@article{williams_campbell_kendall_tuttle_lynch_2023, title={Exploring the behaviors and social preferences of a large, multigenerational herd of zoo-housed southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1098-2361"]}, DOI={10.1002/zoo.21758}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={ZOO BIOLOGY}, author={Williams, Brett and Campbell, Jennifer and Kendall, Corinne and Tuttle, Jade and Lynch, Emily C.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{vanvuuren_vanvuuren_silverberg_manning_pacifici_dorgeloh_campbell_2023, title={Ungulate responses and habituation to unmanned aerial vehicles in Africa's savanna}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1932-6203"]}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0288975}, abstractNote={This article tests the hypothesis that “the likelihood that the species will react and level at which they do to the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is related to the altitude, number of passes, sound intensity, type of UAV, takeoff distance, and species.” This paper examined the behavioral responses of a group of free ranging ungulate species (Oryx, Kudu, Springbok, Giraffe, Eland, Hartebeest, and Impala) found in an animal reserve in Namibia to the presence of different in-flight UAV models. The study included 397 passes (trials) over 99 flights at altitudes ranging from 15 to 55 meters in three categories of response level: No response, Alert, and Movement. The ungulates were unhabituated to the UAVs and the study was conducted in the presence of stress-inducing events that occur naturally in the environment. Certain species were found to be more reactive than others, in addition to several displaying different response levels in single or mixed herd environments. Zebras were found to be less responsive in mixed herd environments while Oryx were present, as compared to when the Oryx were not; suggesting that some species may respond based on other species perception of threat or their relative fitness levels. The UAVs also produced inconsistent response rates between movement and alert behavior. The reference vehicle, Phantom 3 was much more likely than the Mavic to induce an alert response, while both having similar probabilities of inducing a movement response. Furthermore, the Custom X8 showed significantly more alert and movement responses than the other UAVs. This shows there may be several aspects to the UAVs that affect the responses of the ungulates. For instance, the sound intensity may alert the species more often, but close proximity may induce a movement response. More generally, the data shows that when the UAV is flying above 50 meters and has a measured sound intensity below 50 dB, the likelihood of inducing a movement response on an ungulate species is below 6% regardless of the vehicle on the first pass over the animals. Additionally, with each subsequent pass the likelihood of response dropped by approximately 20 percent. The results suggest a stronger correlation between flight altitude and response across the different ungulates, and the evidence suggests rapid habituation to the UAVs.}, number={7}, journal={PLOS ONE}, author={vanVuuren, Marlice and vanVuuren, Rudie and Silverberg, Larry M. and Manning, Joe and Pacifici, Krishna and Dorgeloh, Werner and Campbell, Jennifer}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{lasky_campbell_osborne_ivory_lasky_kendall_2021, title={Increasing browse and social complexity can improve zoo elephant welfare}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1098-2361"]}, DOI={10.1002/zoo.21575}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={ZOO BIOLOGY}, author={Lasky, Monica and Campbell, Jennifer and Osborne, Jason A. and Ivory, Erin L. and Lasky, Jacob and Kendall, Corinne J.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={9–19} }
 @article{campbell_williams_eisemann_2004, title={Characterizing gastrointestinal transit time in four lemur species using barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS)}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1098-2345"]}, DOI={10.1002/ajp.20080}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY}, author={Campbell, JL and Williams, CV and Eisemann, JH}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={309–321} }
 @article{campbell_williams_eisemann_2004, title={Use of total dietary fiber across four lemur species (Propithecus verreauxi coquereli, Hapalemur griseus griseus, Varecia variegata, and Eulemur fulvus): Does fiber type affect digestive efficiency?}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0275-2565"]}, DOI={10.1002/ajp.20081}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY}, author={Campbell, JL and Williams, CV and Eisemann, JH}, year={2004}, month={Nov}, pages={323–335} }
 @article{campbell_williams_eisemann_2002, title={Fecal inoculum can be used to determine the rate and extent of in vitro fermentation of dietary fiber sources across three lemur species that differ in dietary profile: Varecia variegata, Eulemur fulvus and Hapalemur griseus}, volume={132}, ISSN={["1541-6100"]}, DOI={10.1093/jn/131.10.3073}, abstractNote={To estimate fermentative capacity among lemur species, four fiber substrates were tested across three species, Eulemur fulvus, Hapalemur griseus and Varecia variegata. The substrates, cellulose, beet pulp, citrus pulp and citrus pectin, ranged in composition from completely insoluble fiber (IF) to completely soluble fiber (SF), respectively. The lemurs consumed a nutritionally complete biscuit formulated for primates [85 g/100 g diet dry matter (DM)] and locally available produce (15 g/100 g diet DM). Feces were then collected and used to inoculate fermentation tubes prefilled with fiber substrates and an anaerobic growth medium. Dry matter disappearance (DMD), and acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production were measured in tubes subjected to 6, 12, 24 or 48 h of fermentation. Results were fitted to a logistic growth model. The maximal production (MP) time at which production or disappearance is at one-half maximum (t(50)) and the fermentation rate at 3 h were calculated. The maximal disappearance of DM differed among substrates (citrus pectin > citrus pulp > beet pulp; P < 0.0001) and species (E. fulvus > H. griseus > V. variegata; P < 0.001). V. variegata reached t(50) for acetate and total SCFA production faster than H. griseus or E. fulvus (P < 0.02). Three-hour production rates of acetate and total SCFA were also greater for V. variegata for citrus pulp and citrus pectin (P < 0.01). Few species differences were observed for beet pulp. Results provide evidence for differences in fermentative capacity and suggest that fiber solubility and fermentability should be considered when assessing the nutritional management of lemurs.}, number={10}, journal={JOURNAL OF NUTRITION}, author={Campbell, JL and Williams, CV and Eisemann, JH}, year={2002}, month={Oct}, pages={3073–3080} }
 @article{hurty_diaz_campbell_lewbart_2001, title={Chemical analysis of six commercial adult iguana [Iguana iguana], diets}, volume={11}, ISBN={1529-9651}, DOI={10.5818/1529-9651.11.3.23}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Reptile keeping is one of the most rapidly expanding areas in the pet industry. In response to this trend, several pet food companies have formulated specialized diets and supplements that cater to the unique nutritional needs of different reptile species. Since nutrition is a key variable of captive reptile husbandry, we investigated the nutrient composition of six commercially available adult iguana, Iguana iguana, feeds that are intended for use as principle diets. We compared the results of our analyses to the nutrient information provided on packaging labels and to available information on the suggested nutrient recommendations for iguanas. Crude protein contents ranged from 13.21% dry matter (DM) to 27.15% DM with two of the six diets containing a lower protein than indicated on the label. Crude fat content ranged from 1.46 ± 0.44% DM to 10.25 ± 0.05% DM with three of the six diets having fat contents below the amount stated on labels. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) content, a measure of in...}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery}, author={Hurty, C. A. and Diaz, D. E. and Campbell, J. L. and Lewbart, Gregory}, year={2001}, pages={23} }
 @article{campbell_glenn_grossi_eisemann_2001, title={Use of local North Carolina browse species to supplement the diet of a captive colony of folivorous primates (Propithecus sp.)}, volume={20}, ISSN={["0733-3188"]}, DOI={10.1002/zoo.10007}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={6}, journal={ZOO BIOLOGY}, author={Campbell, JL and Glenn, KM and Grossi, B and Eisemann, JH}, year={2001}, pages={447–461} }
 @article{campbell_eisemann_williams_glenn_2000, title={Description of the gastrointestinal tract of five lemur species: Propithecus tattersalli, Propithecus verreauxi coquereli, Varecia variegata, Hapalemur griseus, and Lemur catta}, volume={52}, ISSN={["0275-2565"]}, DOI={10.1002/1098-2345(200011)52:3<133::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-#}, abstractNote={The objective of this project was to better define the similarities and differences in gastrointestinal morphology present in lemur species. Measurements of the gastrointestinal tract of lemurs were obtained at necropsy from the captive population at Duke University Primate Center. Measurements of body length and weight, as well as gastrointestinal length, were recorded from five prosimian species: Propithecus tattersalli, Propithecus verreauxi, Varecia variegata, Hapalemur griseus, and Lemur catta. Photographs and measurements were used to obtain illustrations. Preliminary results suggest differences in gastrointestinal morphology among lemur species that coincide with differences in diet. Distinct sacculations in either the cecum or the colon were present for H. griseus, L. catta, P. verreauxi, and P. tattersalli, but not for V. variegata. The Propithecus specimens possessed a much greater ratio of gastrointestinal length to body length than the other three species. A short, blunt cecum and a shortened and sacculated colon were unique characteristics of the H. griseus specimens. These differences correlate well with a dietary shift from consumption of large amounts of structural plant cell wall (Propithecus sp.) to consumption of variable or moderate amounts (H. griseus, L. catta, and V. variegata). They also suggest that captive groups would benefit from further diet refinement in captivity.}, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY}, author={Campbell, JL and Eisemann, JH and Williams, CV and Glenn, KM}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={133–142} }
 @article{campbell_eisemann_glander_crissey_1999, title={Intake, digestibility, and passage of a commercially designed diet by two Propithecus species}, volume={48}, DOI={10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)48:3<237::AID-AJP5>3.0.CO;2-V}, abstractNote={The digestibility and passage of an experimental diet was used to compare the digestive physiology of two Propithecus species: P. verreauxi and P. tattersalli. Though both animals have a similar feeding ecology, the captive status of P. verreauxi is considered more stable than that of P. tattersalli. The test diet included a local tree species, Rhus copallina, at 15% of dry matter intake (DMI) and Mazuri Leafeater Primate Diet at 85% of DMI. The chemical composition of the diet (dry matter basis) was 25% crude protein, 34% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and 22% acid detergent fiber (ADF) with a gross energy of 4.52 kcal/g. After a 6 week acclimation to the experimental diet, animals were placed in research caging. After a 7 day adjustment period, animals were dosed with chromium mordant and Co‐EDTA as markers for digesta passage and all feed refusals and feces were collected at timed intervals for 7 days. Digestibility values, similar for both species, were approximately 65% for dry matter, crude protein, and energy, and 40% and 35% respectively, for NDF and ADF. Transit times (17–18.5 hr) and mean retention times (31–34 hr) were not significantly different between species, and there was no difference between the chromium mordant and Co‐EDTA. Serum values for glucose, urea, and non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were obtained during four different time periods to monitor nutritional status. While there was no change in serum glucose, serum urea increased over time. The NEFAs increased across all four time periods for P. verreauxi and increased for the first three periods then decreased in the last period for P. tattersalli. Results obtained indicate no difference in digestibility nor digesta passage between species, and that both Propithecus species were similar to other post‐gastric folivores. Am. J. Primatol. 48:237–246, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.}, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Primatology}, author={Campbell, J. L. and Eisemann, J. H. and Glander, K. E. and Crissey, S. D.}, year={1999}, pages={237–246} }