@article{ahmmed_reynolds_bozkurt_2024, title={A Subcutaneously Injectable Implant for Multimodal Physiological Monitoring in Animals}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1558-1748"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3366195}, DOI={10.1109/JSEN.2024.3366195}, abstractNote={Unobtrusive acquisition of physiological and behavioral data from freely moving animals is important to many applications including animal research, veterinary science, animal husbandry, and pet monitoring. This article reports a miniaturized, injectable, and multimodal implant for real-time measurements of heart rate (HR), breathing rate (BR), movement, and subcutaneous temperature with future extensions to blood pressure and oxygen saturation. To estimate these vital signs, the presented device incorporates sensors of various modalities: photoplethysmography, electrocardiography, accelerometry, magnetometry, and thermometry. A rechargeable battery drives the system containing a system-on-chip with Bluetooth low energy capability and multiple sensor front-end circuits. The implant electronics are isolated from the animal’s extracellular fluid by a dual-layer encapsulation of biomedical epoxy and poly(methyl methacrylate) that fits into a six-gauge surgical needle to allow for subcutaneous injection. Electrically conductive epoxy is used to create electrodes on the surface of the encapsulation for biopotential measurements. With a 3-m wireless range from a custom receiver, this implant can continuously transmit data from all the sensors for 20 h, which can support two–three months of duty-cycled and intermittent recording between battery recharges. The system was tested in vivo where the acquired HR and BR estimations showed an error of less than two beats per minute (BPM) compared to the gold standard. Longer-term evaluation of tissue reaction showed an acceptable level of immune responses with minimal effect on the sensing performance. This novel system has the potential to provide new insights with greater depth in veterinary research and practice, and animal welfare management.}, number={7}, journal={IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL}, author={Ahmmed, Parvez and Reynolds, James and Bozkurt, Alper}, year={2024}, month={Apr}, pages={11205–11216} }
@article{reynolds_wilkins_martin_taggart_rivera_tunc-ozdemir_rufty_lobaton_bozkurt_daniele_2024, title={Evaluating Bacterial Nanocellulose Interfaces for Recording Surface Biopotentials from Plants}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1424-8220"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072335}, DOI={10.3390/s24072335}, abstractNote={The study of plant electrophysiology offers promising techniques to track plant health and stress in vivo for both agricultural and environmental monitoring applications. Use of superficial electrodes on the plant body to record surface potentials may provide new phenotyping insights. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a flexible, optically translucent, and water-vapor-permeable material with low manufacturing costs, making it an ideal substrate for non-invasive and non-destructive plant electrodes. This work presents BNC electrodes with screen-printed carbon (graphite) ink-based conductive traces and pads. It investigates the potential of these electrodes for plant surface electrophysiology measurements in comparison to commercially available standard wet gel and needle electrodes. The electrochemically active surface area and impedance of the BNC electrodes varied based on the annealing temperature and time over the ranges of 50 °C to 90 °C and 5 to 60 min, respectively. The water vapor transfer rate and optical transmittance of the BNC substrate were measured to estimate the level of occlusion caused by these surface electrodes on the plant tissue. The total reduction in chlorophyll content under the electrodes was measured after the electrodes were placed on maize leaves for up to 300 h, showing that the BNC caused only a 16% reduction. Maize leaf transpiration was reduced by only 20% under the BNC electrodes after 72 h compared to a 60% reduction under wet gel electrodes in 48 h. On three different model plants, BNC–carbon ink surface electrodes and standard invasive needle electrodes were shown to have a comparable signal quality, with a correlation coefficient of >0.9, when measuring surface biopotentials induced by acute environmental stressors. These are strong indications of the superior performance of the BNC substrate with screen-printed graphite ink as an electrode material for plant surface biopotential recordings.}, number={7}, journal={SENSORS}, author={Reynolds, James and Wilkins, Michael and Martin, Devon and Taggart, Matthew and Rivera, Kristina R. and Tunc-Ozdemir, Meral and Rufty, Thomas and Lobaton, Edgar and Bozkurt, Alper and Daniele, Michael A.}, year={2024}, month={Apr} }
@article{banerjee_reynolds_taggart_daniele_bozkurt_lobaton_2024, title={Quantifying Visual Differences in Drought-Stressed Maize through Reflectance and Data-Driven Analysis}, volume={5}, ISSN={["2673-2688"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/ai5020040}, DOI={10.3390/ai5020040}, abstractNote={Environmental factors, such as drought stress, significantly impact maize growth and productivity worldwide. To improve yield and quality, effective strategies for early detection and mitigation of drought stress in maize are essential. This paper presents a detailed analysis of three imaging trials conducted to detect drought stress in maize plants using an existing, custom-developed, low-cost, high-throughput phenotyping platform. A pipeline is proposed for early detection of water stress in maize plants using a Vision Transformer classifier and analysis of distributions of near-infrared (NIR) reflectance from the plants. A classification accuracy of 85% was achieved in one of our trials, using hold-out trials for testing. Suitable regions on the plant that are more sensitive to drought stress were explored, and it was shown that the region surrounding the youngest expanding leaf (YEL) and the stem can be used as a more consistent alternative to analysis involving just the YEL. Experiments in search of an ideal window size showed that small bounding boxes surrounding the YEL and the stem area of the plant perform better in separating drought-stressed and well-watered plants than larger window sizes enclosing most of the plant. The results presented in this work show good separation between well-watered and drought-stressed categories for two out of the three imaging trials, both in terms of classification accuracy from data-driven features as well as through analysis of histograms of NIR reflectance.}, number={2}, journal={AI}, author={Banerjee, Sanjana and Reynolds, James and Taggart, Matthew and Daniele, Michael and Bozkurt, Alper and Lobaton, Edgar}, year={2024}, month={Jun}, pages={790–802} }
@article{ahmmed_reynolds_bozkurt_regmi_2023, title={Continuous heart rate variability monitoring of freely moving chicken through a wearable electrocardiography recording system}, volume={102}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102375}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2022.102375}, abstractNote={Identification and quantification of stress and stress inducing factors are important components of animal welfare assessment and essential parts of poultry management. Measurement of the autonomic nervous system's influence on cardiac function using heart rate and heart rate variability (HR/HRV) indices can provide a non-invasive assessment of the welfare status of an animal. This paper presents a preliminary study showing the feasibility of continuous long-term measurement of HR/HRV indices in freely moving chicken. We developed and evaluated an electrocardiography (ECG) based HR/HRV recording system that can be used as a poultry wearable backpack for research studies. The backpack system was first validated against a commercial ECG amplifier, and the corresponding estimations of HR values matched well with each other. Then, an in vivo proof-of-concept experiment was conducted on floor-reared chickens to collect ECG data for 2 weeks. The extracted HR/HRV values show strong alignment with circadian patterns and well-defined sleep cycles. Wearable devices, like the backpack ECG system used in this study, may be best suited for application in freely moving poultry to get an insight into circadian abnormalities and sleep quality for stress and welfare management.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Ahmmed, P. and Reynolds, J. and Bozkurt, A. and Regmi, P.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
@article{reynolds_taggart_martin_lobaton_cardoso_daniele_bozkurt_2023, title={Rapid Drought Stress Detection in Plants Using Bioimpedance Measurements and Analysis}, url={https://doi.org/10.1109/TAFE.2023.3330583}, DOI={10.1109/TAFE.2023.3330583}, abstractNote={Smart farming is the targeted use of phenotyping for the rapid, continuous, and accurate assessment of plant health in the field. Bioimpedance monitoring can play a role in smart farming as a phenotyping method, which is now accessible thanks to recent efforts to commoditize and miniaturize electronics. Here, we demonstrate that bioimpedance measurements reflect the physiological changes in live plant tissue with induced alterations in their environmental conditions. When plants were exposed to $-$1.0 MPa polyethylene glycol, to simulate drought conditions, the extracellular resistance was observed to increase prior to the intercellular resistance, where the low frequency bioimpedance measurements increased by 25% within one hour. Similar patterns were observed when drought stress was applied to the plants by water withholding, with a bioimpedance increase within a matter of a few hours. The bioimpedance measurements were also compared with leaf relative water content, imaging, and field transpirable soil water, which reinforced these findings. These preliminary results suggest that bioimpedance can function as a phenotyping tool for continuous and real time monitoring of plant stress to allow the development of strategies to prevent damage from environmental stresses such as drought.}, journal={IEEE Transactions on AgriFood Electronics}, author={Reynolds, James and Taggart, Matt and Martin, Devon and Lobaton, Edgar and Cardoso, Amanda and Daniele, Michael and Bozkurt, Alper}, year={2023} }
@article{reynolds_williams_martin_readling_ahmmed_huseth_bozkurt_2022, title={A Multimodal Sensing Platform for Interdisciplinary Research in Agrarian Environments}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1424-8220"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.3390/s22155582}, DOI={10.3390/s22155582}, abstractNote={Agricultural and environmental monitoring programs often require labor-intensive inputs and substantial costs to manually gather data from remote field locations. Recent advances in the Internet of Things enable the construction of wireless sensor systems to automate these remote monitoring efforts. This paper presents the design of a modular system to serve as a research platform for outdoor sensor development and deployment. The advantages of this system include low power consumption (enabling solar charging), the use of commercially available electronic parts for lower-cost and scaled up deployments, and the flexibility to include internal electronics and external sensors, allowing novel applications. In addition to tracking environmental parameters, the modularity of this system brings the capability to measure other non-traditional elements. This capability is demonstrated with two different agri- and aquacultural field applications: tracking moth phenology and monitoring bivalve gaping. Collection of these signals in conjunction with environmental parameters could provide a holistic and context-aware data analysis. Preliminary experiments generated promising results, demonstrating the reliability of the system. Idle power consumption of 27.2 mW and 16.6 mW for the moth- and bivalve-tracking systems, respectively, coupled with 2.5 W solar cells allows for indefinite deployment in remote locations.}, number={15}, journal={SENSORS}, author={Reynolds, James and Williams, Evan and Martin, Devon and Readling, Caleb and Ahmmed, Parvez and Huseth, Anders and Bozkurt, Alper}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
@article{twiddy_taggart_reynolds_sharkey_rufty_lobaton_bozkurt_daniele_2022, title={Real-Time Monitoring of Plant Stalk Growth Using a Flexible Printed Circuit Board Sensor}, ISSN={["1930-0395"]}, DOI={10.1109/SENSORS52175.2022.9967167}, abstractNote={Monitoring of plant growth within agriculture is essential for ensuring the survival of crops and optimization of resources in the face of environmental and industrial challenges. Herein, we describe a low-cost and easily deployable flexible circuit board sensor for measurement of plant stalk growth, providing for remote tracking of plant development on an industrial scale. Three circuit topologies and measurement strategies - “ladder-type,” “multiplex-type,” and “mixed-type” - are initially assessed off-plant in a simulated growth experiment. Further development of the “multiplex-type” sensor and on-plant validation demonstrates its ability to quantify stalk growth as a proxy for plant development.}, journal={2022 IEEE SENSORS}, author={Twiddy, Jack and Taggart, Matthew and Reynolds, James and Sharkey, Chris and Rufty, Thomas and Lobaton, Edgar and Bozkurt, Alper and Daniele, Michael}, year={2022} }
@article{ahmmed_reynolds_levine_bozkurt_2021, title={An Accelerometer-based Sensing System to Study the Valve-gaping Behavior of Bivalves}, ISSN={2475-1472}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2021.3067506}, DOI={10.1109/lsens.2021.3067506}, abstractNote={Bivalves are extremely sensitive to environmental conditions. The movement of their shells and the gap in-between the valves can serve as indicators of water pollutants entering surface water bodies. This letter proposes a novel sensing system to accurately calculate the valve-gaping angle in bivalves. The sensor unit is comprised of two inertial measurement units for each bivalve to estimate the angle between the two valves. Monitoring of multiple bivalves is possible with several water-insulated sensor units tethered with flexible cables to a central base station housing the processing unit. Miniaturization of the sensor packaging and flexibility of the wires ensured minimum hindrance to the animals’ natural behavior. The precision and accuracy of the angle measurement were tested with a benchtop servo motor setup simulating the gaping behavior. The standard deviation of measurements at a steady state was 0.78$^\circ$, and the average change in measurement during a 10$^\circ$ step was 9.98$^\circ$. Over 250 h of in vivo validation experiments demonstrated the consistency of the angle measurements using the presented method alongside a magnetic alternative, which had an average correlation coefficient of $-$0.89. The sensor system provides an accurate study of bivalve gaping behavior and facilitates the potential use of bivalves as environmental sentinels due to their valve-gaping being a biomarker for monitoring water pollution.}, journal={IEEE Sensors Letters}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Ahmmed, Parvez and Reynolds, James and Levine, Jay F and Bozkurt, Alper}, year={2021}, pages={1–1} }
@article{ahmmed_reynolds_hamada_regmi_bozkurt_2021, title={Novel 3D-printed Electrodes for Implantable Biopotential Monitoring}, ISSN={["1558-4615"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630055}, DOI={10.1109/EMBC46164.2021.9630055}, abstractNote={A major bottleneck in the manufacturing process of a medical implant capable of biopotential measurements is the design and assembly of a conductive electrode interface. This paper presents the use of a novel 3D-printing process to integrate conductive metal surfaces on a low-temperature co-fired ceramic base to be deployed as electrodes for electrocardiography (ECG) implants for small animals. In order to fit the ECG sensing system within the size of an injectable microchip implant, the electronics along with a pin-type lithium-ion battery are inserted into a cylindrical glass tube with both ends sealed by these 3D printed composite electrode discs using biomedical epoxy. In the scope of this paper, we present a proof-of-concept in vivo experiment for recording ECG from an avian animal model under local anesthesia to verify the electrode performance. Simultaneous recording with a commercial device validated the measurements, demonstrating promising accuracy in heart rate and breathing rate monitoring. This novel technology could open avenues for the mass manufacturing of miniaturized ECG implants.Clinical relevance— A novel manufacturing process and an implantable system are presented for continuous physiological monitoring of animals to be used by veterinarians, animal scientists, and biomedical researchers with potential future applications in human health monitoring.}, journal={2021 43RD ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY SOCIETY (EMBC)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Ahmmed, Parvez and Reynolds, James and Hamada, Shu and Regmi, Prafulla and Bozkurt, Alper}, year={2021}, pages={7120–7123} }
@article{martin_reynolds_daniele_lobaton_bozkurt_2021, title={Towards Continuous Plant Bioimpedance Fitting and Parameter Estimation}, ISSN={["1930-0395"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sensors47087.2021.9639492}, DOI={10.1109/SENSORS47087.2021.9639492}, abstractNote={The push to advance artificial intelligence, internet of things, and big data analysis all pave the way to automated and systematic optimization in precision agriculture and smart farming applications. These advancements lead to many benefits, including the optimization of primary production, prevention of spoilage via supply chain management, and detection of crop failure risk. Noninvasive impedance sensors serve as a promising candidate for monitoring plant health wirelessly and play a major role in this optimization problem. In this study, we developed a software pipeline to support impedance sensing applications and, as a proof of concept, applied this to track longitudinal consistent bioimpedance data from the V4 leaf midrib in maize plants. The script uses the single-shell equivalent circuit model to represent the extracellular fluid, cellular membrane, and intracellular fluid as a simplified resistive-capacitive circuit, where these elements’ parameters are estimated with complex nonlinear least squares. The double-shell model extends the single-shell model to account for the effects of the relatively large plant cell vacuole. Limit cases for impedance are utilized for specific parameters as an alternative method of estimation. We investigated a complex analysis-based modification to the objective function and model optimization for the data pipeline automation. Various weighing functions are applied and checked against one another. Additionally, a custom graphical user interface was developed to assist with parameter initialization for correcting potential convergence issues and understating the influence of each parameter on the dataset. We demonstrated that the analysis of an example longitudinal dataset was able to reveal a time series for parameter fitting.}, journal={2021 IEEE SENSORS}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Martin, Devon and Reynolds, James and Daniele, Michael and Lobaton, Edgar and Bozkurt, Alper}, year={2021} }
@inproceedings{reynolds_taggart_lobaton_daniele_rufty_bozkurt_2020, title={An Environmental Station with Bioimpedance Capabilities for Agricultural Deployment}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sensors47125.2020.9278584}, DOI={10.1109/sensors47125.2020.9278584}, abstractNote={The majority of recent studies on precision agriculture have focused on a variety of imaging techniques to assess the phenotypical state of crops. This approach is limited by the time delay between the stressor occurrence and the visible physiological change and the dependence of measurements on weather conditions. As a novel and alternative method, we have developed a low-cost system combining the measurements of environmental parameters with tracking of the electrophysiological changes in the plant body. These include the measurement of photosynthetically active radiation, volumetric water content, ambient temperature, ambient relative humidity, and bioelectrical impedance of the plant. We demonstrate a potential application of this system for monitoring the diurnal behavior and drought response of plants.}, booktitle={2020 IEEE SENSORS}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Reynolds, James and Taggart, Matthew and Lobaton, Edgar and Daniele, Michael and Rufty, Thomas and Bozkurt, Alper}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
@article{reynolds_ahmmed_bozkurt_2019, title={An Injectable System for Subcutaneous Photoplethysmography, Accelerometry, and Thermometry in Animals}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1940-9990"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2019.2923153}, DOI={10.1109/TBCAS.2019.2923153}, abstractNote={Obtaining physiological data from animals in a non-obtrusive and continuous manner is important to veterinary science. This paper demonstrates the design and deployment of a miniaturized capsule-based system for subdermal injection to provide real-time and continuous heart-rate, movement, and core-body-temperature measurements. The presented device incorporates sensors for photoplethysmography, motion detection, and temperature measurements. A bluetooth-low-energy enabled microcontroller configures the sensors, digitizes the sensor information, and wirelessly connects with external devices. The device is powered by a CR425 battery for this paper, and various other battery solutions are available based upon the use case. The design uses only commercially available integrated circuits in order to reduce the development cost and be modular. The encapsulation is a combination of medical epoxy and poly(methyl methacrylate) that fits within a 6-gauge hypodermic needle. The preliminary evaluation of the device included an in vitro assessment of its thermal response and measurement accuracy, the impact of one-month implantation on surrounding tissue, the power consumption with duty cycling of various sensors, and a measurement of physiological signals in a rat and a chicken. Having a form factor and implantation method similar to existing devices for animals, this novel system is a useful platform for both scientists and veterinarians to better study a diverse range of animals.}, number={5}, journal={IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Reynolds, James and Ahmmed, Parvez and Bozkurt, Alper}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={825–834} }
@article{valero-sarmiento_reynolds_krystal_bozkurt_2018, title={In Vitro Evaluation of an Injectable EEG/ECG Sensor for Wireless Monitoring of Hibernation in Endangered Animal Species}, volume={18}, ISSN={1530-437X 1558-1748 2379-9153}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2017.2772844}, DOI={10.1109/JSEN.2017.2772844}, abstractNote={Hibernation is a unique metabolic adaptation employed by several animal species for survival where its study would further enhance our understanding of metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and obesity. As a primate animal with close genetic ties to humans, the recent discovery of hibernation in dwarf lemurs of Madagascar has attracted the attention of researchers. Traditional recording systems require the physical tethering of the animals to the recording apparatus or the use of implantable devices. Scalp and needle electrodes interfere with the natural hibernation process and limit the continuity of the experiments, while invasive procedures are banned on endangered species. By integrating a full-wave rectifier, low-noise signal conditioning circuit, frequency modulation transmitter, and antenna in a single application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), we have developed an ultra-miniaturized wireless system that measures $34 \times 4 \times 2.6$ mm3 in volume. It only requires three off-chip components (a coil wound around a ferrite rod and two external capacitors) to be powered wirelessly through a 1-MHz inductive link, such that it can be packaged inside a glass or polymer capsule and injected subcutaneously underneath the scalp or chest without requiring a surgery, thereby addressing the shortcomings of the traditional monitoring systems. Our recording device provides an input/output correlation coefficient greater than 80% for input amplitudes ranging from 60 to 260 $\mu V_{\mathrm{ pp}}$ , with a wireless data transmission range of ~2.5 cm while operating near the 902–928 MHz ISM frequency band. This system would enable future studies of electroencephalography and electrocardiography in hibernating dwarf lemurs. The ASIC was fabricated using the ON Semiconductor 0.5- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS process with an active area of 2.5 $\times $ 1 mm2 and has a power consumption of 7.75 mW from a 3.1 V supply. In this paper, we demonstrate the in vitro functionality of the system using simulated physiological signals directly applied to the ASIC or through standard stainless steel electrodes immersed in saline solution.}, number={2}, journal={IEEE Sensors Journal}, publisher={Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}, author={Valero-Sarmiento, Jose Manuel and Reynolds, James and Krystal, Andrew and Bozkurt, Alper}, year={2018}, month={Jan}, pages={798–808} }
@inproceedings{reynolds_ahmmed_bozkurt_2018, title={Preliminary Evaluation of an Injectable Sensor for Subcutaneous Photoplethysmography in Animals}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biocas.2018.8584775}, DOI={10.1109/biocas.2018.8584775}, abstractNote={This paper demonstrates the construction and preliminary evaluation of a capsule system that can be easily injected under the skin of animals for real-time photoplethysmography. The presented device incorporates three light-emitting diodes, a photodiode, a microprocessor, and a Bluetooth Low Energy transceiver into a miniaturized package made of poly(methyl methacrylate). In order to provide a low-cost solution, this generation of the device is constructed with only commercial off-the-shelf electronic components. A low-power electronic design addresses concerns about the thermal effects on the surrounding tissue. The heart rate monitoring accuracy is comparable to that of traditional electrocardiography measured with subdermal needle electrodes on rat models. We expect this work to lay the foundation for a novel tool to provide biomedical researchers and veterinarians with a continuous and real-time measurement of heart rate through subcutaneous wireless photoplethysmography.}, booktitle={2018 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS)}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Reynolds, James and Ahmmed, Parvez and Bozkurt, Alper}, year={2018}, month={Oct} }
@inproceedings{keller_wilkins_reynolds_dieffenderfer_hood_daniele_bozkurt_tunc-ozdemir_2017, title={Nanocellulose electrodes for interfacing plant electrochemistry}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85011011248&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1109/ICSENS.2016.7808846}, abstractNote={The study of plant bioelectricity has provided a unique perspective to understand how plants sense their environment and adjust their morphology, physiology, and phenotype accordingly. In this study, we present nanocellulose based novel dry electrodes suitable for use as non-invasive bioelectrical plant interfaces. These electrodes were specifically designed to monitor plant electrochemistry without significantly disturbing their physiology. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy enabled us to construct an equivalent circuit model to evaluate the performance of the electrodes. The preliminary characterization of the electrodes in vitro and in vivo using Arabidopsis thaliana provided promising results.}, booktitle={Proceedings of IEEE Sensors}, author={Keller, K. and Wilkins, M. and Reynolds, James and Dieffenderfer, J. and Hood, C. and Daniele, M.A. and Bozkurt, A. and Tunc-Ozdemir, M.}, year={2017} }
@inproceedings{reynolds_valero-sarmiento_dieffenderfer_bozkurt_2017, title={The viability of conductive medical epoxy as an implantable electrode material}, volume={2017-December}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85044337296&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1109/ICSENS.2017.8233947}, abstractNote={Electrodes are an important part of any medical implant for making biopotential measurements, but current designs have shortcomings. This paper shows the viability of conductive medical epoxy as an electrode material for implants. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy characterization of the electrodes suggested the feasibility with reasonable impedance results in saline solutions. After fabricating a sample electrode configuration with conductive medical epoxy, in vivo subcutaneous testing provides satisfactory electroencephalograms and electrocardiograms. Using conductive medical epoxy could provide greater flexibility during the implant design process.}, booktitle={Proceedings of IEEE Sensors}, publisher={IEEE}, author={Reynolds, J. and Valero-Sarmiento, J.M. and Dieffenderfer, J. and Bozkurt, A.}, year={2017}, pages={1–3} }
@inproceedings{keller_wilkins_reynolds_dieffenderfer_hood_daniele_bozkurt_tunc-ozdemir_2016, title={Nanocellulose electrodes for interfacing plant electrochemistry}, booktitle={2016 ieee sensors}, author={Keller, K. and Wilkins, M. and Reynolds, J. and Dieffenderfer, J. and Hood, C. and Daniele, M. A. and Bozkurt, A. and Tunc-Ozdemir, M.}, year={2016} }