@article{escudero-abarca_goulter_bradshaw_faircloth_leslie_manuel_arbogast_jaykus_2022, title={Efficacy of an alcohol-based surface disinfectant formulation against human norovirus}, ISSN={["1365-2672"]}, DOI={10.1111/jam.15479}, abstractNote={Abstract
               
                  Aim
                  To evaluate the anti-noroviral efficacy of PURELL® surface sanitizer and disinfectant spray (PSS, an alcohol-based formulation) using human norovirus GII.4 Sydney [hNoV, by RT-qPCR and human intestinal enteroid (HIE) infectivity assay] and its cultivable surrogate, Tulane virus (TuV, infectivity assay), compared to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions.
               
               
                  Methods and Results
                  PSS efficacy was evaluated in suspension and on surfaces [stainless steel (SS)] using ASTM methods. Results were expressed as log10 reduction (LR) of genome equivalent copy number (GEC, for hNoV, assayed by RT-qPCR) and plaque forming units (PFU, for TuV, per infectivity assay). In suspension, PSS achieved a 2.9 ± 0.04 LR hNoV GEC irrespective of contact time (30 or 60 s) and soil load (2.5% or 5%). Under all treatment conditions, infectious TuV could not be recovered following exposure to PSS, corresponding to the assay limit of detection (3.1–5.2 log10 PFU). Infectious hNoV could not be detected in the HIE model after exposure to PSS. On SS and 2.5% soil, PSS produced a 3.1 ± 0.1 LR hNoV GEC, comparable to 500 ppm NaOCl for 60 s. With 5.0% soil, PSS produced a 2.5 ± 0.2 LR hNoV GEC, which was similar to 1000–5000 ppm NaOCl for 60 s.
               
               
                  Conclusions
                  PSS showed high anti-hNoV efficacy by RT-qPCR and in in vitro (TuV) and ex vivo (HIE) infectivity assays and performed similar to 1000–5000 ppm NaOCl for a 60-s contact time on SS with added soil.
               
               
                  Significance and Impact of Study
                  hNoV remains a significant cause of morbidity globally, partly due to its resistance to numerous surface disinfectants. RT-qPCR results from this study indicate PSS efficacy against hNoV is comparable to NaOCl efficacy. Infectivity assays leveraging TuV and the HIE model for hNoV support and confirm loss of virus infectivity. Collectively, these results indicate the product’s ability to inactivate hNoV quickly, which could be beneficial in settings having elevated risk for hNoV transmission.
               }, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY}, author={Escudero-Abarca, Blanca I and Goulter, Rebecca M. and Bradshaw, Justin and Faircloth, Jeremy and Leslie, Rachel A. and Manuel, Clyde S. and Arbogast, James W. and Jaykus, Lee-Ann}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @misc{sikes_mcmillan_bradshaw_2010, title={The Center of Accessibility: D beta Control of V(D)J Recombination}, volume={58}, ISSN={["0004-069X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00005-010-0101-2}, abstractNote={Developmental patterning of antigen receptor gene assembly in lymphocyte precursors correlates with decondensation of the chromatin surrounding individual gene segments. Ongoing V(D)J recombination is associated with hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4 and the expression of sterile germline transcripts across the region of recombinational accessibility. Likewise, histone acetyltransferase and SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes each appear to be required for recombination, and the PHD-finger of RAG-2 preferentially associates with recombination signal sequence (RSS) chromatin that contains H3 trimethylated on lysine 4. However, the regulatory mechanisms that direct chromatin alteration and rearrangement have proven elusive, due in large part to the interdependency of individual stages in gene activation, our limited understanding of functional significance of changes to the histone code, and the difficulty of modeling recombinational accessibility in existing experimental systems. Examining Tcrb assembly in developing thymocytes, we review the central roles of RSS elements and germline promoters as foci for epigenetic reorganization of recombinationally accessible gene segments in light of recent findings and persistent questions.}, number={6}, journal={ARCHIVUM IMMUNOLOGIAE ET THERAPIAE EXPERIMENTALIS}, author={Sikes, Michael L. and McMillan, Ruth E. and Bradshaw, Justin M.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={427–433} }
 @article{sikes_bradshaw_ivory_lunsford_mcmillan_morrison_2009, title={A streamlined method for rapid and sensitive chromatin immunoprecipitation}, volume={344}, ISSN={["0022-1759"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jim.2009.03.007}, abstractNote={We report a streamlined procedure to efficiently carry samples from chromatin to qPCR-compatible DNA in as little as 4 h. We use this streamlined ChIP to quantify histone H3 modifications at active (cad) and repressed (T early alpha) promoters in a Rag1-deficient pro-T cell line after 1–2 h IP. We further show that the protocol readily quantified histone modifications in chromatin from 104 Rag-deficient DN thymocytes. Taken together, these data outline a simple, cost-effective procedure for efficient ChIP analysis.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS}, author={Sikes, Michael L. and Bradshaw, Justin M. and Ivory, Wendell T. and Lunsford, Jessica L. and McMillan, Ruth E. and Morrison, Clayton R.}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={58–63} }