using descriptive statistics.As of July 2019, 44 % (156/351) of Massachusetts municipalities reported post-overdose outreach programs, with 75 % (104/138) formed between 2016-2019. Teams conducted home-based outreach 1-3 days following overdose events. Police departments typically supplied location information on overdose events (99 %, 136/138) and commonly participated in outreach visits (86 %, 118/138) alongside public health personnel, usually from community-based organizations. Teams provided or made referrals to services including inpatient addiction treatment, recovery support, outpatient medication, overdose prevention education, and naloxone. Some programs deployed law enforcement tools, including pre-visit warrant queries (57 %, 79/138), which occasionally led to arrest (11 %, 9/79). Many programs (81 %, 112/138) assisted families with involuntary commitment to treatment - although this was usually considered an option of last resort. Most programs were grant-funded (76 %, 104/136) and engaged in cross-municipal collaboration (94 %, 130/138).Post-overdose outreach programs have expanded, typically as collaborations between police and public health. Further research is needed to better understand the implications of involving police and to determine best practices for increasing engagement in treatment and harm reduction services and reduce subsequent overdose.}, journal={Drug and Alcohol Dependence}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Formica, Scott W. and Waye, Katherine M. and Benintendi, Allyn O. and Yan, Shapei and Bagley, Sarah M. and Beletsky, Leo and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Xuan, Ziming and Rosenbloom, David and Apsler, Robert and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Feb}, pages={108499} }
 @misc{carroll_2021, title={Decentering the State: The Limits of Law Enforcement in Public Health Responses to Substance Use}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2021}, month={May} }
 @article{carroll_ostrach_wilson_dunlap_getty_bennett_2021, title={Drug induced homicide laws may worsen opioid related harms: An example from rural North Carolina}, volume={97}, ISSN={0955-3959}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103406}, DOI={10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103406}, abstractNote={Drug-induced homicide (DIH) laws typically allow for the prosecution of drug distribution resulting in an overdose fatality as equivalent to homicide or manslaughter. Despite vigorous debate about the appropriateness of DIH laws as a response to overdose, the public health impacts of this increasingly common prosecutorial strategy remain unknown. In this policy analysis, we take up the question of how DIH prosecutions impact local persons and communities through the lens of a high-profile DIH conviction that took place in Haywood County, a rural county located in the Appalachian region of western North Carolina. Describing insights gained from two unrelated but overlapping studies carried out in Haywood County, we identify several plausible mechanisms through which DIH laws may negatively impact public health. Among these are disruptions to the local drug market and deterrence from calling 911 when witnessing an overdose. With the number of DIH prosecutions growing rapidly, more research on the public health impacts of DIH laws is urgently needed.}, journal={International Journal of Drug Policy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Ostrach, Bayla and Wilson, Loftin and Dunlap, Jesse Lee and Getty, Reid and Bennett, Jesse}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={103406} }
 @book{carroll_asher_krishnasamy_dowell_2021, title={Every Door is the Right Door: Linkage to Care for Individuals Living with Opioid Use Disorder}, institution={National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Asher, Alice and Krishnasamy, Vikram and Dowell, Deborah}, year={2021} }
 @misc{carroll_2021, title={Exclusionary Utopias: The Narkoman as an Ideal Other in Ukraine}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2021}, month={Feb} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2021, title={Post Overdose Outreach in Massachusetts: Lessons from Law Enforcement and Public Health Partnerships}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2021, title={Preventing Overdose in Rural Areas: A Successful Public Health/Harm Reduction Collaboration in Granville and Vance Counties, North Carolina}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{carroll_el-sabawi_2021, place={Cambridge, MA}, title={The Case for Non-Police Response to Behavioral Health Crises}, url={https://blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2021/04/01/non-police-response-behavioral-health-crises/#more-29934}, journal={Bill of Health blog}, publisher={Petrie Flom Center at Harvard School of Law.}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and El-Sabawi, Taleed}, year={2021}, month={Apr} }
 @article{carroll_el-sabawi_ostrach_2021, title={The Harms of Punishing Substance Use During Pregnancy}, volume={98}, ISSN={["1873-4758"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103433}, abstractNote={As rates of substance use have increased in the United States, rates of substance-involved pregnancies have also been on the rise, inspiring new civil policies designed to punish pregnant and parenting individuals who engage in substance use or are living with an untreated substance use disorder. Proponents of punitive civil policies argue that such policies will deter substance use behaviors and/or that substance use during pregnancy deserves punishment for harming the fetus. Current scientific evidence invalidates both claims, offering compelling evidence that punitive civil policies often worsen the harms of substance use for both parent and child. In this commentary, we review this evidence and explain how punitive policies that threaten child removal and the termination of parental rights exacerbate the very problems they are ostensibly designed to reduce. Rather than coercive and punitive responses, families affected by substance use need greater access to affordable, evidence-based treatment as well as services that address the structural and relational concerns underlying substance use. Above all, responses to perinatal substance use in both policy and practice should prioritize keeping families together.}, journal={International Journal of Drug Policy}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and El-Sabawi, Taleed and Ostrach, Bayla}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={103433} }
 @inproceedings{formica_waye_benintendi_yan_bagley_keosaian_beletsky_carroll_xuan_apsler_et al._2020, title={Characteristics of Emerging Post-Overdose Outreach Programs in Massachusetts}, author={Formica, Scott W. and Waye, Katherine M. and Benintendi, Allyn and Yan, Shapei and Bagley, Sarah and Keosaian, Julia and Beletsky, Leo and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Xuan, Ziming and Apsler, Robert and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
 @article{bartoszyńska_carroll_johnston-bloom_2020, title={Close Reading at a Distance: Téa Obreht’s Inland}, url={http://asapjournal.com/close-reading-at-a-distance-tea-obrehts-inland-kasia-bartoszynska-jennifer-j-carroll-and-ruchama-johnston-bloom/}, journal={ASAP Journal}, author={Bartoszyńska, Kasia and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Johnston-Bloom, Ruchama}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
 @misc{carroll_2020, title={Dealers, Distribution, and Other Half Truths}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2020}, month={Mar} }
 @inbook{carroll_2020, place={Stuttgart}, series={Soviet and post-Soviet politics and society}, title={Image and Imitation: The Visual Rhetoric of Pro-Russian Propaganda}, ISBN={9783838213880 9783838213880}, booktitle={Ideology After Union: Political Doctrines, Discourses, and Debates in Post-Soviet Societies}, publisher={Ibidem Verlag}, author={Carroll, J.}, editor={Etkind, Alexander and Minakov, MikhailEditors}, year={2020}, collection={Soviet and post-Soviet politics and society} }
 @article{carroll_mital_wolff_noonan_martinez_podolsky_killorin_green_2020, title={Knowledge, preparedness, and compassion fatigue among law enforcement officers who respond to opioid overdose}, volume={217}, ISSN={0376-8716}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108257}, DOI={10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108257}, abstractNote={Rates of fatal overdose (OD) from synthetic opioids rose nearly 60 % from 2016 to 2018. 911 Good Samaritan Laws (GSLs) are an evidenced-based strategy for preventing OD fatality. This study describes patrol officers' knowledge of their state's GSL, experience with OD response, and their perspectives on strategies to prevent and respond to opioid OD.An electronic survey assessed officers' knowledge of state GSLs and experiences responding to OD. Descriptive statistics and hierarchical linear modeling were generated to examine differences in knowledge, preparedness, and endorsement of OD response efforts by experience with OD response.2,829 officers responded to the survey. Among those who had responded to an OD call in the past six months (n = 1,946), 37 % reported administering naloxone on scene and 36 % reported making an arrest. Most (91 %) correctly reported whether their state had a GSL in effect. Only 26 % correctly reported whether that law provides limited immunity from arrest. Fifteen percent of officers who had responded to an OD work in departments that do not carry naloxone. Compared with officers who had not responded to any OD calls, those who reported responding OD calls at least monthly and at least weekly, were significantly less likely to endorse OD response efforts.Officers who respond to OD calls are generally receiving training and naloxone supplies to respond, but knowledge gaps and additional training needs persist. Additional training and strategies to relieve compassion fatigue among those who have more experience with OD response efforts may be indicated.}, journal={Drug and Alcohol Dependence}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Mital, Sasha and Wolff, Jessica and Noonan, Rita K. and Martinez, Pedro and Podolsky, Melissa C. and Killorin, John C. and Green, Traci C.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={108257} }
 @article{carroll_2020, title={Letter to the Editor: DPS and Suboxone}, journal={News and Observer}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @misc{carroll_2020, title={Narkomania: Author Roundtable and Q&A}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
 @article{el-sabawi, jd, phd_beletsky, jd, mph_hernandez, jd_carroll, phd, mph_2020, title={No time to wait: Commandeering healthcare facilities in the age of COVID-19}, volume={18}, ISSN={1543-5865 1543-5865}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2020.0524}, DOI={10.5055/jem.2020.0524}, abstractNote={In this editorial, we address the urgent need to rapidly expand hospital and ICU capacity during the COVID-19 pandemic and future infectious disease outbreaks. As a remedy to this problem currently plaguing many US municipalities, we discuss states' Emergency Takings Power, an alternative to eminent domain proceedings that allows the immediate commandeering of vacant hospitals without exorbitant costs or the need to litigate fair market price up front. We briefly describe the legal basis for emergency takings power and how states can empower local municipalities to act on that power during public health emergencies.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Emergency Management}, publisher={Weston Medical Publishing}, author={El-Sabawi, JD, PhD, Taleed and Beletsky, JD, MPH, Leo and Hernandez, JD, Cynthia and Carroll, PhD, MPH, Jennifer J.}, year={2020}, month={Jul}, pages={41–43} }
 @article{stone_carroll_rich_green_2020, title={One year of methadone maintenance treatment in a fentanyl endemic area: Safety, repeated exposure, retention, and remission}, volume={115}, ISSN={0740-5472}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108031}, DOI={10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108031}, abstractNote={Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid that has contributed to increasing overdose deaths in the United States in recent years. Concern over safety and efficacy of agonist treatment for fentanyl use may limit access to treatment. This study sought to address these potential concerns in a naturalistic setting.Measure 12-month treatment outcomes for methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in a fentanyl endemic area.Primary: 1) Treatment retention; 2) sustained remission (defined as 3 consecutive negative screens); 3) return to use; 4) methadone dosage required; and 5) number of days to achieve remission. Secondary: Mortality.A naturalistic follow-up study and retrospective review of consecutive patients newly admitted to a single methadone maintenance treatment program in Rhode Island.We observed 154 unique intake events (representing 151 patients). Eighty percent (n = 121) tested positive for fentanyl at intake. Seventy-five percent of patients achieved remission within the 12-month study period. One-year retention was 53% for fentanyl-exposed individuals and 47% for those not exposed. The majority (99%) of patients who remained in treatment at 12 months achieved remission. We saw prolonged, sustained remission in 44% of patients exposed to fentanyl at intake and 47% of those who were not. Dose and time to remission were similar. Unfortunately, 4 patients died after leaving MMT prematurely.This study suggests MMT is safe despite repeated exposure to fentanyl while taking methadone. Remission is achievable, and MMT is protective against death among fentanyl-exposed patients while in treatment.}, journal={Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Stone, Andrew C. and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Rich, Josiah D. and Green, Traci C.}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={108031} }
 @article{carroll_lira_lunze_colasanti_del rio_samet_2020, title={Painful Subjects: Treating Chronic Pain among People Living with HIV in the Age of Opioid Risk}, volume={35}, ISSN={0745-5194 1548-1387}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maq.12618}, DOI={10.1111/maq.12618}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={Medical Anthropology Quarterly}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Lira, Marlene C. and Lunze, Karsten and Colasanti, Jonathan A. and del Rio, Carlos and Samet, Jeffrey H.}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={141–158} }
 @inproceedings{el-sabawi_carroll_2020, title={Politics, Policies, and the Opioid Crisis: Variations in Public Health Responses}, author={El-Sabawi, Taleed and Carroll, Jennifer J.}, year={2020}, month={Sep} }
 @inproceedings{formica_waye_benintendi_yan_bagley_keosaian_beletsky_carroll_xuan_green_et al._2020, title={Post-overdose Outreach Programs Aim to Reach People Who Use Drugs in the Days Immediately Following a Non-Fatal Overdose}, author={Formica, Scott W. and Waye, Katherine M. and Benintendi, Allyn and Yan, Shapei and Bagley, Sarah and Keosaian, Julia and Beletsky, Leo and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Xuan, Ziming and Green, Traci and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_cummins_walley_formica_waye_2020, title={Safety Protocols During Home-Based Post-Overdose Outreach Visits: Perspectives from Public Health/Public Safety Teams}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Cummins, Emily and Walley, Alexander Y. and Formica, Scott and Waye, Katherine}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
 @article{sereda_kiriazova_makarenko_carroll_rybak_chybisov_bendiks_idrisov_dutta_gillani_et al._2020, title={Stigma and quality of co‐located care for HIV‐positive people in addiction treatment in Ukraine: a cross‐sectional study}, volume={23}, ISSN={1758-2652 1758-2652}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25492}, DOI={10.1002/jia2.25492}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={5}, journal={Journal of the International AIDS Society}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Sereda, Yuliia and Kiriazova, Tetiana and Makarenko, Olena and Carroll, Jennifer J and Rybak, Natasha and Chybisov, Andriy and Bendiks, Sally and Idrisov, Bulat and Dutta, Arunima and Gillani, Fizza S and et al.}, year={2020}, month={May} }
 @article{carroll_mullins_burnham-lemaire_korycinski_pierce_martinez_el-sabawi_2020, title={Student Perceptions of a University Medical Amnesty Policy Are Impacted by Race and Racism: A Qualitative Study}, volume={56}, ISSN={1082-6084 1532-2491}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1846199}, DOI={10.1080/10826084.2020.1846199}, abstractNote={Abstract Background Alcohol consumption on college and university campuses is a public health concern. Some universities have instituted medical amnesty policies (MAPs) to encourage calling first responders to the scene of an alcohol-related emergency. This study describes perceptions of a university MAP and the perceived risks of calling first responders among a sample of undergraduate students at a mid-sized, private, residential university. Methods: This is an exploratory, peer-led study, in which student-researchers worked under faculty supervision to devise the aims of the study, recruit and conduct qualitative interviews with participants, analyze data, and organize major findings. Results: Participants in this convenience sample (N = 42) were majority female (n = 33, 78.67%) and white (n = 35, 83.3%). White students often reported risking disciplinary consequences (i.e. suspension) if found in violation of university alcohol policy. White students who were familiar with the MAP praised it as beneficial in improving student safety. Students of color (especially Black students) reported concerns for their safety in the presence of first responders (especially police officers). Awareness of the MAP among students of color was very low, and many reported low levels of institutional trust, suggesting the protections conferred by the MAP should be taken “with a grain of salt.” Conclusions: MAPs may alleviate concern about some perceived risks of calling first responders, but that benefit may not be experienced equitably among students of color. More research is needed to understand the complex relationship between alcohol policies, alcohol-related injuries, policing, and race on college and university campuses.}, number={2}, journal={Substance Use & Misuse}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Mullins, Cameron and Burnham-Lemaire, Georgia and Korycinski, Hannah and Pierce, Hannaleigh and Martinez, Mackenzie and El-Sabawi, Taleed}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={185–191} }
 @article{carroll_rich_green_2020, title={The protective effect of trusted dealers against opioid overdose in the U.S.}, volume={78}, ISSN={0955-3959}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102695}, DOI={10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102695}, abstractNote={Opioid overdose has become the leading cause of death among adults between 25 and 54 years old in the U.S. The purpose of this study is to explore the social and relational factors that shape the current opioid overdose epidemic. Between January 2016 and February 2017, adults in Providence, Rhode Island, who use opioids were recruited to complete structured survey and semi-structured interview about the social context of their substance use. A total of 92 individuals completed a survey and an interview. Of those, 51 individuals (68.6% male, 49.0% white) discussed their relationships with drug suppliers in their interview and were included in this sub-study. Many of these participants indicated that long-term relationships with trusted dealers represent a key strategy for reducing the risk of substance use-related harm due to suppliers’ alleged adoption of consumer protection strategies (e.g. refusing to sell fentanyl) and quality assurance measures (e.g. testing batches of drugs for fentanyl prior to sale). Interpersonal relationships between individuals who use drugs and their suppliers strongly influence the risk and protective factors experienced by people who use drugs in today's opioid overdose epidemic. Evidence-based prevention strategies that are based on an awareness of—or even designed to harness—those positive and/or protective relationships that people who use drugs have already constructed for themselves are likely merited.}, journal={International Journal of Drug Policy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Rich, Josiah D. and Green, Traci C.}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={102695} }
 @article{mital_wolff_carroll_2020, title={The relationship between incarceration history and overdose in North America: A scoping review of the evidence}, volume={213}, ISSN={0376-8716}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108088}, DOI={10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108088}, abstractNote={Rates of opioid overdose (OD) have risen to unprecedented numbers and more than half of incarcerated individuals meet the criteria for substance use disorder, placing them at high risk. This review describes the relationship between incarceration history and OD. A scoping review was conducted and criteria for inclusion were: set in North America, published in English, and non-experimental study of formerly incarcerated individuals. Due to inconsistent definitions of opioid OD, we included all studies examining OD where opioids were mentioned. The 18 included studies were all published in 2001 or later. Four associations between incarceration history and OD were identified: (1) six studies assessed incarceration history as a risk factor for OD and four found a significantly higher risk of OD among individuals with a history of incarceration compared to those without; (2) nine studies examined the rate of OD compared to the general population: eight found a significantly higher risk of fatal OD among those with a history of incarceration and three documented the highest risk of death immediately following release; (3) six studies found demographic, substance use and mental health, and incarceration-related risk factors for OD among formerly incarcerated individuals; and (4) four studies assessed the proportion of deaths due to OD and found a range from 5 % to 57 % among formerly incarcerated individuals. Findings support the growing call for large-scale implementation of evidence-based OD prevention interventions in correctional settings and among justice-involved populations to reduce OD burden in this high-risk population.}, journal={Drug and Alcohol Dependence}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Mital, Sasha and Wolff, Jessica and Carroll, Jennifer J.}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={108088} }
 @misc{carroll_alcock_2020, title={Trust and the Test: Producing Narrative Certainty in an Evolving Pandemic}, url={http://somatosphere.net/2020/trust-and-test.html/}, journal={Somatosphere}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Alcock, Hannah}, year={2020}, month={Jun} }
 @misc{carroll_2020, title={What was Semashko and What Comes Next? Understanding Primary Health Care Reform in Ukraine}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
 @inbook{carroll_noonan_wolff_2019, title={Building Effective Public Health and Public Safety Collaborations to Prevent Opioid Overdose at the Local, State, and Federal Levels}, ISBN={9780190056810 9780190056841}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190056810.003.0020}, DOI={10.1093/oso/9780190056810.003.0020}, abstractNote={This chapter describes the public health role in the Overdose Response Strategy (ORS), a public health/public safety collaboration between the Office of National Drug Control Policy’s High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas program and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The mission of the ORS is to reduce opioid overdose incidents by developing and sharing information about heroin, fentanyl, and other opioids across state and federal agencies. In addition, the ORS supports states in implementing evidence-based strategies to combat the opioid overdose epidemic, especially where those strategies are informed by local data. Teams comprising one drug intelligence officer and one public health analyst work in each of the 24 ORS states. Challenges and opportunities of public health and law enforcement collaboration are described.}, booktitle={A Public Health Guide to Ending the Opioid Epidemic}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Noonan, Rita K. and Wolff, Jessica}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={241–252} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2019, title={Drug Overdoses Town Hall}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2019}, month={Jul} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2019, title={Evidence-Based Strategies for Preventing Opioid Overdose}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2019}, month={Apr} }
 @inproceedings{stone_carroll_rich_green_2019, title={Fentanyl Use and Outcomes in a Methadone Treatment Program: 1-year Follow-Up}, author={Stone, Andrew C. and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Rich, Jody R. and Green, Traci C.}, year={2019}, month={Apr} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2019, title={Finding Successful Prevention Strategies Through Overdose Fatality Reviews}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2019}, month={Aug} }
 @book{carroll_2019, place={Ithaca, NY}, title={Narkomania: Drugs, HIV, and Citizenship in Ukraine}, ISBN={9781501736933}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501736933}, DOI={10.7591/9781501736933}, publisher={Cornell University Press}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J.}, year={2019}, month={Jun} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2019, title={Narkomania: Drugs, HIV, and Citizenship in Ukraine}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{carroll_2019, place={New York, NY}, title={Narkomania: Drugs, HIV, and Citizenship in Ukraine}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2019} }
 @misc{carroll_2019, title={Race, Health Equity, and the Opioid Epidemic: A Panel Discussion}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2019}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{carroll_2019, place={Berkeley, CA}, title={Review of Helena Hansen’s Addicted to Christ: Remaking Men in Puerto Rican Pentecostal Drug Ministries}, volume={3}, url={https://www.journals.uio.no/index.php/JEA/article/download/6753/5838}, DOI={10.5617/jea.6753}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Extreme Anthropology}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2019}, pages={173–176} }
 @inproceedings{podolsky_mital_martinez_green_wolff_noonan_carroll_2019, title={Safety and Liability Concerns and Naloxone Deployment in Response to an Opioid Overdose Among Patrol Officers}, author={Podolsky, Melissa C. and Mital, Sasha and Martinez, Pedro and Green, Traci C. and Wolff, Jessica and Noonan, Rita K. and Carroll, Jennifer J.}, year={2019}, month={Jun} }
 @article{carroll_2019, title={Sovereign Rules and Rearrangements: Banning Methadone in Occupied Crimea}, volume={38}, ISSN={0145-9740 1545-5882}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2018.1532422}, DOI={10.1080/01459740.2018.1532422}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT In 2014, Russian authorities in occupied Crimea shut down all medication-assisted treatment (MAT) programs for patients with opioid use disorder. These closures dramatically enacted a new political order. As the sovereign occupiers in Crimea advanced new constellations of citizenship and statehood, so the very concept of “right to health” was re-tooled. Social imaginations of drug use helped single out MAT patients as a population whose “right to health,” protected by the state, would be artificially restricted. Here, I argue that such acts of medical disenfranchisement should be understood as contemporary acts of statecraft. Video abstract Read the transcript Watch the video on Vimeo}, number={6}, journal={Medical Anthropology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J.}, year={2019}, pages={508–522} }
 @inproceedings{del rio c_cheng_colasanti_liebschutz_lira_forman_shanahan_root_bridden_outlaw_et al._2019, place={Mexico City, Mexico}, title={Targeting Effective Analgesia in Clinics for HIV (TEACH): a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) to Improve Satisfaction, Confidence, and Trust around Chronic Opioid Therapy in HIV Care}, author={del Rio C, Tsui J. and Cheng, D and Colasanti, J and Liebschutz, J and Lira, M and Forman, L and Shanahan, C and Root, C and Bridden, C and Outlaw, K and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Jul} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2019, title={The Future is Fractured: Insiders/Outsiders in the Theory Generation}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2019}, month={Mar} }
 @article{rhodes_costenbader_wilson_hershow_carroll_zule_golin_brinkley-rubinstein_2019, title={Urban, individuals of color are impacted by fentanyl-contaminated heroin}, volume={73}, ISSN={0955-3959}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.008}, DOI={10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.07.008}, abstractNote={The present phase of the overdose epidemic is characterized by fentanyl-contaminated heroin, particularly in the eastern United States (U.S.). However, there is little research examining how changes in drug potency are affecting urban, racial minority individuals who have been affected by both the “old” epidemic of the 1940s through 1980s, as well as the “new” present day epidemic. A focus on the drug using experiences of racial minorities is needed to avoid perpetuating discriminatory responses to drug use in communities of color, which have characterized past U.S. policies. This qualitative study was conducted from March through June 2018 to examine recent experiences of urban, individuals of color who inject drugs to assess the impact of the current overdose epidemic on this understudied population. Interviews were conducted with 25 people who reported current injection drug use. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a general inductive approach to identify major themes. Fifteen of 25 participants reported experiencing a non-fatal overdose in the past two years; eight suspected their overdose was fentanyl-related. Likewise, 15 had ever witnessed someone else overdose at least once. Overdoses that required multiple doses of naloxone were also reported. Participants employed several methods to attempt to detect the presence of fentanyl in their drugs, with varying degrees of success. Carrying naloxone and utilizing trusted drug sellers (often those who also use) were strategies used to minimize risk of overdose. Contaminated heroin and increased risk for overdose was often encountered when trusted sources were unavailable. This population is suffering from high rates of recent overdose. Removal of trusted drug sources from a community may inadvertently increase overdose risk. Ensuring access to harm reduction resources (naloxone, drug testing strips) will remain important for addressing ever-increasing rates of overdose among all populations affected.}, journal={International Journal of Drug Policy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Rhodes, Blythe and Costenbader, Betsy and Wilson, Loftin and Hershow, Rebecca and Carroll, Jennifer and Zule, William and Golin, Carol and Brinkley-Rubinstein, Lauren}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={1–6} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_mullins_pierce_martinez_2019, title={‘If you’re Black and Using Drugs Then People Don’t Want to Help You’: Substance Use, Harm Reduction, and Default Whiteness on a College Campus}, author={Carroll, J. and Mullins, C. and Pierce, H. and Martinez, M.}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2018, title={A Comprehensive Assessment of 911 Good Samaritan Laws: Attitudes, Implementation, and Effect}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2018, title={A Comprehensive Assessment of 911 Good Samaritan Laws: Attitudes, Implementation, and Effect}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2018}, month={Apr} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2018, title={Anthropological Interventions in the Opioid Crisis}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2018} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2018, title={Decolonizing Queer Performance, Practice, Experience: Examples from Post-Socialism}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2018}, month={Nov} }
 @book{carroll_green_noonan_2018, title={Evidence-Based Strategies for Preventing Opioid Overdose: What’s Working in the United States}, url={http://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/pubs/2018-evidence-based-strategies.pdf}, institution={National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Green, Traci C. and Noonan, Rita K.}, year={2018} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2018, title={Fentanyl and Feelings: A Bio-cultural Understanding of Synthetic Opioids in the Illicit Drug Market}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2018}, month={Nov} }
 @article{carroll_colasanti_lira_del rio_samet_2018, title={HIV Physicians and Chronic Opioid Therapy: It’s Time to Raise the Bar}, volume={23}, ISSN={1090-7165 1573-3254}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2356-2}, DOI={10.1007/s10461-018-2356-2}, abstractNote={Clinical practice that utilizes chronic opioid therapy has been recognized as one major cause of the opioid crisis. Among patients living with HIV, the risks associated with chronic opioid therapy may be complicated by factors such as co-occurring mental health diagnoses, substance use, and economic marginalization. Improving opioid prescribing practices in HIV clinics requires attention to these and other characteristics common to HIV care. In the context of a randomized controlled trial testing an intervention to improve opioid prescribing practices in HIV outpatient clinics, we interviewed physicians about their perspectives on chronic opioid therapy. Overwhelmingly, physicians voiced ambivalence about their own knowledge and comfort with prescription opioids. They raised concerns about the impact of opioid prescribing on patient-provider relationships and the increasing workload associated with prescribing and monitoring patients. In this report, we explore these concerns and propose several strategies for improving clinical care in which chronic opioid therapy is addressed.}, number={4}, journal={AIDS and Behavior}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Colasanti, Jonathan and Lira, Marlene C. and del Rio, Carlos and Samet, Jeffrey H.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={1057–1061} }
 @inproceedings{stone_carroll_green_rich_2018, title={Methadone Maintenance Treatment for Fentanyl Use: Dose, Retention in Treatment, and Relapse}, author={Stone, Andrew C. and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Green, Traci C. and Rich, Jody R.}, year={2018}, month={Apr} }
 @article{stone_carroll_rich_green_2018, title={Methadone maintenance treatment among patients exposed to illicit fentanyl in Rhode Island: Safety, dose, retention, and relapse at 6 months}, volume={192}, ISSN={0376-8716}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.019}, DOI={10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.019}, abstractNote={Illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF) is a potent synthetic opioid that has been contributing to overdose deaths in the United States. This study examined intake toxicology and six-month treatment outcomes for patients newly admitted to a single methadone maintenance treatment program (MMTP) in Rhode Island with a high prevalence of illicit fentanyl. We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients admitted to a single MMTP between November 1st, 2016 and August 31st, 2017 followed for six months. Outcomes measured included: 1) retention in treatment at 6 months; 2) evidence of sustained abstinence; 3) relapse; 4) methadone dosage required to achieve sustained abstinence; and 5) the number of days required to achieve abstinence. We observed 154 unique intake events (representing 147 patients). 80% (n = 123) tested positive for fentanyl at intake. During the six-month follow up period, 32% (n = 49) left treatment before six months, two individuals died within five weeks of discontinuation. No deaths were seen among those remaining in treatment. The majority (89%) who remained in treatment at six months achieved abstinence. No significant difference was seen for dose or time to achieve abstinence. Relapse was common (57%). Repeated exposure to fentanyl was seen frequently (71%) while in MMT before and after achieving abstinence. While there is concern that the potency of IMF may reduce the effectiveness of MAT, this study suggests that MMT is safe, abstinence achievable, and MMT is protective against death among fentanyl-exposed patients.}, journal={Drug and Alcohol Dependence}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Stone, Andrew C. and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Rich, Josiah D. and Green, Traci C.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={94–97} }
 @misc{carroll_2018, title={Narkomania: What drug users can teach us about society, politics, and going to war with Russia}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2018}, month={Apr} }
 @misc{carroll_2018, title={Putin’s war Against Ukraine: revolution, nationalism, and crime}, volume={34}, ISSN={2159-9165 2159-9173}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2018.1532890}, DOI={10.1080/21599165.2018.1532890}, abstractNote={There is a short film often used in introductory anthropology classrooms called Ongka’s Big Moka. In the film, the titular character, Ongka, struggles to defend his honor as the Big Man of his comm...}, number={4}, journal={East European Politics}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={507–508} }
 @article{carroll_rich_green_2018, title={Reducing Collateral Damage in Responses to the Opioid Crisis}, volume={108}, ISSN={0090-0036 1541-0048}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304270}, DOI={10.2105/AJPH.2017.304270}, abstractNote={The authors reflect on the harmful side effects of U.S. legal actions against prescription opioid use and how to counteract those side effects. They talk about opioid tolerance and factors behind opioid overdoses. They mention the need to properly care for substance use disorders and chronic pain. They talk about the need for improved community engagement of outreach and service provision after disrupting drug supply chains. They consider supply-side risk reduction outside of medical clinics.}, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Public Health}, publisher={American Public Health Association}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Rich, Josiah D. and Green, Traci C.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={349–350} }
 @misc{carroll_2018, title={Shock Therapy: Psychology, Precarity, and Well‐being in Postsocialist Russia. Tomas Matza, Durham: Duke University Press, 2018, 305 pp.}, volume={33}, ISSN={0745-5194 1548-1387}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maq.12495}, DOI={10.1111/maq.12495}, abstractNote={Medical Anthropology QuarterlyVolume 33, Issue 3 BOOK REVIEW Shock Therapy: Psychology, Precarity, and Well-being in Postsocialist Russia. Matza, Tomas, Durham: Duke University Press, 2018, 305 pp. Jennifer J. Carroll, Elon UniversitySearch for more papers by this author Jennifer J. Carroll, Elon UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 18 December 2018 https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12495AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume33, Issue3September 2019 RelatedInformation}, number={3}, journal={Medical Anthropology Quarterly}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J.}, year={2018}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{carroll_2018, title={Sunder Rajan, Kaushik. Pharmocracy: value, politics, and knowledge in global biomedicine. xiv, 328 pp., fig., bibliogr. Durham, N.C.: Duke Univ. Press, 2017. £23.99 (paper)}, volume={24}, ISSN={1359-0987}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.12943}, DOI={10.1111/1467-9655.12943}, abstractNote={Journal of the Royal Anthropological InstituteVolume 24, Issue 4 p. 852-853 Book and film review Sunder Rajan, Kaushik. Pharmocracy: value, politics, and knowledge in global biomedicine. xiv, 328 pp., fig., bibliogr. Durham, N.C.: Duke Univ. Press, 2017. £23.99 (paper) Jennifer J. Carroll, Jennifer J. Carroll Brown UniversitySearch for more papers by this author Jennifer J. Carroll, Jennifer J. Carroll Brown UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 November 2018 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.12943Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume24, Issue4December 2018Pages 852-853 RelatedInformation}, number={4}, journal={Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={852–853} }
 @article{carroll_rich_green_2018, title={The More Things Change: Buprenorphine/naloxone Diversion Continues While Treatment Remains Inaccessible}, volume={12}, ISSN={1932-0620 1935-3227}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/adm.0000000000000436}, DOI={10.1097/adm.0000000000000436}, abstractNote={
            Objectives:
            Buprenorphine/naloxone, an evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorder, is sometimes diverted for non-medical use. In Rhode Island, the prevalence of opioid use and, more recently, of fentanyl in the illicit drug supply is driving overdose fatalities, which increases the need for treatment and raises questions about the changing role of diverted medication in shaping overdose risk.
          }, number={6}, journal={Journal of Addiction Medicine}, publisher={Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Rich, Josiah D. and Green, Traci C.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={459–465} }
 @article{dethier_rybak_hirway_bachmaha_carroll_sorokolit_flanigan_sluzhynska_2018, title={The changing face of women living with HIV in western Ukraine}, volume={29}, ISSN={0956-4624 1758-1052}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417724708}, DOI={10.1177/0956462417724708}, abstractNote={ Ukraine has the second largest HIV epidemic in Eastern Europe/Central Asia. This study characterizes the demographics of HIV-infected women in the Lviv region of western Ukraine, patterns in their clinical presentation, and factors associated with delays in seeking care. A retrospective chart review was conducted of 622 HIV-infected women who registered for HIV treatment at the Lviv AIDS Center between 2008 and 2013. A total of 81.6% of women were infected through heterosexual transmission and the remaining 18.4% through intravenous drug use. Slightly less than half (45.4%) was between 26 and 35 years old. Slightly more than half (56.7%) listed their residence in a city, 22.6% in villages. One-third (30.0%) of all women presented with AIDS, and 37.7% presented with symptomatic conditions. Women diagnosed with HIV during antenatal care experienced a median delay of 34 days between diagnosis and registration, compared to 87.5 days for nonpregnant women tested in the context of intravenous drug use. Overall, HIV-infected women in western Ukraine experience time delays in care, and often present with advanced HIV disease and secondary complications. Linkage to care in a timely manner is a high priority and substantial challenge for women, particularly for intravenous drug users who may face stigma and other additional barriers. }, number={4}, journal={International Journal of STD & AIDS}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Dethier, Divya and Rybak, Natasha and Hirway, Priya and Bachmaha, Mariya and Carroll, Jennifer and Sorokolit, Andriy and Flanigan, Timothy and Sluzhynska, Maryana}, year={2018}, pages={318–323} }
 @misc{carroll_2017, title={Drug Use and the Politics of Social Order in Wartime Ukraine}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2017}, month={Apr} }
 @article{carroll_marshall_rich_green_2017, title={Exposure to fentanyl-contaminated heroin and overdose risk among illicit opioid users in Rhode Island: A mixed methods study}, volume={46}, ISSN={0955-3959}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.023}, DOI={10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.023}, abstractNote={Illicit fentanyl use has become wide spread in the US, causing high rates of overdose deaths among people who use drugs. This study describes patterns and perceptions of fentanyl exposure among opioid users in Rhode Island. A mixed methods study was conducted via questionnaire with a convenience sample of 149 individuals using illicit opioids or misusing prescription opioids in Rhode Island between January and November 2016. Of these, 121 knew of fentanyl and reported known or suspected exposure to fentanyl in the past year. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the first 47 participants. Study participants were predominantly male (64%) and white (61%). Demographic variables were similar across sample strata. Heroin was the most frequently reported drug of choice (72%). Self-reported exposure to illicit fentanyl in the past year was common (50.4%, n = 61). In multivariate models, regular (at least weekly) heroin use was independently associated with known or suspected fentanyl exposure in the past year (adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) = 4.07, 95% CI: 1.24–13.3, p = 0.020). In interviews, users described fentanyl as unpleasant, potentially deadly, and to be avoided. Participants reporting fentanyl exposure routinely experienced or encountered non-fatal overdose. Heroin users reported limited ability to identify fentanyl in their drugs. Harm reduction strategies used to protect themselves from fentanyl exposure and overdose, included test hits, seeking prescription opioids in lieu of heroin, and seeking treatment with combination buprenorphine/naloxone. Participants were often unsuccessful in accessing structured treatment programs. Among illicit opioid users in Rhode Island, known or suspected fentanyl exposure is common, yet demand for fentanyl is low. Fentanyl-contaminated drugs are generating user interest in effective risk mitigation strategies, including treatment. Responses to the fentanyl epidemic should be informed by the perceptions and experiences of local users. The rapid scale-up of buprenorphine/naloxone provision may slow the rate of fentanyl-involved overdose deaths.}, journal={International Journal of Drug Policy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Marshall, Brandon D.L. and Rich, Josiah D. and Green, Traci C.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={136–145} }
 @inproceedings{stone_carroll_green_rich_2017, title={Illicit Fentanyl in Methadone Patients: Implications for Treatment, Overdose, and Surveillance}, author={Stone, Andrew C. and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Green, Traci C. and Rich, Jody R.}, year={2017}, month={Apr} }
 @article{carroll_2017, title={Image and Imitation: The Visual Rhetoric of Pro-Russian Propaganda}, volume={2}, url={https://www.ideopol.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/________2.5.%20ENG.%20Carrol%20Prefinal.pdf}, number={8}, journal={Ideology and Politics Journal}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2017}, pages={36–79} }
 @misc{carroll_2017, title={Power Struggles: Addiction, War, and Other Conflicts in Ukraine}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2017}, month={Feb} }
 @article{macmadu_carroll_hadland_green_marshall_2017, title={Prevalence and correlates of fentanyl-contaminated heroin exposure among young adults who use prescription opioids non-medically}, volume={68}, ISSN={0306-4603}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.01.014}, DOI={10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.01.014}, abstractNote={The rate of overdose deaths caused by fentanyl-contaminated heroin (FCH) use is increasing rapidly in the United States. We examined risk factors for exposure to FCH and experiences with FCH use among young adult non-medical prescription opioids (NMPO) users. We analyzed data from the Rhode Island Young Adult Prescription Drug Study (RAPiDS), which enrolled young adults aged 18 to 29 reporting prior 30 day NMPO use between January 2015 and February 2016. Participants completed questionnaires ascertaining drug use patterns and risk behaviors, including FCH exposure. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with known or suspected FCH exposure. Of 199 participants, the median age was 25 (IQR: 22, 27), 130 (65.3%) were male, and 122 (61.3%) were of White, non-Hispanic race/ethnicity. In total, 22 (11%) reported known or suspected FCH exposure in the prior six months. Several drug use patterns and risk behaviors were associated with FCH exposure, including: regular heroin and cocaine use; diverted pharmaceutical fentanyl use in the prior six months; NMPO use to avoid withdrawal symptoms; longer duration of NMPO use; regular injection drug use; and prior overdose (all p < 0.001). Among participants who reported FCH exposure, 59% were unaware that their heroin was contaminated with fentanyl prior to last use, 59% reported that FCH provides a better high, and all recognized that fentanyl increases overdose risk. Exposure to fentanyl-contaminated heroin is an emerging trend among young adult NMPO users in Rhode Island. Overdose prevention programs addressing FCH use are urgently needed.}, journal={Addictive Behaviors}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Macmadu, Alexandria and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Hadland, Scott E. and Green, Traci C. and Marshall, Brandon D.L.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={35–38} }
 @misc{carroll_2017, title={Public Health in Wartime}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2017}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{carroll_2016, title={Black Lives Matter Doesn’t Need to Be Polite—It Needs Us to Remember}, url={https://medium.com/the-establishment/black-lives-matter-doesnt-need-to-be-polite-it-needs-us-to-remember-4866fd145d6f}, journal={The Establishment}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2016}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{carroll_2016, title={Blind Spot: How Neoliberalism Infiltrated Global Health. By Salmaan Keshavjee. Oakland: University of California Press, 2014. xxxviii. 240.pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $29.95, paperback.}, volume={33}, url={https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/view/20851/27911}, number={2}, journal={Anthropology of East Europe Review}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2016}, pages={96–98} }
 @book{carroll_wierciński_2016, title={Challenges of Health, Demographic Changes, and Wellbeing in Post-socialist States}, volume={34}, number={1}, journal={Anthropology of East Europe Review}, year={2016} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2016, place={New York, NY}, title={Civil Society and Activism During and Since Maidan}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2016}, month={Apr} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2016, place={Minneapolis, MN}, title={Dima Had to Live and Then Had to Die: Sovereignty, Citizenship, and the Addict’s Right to Health in Ukraine}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2016}, month={Nov} }
 @article{carroll_2016, title={For lack of wanting: Discourses of desire in Ukrainian opiate substitution therapy programs}, volume={53}, ISSN={1363-4615 1461-7471}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461515581543}, DOI={10.1177/1363461515581543}, abstractNote={ Available treatments for addiction and substance abuse in Ukraine have been shaped by the economic, political, and social shifts that have followed the country’s independence. The introduction of methadone-based opiate substitution therapy (OST) for opiate addicts is especially representative of this. Biomedical paradigms of addiction, its etiology, and its treatment, promoted and paid for by international donors and elite global health entities, are being met by Ukrainian notions of personhood and psychology in both public discourse and clinical settings. Ukrainian physicians who work in OST programs frequently reference desire (желание) as the most significant factor in determining the success or failure of treatment. They refer to a desire to be treated, desire to get better, desire to live. The moralized imperative to possess this desire to get better is, in many ways, a reflection of how addiction and the addicted psyche is constructed and understood in the Ukrainian context. By exploring discourses of desire in narratives of addiction and treatment, I examine how notions of psychology, will, and self-control intersect, shaping the subjectivity, agency, and daily experiences of this vulnerable population. }, number={2}, journal={Transcultural Psychiatry}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J.}, year={2016}, pages={198–216} }
 @article{carroll_ngure_heffron_curran_mugo_baeten_2016, title={Gendered differences in the perceived risks and benefits of oral PrEP among HIV-serodiscordant couples in Kenya}, volume={28}, ISSN={0954-0121 1360-0451}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2015.1131972}, DOI={10.1080/09540121.2015.1131972}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective for preventing HIV among HIV-serodiscordant heterosexual couples. Gender roles may influence perceived personal and social risks related to HIV-prevention behaviors and may affect use of PrEP. In this study, interviews and focus groups were conducted with 68 individuals from 34 mutually disclosed serodiscordant heterosexual partnerships in Thika, Kenya. Sociocultural factors that affect adherence to PrEP were explored using grounded analysis. Three factors were identified, which shape perceptions of PrEP: gendered power dynamics and control over decision-making in the household; conflicts between risk-reduction strategies and male sexual desire; culture-bound definitions of women's work. Adherence to PrEP in the Partners PrEP Study was high; however, participants articulated conflicting interests related to PrEP in connection with traditional gender roles. The successful delivery of PrEP will require understanding of key social factors, particularly related to gender and dyadic dynamics around HIV serostatus.}, number={8}, journal={AIDS Care}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Ngure, Kenneth and Heffron, Renee and Curran, Kathryn and Mugo, Nelly R. and Baeten, Jared M.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={1000–1006} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2016, place={Chicago, IL}, title={Governing Difference: Shifting Citizenship Regimes and the Politics of Belonging}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2016}, month={Mar} }
 @article{carroll_heffron_mugo_ngure_ndase_asiimwe_celum_baeten_2016, title={Perceived Risk Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Serodiscordant Couples in East Africa Taking Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis}, volume={43}, ISSN={1537-4521 0148-5717}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/olq.0000000000000472}, DOI={10.1097/olq.0000000000000472}, abstractNote={
            Objectives
            Perceived risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is thought to drive low adherence in pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) trials. We explored the level of perceived risk of incident HIV infection in the Partners PrEP Study, in which adherence was generally high.
          }, number={8}, journal={Sexually Transmitted Diseases}, publisher={Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J. and Heffron, Renee and Mugo, Nelly and Ngure, Kenneth and Ndase, Patrick and Asiimwe, Stephen and Celum, Connie and Baeten, Jared M.}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={471–475} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2016, title={Power Struggles: Addiction, War, and Other Conflicts in Ukraine}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2016}, month={Mar} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2016, place={New York, NY}, title={Power Struggles: Addiction, War, and Other Forms of Conflict in Ukraine.}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2016}, month={Apr} }
 @article{carroll_2016, title={The Bright Future Without You}, url={http://jenniferjcarroll.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/BrigntFutureWIthoutYou.pdf}, journal={Anthropology News}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2016}, month={Jan} }
 @book{carroll_mcnamara_2016, title={The Politics of Health Equity in Europe}, volume={1}, url={https://www.europenowjournal.org/issues/issue-1/}, journal={EuropeNow}, year={2016}, month={Oct} }
 @misc{carroll_2016, title={The Social Value of Drug Addicts: Uses of the Useless by Merrill Singer and J. Bryan Page. Walnut Creek, CA:Left Coast Press, 2014. 248 pp.}, volume={118}, ISSN={0002-7294}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aman.12545}, DOI={10.1111/aman.12545}, abstractNote={American AnthropologistVolume 118, Issue 2 p. 452-453 BOOK REVIEWS The Social Value of Drug Addicts: Uses of the Useless by Merrill Singer and J. Bryan Page. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2014. 248 pp. Jennifer J. Carroll, Jennifer J. Carroll Brown UniversitySearch for more papers by this author Jennifer J. Carroll, Jennifer J. Carroll Brown UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 June 2016 https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.12545Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume118, Issue2June 2016Pages 452-453 RelatedInformation}, number={2}, journal={American Anthropologist}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={452–453} }
 @article{carroll_2016, title={Why Does Healthcare for People Who Use Drugs in Ukraine Continue to Fail? = Чому система охорони здоров’я в Україні далі іґнорує тих, хто вживає наркотики?}, volume={20}, number={7-8}, journal={Krytyka = Крутика}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={24–29} }
 @article{carroll_2016, title={Writing Grief: Death and Bereavement in Ethnographic Texts}, volume={3}, url={http://www.medanthrotheory.org/article/view/5645/7466}, number={2}, journal={Medicine Anthropology Theory}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2016} }
 @article{carroll_2016, title={Да водиш нормален живот: коментари върху революцията, колективността и социалната дистинкция в Украйна}, volume={45}, number={1}, journal={Критика и Хуманизъм/Critique & Humanism}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2016}, pages={69–88} }
 @article{rybak_carroll_bachmaha_garcia_vasylev_flanigan_sluzhynska_2015, title={HIV Testing and Entry into HIV Care in Lviv, Western Ukraine 2005-2013}, volume={6}, url={https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/hiv-testing-and-entry-into-hiv-care-in-lviv-western-ukraine-20052013-2155-6113-1000494.pdf}, DOI={10.4172/2155-6113.1000494}, abstractNote={Background: Ukraine has one of the largest burdens of HIV in the European region. Over the past decade, significant strides have been made to successfully decrease the rate of HIV transmission. This analysis of HIV testing and entry into care in Western Ukraine provides data in an understudied region of Ukraine. 
Methods and findings: We analyzed records of HIV testing by category performed within the Lviv Oblast between 2005 and 2013. We also analyzed aggregate registration data from the Lviv Regional AIDS Center. The three highest HIV risk testing categories and their relative percent positive were 1) sexual contact with known HIV partner (20.5%) 2) current or past intravenous drug use (IDU) (13.5%) and 3) history of incarceration (11.5%). The rates of positive tests for IDU and incarcerated patients decreased over this time period. Evaluation of registration into care demonstrated that between 2005-2008, 36.6 % of positive tests resulted in registration into care compared to 54.5% between 2009- 2013. 
Conclusions: New HIV diagnoses have shifted from within predominantly IDU and incarcerated populations to more broad based screening categories consistent with the known shift to a generalized HIV epidemic. The overall rate of registration into care remains low. More efforts are needed to target HIV positive patients to engage them to register for care.}, number={8}, journal={Journal of AIDS and Clinical Research}, author={Rybak, Natasha and Carroll, Jennifer J. and Bachmaha, Mariya and Garcia, Allyson and Vasylev, Marta and Flanigan, Timothy and Sluzhynska, Maryna}, year={2015}, pages={494} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2015, place={Denver, CO}, title={Medical Moralities in the Quotidian Clinic: How Breaking the Rules Creates Success for Long-Term Drug Users in Ukraine.}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2015}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{carroll_2015, place={Riga, Latvia). August}, title={New Ontologies of Healthcare and Self-care}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2015}, month={Aug} }
 @book{carroll_2014, place={New  York, NY}, title={"The Quietest Casualties: Russian Public Health Policies Cause Patient Deaths in Crimea.” Critical Commentary: A Forum for Research and Commentary on Europe}, institution={Council for European Studies, Columbia University}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2014}, month={Sep} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2014, place={New York, NY}, title={EuroMaidan, the Fall of Yanukovych, and Russian Intervention.}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2014}, month={Apr} }
 @article{carroll_2014, place={Seattle, WA}, title={From Ukraine: The heartbreak of victory; the fear of Russia}, url={https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/from-ukraine-the-heartbreak-of-victory-the-fear-of-russia/}, journal={Seattle Times}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2014}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{carroll_2014, title={From the Streets of Kyiv: ‘We Are Definitely Going Somewhere.’}, url={https://jsis.washington.edu/ellisoncenter/news/from-the-streets-of-kyiv-we-are-definitely-going-somewhere/}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2014}, month={Feb} }
 @article{carroll_2014, title={Key Theories from Critical Medical Anthropology for Public Health Research. Part 2: Medicine in the Social System, Medicine as a Social System.}, volume={4}, url={http://journals.uran.ua/tcphee/article/view/14811}, number={1}, journal={Tobacco Control and Public Health in Eastern Europe}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2014}, pages={41–48} }
 @misc{carroll_2014, title={Michelle A. Parsons. Dying Unneeded: The Cultural Context of the Russian Mortality Crisis. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2014. 224 pp. $27.95, paper, ISBN 978-0-8265-1973-3.}, url={https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=44190}, journal={H-Net Reviews in the Humanities & Social Sciences}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2014} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2014, title={On Dignity: The Breadth and the Limits of EuroMaidan’s Imagined Communities}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2014}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{carroll_2014, title={People in the Streets, Bodies in the Snow: Bringing the Stakes of EuroMaidan into Focus}, url={https://jsis.washington.edu/ellisoncenter/news/people-in-the-streets-bodies-in-the-snow-bringing-the-stakes-of-euromaidan-into-focus/}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2014}, month={Jan} }
 @article{carroll_2014, title={Reflections on Kyiv’s EuroMaidan: Ethnography of the Unexpected}, url={http://jenniferjcarroll.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/EthnographyOfTheUnexpected.pdf}, journal={Anthropology News}, author={Carroll, J.}, year={2014}, month={Mar} }
 @article{carroll_2014, title={This is not about Europe: Reflections on Kyiv’s EuroMaidan}, volume={44}, number={1}, journal={Perspectives on Europe}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2014}, pages={8–15} }
 @misc{carroll_2014, title={To Care for Our Own: Public Health and Medical Care in the Time of Revolution}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2014}, month={Oct} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2014, title={Turmoil in Ukraine}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2014}, month={Apr} }
 @article{carroll_2014, title={UW Student in Kiev Sees Destruction—and Dignity}, volume={21}, url={https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/uw-student-in-kiev-sees-destruction-mdash-and-dignity/}, journal={Seattle Times.}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2014}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{carroll_2014, title={Ukraine Roundtable, Part 1: part of the  What’s Going on in Ukraine}, url={http://anthropoliteia.net/2014/03/28/ukraine-roundtable/}, journal={Allegra: A Virtual Lab in Legal Anthropology and Anthropoliteia weblogs}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2014} }
 @article{carroll_2014, title={Ukraine’s EuroMaidan Isn’t Just for the Right}, url={https://www.yalejournal.org/publications/ukraines-euromaidan-isnt-just-for-the-right?rq=carroll}, journal={Yale Journal of International Affairs}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2014}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{carroll_2014, title={Ukraine’s EuroMaidan Isn’t Just for the Right}, url={http://www.criticatac.ro/lefteast/euromaidan-isnt-just-for-the-right/}, journal={LeftEast weblog}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2014}, month={Mar} }
 @misc{carroll_2014, title={Ukraine’s EuroMaidan: An Eyewitness Account of the Revolution}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2014}, month={Apr} }
 @book{carroll_2013, place={Washington, D.C.}, title={Barriers to Treatment Adherence in Ukrainian Tuberculosis Control Programs}, institution={International Research Exchange Board}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2013} }
 @article{carroll_2013, title={Free market tuberculosis: Managing epidemics in post-Soviet Georgia}, volume={8}, ISSN={1744-1692 1744-1706}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2013.840007}, DOI={10.1080/17441692.2013.840007}, number={9}, journal={Global Public Health}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Carroll, Jennifer J.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={1087–1088} }
 @article{carroll_2013, title={Key Theories from Critical Medical Anthropology for Public Health Research. Part 1: Starting with Foucault: Cultures of medicine and meanings of illness}, volume={3}, number={1}, journal={Tobacco Control and Public Health in Eastern Europe}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2013}, pages={39–46} }
 @misc{carroll_2013, title={My Best-Worst Day in Ukraine: On Research, Relationships, and Other Contradictions From the Field}, url={https://jsis.washington.edu/ellisoncenter/news/my-best-worst-day-in-ukraine/}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2013}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{carroll_2013, title={My Best-Worst Day in Ukraine: On Research, Relationships, and Other Contradictions From the Field}, url={http://www.criticatac.ro/lefteast/my-best-worst-day-in-ukraine-on-research-relationships-and-other-contradictions-from-the-field-2/.}, journal={LeftEast}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2013}, month={Mar} }
 @article{carroll_2013, title={Social and Political Embeddedness of Approaches to Health and Illness: Author’s Response}, volume={3}, number={1}, journal={Tobacco Control and Public Health in Eastern Europe}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2013}, pages={59–60} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2013, title={‘This is not American Heroin’: Social Illness, Chemical Therapies, and Biomedical Pluralism in Ukraine}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2013} }
 @article{carroll_2012, title={Evidence Based Medicine and the Construction of Moral Agency in Ukraine}, volume={9}, url={http://cargojournal.org/index.php/cargo/article/view/46}, number={1/2}, journal={CARGO: Journal for Cultural and Social Anthropology}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2012}, pages={25–50} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2012, title={Methadone as Medicine: The Biomedicalization of Drug Addiction in Ukrainian Substitution Therapy Programs}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2012}, month={Jun} }
 @article{carroll_2011, title={A Woman Among Addicts: the Production and Management of Identities in a Ukrainian Harm Reduction Organization}, volume={29}, url={https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/view/1056}, number={1}, journal={Anthropology of East Europe Review}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2011}, pages={23–34} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2011, title={Scientific Stuff: The (Re)Negotiation of Local Knowledge and Medical Discourse in Ukraine}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2011}, month={Nov} }
 @misc{carroll_2011, place={Princeton}, title={Scripting Addiction: The Politics of Therapeutic Talk and American Sobriety by E. Summerson Carr}, url={http://somatosphere.net/2012/10/book-review-summerson-carrs-scripting-addiction.html.}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2011} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2010, title={Bodies at Risk: Determining Health and Responsibility in Ukrainian Harm Reduction and HIV-Prevention Programs}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2010}, month={Nov} }
 @inproceedings{carroll_2009, title={A Woman Among Addicts: Exploring Gendered Roles and Identity in a Ukrainian HIV-Prevention Program}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2009}, month={Dec} }
 @misc{carroll_2009, edition={Kaleidoscopic Odessa: History and Place in Contemporary Ukraine}, title={Tanya Richardson, Kaleidoscopic Odessa: History and Place in Contemporary Ukraine. (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 2008)}, volume={27}, url={https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/view/270/346}, number={1}, journal={Anthropology of East Europe Review}, author={Carroll, Jennifer}, year={2009}, pages={99–100} }