@article{casper_kim_bocarro_2024, title={Perceived Constraints to Pickleball Participation Among Black Older Adults}, url={https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2023-0009}, DOI={10.1123/japa.2023-0009}, abstractNote={Pickleball offers sociopsychological and physical activity benefits for older adults but lacks racial diversity. The purpose of this study was to identify constraints to pickleball participation with Black older adults (65+ years) as well as examine differences based on physical activity and sex. A Qualtrics panel included Black older adults (N = 292) who have heard of pickleball and are physically able to play but have not played. Results found Knowledge, Accessibility, Interpersonal, and Interest were the most salient constraints overall. Multivariate analysis of variance found that those who report low physical activity had significantly higher Interpersonal, Psychological, Costs, and Perceived Racism constraints. Additionally, females report significantly higher Knowledge, Psychological, and Cost constraints compared to males. The results further the theoretical application of constraints to physical activity research and provide insights into practitioner implications to grow the sport of pickleball for Black older adults.}, journal={Journal of Aging and Physical Activity}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and Kim, Amy Chan Hyung and Bocarro, Jason N.}, year={2024}, month={Feb} }
 @article{bocarro_casper_bush_steptoe_dupree_blake_kanters_2023, title={An Exploratory Study of a Health and Wellness Intervention on STEM College Students During COVID-19}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1558-867X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/15588661231154490}, DOI={10.1177/15588661231154490}, abstractNote={ To address the growing health challenges faced by college students, campus recreation departments have evolved from a primary university intramural sport setting to organizations that have an increased emphasis on student recruitment, retention, and overall wellness. Among the strategies used to attract and engage students in campus recreation programs and services, health coaching shows some promise as a potentially effective intervention strategy. This study examined the efficacy of a university campus recreation health coaching program. Students from Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) disciplines (n = 34) were provided with individual, group, and virtual support to assist in developing effective strategies for academic success. Fitbit data measuring participants’ sleep and physical activity were collected along with self-reported measures of stress and perceived happiness and focus group qualitative data focused on participants’ perceptions of the program. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic forcing the program to adapt, findings suggest that health coaching may be an effective intervention strategy to help university students cope with the heightened anxiety and stress levels associated with campus life. }, journal={RECREATIONAL SPORTS JOURNAL}, author={Bocarro, Jason N. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Bush, Kimberly A. and Steptoe, Alexis and DuPree, Shannon and Blake, Virginia and Kanters, Michael A.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{bunds_casper_bocarro_edwards_bush_thompson_kanters_2023, title={Parental decisions on return to youth sport during a global pandemic: Examining parental decisions by race, gender, and socio-economic status}, volume={46}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Sport Behavior}, author={Bunds, K. and Casper, J. and Bocarro, J. and Edwards, M. and Bush, K. and Thompson, A. and Kanters, M.}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={1–17} }
 @article{casper_bocarro_drake_2023, title={Physical Activity Associated with Older Adult Pickleball Participation: A Pilot Study}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1558-867X"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1177/15588661231156139}, DOI={10.1177/15588661231156139}, abstractNote={ The quantity and quality of physical activity accrued from recreational pickleball participation have not been published. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount and intensity of physical activity older adults (65 years and older) get from pickleball participation. Thirty-three pickleball participants wore FitbitHR monitors for 2 weeks and logged days/times of pickleball participation. On average, participants spent over 68 min of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) per playing session. Playing pickleball had beneficial cardiovascular benefits, as participants averaged over 86 min at increased heart rate zones. On average, participants gained significantly more steps on pickleball play days versus non-pickleball play days. Pickleball play days were found to have significantly more MVPA minutes, and participants were significantly less sedentary. The results inform sport and leisure providers evidence that pickleball participation helps older adults meet the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USHHS) recommended guidelines for MVPA per week if played three or more times. Knowing the health benefits of pickleball may assist sport and leisure managers as they accommodate this popular sport activity. }, journal={RECREATIONAL SPORTS JOURNAL}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. M. and Bocarro, Jason. N. and Drake, Nicholas R. R.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{pape_koenigstorfer_casper_2023, title={Sport teams' promotion of plant-based food consumption among fans}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1839-2083"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2023.2259146}, DOI={10.1080/14413523.2023.2259146}, abstractNote={The study’s goal is to examine the downstream relations of fan awareness of a favorite sport team’s pro-environmental food initiatives, considering fans with different degrees of team identification. Building upon the Awareness-to-Action Continuum, the authors propose two pathways that may help explain reported plant-based food consumption among fans (i.e. eating vegetables, eating vegan food, and avoiding meat), particularly at high (vs. low) degrees of team identification: team value internalization and fan-team personality match. Study 1 surveyed 799 fans of 12 different sport teams from various countries, which had implemented pro-environmental food initiatives in the past. Study 2 used a survey-experimental design to manipulate identification with one selected team from the U.S. (n = 356 fans) and assessed the downstream relations of fan awareness of the team’s pro-environmental food initiatives. The authors control for attitude and subjective norm in their analyses and show that the levels of team identification associate with the relation between fan awareness and reported consumption of plant-based foods via fan-team personality match but not via value internalization. Ironically, the perception of the team’s personality as superior to their own personality among low-identification fans is negatively related to the adoption of a plant-based diet despite high awareness levels.}, journal={SPORT MANAGEMENT REVIEW}, author={Pape, Lennart and Koenigstorfer, Joerg and Casper, Jonathan}, year={2023}, month={Sep} }
 @article{lee_casper_powell_floyd_2022, title={African Americans’ outdoor recreation involvement, leisure satisfaction, and subjective well-being}, volume={11}, ISSN={1046-1310 1936-4733}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03905-2}, DOI={10.1007/s12144-022-03905-2}, journal={Current Psychology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Lee, KangJae Jerry and Casper, Jonathan and Powell, Roslynn and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2022}, month={Nov} }
 @book{bocarro_jones_casper_hardison-moody_hipp_haynes-maslow_morris_davis_mcburney_2022, title={Building Resilient Inclusive Communities (BRIC): Community Focus Group Findings Report}, institution={North Carolina Department of Public Health}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Jones, J. and Casper, J.M. and Hardison-Moody, A. and Hipp, J.A. and Haynes-Maslow, L. and Morris, L. and Davis, B. and McBurney, J.}, year={2022} }
 @article{robledo_edwards_bocarro_behnke_casper_2022, title={Examination of Ecological Systems Contexts Within a Latino-Based Community Sport Youth Development Initiative}, volume={4}, ISSN={2624-9367}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.869589}, DOI={10.3389/fspor.2022.869589}, abstractNote={Youth Development Programs (YDPs) can serve as effective mechanisms to alleviate social and psychological adversities while enhancing and developing resilience among youth. Recently, more YDPs have incorporated sport within Sport for Development (SFD) models to achieve these goals. Due to the growing Latino population in the US and the wide achievement gap between Latinos and other demographic populations, there is a need to explore programs that may support individual development as well as long-term change with regard to social inequality. There is also a need to better understand the ecological contexts within SFD programs and how these contexts may support underserved youth. Specifically, using an ecological systems perspective, this study seeks to explore the implementation of a sport program by a YDP in order to examine the ecological processes that may support or inhibit the efficacy of sport programs working with underserved youth. Juntos is a YDP that primarily serves Latinx youth and families by assisting youth with graduating high school and pursuing higher education opportunities. Juntos incorporates two annual soccer tournaments (i.e., Kicking it with Juntos and Copa Unidos). A qualitative case study approach was implemented in two counties in North Carolina. Interviews were conducted with tournament participants, county coordinators and planning committee members. Findings found three key themes related to three ecological levels 1. At the Microsystem level, sport was implemented to engage youth and connect to non-sport program outcomes, but divergent perceptions of goals among stakeholders potentially inhibited intentional implementation. At the Mesosystem level, sport provided a mechanism to engage in collaborative relationships and encouraged parental participation. At the Macrosystem level, sport celebrated Latino culture and attempted to address social barriers facing Latinx youth, but some aspects of culture may have created barriers to access for girls. Findings suggested that while the programs emphasized mesosystem engagement, more integration across exosystem and macrosystem levels may be needed for sustainable outcomes.}, journal={Frontiers in Sports and Active Living}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Robledo, Mayra V. and Edwards, Michael B. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Behnke, Andrew O. and Casper, Jonathan M.}, year={2022}, month={Jun} }
 @article{mccullough_casper_kushner smith_2022, title={Fan Responses of Sponsored Environmental Sustainability Initiatives}, volume={14}, ISSN={2071-1050}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114062}, DOI={10.3390/su142114062}, abstractNote={The sport sector is advancing its efforts to be environmentally friendly. These efforts now include corporate sponsored environmental initiatives, yet fans’ responsiveness to such efforts remains unexamined. Specifically, in this study, the corporate-sponsored environmental initiatives of a college athletic department with an established history of environmental commitments were examined to evaluate the influence of a point of attachment, sport brand-sustainability fit, and receptivity to messaging on the sport organization’s desired outcomes of the campaign (i.e., sustainability behavioral, support for environmental initiative corporate partner). Data were collected from college football fans of an institution in the United States Midwest region using an internet-based survey after the 2019 football season (N = 548). We found that most of our hypotheses were supported. Specifically, attachment to athletics, athletics/sustainability fit, and ascription of responsibility to athletics explained 52.7% of the variance of receptivity to messaging from athletics. In turn, receptivity to sustainable messaging and behaviors explained 45.0% of the support for corporate partners. Our results show that sport practitioners should evaluate the ascription of responsibility their fans place on the sport organization to be environmentally responsible, increasing the receptivity of environmental messages and desired outcomes from such efforts. In addition, this study shows the versatility and applicability of the model to actual sponsored environmental sustainability campaigns of a sport organization.}, number={21}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={McCullough, Brian P. and Casper, Jonathan C. and Kushner Smith, Danielle M.}, year={2022}, month={Oct}, pages={14062} }
 @book{orr_pippard_arbieu_casper_kellison_howell_ross_murfree_mccullough_trendafilova_2022, place={Nairobi, Kenya}, title={Sports for Nature: Setting a baseline – Handbook}, ISBN={9789280739770}, url={https://www.unep.org/resources/publication/sports-nature-setting-baseline-handbook}, institution={United Nations Environment Programme}, author={Orr, M. and Pippard, J. and Arbieu, U. and Casper, J. and Kellison, T. and Howell, J. and Ross, W. and Murfree, J. and McCullough, B. and Trendafilova, S.}, year={2022} }
 @article{casper_bocarro_lothary_2021, title={An examination of pickleball participation, social connections, and psychological well-being among seniors during the COVID-19 pandemic}, volume={63}, ISSN={1607-8055 2333-4509}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2021.1957708}, DOI={10.1080/16078055.2021.1957708}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT This study examined how the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the physical activity, social connections, and psychological well-being of seniors who participate in the sport of pickleball. A total of 36 pickleball players who were over the age of 65 completed an online survey that assessed pickleball participation, social connections, physical/mental health, loneliness, and life satisfaction measures in February/March 2020 (pre-COVID) and again in November 2020 (during COVID). Findings indicated that a majority of the participants are still playing pickleball outdoors, but less frequently. They reported lower social connections through pickleball and in their daily life. While perceived physical health scores were stable, participants reported significantly lower mental health, higher loneliness, and lower life satisfaction during the pandemic. Those playing less pickleball were significantly more likely to report lower life satisfaction during the pandemic. The findings from this study have implications for both leisure practitioners and public health professionals as they strategize ways to continue to offer recreation experiences safely.}, number={3}, journal={World Leisure Journal}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Lothary, Allura F.}, year={2021}, month={Jul}, pages={330–346} }
 @book{casper_bocarro_2021, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Faithfull Families Walking Challenge Post Program Survey}, institution={College of Natural Resources/NC State Extension}, author={Casper, J. and Bocarro, J.}, year={2021} }
 @article{carlton_mckenzie_bocarro_edwards_casper_suau_kanters_2021, title={Objective Assessment of Physical Activity and Associated Contexts During High School Sport Practices}, volume={3}, ISSN={["2624-9367"]}, DOI={10.3389/fspor.2021.548516}, abstractNote={Background: Organized sports provide children and adolescents with opportunities to achieve recommended amounts of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and schools are a primary setting for sports programs. The main aims of this study were to examine participant physical activity (PA) levels during the most popular high school sports in the United States and to assess the influences of practice contextual factors on PA levels.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN SPORTS AND ACTIVE LIVING}, author={Carlton, Troy and McKenzie, Thomas L. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Edwards, Michael and Casper, Jonathan and Suau, Luis and Kanters, Michael A.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{edwards_bocarro_bunds_bush_casper_dorsch_chalip_kanters_kanters_2021, title={Parental perceptions of the impact of COVID-19 and returning to play based on level of sport}, volume={25}, ISSN={1743-0437 1743-0445}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.2016703}, DOI={10.1080/17430437.2021.2016703}, abstractNote={Abstract This study examined the impact of COVID-19 on youth sport parents based on competition level to understand how the pandemic affected youth sport and factors associated with youth returning to sport. Survey data were collected from samples of US sport parents in two waves - early in the pandemic (N = 751) and as programs began to resume (N = 707). Data showed elite sport parents were more willing to return. Although most participants returned to play, significant numbers had not resumed participation. Parent comfort was the most important factor associated with resuming. However, parents allowed children to resume play due to perceived external pressure, potentially creating stress among parents regarding sport participation decisions. Attending school in person and household income were associated with the ability to resume sport suggesting the need to provide school sport environments and consider the financial impacts of COVID-19 on sport families.}, number={7}, journal={Sport in Society}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Edwards, Michael B. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Bunds, Kyle S. and Bush, Kimberly A. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Dorsch, Travis E. and Chalip, Laurence and Kanters, David and Kanters, Michael A.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={1273–1290} }
 @article{casper_mccullough_smith_2021, title={Pro-Environmental Sustainability and Political Affiliation: An Examination of USA College Sport Sustainability Efforts}, volume={18}, ISSN={1660-4601}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115840}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph18115840}, abstractNote={Political ideology is one of the most powerful predictors of perceptions about environmental sustainability and related behaviors. The purpose of this study was to investigate how sport fans’ sustainability-specific values, perceptions, and norms related to awareness, engagement, and influence of USA collegiate sport sustainability efforts based on political affiliation, accounting for age and gender. Data were collected using an online survey distributed to season ticket holders after the 2019 college football season that featured three sponsored sustainability initiatives at each home game. Multivariate analysis of variance and chi-square difference tests found that self-identified Democrats reported significantly higher pro-environmental values and norms, but sustainability program engagement, sponsored initiatives awareness, and influence of initiatives on behavior were politically neutral. Path analysis found that ascription of responsibility was a significant predictor of sustainability-related engagement and behaviors for both Independents and Republicans. The results and discussion sections highlight how academics and practitioners can account for political affiliation when creating campaign messaging for environmental initiatives.}, number={11}, journal={International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and McCullough, Brian P. and Smith, Danielle M. Kushner}, year={2021}, month={May}, pages={5840} }
 @article{barrett_jones_bunds_casper_edwards_2021, title={Teamwork makes the <i>net-work</i>: participant-governed networks and athletics sustainability collaboration}, volume={23}, ISSN={1467-6370 1467-6370}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-05-2021-0188}, DOI={10.1108/IJSHE-05-2021-0188}, abstractNote={
Purpose
Athletic departments play an important role in sustainability-based collaborative processes due to their boundary spanning connections with both internal and external university stakeholders. As a result, athletic department representatives have become prominent members of university participant-governed network structures. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of dedicated “athletics green teams” as a unique form of control and coordination by considering how green team interactions support and augment the collaborative network of actors who are responsible for executing athletics sustainability practices on university campuses.
}, number={5}, journal={International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education}, publisher={Emerald}, author={Barrett, Martin and Jones, Gareth J. and Bunds, Kyle S. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Edwards, Michael B.}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={1090–1106} }
 @article{larson_zhang_oh_beam_ogletree_bocarro_lee_casper_stevenson_hipp_et al._2021, title={Urban Park Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are Socially Vulnerable Communities Disproportionately Impacted?}, volume={3}, ISSN={2624-9634}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2021.710243}, DOI={10.3389/frsc.2021.710243}, abstractNote={The COVID-19 pandemic altered human behavior around the world. To maintain mental and physical health during periods of lockdown and quarantine, people often engaged in outdoor, physically distanced activities such as visits to parks and greenspace. However, research tracking outdoor recreation patterns during the pandemic has yielded inconsistent results, and few studies have explored the impacts of COVID-19 on park use across diverse neighborhoods. We used a mixed methods approach to examine changes in park use patterns in cities across North Carolina, USA, during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an emphasis on impacts in socially vulnerable communities (based on racial/ethnic composition and socioeconomic status). First, we surveyed a demographically representative sample of 611 urban residents during August 2020 to assess their use of outdoor park spaces before and during the pandemic. Second, we used cell phone location (i.e., geo-tracking) data to document changes in park visits within 605 socioeconomically diverse urban census tracts before (July 2019) and during (July 2020) the pandemic. Data from both methods revealed urban park use declined during the pandemic; 56% of survey respondents said they stopped or reduced park use, and geo-tracked park visits dropped by 15%. Park users also became more homogenous, with visits increasing the most for past park visitors and declining the most in socially vulnerable communities and among individuals who were BIPOC or lower-income. Our results raise concerns about urban park use during the COVID-19 pandemic and suggest pre-existing health disparities in socially vulnerable communities might be exacerbated by inequitable access and utilization of parks and greenspace.}, journal={Frontiers in Sustainable Cities}, publisher={Frontiers Media SA}, author={Larson, Lincoln R. and Zhang, Zhenzhen and Oh, Jae In and Beam, Will and Ogletree, S. Scott and Bocarro, Jason N. and Lee, KangJae Jerry and Casper, Jonathan and Stevenson, Kathryn T. and Hipp, J. Aaron and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Sep} }
 @article{jeon_casper_2020, title={An examination of recreational golfers’ psychological connection, participation behavior, and perceived constraints}, volume={52}, ISSN={0022-2216 2159-6417}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2020.1746708}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2020.1746708}, abstractNote={Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine continued sport participation by linking psychological connection with participation behavior and constraints. Recreational golfers (N = 714) completed a survey based on the Psychological Continuum Model (PCM), leisure constraints, and participation behavior items. Participants were classified into four PCM levels: awareness (n = 51), attraction (n = 133), attachment (n = 357), and allegiance (n = 173). Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA) revealed unique characteristics for each PCM level based on participation behavior, where higher PCM levels related to more participation behavior. With respect to constraints, self-confidence and interest were more associated with lower PCM levels and structural and social factors were associated with higher PCM levels. The findings contribute to theory on continued participation in sport and leisure and provide empirical evidence for the PCM and leisure constraints frameworks.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Leisure Research}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Jeon, Jung Hwan and Casper, Jonathan M.}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={62–76} }
 @book{casper_2020, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Examining Senior Pickleball Based on Physical Activity, Psychosocial Benefits, and Injury Prevalence}, institution={NC State Non-Laboratory Scholarship/Research Program, The City of Raleigh Parks and Cultural Resources and USA Pickleball Association}, author={Casper, J.}, year={2020} }
 @article{casper_mccullough_pfahl_2020, title={Examining environmental fan engagement initiatives through values and norms with intercollegiate sport fans}, volume={23}, ISSN={1441-3523 1839-2083}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.smr.2019.03.005}, abstractNote={Highlights• The study used an online panel-based survey of college basketball fans.• This study evaluated an environmental sustainability fan engagement campaign.• Sport event norms were the most important predictor of positive perceptions.• Environmental predispositions were not related to receptivity, awareness, and influence.}, number={2}, journal={Sport Management Review}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and McCullough, Brian P. and Pfahl, Michael E.}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={348–360} }
 @article{jones_hyun_edwards_casper_bocarro_lynch_2020, title={Is "school sport" associated with school belongingness? Testing the influence of school sport policy}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1839-2083"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.smr.2019.12.003}, abstractNote={Highlights• Interscholastic sport is often prioritized by administrators due to a presumed influence on school belongingness.• The association between sport and school belongingness is different depending on policy context.• The indirect effect of sport competence is stronger in schools with interscholastic sport policies.• Policymakers should look beyond “single entity” categorizations of school sport.}, number={5}, journal={SPORT MANAGEMENT REVIEW}, author={Jones, Gareth J. and Hyun, Moonsup and Edwards, Michael B. and Casper, Jonathan and Bocarro, Jason N. and Lynch, James}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={925–936} }
 @article{smith_casper_2020, title={Making an Impact: An Initial Review of U.S. Sport League Corporate Social Responsibility Responses During COVID-19}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1936-3907"]}, DOI={10.1123/ijsc.2020-0241}, abstractNote={COVID-19 has brought about an unprecedented time where a majority of major American sporting organizations have ceased competition. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) actions, historically an avenue for sport organizations to positively impact society, provide a compelling avenue of study during this time. While researchers have observed the role of CSR and crisis communication when the crisis arises from within the organization, there is a need to understand CSR shifts and responses when the crisis is on a societal level. This commentary examines efforts of major U.S. sport league CSR programs (National Basketball Association/Women's National Basketball Association, National Football League, Major League Baseball, Major League Soccer, and National Hockey League), starting in mid-March when the majority of organizations ceased competition. Data were gathered using a mixed-methods approach of qualitative interviews, secondary research, and social media sentiment analysis. Key findings included the emergence of two different approaches to CSR communication strategies among U.S. sport leagues as well as three clear themes of COVID-19-related communication: educate, assist, and inspire. In addition, this commentary provides an initial glance at consumer response to CSR programs, showing both positive and negative sentiment trends.}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Sport Communication}, author={Smith, Danielle K. and Casper, Jonathan}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={335–343} }
 @article{lee_casper_floyd_2020, title={Racial and Ethnic Diversity and Inclusion Efforts of Public Park and Recreation Agencies}, volume={38}, ISSN={["2160-6862"]}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2019-9785}, abstractNote={People of color are less likely to use public parks and recreation programs compared to Whites. Communities of color tend to have less park areas, fewer recreation opportunities, or inferior quality of parks and recreation facilities. These disparities in public leisure service delivery run counter to the foundational philosophy of the field, which is an equal and fair distribution of social and health benefits to all citizens. How should public park and recreation agencies address these issues and make their services more equitable? To date, a relatively small number of studies have investigated what public recreation agencies are currently doing or can do to promote racial and ethnic diversity and inclusion within the organizations and user groups. The purpose of this study is to add to the existing literature on the marketing of public leisure service delivery in two ways. First, the study uses a qualitative research method to explore organizational efforts of public parks and recreation agencies focusing on racial and ethnic inclusion. Second, the collected information is analyzed using a usage market segmentation approach, the escalator concept, to better understand if the organizational efforts meet varying usage levels. A purposive sampling strategy recruited employees from eight agencies located in a large city or urban area with more racial and ethnic diversity than the U.S. national average. Those employees were directors, managers, or staff members primarily responsible for issues related to racial and ethnic inclusion. Semi-structured phone interviews were conducted during September and October of 2016. The participants were asked about their work responsibilities, as well as diversity and inclusion efforts of the agency. The collected data were analyzed with the five basic steps of qualitative data analysis method. The study identified 38 organizational efforts for promoting racial and ethnic diversity and inclusion within the agencies and user groups. Those 38 organizational efforts were categorized into six major themes: (1) Specific programs for people of color, (2) Communication, (3) Financial aid, (4) Youth programs, (5) Internal administrative efforts, and (6) Research. The identified six themes were further distinguished based on the usage levels. The findings show that a majority of the programs and efforts specific to people of color are focused on non-users and light users. Other efforts focused on retention for medium to heavy users. These findings suggested that the agencies might need to focus more on moving the existing user groups to higher usage levels so they would become repeat users. Thus, it is important that public park and recreation agencies segment their markets to increase program sustainability and make a long-term commitment to the existing programs or new strategic plans for promoting racial and ethnic inclusion. In any case, marketing and communication at all user levels to people of color is essential. Subscribe to JPRA}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF PARK AND RECREATION ADMINISTRATION}, author={Lee, KangJae Jerry and Casper, Jonathan and Floyd, Myron}, year={2020}, pages={88–105} }
 @misc{casper_2020, title={Sport and safeguarding air quality}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003003694-2}, DOI={10.4324/9781003003694-2}, journal={Sport and Environmental Sustainability}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Casper, Jonathan}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={17–31} }
 @book{orr_mccullough_kellison_casper_trendafilova_ross_pelcher_richardson_2020, title={The sport ecology reading list}, url={https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/a700be_a52b1c3230ba4c50bbd17baa7df81bdf.pdf}, institution={The Sport Ecology Group}, author={Orr, M. and McCullough, B. and Kellison, T. and Casper, J. and Trendafilova, S. and Ross, W. and Pelcher, J. and Richardson, T.}, year={2020} }
 @article{barrett_bunds_casper_edwards_showalter_jones_2019, title={'A Nut We Have Officially yet to Crack': Forcing the Attention of Athletic Departments Toward Sustainability Through Shared Governance}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2071-1050"]}, DOI={10.3390/su11195198}, abstractNote={In many ways, intercollegiate athletics represents the ‘sustainable’ front porch of higher education. The high-visibility, high-impact nature of elite-level college athletics make athletic departments a central player in the sustainable development journey. However, not all athletic departments respond to this responsibility, nor are all responses uniformly successful. According to national reporting frameworks, an increasing number of universities in the United States are choosing to involve their athletic departments in university-level sustainability governance structures, but the benefits and limitations of this remain unclear. Using the theory of loosely coupled systems, and more specifically, the voice of compensations (which views loose coupling as an unsatisfactory state), the purpose of this paper is to explore perceptions of athletic department engagement in shared sustainability governance, and, thus, a whole-of-institution approach. Semi-structured interviews with sustainability office personnel were conducted and analyzed, and the findings imply that shared sustainability governance has the potential to focus the attention of athletic departments toward sustainability, as well as to reaffirm shared values. Yet, to maximize the impact of athletic departments toward the sustainable development goals of a university, sustainability office personnel suggest the deployment of additional change levers, in a multi-dimensional fashion, as supplementary coupling mechanisms. These would include more rigorous sustainability goals (top-down), continued collaboration on ‘low-hanging fruit’ initiatives (lateral), student-athlete engagement (bottom-up), and the development of an internal sustainability framework (inside-out).}, number={19}, journal={SUSTAINABILITY}, author={Barrett, Martin and Bunds, Kyle S. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Edwards, Michael B. and Showalter, D. Scott and Jones, Gareth J.}, year={2019}, month={Oct} }
 @article{barrett_bunds_casper_edwards_2019, title={A Descriptive Analysis of Corporate Environmental Responsibility in Major League Professional Sport}, volume={11}, ISSN={["2327-0187"]}, DOI={10.18666/JASM-2019-V11-I3-9509}, abstractNote={This article explores corporate environmentalism across North American major league professional sport through a webpage content analysis of disclosed business practices and programs. The results of the content analysis reify previous academic work, which suggests corporate environmental responsibility in professional sport is varied. Yet, the results also point to an increasingly standardized approach to integrated/operational business practices focusing on materials and resources, and energy and atmosphere, as well as campaign-based programs focusing on corporate social marketing. The findings identify an opportunity for professional team sport organizations to innovate new cause-related marketing and cause promotion programs, and point to a key role for senior leaders in leveraging advanced capabilities to catalyze knowledge development in other business practices and programs. Additionally, by establishing common areas of success, the findings present an opportunity for professional team sport organizations to communicate their environmental successes collectively. Subscribe to JASM}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED SPORT MANAGEMENT}, author={Barrett, Martin and Bunds, Kyle S. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Edwards, Michael B.}, year={2019}, pages={35–46} }
 @article{bunds_casper_frey_barrett_2019, title={Air Pollution at College Football Games: Developing a Methodology for Measuring Air Pollutant Exposure in a Sport Event Microenvironment}, volume={23}, ISSN={1525-9951}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/152599518x15403853721484}, DOI={10.3727/152599518x15403853721484}, abstractNote={International organizations such as the United Nations have begun to recognize the connection between sport events and air pollution. However, to date, there has been a dearth of research attempting to measure air pollution at sporting events. To address the lack of research on air
 pollution at sporting events, in this article we developed a methodology for measuring the air pollution at a college football game utilizing both stationary and mobile monitoring systems. Stationary monitors allowed for the creation of a microenvironment wherein we could examine the overall
 particulate matter exposure within the stadium and tailgate lot areas. Mobile monitors allowed for the examination of specific causes of spikes in air pollution. We found grills, generators, and cars caused pollutant spikes, which were, at times, over 20 times worse than the recognized levels
 for moderate air quality. Additionally, while the overall pollution in the microenvironment was elevated, pollutant levels during postgame (i. e., where there is a rush of individuals leaving at the same time) were consistently and considerably higher. Implications for practice and future
 research include event policy considerations and the application of the methodology across alternative sporting venues/contexts.}, number={3}, journal={Event Management}, publisher={Cognizant, LLC}, author={Bunds, Kyle S. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Frey, H. Christopher and Barrett, Martin}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={399–412} }
 @article{casper_jeon_2019, title={Psychological Connection to Pickleball: Assessing Motives and Participation in Older Adults}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1543-267X"]}, DOI={10.1123/japa.2017-0381}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to examine psychological connection to the sport of pickleball by investigating active older adults (55 years and older) in relation to behavioral involvement and motives for participation. Data were collected via an online survey of a representative sample of active pickleball players in North Carolina (N = 690). The psychological continuum model (PCM) categorized players into four distinct connection levels of Awareness, Attraction, Attachment, and Allegiance. Participants on each PCM level were analyzed based on playing length, play frequency, and motivations for participation (Competition, Diversion, Fitness, Skill Mastery, and Socialization). Results showed respondents at the highest PCM levels have played pickleball for at least 1 year and play at least 10 times per month. Although Fitness and Socialization were reported as the most important motives for the entire sample, Competition and Skill Mastery were viewed significantly higher for respondents at higher PCM levels.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGING AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and Jeon, Jung-Hwan}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={28–33} }
 @article{bunds_casper_hipp_koenigstorfer_2019, title={Recreational walking decisions in urban away-from-home environments: The relevance of air quality, noise, traffic, and the natural environment}, volume={65}, ISSN={1369-8478}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.08.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.trf.2019.08.006}, abstractNote={Walking is one mode of active transportation that cities around the world promote not only to increase public health, but also to fight climate change. The goal of the present study is to assess the relevance of air quality, noise, green environment, and traffic as well as time and distance considerations on individuals stated walking preferences. In total, 501 US residents participated in an adaptive choice based conjoint study. The following seven attributes were considered (with three levels each): air pollution level, air pollution source, noise level, noise source, natural environment, traffic, as well as walking time and distance. Part-worth utility and relative importance scores were estimated using hierarchical Bayes analyses. Air pollution level was the most important attribute, followed by traffic, noise level, and the natural environment. The findings help identify burdens for walking in urban areas, particularly with regard to air pollution levels and traffic condition (which have a combined relative importance of 41%). Pro-environmentalists select their routes based on both air pollution and noise levels, thus they might be particularly interested in informing themselves about, and monitoring, these attributes. City planners should create opportunities for active routes that offer clean air, some greenery, natural sound, and low traffic, and inform city residents better about these attributes.}, journal={Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Bunds, Kyle S. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Hipp, James A. and Koenigstorfer, Joerg}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={363–375} }
 @book{casper_2018, title={Carolina Hurricanes Fan Affinity Study}, institution={Carolina Hurricanes Hockey Club Senior Management}, author={Casper, J.M.}, year={2018} }
 @book{rowand_cahill_newport_casper_gutierrez_hoversten_kellison_mcmanarmon_mccullough_regan_2018, title={Fan engagement Playbook}, url={https://greensportsalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/FanEngagementPlaybook2018-06-27FINAL.pdf}, institution={Green Sports Alliance}, author={Rowand, M. and Cahill, A. and Newport, D. and Casper, J. and Gutierrez, D. and Hoversten, S. and Kellison, T. and McManarmon, A. and McCullough, B. and Regan, J.}, year={2018} }
 @article{bunds_kanters_venditti_rajagopalan_casper_carlton_2018, title={Organized youth sports and commuting behavior: The environmental impact of decentralized community sport facilities}, volume={65}, ISSN={1361-9209}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.08.017}, DOI={10.1016/j.trd.2018.08.017}, abstractNote={• Previous research has not quantified the extent of travel required for participation in organized sport. • Participants spent an average of 106 min/week in car transport accounting for 28% of the participant’s average driving time per week. • The environmental impact of this youth sport program annually is about 400 tonnes of CO2eq. • Assigning children to practice at the closest facility to their homes could reduce emissions from this travel by 12% whereas upgrading vehicle gas mileage efficiency could reduce emissions by 40%.}, journal={Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Bunds, Kyle S. and Kanters, Michael A. and Venditti, Richard A. and Rajagopalan, Neethi and Casper, Jonathan M. and Carlton, Troy A.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={387–395} }
 @article{bunds_casper_2018, title={Special Issue: Sport, Physical culture, and the Environment}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1543-2785"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2018-0007}, DOI={10.1123/ssj.2018-0007}, abstractNote={We were excited that day in December of 2015 when world leaders in Paris announced that representatives of 196 countries— all living in very different circumstances, constraints, politics, and economic dis/advantages—had committed to reducing their respective country’s environmental footprint. As Domonoske (2017) explains, it was the call of 2 degrees that catalyzed negotiations and moved the proverbial needle toward an accord. In technical terms, 2 degrees Celsius represents the need put forth by climate scientists to limit the global average temperature increase to under 2 degrees if we as a planet are to stave off irreversible global warming and climate catastrophe. Despite objections from some quarters of those in attendance—such as from small island nations whose representatives fought for a more stringent 1.5-degree Celsius limit—the developed world promised USD$100 billion toward greener energy sources as part of radically addressing climate change, and the outline of what became known as The Paris Agreement was formally adopted as part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Domonoske, 2017). The world was moving toward saving itself—or so we thought. As scholars whose work, both collectively and individually, is focused on environmental concerns germane to sport and physical culture (see, e.g., Bunds, 2017; Bunds, Casper, Frey, & Barrett, in press; Bunds, Brandon-Lai, & Armstrong, 2016; Casper & Bunds, 2017; Casper & Pfahl, 2015; Casper, Pfahl, & McCullough, 2014), we were well aware that the guidelines put in place would be difficult for every signatory to achieve (e.g., renewable energy sources). However, we believed the Paris Agreement to be a watershed moment in the climate change process, and were heartened to see 196 countries come together to agree on a framework to move forward. Not only that, the science and the process in which that science was rendered had undergone exhaustive review. To provide a sense of what we are talking about, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) developed three working groups to explicitly examine what could be done to understand the physical scientific aspects of climate change, the socio-economic and natural systems to climate change, and the options for mitigating climate change (see, e.g., www.ipcc.ch). The thoroughness of these reports cannot be understated: for example, in the Fifth Assessment Report, which was produced by the first working group (AR5; Stocker, 2014), there were more than 1,000 scientists nominated to participate from 63 countries, ultimately resulting in 600 contributing authors from 32 countries, 209 lead authors, 50 review editors from 39 countries, 2 million gigabytes of physical science numerical data on research related to climate change simulation models, and 9,200 scientific publications cited reviews finding systematic trends indicating that the climate is changing. For AR5, they selected scientists in May of 2010, produced two drafts of the report reviewed first by 659 expert reviewers from 47 countries who filed 21,400 comments, leading to a second draft that was reviewed by experts and government officials leading to 800 expert reviews from 46 countries and 26 governments leaving a total of 31,422 comments. After all of that, the working group distributed the final distribution to 32 governments for review and comments. Finally, the working group review was approved in September of 2013 by members of 195 governments (For more on the process see: http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/ wg1/docs/WG1AR5_FactSheet.pdf). The final 1,552-page report “shows with 95 percent certainty that human activity is the dominant cause of observed warming since the mid-20th century” and “Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850” (Stocker, 2014, p. v). Our point in relaying the processes above is that climate change science has not been done flippantly or with political bias. Climate change is an existential threat to the survival of humanity, and exhaustive scholarly attention has yielded concrete responses to this threat. Hope is fleeting, however, and a little over two and a half years after we celebrated the victory for the environment, the following headline struck us like a lightning bolt: “I was elected to represent the citizens of Pittsburgh, not Paris.” These now-famous words were spoken by U.S. President Donald Trump in a speech detailing how the United States would be withdrawing from the Paris Agreement. His speech, auspiciously given in the White House rose garden on June 1, 2017, does little in the way of impacting real change given the voluntary nature of the agreement in the first place, but Trump’s words do hold power over decisions at the federal government level, with respect to domestic manufacturing, and in global relationships. And, problematic for a democratic society, such a decision runs counter to prevailing public opinion in the U.S. over this very issue. A survey done by Marlon, Howe, Mildenberger, and Leiserowitz (2017) at Yale University indicates that 70% of U.S. citizens believe global warming is happening, yet only a simple majority (53%) believe it is caused mostly by human activities. Perhaps most importantly, 82% of people believe there should be policies in place to fund research into renewable energy, 75% believe CO2 should be regulated as a pollutant, and 66% believe they policy should require utilities to produce 20% electricity from renewable sources (Marlon et al., 2017). More generally, opinion polls find that people in the U.S. are concerned about}, number={1}, journal={Sociology of Sport Journal}, author={Bunds, K.S. and Casper, J.M.}, year={2018}, pages={1–7} }
 @book{casper_2017, title={Basketball Fan Activation Study}, institution={Pepsi Recycling}, author={Casper, J.M.}, year={2017}, month={Mar} }
 @inbook{kellison_casper_2017, title={Environmental legacy of mega sport events}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315558981-9}, DOI={10.4324/9781315558981-9}, booktitle={Legacies and Mega Events}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Kellison, Timothy B. and Casper, Jonathan M.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={135–156} }
 @article{casper_pfahl_mccullough_2017, title={Is Going Green Worth It? Assessing Fan Engagement and Perceptions of Athletic Department Environmental Efforts}, volume={9}, ISSN={2327-0187}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/jasm-2017-v9-i1-7690}, DOI={10.18666/jasm-2017-v9-i1-7690}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which environmentally themed activities within an intercollegiate sport context impact fan engagement. A total of 557 fans responded to an online survey measuring fan connection to the athletic department, environmental values, expectations for environmental activities, event and at home environmental behaviors, perceptions of profile enhancement, and recall of environmental sponsors and major initiatives. Results found that fans expected athletic department environmental action and they help with favorable perceptions about the athletic program and university and influenced at event and home behaviors. Cluster analysis identified two clusters based on high pro-environmental and low pro-environmental perceptions. The high proenvironmental cluster was skewed female, had lower connection to the athletic program, and had higher recall of official environmental sponsors and athletic initiatives. The results provide a fundamental and foundational understanding of how environmental activities impact fan engagement and the value of such efforts.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Applied Sport Management}, publisher={University of Tennessee}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and Pfahl, Michael E. and McCullough, Brian P.}, year={2017} }
 @book{carrico_fried_wang_casper_o.’neill_2017, title={Maximizing recycling on a college campus: Summary of research findings}, institution={PepsiCo Recycling}, author={Carrico, A. and Fried, E. and Wang, X. and Casper, J. and O.’Neill, M.}, year={2017}, month={Mar} }
 @book{casper_jeon_2017, title={Pickleball participation: A preliminary investigation of involvement and commitment}, institution={USA Pickleball Association and Pickleball Ambassadors}, author={Casper, J.M. and Jeon, J.H.}, year={2017} }
 @article{kellison_bunds_casper_newman_2017, title={Public parks usage near hydraulic fracturing operations}, volume={18}, ISSN={["2213-0799"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jort.2017.02.006}, abstractNote={Following the advent of hydraulic fracturing to effectively collect natural gas and oil, there has been growing interest in placing exploration and extraction wells in or adjacent to public park and forest systems across North America and Europe. At the heart of the debate about leasing public parkland is the concern that park acreage and accessibility will be lost to fracking operations, thereby decreasing park attendance. In this study, we apply value-belief-norm theory to evaluate park users’ general attitudes toward fracking and public policy and their perceptions of fracking's impact on their recreational activity. A survey of 255 park users in the Appalachian Basin of the United States indicated that individuals holding strong pro-environmental attitudes in general would likely avoid parklands that are affected by fracking operations. Additionally, a majority of respondents reported concern that fracking would disrupt park access and thusly supported legislative bans of fracking in public parklands. This study provides initial insight into park users’ attitudes toward hydraulic fracturing, especially how it relates to their recreational usage. Specially, the results indicate: Park users are concerned that fracking operations near local, state, or national parks would disrupt the accessibility and usage of those parks. Knowledge of fracking and the technological processes behind it is mixed among park users, suggesting that educational outreach efforts may contribute to greater support of or opposition to fracking projects. Local, state, or federal land managers considering leasing public land for oil or gas exploration must work with policymakers and energy operators to mitigate both the actual and perceived impacts on park usage and recreational pursuits. Additional research is necessary to evaluate the degree to which park usage has been impacted by park-proximate fracking operations.}, journal={JOURNAL OF OUTDOOR RECREATION AND TOURISM-RESEARCH PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT}, author={Kellison, Timothy B. and Bunds, Kyle S. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Newman, Joshua I.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={75–80} }
 @misc{casper_bunds_2017, title={Tailgating and air quality}, ISBN={9781315619514}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315619514-22}, DOI={10.4324/9781315619514-22}, journal={Routledge Handbook of Sport and the Environment}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and Bunds, Kyle S.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={291–300} }
 @book{mccullough_casper_pfahl_2016, title={Analysis of the 2016 Collegiate Athletics Sustainability survey}, institution={Green Sport Alliance and the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education}, author={McCullough, B. and Casper, J. and Pfahl, M.E.}, year={2016}, month={Sep} }
 @article{casper_kellison_bunds_newman_2016, title={Fracking on parkland in Appalachia}, url={https://www.nrpa.org/parks-recreation-magazine/2016/april/fracking-on-parkland-in-appalachia/}, journal={Parks & Recreation Magazine}, author={Casper, J. and Kellison, T. and Bunds, K. and Newman, J.}, year={2016}, month={Apr} }
 @book{kanters_venditti_casper_rajagoplan_bunds_carlton_2016, title={Organized youth sports and commuting behavior: The environmental impact of decentralized community sports facilities}, institution={YMCA of the Triangle Association}, author={Kanters, M. and Venditti, R. and Casper, J. and Rajagoplan, N. and Bunds, K. and Carlton, T.}, year={2016}, month={Sep} }
 @article{jeon_casper_2016, title={Psychological antecedents of youth versus adult participation: An examination based on the Sport Commitment Model}, volume={2}, ISSN={2372-8078}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jas.v0i0.5049}, DOI={10.17161/jas.v0i0.5049}, abstractNote={This study examined adult and youth Taekwondo (TKD) participants utilizing the Sport Commitment Model (SCM). In addition to direct effects predicting commitment, indirect effects of enjoyment as a mediating variable were examined. TKD participants (adult, n = 204; youth, n = 227) from four studios completed a questionnaire that included SCM variables (commitment, enjoyment, involvement alternatives, involvement opportunities, personal investments, social constraints, and social support). Structural equation modeling analysis compared age groups to assess similarities and differences. Similarities between age groups included involvement opportunities and personal investments being significant predictors of commitment while involvement alternatives were a significant detractor of commitment. Analysis of differences found that the social variables (i.e., social constraints and support) and enjoyment were significant predictors for youth only. This was the first study examining the SCM with both youth and adults participating in the same sport activity. Findings are discussed relative to theoretical and practical implications.  }, number={2}, journal={Journal of Amateur Sport}, publisher={The University of Kansas}, author={Jeon, Jung-Hwan and Casper, Jonathan}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={103–125} }
 @article{okayasu_nogawa_casper_morais_2016, title={Recreational sports event participants' attitudes and satisfaction: cross-cultural comparisons between runners in Japan and the USA}, volume={21}, ISSN={["2375-0480"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85013018751&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/23750472.2016.1220812}, abstractNote={Over the past two decades, sports tourism has become significantly popular worldwide. Marathons, an especially popular type of athletic event, have both influenced and been influenced by tourist activity. In this regard, profitable and sustainable marathons may necessitate that event planning practitioners understand event participants’ attitudes and needs, contributing to repeat attendance. Furthermore, cross-cultural research may help marathon organizers understand how cultural and other similarities and differences might relate to increased fulfilment of participants’ needs and wants. The purpose of this study is to make a preliminary assessment of the expected relationship between event participation and loyalty in a marathon event in two countries. A total of 420 participants, of whom 200 participants were from the United States of America's event and 220 participants from the Japan event, were included in this study. In the result, marathon participants’ attitudes towards and loyalty concerning the events indicated no significant differences stemming from gender, age, or full-versus-half marathon participation.}, number={3}, journal={MANAGING SPORT AND LEISURE}, author={Okayasu, Isao and Nogawa, Haruo and Casper, Jonathan M. and Morais, Duarte B.}, year={2016}, pages={164–180} }
 @book{mccullough_casper_pfahl_2016, title={State of Environmental Sustainability in College Athletics}, institution={Green Sport Alliance Executive Committee}, author={McCullough, B. and Casper, J. and Pfahl, M.}, year={2016}, month={May} }
 @article{mayer_seekamp_casper_blank_2015, title={An examination of behavior change theories to predict behavioral intentions of organisms-in-trade hobbyists}, volume={21}, DOI={10.22459/her.21.02.2015.04}, abstractNote={This study examined the effects of theoretical constructs from the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and value-belief-norm theory (VBN) on intentions to perform purchase and disposal behaviors that help prevent aquatic invasive species (AIS) spread by organisms-in-trade (OIT) hobbyists. More specifically, the goals of this study were to explore (1) the predictive ability of theoretical constructs on intention to perform desired behaviors and (2) differences in the strength of the constructs on future purchase and disposal behaviors. Regression analyses from survey research conducted at OIT events in the Great Lakes region (n = 542) revealed that VBN constructs have direct, positive effects on likelihood of performing future purchase and disposal behaviors; one TPB construct (perceived behavioral control) also predicted likelihood of performing future disposal behaviors. Seemingly unrelated regression results demonstrate differing effects of theoretical constructs between purchase and disposal behaviors. Findings suggest tailoring messages to target specific behaviors. 1 Corresponding author: erin_seekamp@ncsu.edu. Human Ecology Review, Volume 21, Number 2, 2015 66}, number={2}, journal={Human Ecology Review}, author={Mayer, J. and Seekamp, Erin and Casper, Jonathan and Blank, G.}, year={2015}, pages={65–92} }
 @article{casper_pfahl_2015, title={Athletics department personnel and the natural environment: A study of sustainability practices in Division III athletics departments}, volume={10}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Event Management Research}, author={Casper, J.M. and Pfahl, M.E.}, year={2015}, pages={12–36} }
 @misc{bunds_casper_2015, title={Evaluation and Analysis of Environmental Actions}, ISBN={9781315881836}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315881836-9}, DOI={10.4324/9781315881836-9}, journal={Sport Management and The Natural Environment}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Bunds, Kyle and Casper, Jonathan M.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={99–111} }
 @book{kellison_bunds_casper_newman_2015, title={Fracking & Parkland: Understanding the impact of hydraulic fracturing on public park usage}, url={http://plaza.ufl.edu/tkellison/_/Fracking.html}, author={Kellison, T.B. and Bunds, K.S. and Casper, J.M. and Newman, J.I.}, year={2015}, month={Aug} }
 @misc{casper_pfahl_2015, title={Introduction}, ISBN={9781315881836}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315881836-1}, DOI={10.4324/9781315881836-1}, journal={Sport Management and The Natural Environment}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and Pfahl, Michael E.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={3–13} }
 @book{casper_pfahl_2015, title={Sport Management and The Natural Environment}, ISBN={9781315881836}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315881836}, DOI={10.4324/9781315881836}, abstractNote={Section 1: Theoretical Foundations Sport and the Natural Environment 1. Introduction: Sport and the Natural Environment 2. Theoretical Foundations for Understanding Pro-environmental Behavior in Sport 3. Teaching Sport Management and the Natural Environment Section 2: Strategic Approach 4. Strategic Management 5. Management and Leadership related to Sport and the Environment 6. Environmental Policies and Strategic Planning 7. Corporate Social Responsibility and the Environment in the Sport Industry 8. Pressures from Stakeholders to Implement Environmental Sustainably Efforts 9. Evaluation and Analysis of Environmental Actions Section 3: Marketing and Communications 10. Sustainability Marketing: How to Effectively Speak "Greening" in the Sport Industry 11. The Necessity of Stakeholder "Buy in" of Environmental Sustainability Efforts 12. Commutating the Green in Sport Section 4: Finance and Sponsorship 13. Financial Drivers for Embedding Sustainability into a Sport Organization 14. Sustainability and Sport Sponsorships Section 5: Facility and Event Management 15. Building Sports Green Houses: Issues in Sustainable Facility Management 16. Preparing Environmental Friendly Events}, publisher={Routledge}, year={2015}, month={May} }
 @misc{casper_2015, title={Strategic Management}, ISBN={9781315881836}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315881836-4}, DOI={10.4324/9781315881836-4}, journal={Sport Management and The Natural Environment}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Casper, Jonathan M.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={41–52} }
 @book{fulghum_mckinnis_casper_batchelor_2015, title={Zero Waste Stadium Proposal}, institution={Wolfpack Sport Properties and NC State Athletics}, author={Fulghum, A. and McKinnis, L. and Casper, J. and Batchelor, L.}, year={2015}, month={Mar} }
 @book{casper_pfahl_2014, title={2014 University of Colorado Sustainable Gamedays Survey Report}, institution={University of Colorado Environmental Center & Buffalo Sports Properties}, author={Casper, J.M. and Pfahl, M.E.}, year={2014} }
 @article{pfahl_casper_trendafilova_mccullough_nguyen_2014, title={Crossing boundaries: An examination of sustainability department and athletics department collaboration regarding environmental issues}, volume={3}, DOI={10.1177/2167479513519253}, abstractNote={ Across the world, organizational personnel in various industries are integrating natural environment issues into existing organizational practices. In the intercollegiate sports world, environmental efforts are undertaken as part of a strategic effort involving collaborative processes across university units. The purpose of this study is to develop a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of collaborative processes and practices between personnel in athletics departments and sustainability offices at universities and colleges in the United States. In-depth interviews were conducted with athletics and sustainability department personnel at colleges and universities in the United States. A total of 13 schools were included in the study with 17 participants agreeing to be interviewed. All interviewees were from the middle management level and higher in their respective organizations. Five central themes related to these relationships were found : relationship development, relationship communication, relationship decision-making development, collaborative efforts, and relationship challenges. The themes raise important issues about the diversity of relationships, the communicative and decision-making processes, and the involvement of stakeholders in environmental efforts as well as future research in this area. }, number={1}, journal={Communication & Sport}, author={Pfahl, M.E. and Casper, J.M. and Trendafilova, S. and McCullough, B.P. and Nguyen, S.N.}, year={2014}, pages={27–56} }
 @article{trendafilova_mccullough_pfahl_nguyen_casper_picariello_2014, title={Environmental sustainability in sport: Current state and future trends}, volume={3}, url={http://www.world-education-center.org/index.php/paas}, journal={Global Journal on Advances Pure and Applied Sciences}, author={Trendafilova, S. and McCullough, B. and Pfahl, M. and Nguyen, S.N. and Casper, J. and Picariello, M.}, year={2014}, pages={9–14} }
 @article{kelley_harrolle_casper_2014, title={Estimating Consumer Spending on Tickets, Merchandise, and Food and Beverage: A Case Study of a NHL Team}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1543-270X"]}, DOI={10.1123/jsm.2012-0275}, abstractNote={Game day spending is critical for National Hockey League (NHL) teams’ profitability as nearly half the NHL franchises generate more than two-thirds of their annual income from ticket sales. The purpose of our study was to analyze financial data for 123 regular season home games to understand the influence of day of week, special promotions, opponent, month in season, time of game, and season on ticket sales, merchandise per cap sales, and food and beverage per cap sales for a NHL team. Ordinary Least Squares regression results revealed that the game day variables included in the models explained 52% of the variance in ticket sales, 70% of the variance in merchandise per cap sales, and 48% of the variance in food and beverage per cap sales (p < .05). Findings provide practical implications for teams who hope to maximize game day revenue.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF SPORT MANAGEMENT}, author={Kelley, Katharine and Harrolle, Michelle G. and Casper, Jonathan M.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={253–265} }
 @article{casper_pfahl_mccullough_2014, title={Intercollegiate sport and the environment: Examining fan engagement based on athletics department sustainability efforts}, volume={7}, journal={Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics}, author={Casper, J.M. and Pfahl, M.E. and McCullough, B.P.}, year={2014}, pages={65–91} }
 @article{bocarro_kanters_edwards_casper_mckenzie_2014, title={Prioritizing School Intramural and Interscholastic Programs Based on Observed Physical Activity}, volume={28}, ISSN={["2168-6602"]}, DOI={10.4278/ajhp.130430-quan-205}, abstractNote={Purpose. To examine which school sports engage children in more physical activity. }, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION}, author={Bocarro, Jason N. and Kanters, Michael A. and Edwards, Michael B. and Casper, Jonathan M. and McKenzie, Thomas L.}, year={2014}, pages={S65–S71} }
 @inbook{trendafilova_pfahl_casper_2013, title={CSR and Environmental Responsibility}, ISBN={9780203747537 9781135011734 9780415783057}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203747537.ch7}, DOI={10.4324/9780203747537.ch7}, booktitle={Routledge Handbook of Sport and Corporate Social Responsibility}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Trendafilova, Sylvia and Pfahl, Michael E. and Casper, Jonathan}, year={2013} }
 @book{casper_pfahl_madia_2013, title={Engaging football fans in sustainability efforts: A report based on a NC State Football “Green Game”}, institution={NC State Athletic Department and NC State University Sustainability Office}, author={Casper, J.M. and Pfahl, M.E. and Madia, M.}, year={2013} }
 @article{casper_harrolle_kelley_2013, title={Gender Differences in Self-Report Physical Activity and Park and Recreation Facility Use Among Latinos in Wake County, North Carolina}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1532-4796"]}, DOI={10.1007/s12160-012-9435-9}, abstractNote={Lack of physical activity (PA) may be a cause of Latinos' health problems. Latinas may be especially at risk, and public parks and recreation services may be a logical place to address PA deficiencies.The objectives of our study were to investigate Latino gender differences related to (1) self-reported work/household and leisure-time PA, (2) perceptions about PA and parks/recreation services, (3) parks/recreation services behaviors, (4) and preferences for activities/programming.This is a cross-sectional survey completed by 457 Latinos.Significant gender differences were found for work/household PA but not for leisure-time PA. Use of parks and recreation services were similar between genders, but Latinos stayed significantly longer per visit. Latinos and Latinas significantly differed on park activities and preferences for recreational services.Even though parks/recreation services are viewed as viable options for Latinos' PA, the study identified gender differences that inform health promotion interventions to be more effective in targeting Latinos.}, journal={ANNALS OF BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and Harrolle, Michelle Gacio and Kelley, Katharine}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={S49–S54} }
 @article{casper_harrolle_2013, title={Perceptions of Constraints to Leisure Time Physical Activity Among Latinos in Wake County, North Carolina}, volume={27}, ISSN={["0890-1171"]}, DOI={10.4278/ajhp.110401-arb-145}, abstractNote={Purpose. Examine and compare constraints to physical activity (PA) among Latinos based on age, gender, income, and self-reported leisure time PA (LTPA). }, number={3}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and Harrolle, Michelle Gacio}, year={2013}, pages={139–142} }
 @article{harrolle_floyd_casper_kelley_bruton_2013, title={Physical Activity Constraints among Latinos Identifying Clusters and Acculturation Differences}, volume={45}, ISSN={["2159-6417"]}, DOI={10.18666/jlr-2013-v45-i1-2943}, abstractNote={Abstract Understanding leisure-time physical activity among Latinos is a national public health concern. This study examined constraints to leisure-time physical activity among Latinos in North Carolina in relation to their level of acculturation. Data (N = 457) were obtained through a community survey. Four subgroups with similar constraints were identified using cluster analysis: Access and Partner Constrained, Safety and Access Constrained, Least Constrained, and Highly Constrained. Results showed that low acculturation was significantly associated with being highly constrained. Latinos born outside the U.S. were more likely to be classified as Access and Partner Constrained and Safety and Access Constrained. The findings contribute to understanding constraints in the context of acculturation and offer practitioners perspective on creating physical activity programs for Latinos.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH}, author={Harrolle, Michelle Gacio and Floyd, Myron F. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Kelley, Katharine E. and Bruton, Candice M.}, year={2013}, pages={74–90} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_edwards_casper_floyd_2013, title={School Sport Participation Under Two School Sport Policies: Comparisons by Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status}, volume={45}, ISSN={0883-6612 1532-4796}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S12160-012-9413-2}, DOI={10.1007/S12160-012-9413-2}, abstractNote={School-based extracurricular sport remains an effective strategy to increase physical activity. However, school sport is often limited to a small number of elite athletes. Few schools provide more inclusive sport programs that offer a wider array of activities regardless of ability. The aim of this study was to examine school sport participation in middle schools (ages 11–14) with contrasting school sport delivery strategies (intramural vs. interscholastic). Data were obtained through an online survey administered to students at four public middle schools (grades 6–8) in a southeastern US city (n = 2,582). More students participated in school sports at intramural schools. Boys were more likely to participate in after-school sports at intramural schools. Low-income and Black children, two groups at greater risk of physical inactivity and other negative outcomes, had greater participation in intramural programs. After-school intramural sports in middle school is a promising strategy for increasing sport participation.}, number={S1}, journal={Annals of Behavioral Medicine}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Edwards, Michael B. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={113–121} }
 @inbook{edwards_casper_2013, edition={2nd}, title={Sport and health}, booktitle={Sociology of Sport and Physical Activity}, publisher={Center for Sport Management Research & Education}, author={Edwards, M.B. and Casper, J.M.}, year={2013} }
 @article{henderson_casper_dern_wilson_2012, title={Assessing the importance and outcomes of Senior Games participation}, volume={30}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Henderson, K.H. and Casper, J.M. and Dern, L. and Wilson, B.}, year={2012}, pages={19–35} }
 @article{casper_pfahl_mcsherry_2012, title={Athletics Department Awareness and Action Regarding the Environment: A Study of NCAA Athletics Department Sustainability Practices}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1543-270X"]}, DOI={10.1123/jsm.26.1.11}, abstractNote={The relationship of sport to sustainability management is relatively unknown. Despite the increasing recognition of the growing role of athletics in regard to environmental sustainability, it remains unclear what role athletics departments have with regard to environmental action and what is currently being done now. The purpose of this study is to examine American intercollegiate athletics department personnel in relation to their organization’s sustainability practices, organizational strategies, and personal perspectives at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) universities. Athletics department members (N = 97) who were most responsible for sustainability initiatives responded to a survey designed to assess awareness levels and concern for environmental issues and the strategies and practices at work in their respective athletics departments. Findings based on prioritization, planning, decision-making, and use of initiatives using frequencies and means are reported. Differences, using t tests were also compared based on BCS or non-BCS standing. Results show that although environmental concern is high, there is disconnect between concern and action perhaps due to a lack of communication between the athletics department and the general university, cost concerns, and a lack of knowledge about sustainability initiatives. Implications related to the need for better communication between the athletics department/university and improved planning and prioritization is discussed.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF SPORT MANAGEMENT}, author={Casper, Jonathan and Pfahl, Michael and McSherry, Mark}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={11–29} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_greenwood_casper_suau_mckenzie_2012, title={Determinants of middle school sport participation: a comparison of different models for school sport delivery}, volume={12}, ISSN={1475-8962 1740-2808}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsmm.2012.052665}, DOI={10.1504/ijsmm.2012.052665}, abstractNote={Different models of school sport delivery, such as intramurals (IM), may attract students who are less skilled or less interested in traditional varsity sports (VS). The purpose of this study was to examine whether school sport delivery models (IM or VS) differentially influence middle school students’ motivations to participate in school sports. Using the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) as a conceptual framework, participants in school sponsored sport programs (n = 2,021) from four middle schools (2 IM; 2 VS) completed a school sport participation questionnaire at the beginning and end of a school year. Results suggest that intentions to participate in sport either increase or are maintained through participation in school sports, and the intentions of non-participants decrease over time. A singular model of school sport that only includes highly competitive varsity sports may limit opportunities for children to play sport and diminish their intentions for enduring sport participation.}, number={3/4}, journal={International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing}, publisher={Inderscience Publishers}, author={Kanters, Michael A. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Greenwood, P. Brian and Casper, Jonathan M. and Suau, Luis and McKenzie, Thomas L.}, year={2012}, pages={159} }
 @article{casper_pfahl_2012, title={Environmental Behavior Frameworks of Sport and Recreation Undergraduate Students}, volume={6}, ISSN={1938-6974 2163-2367}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/smej.6.1.8}, DOI={10.1123/smej.6.1.8}, abstractNote={This study examined the values, beliefs, and norms of undergraduate sport management and recreation administration student’s related to environmental awareness and personal actions utilizing Stern’s (2000) value-belief-norm (VBN) framework. Students (N = 341) in sport-related programs at two universities completed the survey. Structural equation modeling found the VBN framework explained both personal and organizational environmental behavior. Values were a significant predictor of environmental beliefs. Beliefs significantly explained personal norms, but not behavior. Personal norms were the strongest indicator for proenvironmental action and predicted personal and organizational conservation behavior equally. This study extends research related to environmental behavior and provides a departure point to improve understandings of the current foundational environmental perspectives held by future sport and recreation managers.}, number={1}, journal={Sport Management Education Journal}, publisher={Human Kinetics}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and Pfahl, Michael E.}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={8–20} }
 @book{casper_harrolle_kelley_palacios_2012, title={Examination of park and recreation awareness and use among Latinos}, institution={El Pueblo, Inc. & City of Raleigh Parks and Recreation}, author={Casper, J.M. and Harrolle, M.G. and Kelley, K.K. and Palacios, I.}, year={2012} }
 @article{casper_2012, title={Guest Editorial}, volume={12}, number={3/4}, journal={International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing}, author={Casper, J.M.}, year={2012}, pages={141–143} }
 @article{bocarro_kanters_cerin_floyd_casper_suau_mckenzie_2012, title={School sport policy and school-based physical activity environments and their association with observed physical activity in middle school children}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1873-2054"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84855707754&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.08.007}, abstractNote={Empirical research on the effects of school sport policies on children's physical activity is limited. This study examined sport policies (intramural vs. varsity), physical settings within schools, and supervision in relation to physical activity using the System for Observing Play and Leisure in Youth (SOPLAY). Data were collected on physical activity levels of children in four middle schools. Regression analyses assessed the main effects of sport policy, type of physical activity setting, and supervision as well as interactions. Regression models were stratified by gender. Children in intramural schools were more likely to use indoor spaces and be boys. Regression models indicated that varsity sport programs were associated with lower physical activity levels among boys but not girls. Significant associations between type of physical activity settings and physical activity levels were observed only for boys. Adult supervision was not associated with children's physical activity levels. Finally, descriptive results showed athletic facilities were under-utilized in all schools.}, number={1}, journal={HEALTH & PLACE}, author={Bocarro, Jason N. and Kanters, Michael A. and Cerin, Ester and Floyd, Myron F. and Casper, Jonathan M. and Suau, Luis J. and McKenzie, Thomas L.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={31–38} }
 @book{casper_2012, title={Special Issue: Sport Participation Management and Marketing}, volume={12}, number={3/4}, journal={International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing}, year={2012}, pages={141–293} }
 @book{bocarro_kanters_cerin_floyd_casper_suau_mckenzie_2012, title={Who is using school athletic facilities?}, institution={North Carolina State University, Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism Management / Active Living Research}, author={Bocarro, J.N. and Kanters, M. and Cerin, E. and Floyd, M. and Casper, J. and Suau, L.J. and McKenzie, T.}, year={2012} }
 @article{casper_bocarro_kanters_floyd_2011, title={"Just Let Me Play!"-Understanding Constraints That Limit Adolescent Sport Participation}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1543-5474"]}, DOI={10.1123/jpah.8.s1.s32}, abstractNote={Background:Organized sport is viewed as a viable medium for promoting more physical activity among youth. However, participation in youth sport declines significantly among both boys and girls during their middle school years. This study examined middle school students’ perceived constraints to sport participation.}, journal={JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & HEALTH}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Kanters, Michael A. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2011}, month={Jan}, pages={S32–S39} }
 @article{casper_bocarro_kanters_floyd_2011, title={Measurement properties of constraints to sport participation: A psychometric examination with adolescents}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1521-0588"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79952415242&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1080/01490400.2011.550221}, abstractNote={Constraint are a major focus of theoretical and empirical study in leisure research. However, analyses of psychometric properties of constraints measures are rare. This study assessed the factor structure and invariance of a leisure constraints measure applied to sport participation among middle school adolescents (ages 11 to 15 years old) using panel data over two time periods nine months apart (N = 2,029). We compared the validity of three baseline models: a theoretical 3-factor model, a 7-factor model, and a second-order factor model. The 7-factor model exhibited a more appropriate measurement model based on fit indices and statistical comparisons. Using the 7-factor model, construct validity and invariance of the model over time (Time 1 and Time 2) was examined by gender, grade level, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The model was found to be invariant at the factor loading and intercept levels, while there was some evidence of non-invariance at further constrained levels. In general, the 7-factor model appeared to be psychometrically stable and applicable over a range of demographic subgroups, lending evidence to its use as a measure in leisure or sport participation constraint studies that involve socio-demographic comparisons. The findings suggest that while the theoretical structure may be effective in simplifying constraint categories, a more detailed specification using subfactors of the dimensions is better for measurement.}, number={2}, journal={Leisure Sciences}, author={Casper, J. and Bocarro, J.N. and Kanters, M. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={2011}, pages={127–146} }
 @book{casper_pfahl_kelley_2011, title={Men’s Baseball Green Game Awareness and Expectations of Sustainability Efforts}, institution={NC State Athletic Department and NC State University Sustainability Office}, author={Casper, J.M. and Pfahl, M.E. and Kelley, K.}, year={2011} }
 @article{edwards_bocarro_kanters_casper_2011, title={Participation in Interscholastic and Intramural Sport Programs in Middle Schools: An Exploratory Investigation of Race and Gender}, volume={35}, ISSN={1558-8661 1558-867X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.35.2.157}, DOI={10.1123/rsj.35.2.157}, abstractNote={ Although school-sponsored extracurricular sport remains one of the most popular and effective ways to increase adolescents' physical activity levels, it is designed to include a small number of a school's elite athletes. Fewer schools offer intramural sports, and little is known about participation in these activities. The purpose of this study is to compare variations in how students participate in interscholastic and intramural school sport programs. Using a sample of seventh and eighth graders in two southeastern middle schools, results indicated that school sport participation levels were higher in intramurals than interscholastic sports for all studied categories of students except for White girls. In addition, students participating in intramural sports played nearly twice as many sports during the school year as students participating in interscholastic sports. Gender and race differences in school sport participation both confirm and contradict previous research and suggest that schools should consider cultural factors when planning sport programs for diverse populations of young people. }, number={2}, journal={Recreational Sports Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Edwards, Michael B. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Kanters, Michael and Casper, Jonathan}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={157–173} }
 @article{bruton_floyd_bocarro_henderson_casper_kanters_2011, title={Physical activity and health partnerships among park and recreation departments}, volume={29}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Bruton, C.B. and Floyd, M.F. and Bocarro, J.N. and Henderson, K. and Casper, J.M. and Kanters, M.}, year={2011}, pages={55–68} }
 @article{menefee_casper_2011, title={Professional basketball fans in China: a comparison of National Basketball Association and Chinese Basketball Association team identification}, volume={9}, ISSN={1475-8962 1740-2808}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsmm.2011.041571}, DOI={10.1504/ijsmm.2011.041571}, abstractNote={Professional basketball has developed into a major spectator sport in China during the past 20 years. Chinese basketball fans can now choose between watching the Chinese Basketball Association and the National Basketball Association. This study compared fans’ team identification of teams within the two competing professional basketball leagues in China. The sample included spectators at four different CBA games (N = 549). Respondents completed measures of team identification (Wann and Branscombe, 1993) with their favourite NBA and CBA teams and behavioural involvement based on television and merchandise consumption for both leagues. Chinese fans’ overall team identification and behavioural involvement were found to be significantly higher for favourite NBA teams. Team identification was also compared for segments grouped by age, gender, ticket type, and income. The study has implications for leagues, teams, sponsors, and other sport organisations interested in attempting to attract fans in China.}, number={3/4}, journal={International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing}, publisher={Inderscience Publishers}, author={Menefee, W. Chadwick and Casper, Jonathan M.}, year={2011}, pages={185} }
 @book{casper_jeon_2010, place={Cary, NC}, title={Carolina RailHawks operations evaluation report}, institution={Carolina RailHawks Soccer Club}, author={Casper, J.M. and Jeon, J.}, year={2010} }
 @article{henderson_edwards_casper_bocarro_floyd_2010, title={Investigating places for active recreation in rural North Carolina communities}, journal={Western Rural Development Center Newsletter}, author={Henderson, K.A. and Edwards, M. and Casper, J.M. and Bocarro, J.N. and Floyd, M.F.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={33–36} }
 @article{casper_park_harrolle_2010, title={Korean World Cup soccer: Examining the relationships among past success, soccer knowledge, national identification, and future interest}, volume={11}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Sport Management}, author={Casper, J.M. and Park, S.R. and Harrolle, M.G.}, year={2010}, pages={84–95} }
 @article{casper_menefee_2010, title={Prior Sport Participation and Spectator Sport Consumption: Socialization and Soccer}, volume={10}, ISSN={["1746-031X"]}, DOI={10.1080/16184742.2010.524243}, abstractNote={Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the relative importance of social influences related to soccer consumption based on respondents' prior participation in the sport. The sample consisted of spectators at a professional soccer match who completed a questionnaire that assessed soccer consumption (games on television, attendance, and merchandise consumption) and the influence of seven contextual social variables stemming from consumer behavior literature (children, father, friends, internet, media, mother, and siblings). Mean comparisons and regression results found that familial influences were significantly more important for those that played soccer while children's influence was more important for non-soccer participants.}, number={5}, journal={EUROPEAN SPORT MANAGEMENT QUARTERLY}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and Menefee, W. Chadwick}, year={2010}, pages={595–611} }
 @book{jeon_casper_2010, place={Cary, NC / Winston-Salem, NC / Knightdale, NC}, title={Taekwondo participants demographic and consumer behavior analysis}, institution={White Tiger Taekwondo / Tiger Kim’s World Class Taekwondo / NC Tiger Martial Arts}, author={Jeon, J. and Casper, J.M.}, year={2010} }
 @article{casper_menefee_2010, title={The Impact of Socialization on Current and Retrospective Adolescent Sport Consumption with College Students}, volume={11}, number={5}, journal={International Journal of Sport Management}, author={Casper, J.M. and Menefee, W.C.}, year={2010}, pages={541–560} }
 @article{casper_kanters_james_2009, title={Perceptions of constraints to NHL spectatorship}, volume={5}, ISSN={1475-8962 1740-2808}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsmm.2009.021750}, DOI={10.1504/ijsmm.2009.021750}, abstractNote={The purpose of this study was to better understand perceptions of constraints on National Hockey League (NHL) spectatorship. Additionally, this study sought to understand how constraints are perceived by spectators based on ticket holder type and test the negotiation thesis by comparing constraint variables across spectator motivation and team identification. The constraints scale was adopted from leisure literature and adapted to sport spectators. Two data collection methods (on-site and web-based) were used to recruit participants. A preliminary Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) found good fit for the leisure constraint scale. The results indicate that active spectators experience a variety of constraints with time and cost constraints cited as the most prevalent. Each of the constraint constructs were found to significantly lower spectator motivation and identification with the team across ticket holder types. The results of this study provide preliminary evidence of the importance of constraints in addressing NHL marketing efforts.}, number={1/2}, journal={International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing}, publisher={Inderscience Publishers}, author={Casper, Jonathan M. and Kanters, Michael A. and James, Jeffrey D.}, year={2009}, pages={55} }
 @article{bocarro_casper_henderson_floyd_moore_kanters_laven_edwards_2009, title={Physical activity promotion in North Carolina: Perceptions of public park and recreation directors}, volume={27}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Bocarro, J. and Casper, J. and Henderson, K. and Floyd, M. and Moore, R. and Kanters, M. and Laven, K. and Edwards, M.}, year={2009}, pages={1–16} }
 @article{casper_babkes-stellino_2008, title={Demographic predictors of recreational tennis participant's sport commitment}, volume={26}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Casper, J. M. and Babkes-Stellino, M. L.}, year={2008}, pages={93–115} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_casper_forrester_2008, title={Determinants of Sport Participation in Middle School Children and the Impact of Intramural Sports}, volume={32}, ISSN={1558-8661 1558-867X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.32.2.134}, DOI={10.1123/rsj.32.2.134}, abstractNote={ The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants for adolescent participation in sports and to determine the impact of an alternate model of sport delivery (i.e., school intramural sports). More specifically, this study used the theory of planned behavior to highlight factors that might contribute to young people's decisions to play sports and to determine what impact an alternate model of sport delivery would have on intention to participate in sport. Three hundred and three students in grades seven and eight completed measures of their participation in intramural and extramural sports and items related to the theory of planned behavior. In addition to results that showed a relatively large number of students participating in school intramural sports, notable differences in the relative contributions of the predictor variables of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control were found across different sport-participation subgroups. Suggestions for future research are made in the context of the limitations of the study. }, number={2}, journal={Recreational Sports Journal}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Kanters, Michael and Bocarro, Jason and Casper, Jonathan and Forrester, Scott}, year={2008}, month={Oct}, pages={134–151} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_casper_forrester_2008, title={Guidelines for positively engaging parents in children's sports}, volume={3}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Youth Sports}, author={Kanters, M. A. and Bocarro, J. and Casper, J. M. and Forrester, S.}, year={2008}, pages={8–11} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_casper_forrester_2008, title={School intramural sports: A platform for lifetime sport participation & active leisure}, volume={32}, number={2}, journal={Recreational Sports Journal}, author={Kanters, M. and Bocarro, J. and Casper, J. M. and Forrester, S.}, year={2008}, pages={134–151} }
 @article{bocarro_kanters_casper_forrester_2008, title={School physical education, extracurricular sports, and lifelong active living}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1543-2769"]}, DOI={10.1123/jtpe.27.2.155}, abstractNote={The purpose of this article is to examine the role of school-based extracurricular initiatives in facilitating immediate and long-term positive impact on physical activity, healthy behavior, and obesity in children. A critique of the role of various sports-related initiatives that have been developed to address the obesity epidemic currently facing children within the United States is provided, with a specific emphasis on intramural sports as a preferred mechanism to encourage long-term involvement in sport and physically active pursuits. The article presents support for the notion that a physical education curriculum that includes intramurals before, during, and after school can help children learn the skills to enjoy participation in a variety of sports designed to facilitate lifelong active living.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF TEACHING IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION}, author={Bocarro, Jason and Kanters, Michael A. and Casper, Jonathan and Forrester, Scott}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={155–166} }
 @article{casper_andrew_2008, title={Sport commitment differences among tennis players on the basis of participation outlet and skill level}, volume={31}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Sport Behavior}, author={Casper, J. M. and Andrew, D. A.}, year={2008}, pages={201–219} }
 @article{kanters_bocarro_casper_2008, title={Supported or pressured? An examination of agreement among parents and children on parent's role in youth sports}, volume={31}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Sport Behavior}, author={Kanters, M. A. and Bocarro, J. and Casper, J. M.}, year={2008}, pages={64–80} }
 @book{casper_menefee_2007, place={Cary, NC}, title={2007 Carolina RailHawks spectator demographic, psychographic, and consumer behavior analysis}, institution={Carolina RailHawk Soccer Club}, author={Casper, J.M. and Menefee, W.C.}, year={2007} }
 @article{casper_gray_babkes-stellino_2007, title={A sport commitment model perspective on adult tennis players' participation frequency and purchase intention}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1016/s1441-3523(07)70014-1}, abstractNote={Although sport commitment has received wide spread theoretical and empirical attention over the past 15 years, its application to adult sport participants has gone largely ignored. This study examined the determinants of adult tennis players’ motivation to continue involvement using the sport commitment model (Scanlan, Carpenter, Schmidt, Simons, & Keeler, 1993) as a theoretical framework, and extended the model to participation frequency and purchase intention. Based on previous research using the sport commitment model, a revised direct/indirect model, in which enjoyment was the mediator of the relationships between determinants and level of commitment, was also tested. Data were gathered via a web-based questionnaire from community tennis association members (N = 537). Relationships among variables were tested and a comparison of models was tested using structural equation modelling. With the sport commitment model, personal investment, enjoyment, involvement opportunities, and social support were found to be significant predictors of sport commitment, while commitment significantly predicted participation frequency and purchase intention. Tests of the direct/indirect model indicate acceptable model fit, although not as good as the original model. However, this model suggests involvement alternatives and social constraints on tennis enjoyment. Results can be used to develop customer-oriented marketing strategies targeted for the adult tennis participant.}, number={3}, journal={Sport Management Review}, author={Casper, Jonathan and Gray, D. P. and Babkes-Stellino, M. L.}, year={2007}, pages={253–278} }
 @article{casper_2007, title={Sport commitment, participation frequency, and purchase intention segmentation based on age, gender, income, and skill level with U.S. tennis participants}, volume={7}, DOI={10.1080/16184740701511110}, abstractNote={Abstract
 The purpose of this study was to examine how demographic market segments differ based on three constructs: commitment to the sport, participation frequency and purchase intention. Data were gathered via a web-based questionnaire from community tennis association members (N=537). Significant differences were found with sport commitment based on age; participation frequency significantly differed based on ability level; purchase intention significantly differed based on income and ability level. Theoretical implications are discussed and practical implications are forwarded.}, number={4}, journal={European Sport Management Quarterly}, author={Casper, Jonathan}, year={2007}, pages={269–282} }
 @book{casper_2006, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={NC State Marketing Survey: Marketing Non-Revenue sport events. Invited research presented to the marking staff to increase student spectatorship at non-revenue sport events}, institution={Wolfpack Sport Marketing}, author={Casper, J.M.}, year={2006} }
 @article{greenwood_kanters_casper_2006, title={Sport fan team identification formation in the American Arena Football League}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1080/16184740601095016}, abstractNote={Abstract
 Team identification, the degree to which an individual feels psychologically linked to a team, has been a focal point in studies of sport fans and sport spectatorship (e.g. Fink et al., 2002; Jones, 1997; Wann & Branscombe, 1993; Wann & Dolan, 1994; Wann & Schrader, 1997). Although the development of team identification has been examined extensively in established sport markets, the purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between sport fan team identification and motivations for initially becoming a fan of a new mid-level professional sport in a new market. A convenience sample of spectators (N=351) at an American Arena Football League (AFL) game completed a survey designed to identify and measure this relationship. A simultaneous multiple regression analysis revealed significant and positive predictive value for team identification from the following reasons for becoming a fan: parents and/or family (β=.125, p<.05), born and/or live in area (β=.210, p<.001), players and/or coaches (β=.411, p<.001), and tailgating and party atmosphere (β=.123, p<.05). The results have practical marketing implications for mid-level professional sport franchises (i.e. Women's National Basketball Association, NFL-Europe, Major League Soccer) and highlight the need for additional research across the professional sport spectrum, as franchises in these leagues struggle for market share against competing sport and entertainment options.}, number={3}, journal={European Sport Management Quarterly}, author={Greenwood, P. B. G. and Kanters, M. A. and Casper, Jonathan}, year={2006}, pages={253–265} }
 @article{bocarro_kanters_casper_2006, title={The role of schools inpromoting recreational sport and physical activity}, journal={Parks & Recreation Magazine}, author={Bocarro, J. and Kanters, M.A. and Casper, J.M.}, year={2006}, month={Jun}, pages={22–27} }
 @article{casper_2006, title={You can't be serious, that ball was IN: An investigation of junior tennis cheating behavior}, volume={11}, number={1}, journal={Qualitative Report}, author={Casper, J. M.}, year={2006}, pages={20–36} }
 @book{casper_kanters_2005, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Carolinas Hurricanes Spectator Marketing and Information Processing Behavior Report}, institution={Carolina Hurricanes Hockey Club}, author={Casper, J.M. and Kanters, M.A.}, year={2005} }
 @book{casper_2004, place={Dubuque, IA}, title={Fan Research Project/Sponsorship Review, Dubuque Thunderbirds}, institution={Dubuque Thunderbirds Hockey Club}, author={Casper, J.M.}, year={2004} }
 @article{casper_finley_2004, title={Teams web sites as aids in the recruiting process: NCAA tennis coaches attitudes toward their use}, volume={7}, number={1}, journal={Sport Journal}, author={Casper, J. M. and Finley, P. S.}, year={2004} }
 @book{gray_casper_fekete_finley_halsey_hseih_wisdom_goram_park_2003, place={Winter Park, Colorado}, title={Customer and Market Research}, institution={YMCA of the Rockies: Snow Mountain Ranch}, author={Gray, D.P. and Casper, J.M. and Fekete, M. and Finley, P. and Halsey, J. and Hseih, L.W. and Wisdom, T. and Goram, J. and Park, S.B.}, year={2003} }
 @article{sadava_luo_casper_1996, title={Induction of renal damage in rats by a diet deficient in antioxidants}, volume={16}, ISSN={0271-5317}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0271-5317(96)00173-x}, DOI={10.1016/0271-5317(96)00173-x}, abstractNote={Abstract Male albino rats. age 28 days, were fed a diet containing both vitamin E (10 g/kg) and selenium (5 mg/kg) or a diet lacking these antioxidants. Animals were examined for renal function after 4, 8, 12 and 16 wk on the respective diets. After 8 wk, animals on the deficient diet weighed less than controls (15%, p}, number={9}, journal={Nutrition Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Sadava, D. and Luo, P.-W. and Casper, J.}, year={1996}, month={Sep}, pages={1607–1612} }