@article{kellogg_esposito_grace_komarnytsky_lila_2015, title={Alaskan seaweeds lower inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages and decrease lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes}, volume={15}, ISSN={["2214-9414"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84929231499&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.jff.2015.03.049}, abstractNote={Chronic inflammation is characterized by macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue, which subsequently up-regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines and promotes the dysregulation of lipid metabolism, ultimately leading to insulin resistance. This study was designed to examine the effects of coastal Alaskan seaweeds on the macrophage inflammatory response and lipid metabolism of adipocytes. Two bioactive subfractions from the brown alga Fucus distichus, a monoglycosyldiacylglycerol subfraction and a phlorotannin subfraction, decreased mRNA expression of acute and chronic inflammatory biomarkers. Expression of Toll-like receptors TLR4 and TLR9 were also reduced, suggesting a potential mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity via TLR attenuation. F. distichus fractions decreased lipid accumulation up to 55% and increased free glycerol concentrations by 28–45%. This result was supported by increases in adiponectin and UCP-1 and decreases in leptin mRNA expression. Overall, the Alaskan seaweed F. distichus inhibited proinflammatory responses and improved lipid metabolism, suggesting the potential for seaweed phytochemicals to attenuate inflammatory diseases.}, journal={JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Kellogg, Joshua and Esposito, Debora and Grace, Mary H. and Komarnytsky, Slavko and Lila, Mary Ann}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={396–407} }
 @article{kellogg_grace_lila_2014, title={Phlorotannins from Alaskan Seaweed Inhibit Carbolytic Enzyme Activity}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1660-3397"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84908191293&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3390/md12105277}, abstractNote={Global incidence of type 2 diabetes has escalated over the past few decades, necessitating a continued search for natural sources of enzyme inhibitors to offset postprandial hyperglycemia. The objective of this study was to evaluate coastal Alaskan seaweed inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, two carbolytic enzymes involved in serum glucose regulation. Of the six species initially screened, the brown seaweeds Fucus distichus and Alaria marginata possessed the strongest inhibitory effects. F. distichus fractions were potent mixed-mode inhibitors of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, with IC50 values of 0.89 and 13.9 μg/mL, respectively; significantly more efficacious than the pharmaceutical acarbose (IC50 of 112.0 and 137.8 μg/mL, respectively). The activity of F. distichus fractions was associated with phlorotannin oligomers. Normal-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (NPLC-MS) was employed to characterize individual oligomers. Accurate masses and fragmentation patterns confirmed the presence of fucophloroethol structures with degrees of polymerization from 3 to 18 monomer units. These findings suggest that coastal Alaskan seaweeds are sources of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory phlorotannins, and thus have potential to limit the release of sugar from carbohydrates and thus alleviate postprandial hyperglycemia.}, number={10}, journal={MARINE DRUGS}, author={Kellogg, Joshua and Grace, Mary H. and Lila, Mary Ann}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={5277–5294} }
 @article{lila_kellogg_grace_yousef_kraft_rogers_2014, title={Stressed for Success: How the Berry's Wild Origins Result in Multifaceted Health Protections}, volume={1017}, ISSN={["2406-6168"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2014.1017.1}, abstractNote={In the harsh, unprotected wilds, environmental or climatic stressors (elicitors) provoke the deposition of health-protective secondary phytochemicals in plants that will help them adapt and thrive. For berries endemic to the wind-battered open plains of the Dakotas, the arctic tundra of Alaska, exposed elevations in the Andean Mountains or the nutrient-starved lava flows of Pacific Islands, certain stresses can be taken to extreme limits, triggering deposition of potent phytochemical mixtures within berry fruits. The unique and sometimes dramatic phytochemical melange not only protects the host plant from insult, but also offers broad-spectrum health benefits to the animals (including humans) that consume these berries. Traditional diets in many native cultures have featured wild game, seafood, and a plethora of these wild berry species including salmonberries, mossberries, maquiberry, buffaloberry, blue huckleberries and bog blueberries. In recent years, just as native communities have shifted towards more Western diets and away from traditions, the incidence of diabetes and obesity has risen. In partnership with local Native American and Alaska Native communities, our teams have investigated the health protective (and in particular, anti-diabetic and obesity-inhibiting) properties of indigenous berries as conditioned by environmental and climatic stress in the wild growing sites. Various wild berries were examined in field bioassays, then in lab analyses, and proved capable of dose-dependent inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines associated with metabolic syndrome, and inhibition of aldose reductase, an enzyme associated with diabetic retinopathy. The complexity of the phytochemical profiles of the wild berries and potentiating interactions between anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and other flavonoid phytochemicals contributed to the modulation of specific cellular targets related to metabolic syndrome and obesity. comparing the empirical values to the predicted values: additive (empirical=predicted), more than additive (empirical>predicted), interference (empirical<predicted). Data represents mean ± standard error of n ≥ 5. The effect of interactions between berry fractions of P. virginiana on the inhibition of LPS (10 ng/ml) induced production of inflammatory markers in murine BV-2 cells. interaction type determined by comparing the empirical values to the predicted additive (empirical=predicted), additive (empirical>predicted), needed to inhibit aldose reductase by 50% (IC 50 by Toyopearl fractions of Aristotelia virginiana calculated testing at least 6 concentrations duplicate or greater and using a nonlinear least squares equation of best fit. confidence interval shows significance.}, journal={X INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VACCINIUM AND OTHER SUPERFRUITS}, author={Lila, M. A. and Kellogg, J. and Grace, M. H. and Yousef, G. G. and Kraft, T. B. and Rogers, R. B.}, year={2014}, pages={23–43} }
 @article{kellogg_lila_2013, title={Chemical and in Vitro Assessment of Alaskan Coastal Vegetation Antioxidant Capacity}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1520-5118"]}, DOI={10.1021/jf403697z}, abstractNote={Alaska Native (AN) communities have utilized tidal plants and marine seaweeds as food and medicine for generations, yet the bioactive potential of these resources has not been widely examined. This study screened six species of Alaskan seaweed ( Fucus distichus , Saccharina latissima , Saccharina groenlandica , Alaria marginata , Pyropia fallax , and Ulva lactuca ) and one tidal plant ( Plantago maritima ) for antioxidant activity. Total polyphenolic content (TPC) was determined, and chemical antioxidant capacity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelating, and nitric oxide (NO) inhibition assays. In vitro inhibition of radical oxygen species (ROS) generation and NO synthesis was evaluated in a RAW 264.7 macrophage culture. Greatest TPC (557.2 μg phloroglucinol equivalents (PGE)/mg extract) was discovered in the ethyl acetate fraction of F. distichus, and highest DDPH scavenging activity was exhibited by F. distichus and S. groenlandica fractions (IC50 = 4.29-5.12 μg/mL). These results support the potential of Alaskan coastal vegetation, especially the brown algae, as natural sources of antioxidants for preventing oxidative degeneration and maintaining human health.}, number={46}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY}, author={Kellogg, Joshua and Lila, Mary Ann}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={11025–11032} }
 @article{flint_robinson_kellogg_ferguson_boufajreldin_dolan_raskin_lila_2011, title={Promoting Wellness in Alaskan Villages: Integrating Traditional Knowledge and Science of Wild Berries}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1612-9210"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10393-011-0707-9}, abstractNote={People draw upon multiple forms of environmental knowledge, from scientific to highly contextual local or traditional forms of knowledge, to interpret problems and gauge risks in complex socio-ecological systems. In collaboration with three remote Alaska Native communities, and using an interdisciplinary, participatory, and mixed methods research approach, we explored traditional ecological knowledge and scientific aspects of wild berries and the broader context of community health and environmental change. Combining site visits, key informant interviews, focus groups, survey questionnaires, portable field bioassays, and laboratory follow-up analyses, our research revealed the importance of local subsistence resources for community wellness. Multiple berry species were found to have powerful bioactive health properties for ameliorating metabolic syndrome as well as importance for community wellness. Communities differed in the degree to which they characterized berries as healthy foods and perceived environmental risks including climate change. Findings suggest the importance of incorporating locally available foods and socio-cultural traditions into community wellness programming. This article also discusses challenges and opportunities associated with transdisciplinary, participatory research with indigenous communities.}, number={2}, journal={ECOHEALTH}, author={Flint, Courtney G. and Robinson, Ewan S. and Kellogg, Joshua and Ferguson, Gary and BouFajreldin, Lama and Dolan, Mallory and Raskin, Ilya and Lila, Mary Ann}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={199–209} }