@article{gjeltema_troan_muehlenbachs_liu_da silva_qvarnstrom_tobias_loomis_de voe_2016, title={Amoebic meningoencephalitis and disseminated infection caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris in a Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)}, volume={248}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.248.3.315}, abstractNote={Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 22-year-old male gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) housed in a zoo was evaluated for signs of lethargy, head-holding, and cervical stiffness followed by development of neurologic abnormalities including signs of depression, lip droop, and tremors.
CLINICAL FINDINGS Physical examination under general anesthesia revealed a tooth root abscess and suboptimal body condition. A CBC and serum biochemical analysis revealed mild anemia, neutrophilia and eosinopenia consistent with a stress leukogram, and signs consistent with dehydration. Subsequent CSF analysis revealed lymphocytic pleocytosis and markedly increased total protein concentration.
TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Despite treatment with antimicrobials, steroids, and additional supportive care measures, the gorilla's condition progressed to an obtunded mentation with grand mal seizures over the course of 10 days. Therefore, the animal was euthanized and necropsy was performed. Multifocal areas of malacia and hemorrhage were scattered throughout the brain; on histologic examination, these areas consisted of necrosis and hemorrhage associated with mixed inflammation, vascular necrosis, and intralesional amoebic trophozoites. Tan foci were also present in the kidneys and pancreas. Immunohistochemical testing positively labeled free-living amoebae within the brain, kidneys, eyes, pancreas, heart, and pulmonary capillaries. Subsequent PCR assay of CSF and frozen kidney samples identified the organism as Balamuthia mandrillaris, confirming a diagnosis of amoebic meningoencephalitis.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Infection with B mandrillaris has been reported to account for 2.8% of captive gorilla deaths in North America over the past 19 years. Clinicians working with gorillas should have a high index of suspicion for this diagnosis when evaluating and treating animals with signs of centrally localized neurologic disease.}, number={3}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Gjeltema, Jenessa L. and Troan, Brigid and Muehlenbachs, Atis and Liu, Lindy and Da Silva, Alexandre J. and Qvarnstrom, Yvonne and Tobias, Jeremy R. and Loomis, Michael R. and De Voe, Ryan S.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={315–321} }
 @article{gjeltema_de voe_phillips_stoskopf_2015, title={Casque infection, resolution, and subsequent repneumatization in a trumpeter hornbill (Bycanistes buccinator)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1875-5941"]}, DOI={10.1080/01652176.2015.1035462}, abstractNote={Casque infection, resolution, and subsequent repneumatization in a trumpeter hornbill (Bycanistes buccinator) Jenessa L. Gjeltema*, Ryan S. De Voe, Brianne E. Phillips and Michael K. Stoskopf Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh 27607, NC, USA; Veterinary Division, North Carolina Zoo, 4401 Zoo Parkway, Asheboro 27205, NC, USA; Department of Animal Health, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, 2901 Osceola Parkway, Lake Buena Vista 32830, FL, USA; Environmental Medicine Consortium, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, 27607, NC, USA}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY QUARTERLY}, author={Gjeltema, Jenessa L. and De Voe, Ryan S. and Phillips, Brianne E. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={177–180} }
 @article{gjeltema_murphy_rivera_2015, title={Clinical canine parvovirus type 2C infection in a group of Asian small-clawed otters (Aonyx cinerea)}, volume={46}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Gjeltema, J. and Murphy, H. and Rivera, S.}, year={2015}, pages={120–123} }
 @article{gjeltema_posner_stoskopf_2014, title={The use of injectable alphaxalone as a single agent and in combination with ketamine, xylazine, and morphine in the Chilean rose tarantula, Grammostola rosea}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1638/2013-0223.1}, abstractNote={Abstract:  This study evaluated the use of the injectable anesthetic, alphaxalone, as a single agent and in combination with ketamine, xylazine, and morphine in the Chilean rose tarantula, Grammostola rosea. Between two and four animals were evaluated for each anesthetic protocol, and two unanesthetized animals were evaluated for comparative purposes. Anesthetic duration, depth, and quality were assessed by scoring responses to tactile and trichobothria stimulation, muscle tone, purposeful movement, righting response, and heart rate throughout each anesthetic event. Alphaxalone administered into the dorsal opisthosoma in the location of the heart at 200 mg/kg produced moderate anesthetic effect with a median duration of 28 min (n = 3; range 25–50). A combination of 200 mg/kg of alphaxalone and 20 mg/kg of ketamine induced a deep anesthetic state with a median anesthetic duration of 27 min (n = 4; range 16–42). The combination of 200 mg/kg of alphaxalone and 20 mg/kg of xylazine produced deep anesthesia with a median duration of 70 min (n = 4; range 37–207). Morphine administered at 5 mg/kg 30 min prior to injection with 200 mg/kg alphaxalone had anesthetic durations of 9 and 30 min (n = 2). Heartbeats could not be detected for periods of 7–27 min following anesthetic induction for the majority of animals receiving the alphaxalone/ketamine and alphaxalone/xylazine anesthetic combinations. No mortality was associated with any of the anesthetic protocols used; however, ambient temperature and ecdysis were identified as important factors that may alter response to anesthetics in these animals.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, author={Gjeltema, J. and Posner, L. P. and Stoskopf, M.}, year={2014}, pages={792–801} }