@article{chesser_purswell_davis_ward_tabler_zhao_2023, title={COMPARISON OF OUTSIDE AIR AND SOL-AIR DESIGN TEMPERATURES FOR ESTIMATING INSULATION NEEDS}, volume={39}, ISSN={["1943-7838"]}, DOI={10.13031/aea.15424}, abstractNote={
						Highlights
					}, number={4}, journal={APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE}, author={Chesser, Gary Daniel and Purswell, Joseph L. and Davis, Jeremiah D. and Ward, Jason K. and Tabler, Tom and Zhao, Yang}, year={2023}, pages={409–416} }
 @article{heagy_schultheis_birdsell_knuth_ward_2023, title={High-density Planting and a Smaller Row Width Increased Yield and Decreased Fruit Size of}, volume={58}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI17246-23}, abstractNote={Pumpkins (Cucurbita sp.) grown in North Carolina are a nascent specialty crop that has only risen to a national production level in the past 10 years. There are only general cultural management guidelines for this region, resulting in variation in plant density and inefficient production. Production field studies of the cultivar Kratos were conducted to investigate the impact of plant density and row width on marketable yield and individual fruit size for large carving pumpkins. Plant densities of 2691, 3588, 5382, and 10,764 plants per hectare with row widths of 1.5 and 3.0 m were grown in 2020 and 2021 in North Carolina. Data regarding fruit size, fruit size variance, and yield per area were collected. Fruit size in terms of weight, length, and diameter increased as plant density decreased. There was no difference in fruit size variation between plant densities and row widths. The fruit number per hectare and fruit weight per hectare increased as plant density increased, with the highest production at 10,764 plants per hectare. For years combined, reducing the row width from 3.0 to 1.5 m increased the fruit weight and diameter, but not the length. Additionally, the 1.5-m row width produced more fruit weight per hectare than the 3.0-m row width for both years. Growers can optimize fruit weight per area and fruit number per area by using a density of 10,764 plants per hectare. Overall, using a row width distance that is more equidistant to the in-row spacing promotes higher fruit yield and larger fruit size.}, number={10}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Heagy, Kimberly and Schultheis, Jonathan R. and Birdsell, Travis and Knuth, Melinda and Ward, Jason K.}, year={2023}, month={Oct}, pages={1194–1200} }
 @article{martinez_ward_collins_nelson_2023, title={TESTING THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN A TRADITIONAL AND UAV-BASED METHOD FOR QUANTIFYING SKIPS IN SUBOPTIMAL COTTON STANDS}, volume={66}, ISSN={["2769-3287"]}, DOI={10.13031/ja.14760}, abstractNote={
						Highlights
					}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE ASABE}, author={Martinez, Enrique E. Pena and Ward, Jason K. and Collins, Guy and Nelson, Natalie}, year={2023}, pages={149–153} }
 @article{heagy_knuth_schultheis_birdsell_ward_2023, title={Using Partial Budgeting Analyses to Analyze Profitability of Commercial Pumpkin Production, Standardize Bin Size Categories, and Understand Bin Sorting Accuracy}, volume={58}, ISSN={0018-5345 2327-9834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17499-23}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI17499-23}, abstractNote={Pumpkins (Cucurbita sp.) are currently sold in retail commercial bins categorized based on fruit size. There are no standards for these fruit sizes, thus creating discrepancies across the industry. Furthermore, there is not a published partial budget analysis for pumpkin fruit yield based on plant area. An observational study was conducted to quantify and standardize the fruit sizes of pumpkins packed into commercial bins. These proposed standardized fruit sizes were then correlated to the expected fruit size and quantity of different plant areas to estimate the total commercial bin yield. Additionally, a partial budget analysis was conducted to calculate the greatest profit per hectare with the varying plant areas. Pumpkins from bins labeled medium, large, extra-large, and jumbo were hand-measured to determine the diameter, length, and weight. Based on a discriminate analysis, 20% of pumpkins were incorrectly sorted based on current practices. The proposed standard fruit diameters for each bin size are as follows: medium, 23.5 to 26.8 cm; large, 26.9 to 29.9 cm; extra-large, 30.0 to 33.6 cm; and jumbo, 33.7 to 35.5 cm. The results of a partial budget analysis showed that the most profitable plant spacing area is 0.9 m2 with a 1.5-m row width, which will earn $37,163/ha. Profit for pumpkin production is contingent on both fruit quantity and fruit size because these factors dictate the quantity and category of commercial bins. Growers should consider both metrics to optimize their operation.}, number={12}, journal={HortScience}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Heagy, Kimberly and Knuth, Melinda and Schultheis, Jonathan R. and Birdsell, Travis and Ward, Jason}, year={2023}, month={Dec}, pages={1587–1594} }
 @article{wang_hardin_ward_wanjura_barnes_2022, title={A smart cotton module tracking and monitoring system for handling logistics and cover damage}, volume={193}, ISSN={["1872-7107"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.compag.2021.106620}, abstractNote={Cylindrical modules, also known as round modules, are becoming a more common method of seed cotton storage and transport. Increasing use of cylindrical modules has led to the development of new methods of field staging, transport, and handling at the gin. A low-cost smart cotton module tracking and monitoring system (SCMTM) was developed for recording module tag numbers, equipment location, and images of the modules automatically. The SCMTM system was mounted on a cotton module loader and module truck in a gin yard of Texas. Data was recorded automatically using the SCMTM system and used for analysis of cotton module handling logistics and wrap damage. Route and throughput rates of the loader were calculated, and the time required per module was estimated. The study found that the loader was idle more than 46% of the total working period. Analysis of module images indicated a module wrap damage rate of 4.4% in the studied cases.}, journal={COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE}, author={Wang, Tianyi and Hardin, Robert G. and Ward, Jason K. and Wanjura, John D. and Barnes, Edward M.}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{hardin iv_barnes_delhom_wanjura_ward_2022, title={Internet of things: Cotton harvesting and processing}, volume={202}, ISSN={["1872-7107"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.compag.2022.107294}, abstractNote={Cotton requires multiple processing steps to convert the raw agricultural products into finished textiles. Genetic and environmental factors, crop management decisions, and processing practices interact to affect optimal end use, product quality, and process efficiency. Currently, only limited data sharing occurs between sectors of the cotton industry, primarily the official USDA classing data used to determine the value of cotton bales. Increasing digitization could improve productivity, sustainability, and competitiveness with synthetic fibers. Current research has focused on utilizing RFID technology incorporated in a recently introduced harvest system for logistics and associating cotton fiber quality with field locations. Gins and textile mills use some connected sensors; however, their use is primarily limited to remote monitoring and diagnostics. In the future cotton industry, a much larger number of connected devices and sensors can provide information on the production and processing history of raw materials. Developments in agricultural robotics will offer a platform for measuring yield and quality on a site-specific basis in the field. Additional networked sensors and devices at gins and textile mills will provide additional information on product quality and process efficiency. Networking these connected devices will allow for the development of advanced analytics for optimizing logistics and processing industry-wide. Several challenges must be addressed to successfully implement IoT devices in the cotton industry. Improved rural broadband access and more suitable wireless networking protocols for field sensors are needed, although recently introduced technology may offer potential solutions. The cotton industry needs to develop appropriate data standards and data sharing policies. Integrating these data sources creates a new management paradigm, but research will be needed to optimally use this data.}, journal={COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE}, author={Hardin IV, Robert G. and Barnes, Edward M. and Delhom, Christopher D. and Wanjura, John D. and Ward, Jason K.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @article{butts_ward_2022, title={STORING PEANUTS IN GRAIN BAGS}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1943-7838"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14475}, DOI={10.13031/aea.14475}, abstractNote={Highlights}, number={1}, journal={APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE}, publisher={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE)}, author={Butts, Christopher L. and Ward, Jason K.}, year={2022}, pages={93–102} }
 @article{griffin_harris_ward_goeringer_richard_2022, title={Three Digital Agriculture Problems in Cotton Solved by Distributed Ledger Technology}, volume={44}, ISSN={["2040-5804"]}, DOI={10.1002/aepp.13142}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={APPLIED ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES AND POLICY}, author={Griffin, Terry W. and Harris, Keith D. and Ward, Jason K. and Goeringer, Paul and Richard, Jessica A.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={237–252} }
 @inproceedings{iqbal_hardin_wang_ward_wanjura_2021, title={Round Modules: Handling Logistics and Cover Damage, 2nd Year}, url={https://www.cotton.org/beltwide/proceedings/2005-2021/data/conferences/2021/paper/20902.pdf}, booktitle={2021 Beltwide Cotton Conferences}, author={Iqbal, Z and Hardin, RG and Wang, T and Ward, JK and Wanjura, JD}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={4–6} }
 @inproceedings{sebastian_hardin_barnes_ward_porter_plumblee_wanjura_2021, title={Variety Trial Validation: A Framework to Incorporate on-Farm Data}, booktitle={2021 ASABE Annual International Virtual Meeting}, author={SEBASTIAN, RAUL and HARDIN, ROBERT G and BARNES, EDWARD M and WARD, JASON K and PORTER, WESLEY M and PLUMBLEE, MICHAEL T and WANJURA, JOHN D}, year={2021}, pages={1} }
 @article{porter_ward_taylor_godsey_2020, title={A Note on the Application of an AgLeader® Cotton Yield Monitor for Measuring Peanut Yield: An Investigation in Two US states.}, volume={47}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps19-16.1}, DOI={10.3146/ps19-16.1}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={2}, journal={Peanut Science}, publisher={American Peanut Research and Education Society}, author={Porter, W.M. and Ward, J. and Taylor, R.K. and Godsey, C.B.}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={115–122} }
 @inproceedings{mitchell_ward_2020, title={A Time and Quality Study of Round Cotton Modules from Field to Ginning}, booktitle={2020 ASABE Annual International Virtual Meeting}, author={Mitchell, Lucas C and Ward, Jason K}, year={2020}, pages={1} }
 @inproceedings{phillips_ward_2020, title={Assessing crop response to simulated damage utilizing UAS imagery}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2560702}, DOI={10.1117/12.2560702}, abstractNote={Crop assessment through the use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have increased over recent years. More farmers or their service providers have access to their own UAS, although advanced sensors and UAS platforms may not have been widely adopted. Severe tropical weather events, such as hurricanes, can have widespread negative impacts to late-season crops. The timely response necessary to detect and quantify crop damage, has led to the need for farmers and other parties to have a quick and quantifiable method to assess lodging. Most, if not all, UAS users have access to visual band color imagery. Extraction of data from this imagery as different indices and as a digital elevation model creates the opportunity to identify metrics that can detect and quantify crop lodging damage. The goal of this study was to compare multiple vegetative indices which can be calculated from RGB imagery for their ability to detect simulated crop damage. Six indices as well as a digital elevation model were extracted from UAS flights occurring over 4 weeks over a maize field. Lodging was simulated at the root and ear level with new plots being damaged at each week of treatment. Results indicated that none of the indices or extracted data examined in this study would provide information on significant differences among treatments so it would not be advised to use these metrics on their own for detecting or classifying late-season maize lodging.}, booktitle={Autonomous Air and Ground Sensing Systems for Agricultural Optimization and Phenotyping V}, publisher={SPIE}, author={Phillips, Ryan and Ward, Jason}, editor={Thomasson, J. Alex and Torres-Rua, Alfonso F.Editors}, year={2020}, month={Apr} }
 @inproceedings{phillips_ward_2020, title={Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms to Detect Crop Lodging using UAS Imagery}, booktitle={2020 ASABE Annual International Virtual Meeting}, author={Phillips, Ryan C and Ward, Jason K}, year={2020}, pages={1} }
 @article{hamidisepehr_mirnezami_ward_2020, title={Comparison of Object Detection Methods for Corn Damage Assessment Using Deep Learning}, volume={63}, number={6}, journal={Transactions of the ASABE}, publisher={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers}, author={HamidiSepehr, Ali and Mirnezami, Seyed V and Ward, Jason K}, year={2020}, pages={1969–1980} }
 @article{wanjura_pelletier_ward_hardin_barnes_2020, title={Prevention of plastic contamination when handling cotton modules}, journal={Agricultural Research}, author={Wanjura, John and Pelletier, Mathew and Ward, Jason and Hardin, Bobby and Barnes, E}, year={2020}, pages={1–10} }
 @inproceedings{wang_hardin_ward_wanjura_others_2020, title={Round Modules: Update on Handling Logistics and Cover Damage}, booktitle={2020 ASABE Annual International Virtual Meeting}, author={Wang, Tianyi and Hardin, Robert G and Ward, Jason K and Wanjura, John D and others}, year={2020}, pages={1} }
 @inproceedings{wang_hardin_ward_wanjura_2020, title={Round modules: handing logistics and cover damage}, booktitle={Proc. 2020 Beltwide Cotton Conference}, author={Wang, Tianyi and Hardin, RG and Ward, Jason K and Wanjura, John D}, year={2020}, pages={774–778} }
 @inproceedings{martinez_ward_collins_2020, title={USING UAV IMAGERY TO EVALUATE REPLANTING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NC COTTON}, booktitle={2020 ASABE Annual International Virtual Meeting}, author={Martinez, Enrique E Pena and Ward, Jason and Collins, Guy}, year={2020}, pages={1} }
 @article{ward_griffin_jordan_roberson_2020, title={Working for Peanuts: Acquiring, Analyzing, and Visualizing Publicly Available Data}, journal={Journal of the ASFMRA}, author={Ward, J.K. and Griffin, T.W. and Jordan, D.L. and Roberson, G.T.}, year={2020} }
 @article{collort_meyers_ward_2019, title={Consumer Perception of Skinning Injury in Sweetpotatoes and Implications for Marketability: An Experimental Auction}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTTECH04355-19}, abstractNote={Skinning of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) storage roots is one of the greatest concerns of sweetpotato producers. Although skinning injury is very common, the severity of the injury can vary widely. At an undefined threshold, sweetpotatoes with skinning injury are no longer sold for fresh consumption. The objectives of this study were to examine how skinning injury influences consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for sweetpotatoes and to identify differences in valuations when the extent of skinning injury is labeled. Image analysis was used to quantify skinning injury and then an incentive-compatible, nonhypothetical laboratory experimental auction was conducted to collect data on consumers’ WTP for five categories of sweetpotatoes: 0% to <1% skinning injury, 1.0% to 3.0%, 3.1% to 5.0%, 5.1% to 7.5%, and 7.6% to 10.0%. On average, consumers were willing to pay the most for sweetpotatoes with 0% to <1% skinning injury (up to $1.51/lb to $1.67/lb) and the least for sweetpotatoes with 7.6% to 10% (up to $0.76/lb to $0.85/lb), yet mean WTP values were nonzero for all skinning levels. Moreover, when the extent of skinning was labeled (relative to when they bid blindly), consumers were willing to pay price premiums for sweetpotatoes with low skinning injury levels (0% to 5%) and discounted sweetpotatoes with the highest skinning injury level (7.6% to 10.0%), suggesting that skinning levels of 7.6% and above may not be acceptable by consumers.}, number={4}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Collort, Alba J. and Meyers, Stephen L. and Ward, Jason K.}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={468–475} }
 @article{jordan_hare_roberson_ward_shew_brandenburg_anco_thomas_balota_mehl_et al._2019, title={Survey of Practices by Growers in the Virginia-Carolina Region Regarding Digging and Harvesting Peanut}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2374-3832"]}, DOI={10.2134/cftm2019.07.0057}, abstractNote={Core Ideas Harvesting peanut requires approximately twice as much time to complete as the time required for digging peanut. Fifty-six percent of growers predicted when optimum yield would occur based on the sample provided within the recommended timeframe. Reported yield was positively correlated with the use of prohexadione calcium.}, number={1}, journal={CROP FORAGE & TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT}, author={Jordan, David L. and Hare, Andrew T. and Roberson, Gary T. and Ward, Jason and Shew, Barbara B. and Brandenburg, Rick L. and Anco, Dan and Thomas, James and Balota, Maria and Mehl, Hillary and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Nov} }
 @article{begitschke_mccurdy_tseng_barickman_stewart_baldwin_richard_ward_2018, title={Preemergence Herbicide Effects on Establishment and Tensile Strength of Sprigged Hybrid Bermudagrass}, volume={110}, ISSN={["1435-0645"]}, DOI={10.2134/agronj2017.12.0720}, abstractNote={Core Ideas
Preemergence herbicides may increase grow‐in time for hybrid bermudagrass sprigs.
Preemergence herbicide treatments did not reduce sod tensile strength.
Preemergence herbicides are viable options for weed control during establishment.
}, number={6}, journal={AGRONOMY JOURNAL}, author={Begitschke, Erick G. and McCurdy, James D. and Tseng, Te-Ming and Barickman, T. Casey and Stewart, Barry R. and Baldwin, Christian M. and Richard, Michael P. and Ward, Jason K.}, year={2018}, pages={2243–2249} }
 @article{hayes_ward_lowe_davis_shankle_arancibia_2013, title={Development of a Mechanical Undercutting System to Minimize Sweetpotato Skinning during Harvest}, DOI={10.13031/aim.20131596108}, abstractNote={Abstract. Sweetpotatoes have been an important high-value crop in Mississippi and future growth is expected. Industry growth has created the need for a continuous supply of sweetpotatoes throughout the year. Therefore, managing the harvest process and postharvest storage environment is critical to maintaining a year-round supply of quality sweetpotato roots. This has been a challenge in Mississippi and growers have been experiencing post-harvest losses due to excessive root shrinkage (weight loss) and bacterial and fungal rots. Studies indicate that 20% to 25% of sweetpotatoes are lost to moisture loss and decay during postharvest storage. This is directly related to skinning at harvest procedures that cause cuts and abrasions (skinning) to the delicate skin of the sweetpotato root is. These wounds provide a way-of-entry for diseases to infect the root, as well as moisture loss that results in root shrinkage. De-vining sweetpotatoes prior to harvest is a commonly used method to halt root growth and to begin toughening the skin. This method is viable for producers using manually-assisted harvesting for the fresh market. Producers using bulk harvesting prefer to leave vines on to reduce the amount of foreign material going into storage. A new method of halting plant growth and allowing the root to cure in the ground prior to harvest is needed. The objective of this study was to design and test a mechanical root pruning blade to halt plant growth and initiate skin set prior to harvest of sweetpotatoes and to quantify the effects of undercutting sweetpotatoes on skin strength relative to de-vining. It was hypothesized that cutting the deep root of the sweetpotato plant would allow this process to begin. Therefore, two different undercutting implements were designed and fabricated. One was assembled from currently available off-the-shelf components and the other was a modified commercially available sweetpotato digger. These implements were tested in experimental plots and the skin strength was directly measured. Root skin strength was measured at three days and six days after treatment. There was a significant rainfall event on the fifth day after treatment, meaning that no comparison between the time periods can be made. One of the tested varieties responded to undercutting. Results indicated that at three days after treatment, undercutting had no significant effect on skin strength for both vine conditions (vine-on and de-vined). At six days after treatment, undercutting with the newly developed implement significantly increased skin strength for roots in which the vine had been left on. There was no difference between using the modified digger and no treatment. Additionally, there was no treatment effect on roots which were de-vined. These results indicate that in a bulk harvesting system, undercutting with the new implement will increase skin strength after the roots have cured in the ground.}, journal={2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013}, publisher={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers}, author={Hayes, Bradley H. and Ward, Jason K. and Lowe, John W. and Davis, Jeremiah D. and Shankle, Mark W. and Arancibia, Ramon A.}, year={2013} }
 @article{ward_davis_2011, title={Effects of Grain Bag Storage on Post-Harvest Quality}, DOI={10.13031/2013.37389}, abstractNote={Abstract Polyethylene grain storage bags are one type of alternative grain storage systems available to producers. Very little is known regarding the internal environment of grain bags and its effect on grain quality while in storage. The objectives of this study were to develop tools and practices to measure internal environmental parameters of grain stored in bags, and to characterize its effect on grain quality. Internal storage conditions were monitored in four 25-ft long by 9-ft diameter grain bags across their center cross-section using specially designed linear sensor arrays pushed into the bags. Each bag was filled with 600 bu of dry, well-conditioned grain. Internal temperature and relative humidity as well as external weather conditions were continuously monitored for 20 weeks of storage. Simultaneously, grain samples were collected to determine changes in moisture content. Results indicate that the peripheral grain layer will track ambient temperatures, while grain temperatures in the center respond slowly to fluctuations. Changes in peripheral layer conditions do not significantly alter grain moisture content. Mean moisture content will change with time, most likely with major ambient condition changes. Further analysis is on-going.}, journal={2011 Louisville, Kentucky, August 7 - August 10, 2011}, publisher={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers}, author={Ward, Jason K and Davis, Jeremiah D}, year={2011} }
 @article{darr_stombaugh_ward_montross_2003, title={Development of a Controller Area Network Based Handheld Data Acquisition System for Identity Preservation}, DOI={10.13031/2013.14928}, abstractNote={The development of a diverse, modular and portable system to accurately measure and 
record field operations is required to effectively bring identity preservation of crops to all farms and 
farmers. A demonstration system has been built based on a worldwide standard communications 
protocol and was evaluated for its ability to efficiently measure a variety of field operations and 
management practices. The CAN Bus 2.0B communication protocol was used to record GPS 
location data, ground speed and simulated spraying system data. This data was compiled and 
stored in a form that was compatible with multiple software programs for the purposes of economic 
and agronomic analysis. All data was recorded on a Compaq® IPAQ using specially-written software. Results showed that tracking identity preservation characteristics was feasible with this 
system.}, journal={2003, Las Vegas, NV July 27-30, 2003}, publisher={American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers}, author={Darr, Matthew J. and Stombaugh, Timothy S. and Ward, Jason K. and Montross, Michael D.}, year={2003} }