@article{kalinowski_dole_2024, title={Extended Storage of Cut Flowers Using Sub-zero Temperature}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTTECH05315-23}, abstractNote={The cut flower industry needs postharvest techniques that allow for extended storage of fresh cut flowers to meet consumer demands. We compared the use of a sub-zero storage temperature (−0.6 °C) to maintain viable flowers with improved or comparable vase life to flowers stored at the industry standard (4 °C). The vase life of 17 commercially important cut flower species, alstroemeria (Alstroemeria), anemone (Anemone coronaria), campanula (Campanula medium), carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum), delphinium (Delphinium elatum), freesia (Freesia), gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii), gypsophila (Gypsophila paniculata), larkspur (Consolida), lily (Lilium), lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum), ranunculus (Ranunculus asiaticus), rose (Rosa hybrida), stock (Matthiola incana), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), and tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa), when stored dry at −0.6 °C for durations of 4, 8, and 12 weeks was comparable to or longer than that when stored at 4 °C. Tuberose stems were not viable after holding for any storage duration or temperature. Experiment 2 compared the use of a prestorage pulsing treatment of water, hydrating solution, or holding solution containing carbohydrates for 8 hours before extended storage for carnation, chrysanthemum, delphinium, lily, and rose stems. Stems of carnation benefitted from pulsing with a hydrating solution and maintained vase life similar to that of nonstored control stems when stored for 4 weeks at −0.6 °C. Conversely, rose stems only maintained vase life similar to that of nonstored control stems when held at 4 °C for all pulsing solutions. Lily and chrysanthemum stems had a decline in vase life with all pulsing solutions and only remained viable after 8 weeks of storage when held at −0.6 °C. Additionally, stored chrysanthemum and lily stems had a longer vase life when stored at −0.6 °C than that when held at 4 °C after 4 and 8 weeks of storage, respectively, with all pulsing solutions. Delphinium stems were not viable after any storage duration. Experiment 3 further evaluated carnation, lily, and rose stems with and without a prestorage acclimation period at 4 °C for either 24 hours or 1 week before extended storage of 4, 6, or 8 weeks. Holding stems at 4 °C for 1 week before extended storage reduced the vase life of all species. Rose stems remained viable after 8 weeks of extended storage when held at −0.6 °C, but only when no prestorage hold was used. Lily and rose stems were not viable beyond 4-week storage durations when held at 4 °C, but they remained viable with no prestorage holding period after 8 weeks at −0.6 °C. Carnation stems maintained a longer vase life irrespective of a prestorage holding period when stored at −0.6 °C. Through this analysis, we showed that many species of cut flowers may be held at a sub-zero temperature with vase life better than or comparable to that with the industry standard of 4 °C.}, number={1}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Kalinowski, Jennifer and Dole, John M.}, year={2024}, month={Feb}, pages={101–115} }
 @article{kalinowski_ahmad_dole_2023, title={Chemical Promotion of Branching and Stem Elongation of Poinsettia}, volume={33}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTTECH05186-23}, abstractNote={Growers have traditionally used mechanical pinching and other cultural practices to control height and encourage branching for full and uniform poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) plants. A total of six experiments were conducted over 5 years to evaluate the impact of chemically treating poinsettia on final height, branching, first color, visible bud formation, and anthesis. The first four experiments evaluated the potential of benzyladenine (BA) and gibberellins [GA(4+7)] to increase height of treated poinsettia. Timing of the application was assessed during Expt. 1 using a combined concentration of 3 ppm BA and 3 ppm GA(4+7) applied at 5, 7, 9, or 11 weeks after pinching; some cultivars exhibited significantly more elongated inflorescences when treatment occurred 7 or 9 weeks after pinching. The application method and frequency was assessed during Expt. 2, and treatments were applied one or three times with either drench application at a concentration of 2 ppm or foliar application at a concentration of 5 ppm or untreated controls. All plants treated with three drench applications produced taller plants on average than when only applied once or when treated with a foliar application. Expt. 3 further assessed height gain and effects on flowering during late-season production with foliar applications of BA+GA(4 + 7) applied 2 weeks after first color at a concentration of 2 ppm compared with untreated control plants. One cultivar, Mars Red, was observed to have a significant decrease in days to anthesis when treated (9 days) compared with untreated plants, but no cultivars exhibited a significant change in height resulting from treatment. Expt. 4 assessed both the application method (foliar and drench) and change in final environment when plants were either maintained in a greenhouse or relocated to a postharvest room before anthesis. Most cultivars experienced a significant height increase when treated with foliar application of BA+GA(4 + 7) regardless of the final environment, but a significant delay in days to first color, visible bud, and anthesis was prevalent, and only one cultivar exhibited a treatment benefit from drench application with no significant delay in flowering or differences caused by changing environment. Expts. 5 and 6 were conducted over 2 growing years to evaluate the benefits of chemically pinching poinsettia using dikegulac sodium at a concentration of 800 ppm applied either once or twice (1 week apart) or 1600 ppm applied once to promote branching. The tallest plants were those treated one time at a concentration of 800 ppm showing lack of dominance in the apical meristem. The greatest number of shoots occurred when plants were treated with 800 ppm twice, whereas one application of 800 or 1600 ppm often, but not always, resulted in more shoots compared with mechanically pinched plants. Interestingly, the increased number of shoots from treated plants was often more than double the number compared with mechanical pinching, but those additional shoots failed to develop, which resulted in only one or two additional inflorescences. Production time was found to be a tradeoff because most dikegulac sodium-treated plants experienced an increased number of days to first color, visible bud, and/or anthesis. These results demonstrate that height control, whether to encourage stem elongation or halt apical dominance, is cultivar-specific, and that although both the method and concentration may be determined uniformly on some cultivars, the timing of application is crucial because of potential delays in floral development.}, number={3}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Kalinowski, Jennifer and Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John M.}, year={2023}, month={Jun}, pages={286–295} }
 @article{kalinowski_moody_dole_2023, title={Postharvest handling and vase life of cut sunflower}, ISSN={["1918-1833"]}, DOI={10.1139/CJPS-2022-0179}, abstractNote={ The sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) is a commercially important cut flower requiring research into postharvest factors such as recutting, water uptake, stem number, cooling rate, and storage temperature to maximize vase life. Stems of 'Sunbright' sunflowers were either recut before or after a drying period up to 48 h. Water uptake, stem quality, and microbial counts were determined 4 days after rehydration. Water potential was determined on five corresponding leaves per treatment. The effects of stem number per vase were evaluated with either 1, 3, 5, or 10 stems. Effects of cooling rate were determined by temperatures of 5 °C for 3 days in the dark, 5 °C for 2 days in the dark preceded by 24 h at either 20 °C with light or 32 °C in a shaded area outdoors, or were maintained in a shaded area at 32 °C for 3 days. Hydration and storage temperature effects were determined by either transferring to a postharvest environment, 20 °C cooler for 2 h, immediate storage for 2 days at 5 °C, or 3 days at 5 °C after recutting the basal stem. Allowing stems to dry up to 48 h reduced vase life by 2.3 days or less. Vase life was unaffected by harvesting into water or by the number of stems in a vase but was affected by temperature such that the longest vase life of 13.2 days occurred when stems were stored for 3 days at 5 ± 0.5 °C followed by postharvest evaluation at 20 ± 1 °C. }, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE}, author={Kalinowski, Jennifer and Moody, Erin P. and Dole, John M.}, year={2023}, month={Feb} }
 @article{kalinowski_moody_dole_2023, title={Postharvest handling and vase life of cut sunflower}, volume={103}, ISSN={["1918-1833"]}, DOI={10.1139/CJPS-2022-0179443}, number={5}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE}, author={Kalinowski, Jennifer and Moody, Erin P. and Dole, John M.}, year={2023}, month={Oct}, pages={443–449} }
 @article{fatima_ahmad_dole_ahmad_asif_ziaf_badar_fatima_2022, title={Folk floral preservatives extend postharvest longevity of Eustoma grandiflorum L.}, volume={301}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111132}, abstractNote={Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum L.) is one of the most popular cut flowers worldwide due to its multi-flowered stems having single, semi-double and double rose-like flowers in a variety of colors. However, its postharvest life can be short if not handled properly. A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of various homemade folk floral preservative solutions applied as pulses or vase solutions on cut lisianthus stems. Both experiments were laid out individually in completely randomized design, with five replications of two stems each and evaluated in a vase life evaluation room set at 20±2 °C temperature and 50±10% of relative humidity along with 12 h of light from white fluorescent tubes. Results revealed significant differences among different pulsing treatments as 2% sucrose + 150 mg L−1 citric acid had longest vase life (10.3 days), whereas, 2% sucrose + 3 mL L−1 lime juice, 2% sucrose + 5% aloe vera gel, 2% sucrose + 30 mL L−1 moringa leaf extract (MLE) and 2% sucrose + 15 mL L−1 bleach had best flower quality (8.3) and were statistically similar. Moreover, (50:50) lemon/lime soda and water had highest water uptake (98 mL) and ion leakage (326.8%), whereas, 2% sucrose had highest (735 µs cm−1) change in electric conductivity. Among vase treatments when compared to commercial solutions, Floralife Clear Professional Flower Food, Chrysal Clear Universal Flower Food and 2% sucrose + 4 mL L−1 lime juice had longest vase life (16.6, 15.9 and 15.7 days, respectively) and were statistically similar, whereas, highest microbial colonies (6.14 CFU mL−1) were observed in solution having 5% sucrose only and the lowest with the commercial solutions. In summary, lisianthus stems placed in vase treatments had longest vase life, while those pulsed ones had better visible quality and use of sugar with lemon/lime juice as a vase solution produced a similar vase life as commercial preservatives.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Fatima, Kainat and Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John M. and Ahmad, Naveed and Asif, Muhammad and Ziaf, Khurram and Badar, Muhammad Adnan and Fatima, Kaneez}, year={2022}, month={Jul} }
 @article{kalinowski_moody_dole_2022, title={Improving hydration and vase life of cut Zinnia}, volume={293}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110661}, abstractNote={Zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) is a commercially important species in the cut flower industry that has several postharvest challenges including hydration, cold storage, and seasonality. The purpose of this work was to increase vase life of cut zinnia by assessing hydration, chilling sensitivity and storage temperatures, and environmental impacts incurred by harvest date. The negative effects of allowing zinnia ‘Benary Giant Deep Red’ stems to dry up to 4 h after hydrating were negated by recutting stems and removing 2.5 cm of the stem. However, if zinnia stems did not dry out, then recutting had either no effect or a negative impact. Zinnia stems did not rehydrate if allowed to dry for 24 h or more and recutting various amounts from stem ends before placing in vases demonstrated no significant effect on vase life, nor did varying the number of stems per vase. Vase life increased by 2.2 d when stems were stored in a 0.01845 mL L−1 sodium hypochlorite solution versus tap water. Postharvest quality of zinnia was affected by storage temperature such that the longest vase life of 13.0 d occurred when stems were stored for 5 h at 5 °C followed by 2 d storage at 1 °C. As storage temperature increased, zinnia vase life decreased, with the shortest vase life of 6.5 d occurring when stems were stored for 48 h at 20 °C. Vase life continually declined when zinnia stems were harvested every 2 wks from 27 July to 19 Oct. The use of floral preservatives increased vase life late in the harvest season but was not comparable to the extended vase life obtained earlier in the season. Zinnia vase life increased by 2.1 d with the use of a floral preservative (Floralife® Professional) as a 20 h pulse solution in lieu of tap water only. The main findings of this research show that zinnia stems can tolerate a short period of desiccation, while storing stems in a floral preservative and incorporating a brief cold storage period of 1–3 d at 1–5 °C increased vase life. Chilling sensitivity was not observed. Conversely, vase life was observed to be negatively correlated with late season harvesting.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Kalinowski, Jennifer and Moody, Erin P. and Dole, John M.}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{jahnke_kalinowski_dole_2022, title={Postharvest Handling Techniques for Long-term Storage of Cut Tulip and Dutch Iris}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTTECH05010-21}, abstractNote={S UMMARY . Postharvest handling is a multifaceted stage of the cut fl ower supply chain intended to maintain or improve the quality of perishable cut fl ower material. During this stage, cold storage is used to maintain quality and extend availability. Three experiments were conducted over the course of 2 years using cut tulip ( Tulipa hybrids) and dutch iris ( Iris × hollandica ) cultivars to evaluate the impacts of dry storage with the bulb attached to the stem, sub-zero temperatures, and pre-storage and post-storage fl oral pulses on vase life. In the fi rst experiment, six tulip and two dutch iris cultivars were stored for up to 6 or 8 weeks, respectively. The longest vase life at 6 weeks of storage was achieved for all tulip cultivars when stems were stored with the bulb still attached at 2 0.6 (cid:1) C. Storing cut stems at 0.7 (cid:1) C for 6 weeks resulted in the shortest vase life. The vase life of ‘ Telstar ’ and ‘ River King ’ dutch iris was longest at 4 and 2 weeks of storage, respectively, when stored at 2 0.6 (cid:1) C with the bulb attached. Additionally, 75% to 100% of fl owers fully opened when stems were stored with the bulb still attached and 42% of fl owers were able to at least partially open. In the second experiment, cut stored tulip stems maintained a vase life similar to that of nonstored, pulsed stems at 6 weeks of storage when pulsed with fl oral solutions containing benzyladenine and gibberellic acid phytohormones for 8 hours before storage. Similarly, dutch iris maintained signi fi cantly longer vase life and were able to fully expand fl owers more often (60% to 80%) when prepulsed with the fl oral solutions compared with stems prepulsed with tap water after 6 weeks of storage at 2 0.6 (cid:1) C. Extending the length of pulsing time from 8 hours to 24 hours was not a signi fi cant factor in vase life and post-storage evaluations of fl ower opening. However, dutch iris fl owers with an emerged secondary bud maintained an extended vase life up to 5 days post-storage. In the fi nal experiment, the longest tulip vase life was achieved by combining a sub-zero storage temperature of 2 0.6 (cid:1) C, storing stems with the bulb attached, and pulsing stems with fl oral solutions after storage. Vase life did not signi fi cantly decrease over the course of the 6-week storage duration. Dutch iris stems pulsed with fl oral solutions after sub-zero storage with the bulb attached were able to more fully open after 8 weeks of storage compared to stems held dry or pulsed with tap water. These three experiments over the course of 2 growing years demonstrate various strategies for successfully storing cut tulips and dutch iris for an unprecedented duration while still maintaining vase life.}, number={3}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Jahnke, Nathan J. and Kalinowski, Jennifer and Dole, John M.}, year={2022}, month={Jun}, pages={263–274} }
 @article{faust_dole_2021, title={CUT FOLIAGES}, volume={36}, ISBN={["978-1-78924-760-2"]}, DOI={10.1079/9781789247602.0003}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={CUT FLOWERS AND FOLIAGES}, author={FAUST, J. A. M. E. S. E. and DOLE, J. O. H. N. M.}, year={2021}, pages={150–190} }
 @book{faust_dole_2021, title={Cut flowers and foliages}, ISBN={9781789247602}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247602.0000}, DOI={10.1079/9781789247602.0000}, abstractNote={Abstract}, publisher={CABI}, year={2021} }
 @article{clark_dole_kalinowski_2021, title={Determining Optimal Electrical Conductivity Levels and Elements for Extended Vase Life of Cut Roses}, volume={31}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTTECH04833-21}, abstractNote={Six experiments were conducted using three cultivars to investigate the impact of water electrical conductivity (EC) and the addition of nutrients to vase solutions on postharvest quality of cut rose (Rosa hybrids) stems. Postharvest quality of cut ‘Freedom’ rose stems was evaluated using solutions containing either distilled water with sodium chloride (DW+NaCl) or DW+NaCl with the addition of a commercial floral preservative (holding solution containing carbohydrates and biocide) to generate a range of EC values (Expts. 1 and 2). The third experiment compared the effect of different EC levels from the salts NaCl, sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), and calcium chloride (CaCl2). The fourth experiment investigated EC’s impact on rose stems with the addition of two rose cultivars (Charlotte and Classy). When ‘Freedom’ stems were subjected to DW+NaCl, the longest vase life was achieved with 0.5 dS·m–1. The addition of holding solution not only extended vase life but also counteracted the negative effects of high EC with maximum vase life occurring at 1.0 dS·m–1. Furthermore, stems in the holding solution experienced significantly less bent neck and the flowers opened more fully than those in DW. Stems placed in DW with a holding solution also experienced more petal bluing, pigment loss, necrotic edges, and wilting than those held in DW alone. This effect was likely due to increased vase life. Salt solutions containing Na2SO4 and CaCl2 resulted in extended vase life at 1.0 dS·m–1, but increasing salt levels decreased overall vase life. As EC increased, regardless of salt type, water uptake also increased up to a maximum at 0.5 or 1.0 dS·m–1 and then continually declined. Maximum vase life was observed at 1.5 dS·m–1 for cut ‘Charlotte’ stems, and at 1.0 dS·m–1 for ‘Classy’ with the addition of a holding solution. Physiological effects were different based on cultivar, as observed with Charlotte and Freedom flowers that opened further and had less petal browning than Classy flowers. ‘Freedom’ had the greatest pigment loss, but this effect decreased with increasing EC. Further correlational analysis showed that in water-only solutions, initial and final EC accounted for 44% and 41% of the variation in vase life data, respectively, whereas initial pH accounted for 24% of variation. However, the presence of carbohydrates and biocides from the holding solution was found to have a greater effect on overall vase life compared with water pH or EC. Finally, in Expts. 5 and 6, cut ‘Freedom’ stems were subjected to DW solutions containing 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 mg·L–1 boron, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, or zinc. None of these solutions increased vase life. Conversely, 10 or 100 mg·L–1 boron and 100 mg·L–1 copper solutions reduced vase life. Finally, the addition of NaCl to a maximum of 0.83 dS·m–1 increased the vase life in all solutions. These analyses highlight the importance of water quality and its elemental constituents on the vase life of cut rose stems and that the use of a holding solution can overcome the negative effects of high EC water.}, number={5}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Clark, Erin M. R. and Dole, John M. and Kalinowski, Jennifer}, year={2021}, month={Oct}, pages={577–588} }
 @article{faust_dole_2021, title={MAJOR CUT FLOWERS}, volume={36}, ISBN={["978-1-78924-760-2"]}, DOI={10.1079/9781789247602.0002}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={CUT FLOWERS AND FOLIAGES}, author={FAUST, J. A. M. E. S. E. and DOLE, J. O. H. N. M.}, year={2021}, pages={48–149} }
 @article{dole_faust_2021, title={POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT}, volume={36}, ISBN={["978-1-78924-760-2"]}, DOI={10.1079/9781789247602.0008}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={CUT FLOWERS AND FOLIAGES}, author={DOLE, J. O. H. N. M. and FAUST, J. A. M. E. S. E.}, year={2021}, pages={342–368} }
 @article{dole_2021, title={SPECIALTY CUTS}, volume={36}, ISBN={["978-1-78924-760-2"]}, DOI={10.1079/9781789247602.0004}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={CUT FLOWERS AND FOLIAGES}, author={DOLE, J. O. H. N. M.}, year={2021}, pages={191–223} }
 @article{faust_dole_2021, title={THE GLOBAL CUT FLOWER AND FOLIAGE MARKETPLACE}, volume={36}, ISBN={["978-1-78924-760-2"]}, DOI={10.1079/9781789247602.0001}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={CUT FLOWERS AND FOLIAGES}, author={FAUST, J. A. M. E. S. E. and DOLE, J. O. H. N. M.}, year={2021}, pages={1–47} }
 @article{favero_lutken_dole_pereira lima_2020, title={Anthurium andraeanum senescence in response to 6-benzylaminopurine: Vase life and biochemical aspects}, volume={161}, ISSN={["1873-2356"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.111084}, abstractNote={Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are key compounds in plant development and their exogenous use has the potential to positively influence the vase life of cut ornamentals. However, the application method can directly impact the effectiveness of PGRs. This study determined the impact of spraying or pulsing 0, 37.5, 75, 150 and 300 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) on postharvest quality of cut Anthurium andraeanum ‘Apalai’ (IAC NK 130) flowers. Vase life, fresh weight (FW), soluble carbohydrate content, total phenolic content (TPC) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity were determined in spathes and spadices. Spraying BAP was more effective than pulsing and extended the vase life to 17.9 d compared to 13.8 d, respectively and FW was maintained at 93 % and 76 % of initial values, respectively. Spathes treated with a BAP concentration below 150 mg L-1 showed highest soluble carbohydrate content. TPC was higher for the pulsing treatment than the spraying treatment. In spathes, TPC decreased and PPO activity increased over time with increasing of BAP concentration, showing phenolic depletion linkage to this enzyme activity. However, at BAP levels below 150 mg L-1, the activity of PPO remained low. In summary, spraying BAP at concentrations of 37.5–300 mg L-1 improved postharvest durability of A. andreanum 'Apalai' flower without inducing spathe blueing.}, journal={POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Favero, Bruno Trevenzoli and Lutken, Henrik and Dole, John M. and Pereira Lima, Giuseppina Pace}, year={2020}, month={Mar} }
 @article{dole_mccall_laushman_2020, title={Evaluating woody ornamentals as cut flowers}, volume={1288}, ISSN={["2406-6168"]}, DOI={10.17660/ActaHortic.2020.1288.2}, journal={IX INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NEW ORNAMENTAL CROPS}, author={Dole, J. M. and McCall, I. F. and Laushman, J.}, year={2020}, pages={9–15} }
 @article{jahnke_dole_bergmann_ma_perkins-veazie_2020, title={Extending Cut Paeonia Lactiflora Pall. Storage Duration Using Sub-Zero Storage Temperatures}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2073-4395"]}, DOI={10.3390/agronomy10111694}, abstractNote={Cut peonies (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) have a relatively short vase life and limited availability due to seasonal production. Cultivars Festiva Maxima (FM), Monsieur Jules Elie (MJE), and Sarah Bernhardt (SB) stored at 0.7 °C had a longer flower open time at 12 weeks of storage compared to those held at −3.1 or 3.5 °C, while the flower bud time was unaffected. The flower open time of FM and MJE was no different for stems stored at a sub-zero temperature of −0.6 °C for 16 weeks compared to non-stored stems. Flower quality, opening, and lack of deformity was reduced at 16 weeks of storage in comparison to non-stored flowers, but higher for stems stored at −0.6 °C compared to 0.7 °C. Pre-treating stems before storage with pulses of a commercial hydrator solution or a 200 g·L−1 sucrose solution for 2 h at 4 °C had little commercial significance compared to non-pulsed control stems. The total phenolic content, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase were not effective indicators of open time or quality loss. This study is the first to demonstrate the successful use of a non-freezing, sub-zero storage temperature for peony, and the first to store cut peonies for 16 weeks, despite an increased risk of reduced flower quality.}, number={11}, journal={AGRONOMY-BASEL}, author={Jahnke, Nathan J. and Dole, John M. and Bergmann, Ben A. and Ma, Guoying and Perkins-Veazie, Penelope}, year={2020}, month={Nov} }
 @article{jahnke_dole_livingston_bergmann_2020, title={Impacts of carbohydrate pulses and short-term sub-zero temperatures on vase life and quality of cut Paeonia lactiflora Pall. hybrids}, volume={161}, ISSN={["1873-2356"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.111083}, abstractNote={Abstract Flower quality of cut Paeonia lactiflora (peony) Pall. hybrids is best preserved between 0 and 1 °C. However, cut flower traits such as vase life and flower size often decline following 4 or more weeks of storage. While the use of sub-zero temperatures is avoided in the cut flower industry due to fears of freeze injury, sub-zero temperatures may allow extended storage of cut flowers. Peonies are a candidate for sub-zero storage due to their natural cold tolerance, exposure to spring freezes before harvest, and limited seasonal availability. Three cultivars: Karl Rosenfield, Monsieur Jules Elie, and Sarah Bernhardt were used to evaluate freeze tolerance of cut peonies by holding cut stems at three temperatures: 0, −2, −4 °C for 5 h. Pre-cold treatment pulses consisting of 24 h in either 100 g·L−1 sucrose, 100 g·L−1 fructose, or tap water did not improve total vase life, summation of the time spent as a bud and time open. Total vase life was 10.5, 7.1, and 9.3 d for ‘Karl Rosenfield’, ‘Monsieur Jules Elie’, and ‘Sarah Bernhardt’, respectively. Sucrose-pulsed stems of ‘Karl Rosenfield’ and ‘Sarah Bernhardt’ had the lowest total vase life. Pulses and cold-treatments decreased bud time for ‘Karl Rosenfield’ and ‘Monsieur Jules Elie’ by 2–3 d and 0.5–1 d, respectively. Petals were the only tissue to develop water-soaked spotting (freeze injury) following 5 h at -4 °C. Stems kept dry (not pulsed) prior to cold treatment were uninjured. Fructose-pulsed stems of ‘Karl Rosenfield’ and ‘Monsieur Jules Elie’ had the highest injury ratings when held at -4 °C. Carbohydrate-pulsing did not influence injury ratings on ‘Sarah Bernhardt’. Supercooling and multiple freeze events were observed with infrared video in all tissues when held at -4 °C. Typically, ice nucleation started at the base of the cut stems and propagated throughout the stem, leaves, and bud within 3–5 min of initiation. Stems that were not pulsed remained in a supercooled state longer than those that were pulsed. These findings indicate that storage temperatures between 0 and -2 °C may be a good option for longer periods of dry storage for peonies and other cold tolerant cut flower species.}, journal={POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Jahnke, Nathan J. and Dole, John M. and Livingston, David P., III and Bergmann, Ben A.}, year={2020}, month={Mar} }
 @article{abdullah_ahmad_dole_2020, title={Optimal sowing time and planting density for selected field grown cut Antirrhinum and Matthiola}, volume={261}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108909}, abstractNote={A field study was conducted on selected cultivars of Antirrhinum majus L. and Matthiola incana L. at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, to determine the best planting time and density to develop optimal planting protocols to grow these species as cut flowers in the sub-tropics. Antirrhinum and Matthiola seeds were sown five times at 15 or 16 d intervals on 15 Sept., 01 Oct., 15 Oct., 01 Nov. or 15 Nov. In a separate study, the optimum planting density was determined by transplanting seedlings at 15 × 15, 15 × 22.5, 22.5 × 22.5, 22.5 × 30 or 30 × 30 cm apart. For planting time, both species demonstrated shorter crop time with delayed sowings, but delayed sowing reduced stem quality. Cultivars of both species sown on 15 Sept. had the tallest plant height, 104.2 and 58.6 cm for Antirrhinum and Matthiola, respectively, along with the greatest number of leaves (176.7 and 28.9), leaf area (13.7 and 35.0 cm2), number of florets (32.8 and 14.8), floret diameter (41.3 and 47.3 mm), raceme length (27.2 and 14.6 cm) and stem diameter 14.8 and 9.9 mm for Antirrhinum and Matthiola, respectively, compared to those sown on 15 Nov. Moreover, vase life of stems of both species decreased (4.0 d for Antirrhinum and 5.5 d for Matthiola) with delayed sowing time. Among all tested cultivars of Antirrhinum, ‘Admiral White’ flowered the earliest, ‘Potomac Orange’ and ‘Potomac Yellow’ flowered mid season, and ‘Potomac Rose’ and ‘Potomac White’ took longest to produce flowers, while all Matthiola cultivars produced flowers at similar times for each sowing date. Antirrhinum and Matthiola planted at 30 × 30 cm spacing had greatest number of leaves (198.1 and 31.4 for Antirrhinum and Matthiola, respectively), leaf area (14.3 and 40.1 cm2), number of florets (32.4 and 15.4), floret diameter (36.1 and 47.7 mm), raceme length (26.2 cm of Antirrhinum only) and stem diameter (14.1 and 14.7 mm for Antirrhinum and Matthiola, respectively) compared to those planted at 15 cm × 15 cm. In summary, for extending harvest season, Antirrhinum cultivars may be sown at same time, but Matthiola cultivars should be grown using staggered sowing times. Antirrhinum and Matthiola cultivars may be sown on 15th September to 1st October and transplanted at 22.5 × 22.5 cm spacing for best cut stem quality.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Abdullah, Bilal and Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John M.}, year={2020}, month={Feb} }
 @article{jahnke_dole_ashrafi_2020, title={Simulated storage causes carbohydrate loss and rooting differences in two poinsettia cultivars}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1918-1833"]}, DOI={10.1139/cjps-2019-0232}, abstractNote={ Unrooted cuttings of ‘Prestige Red’ and ‘White Star’ poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) were stored in a box at 10 °C for 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 d to simulate shipping and holding. Visual root ratings decreased following ≥4 d of storage but did not differ from the non-stored cuttings. Root rating of ‘White Star’ was 0.5 higher and cuttings maintained higher fructose and glucose concentrations compared to ‘Prestige Red’. Glucose (r2 = 0.4824) followed by fructose plus glucose (r2 = 0.4222) were the best predictors of rooting. Carbohydrate maintenance may be an indicator of storage tolerant and better-rooting cultivars. }, number={4}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE}, author={Jahnke, Nathan J. and Dole, John M. and Ashrafi, Hamid}, year={2020}, month={Aug}, pages={459–462} }
 @article{dole_jahnke_mccall_loyola_bergmann_2020, title={Vase life of 58 new cut flowers}, volume={1288}, ISSN={["2406-6168"]}, DOI={10.17660/ActaHortic.2020.1288.31}, journal={IX INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NEW ORNAMENTAL CROPS}, author={Dole, J. M. and Jahnke, N. and McCall, I. F. and Loyola, C. and Bergmann, B.}, year={2020}, pages={207–213} }
 @article{bergmann_ahmad_dole_2019, title={Benzyladenine and gibberellic acid pulses improve flower quality and extend vase life of cut dahlias}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1918-1833"]}, DOI={10.1139/cjps-2018-0126}, abstractNote={ A 24-h pulse of cut dahlias in a solution containing both benzyladenine and gibberellic acid at 10–20 mg L−1 improved flower quality after 4 d in the vase and prolonged vase life regardless of handling method (dry packed or held in water from harvest through delivery). }, number={1}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE}, author={Bergmann, Ben A. and Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John M.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={97–101} }
 @article{ahmad_tanveer_liaqat_dole_2019, title={Comparison of corm soaks with preharvest foliar application of moringa leaf extract for improving growth and yield of cut Freesia hybrida}, volume={254}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2019.04.074}, abstractNote={Moringa leaf extract (MLE) is an organic bio-stimulant that can enhance crop growth and alleviate various stresses. The use of MLE might address a number of production issues on freesia, which is a popular bulbous cut flower grown and shipped worldwide. A field study was conducted to compare the effects of corm soaking with preharvest foliar applications of MLE on various morphological, physiological and yield attributes of freesia (Freesia hybrida L.). Two experiments were conducted; in experiment I, corms were soaked in 1%, 2%, 5% or 10% MLE solution for 24 h followed by air drying before planting, while in experiment II, untreated corms were planted and MLE at 1%, 2%, 3% or 5% was sprayed until runoff at 30 and 60 days after planting. Corms soaked in 5% MLE exhibited rapid 50% sprouting (3.2 d earlier compared to control), produced tallest plants (58.6 cm) with shortest production time (9 d earlier than control), highest number of leaves per plant (21.6), leaf area (109.2 cm2), leaf total chlorophyll contents (64.1 SPAD), stem diameter (4.3 mm), number of flowers per stem (6.6), number of marketable stems (3.1) and longest vase life (9 d), while flower diameter was highest (36.7 mm) when corms were treated with 2% MLE. In experiment II, foliar application of 3% MLE at 30 and 60 d after planting produced the tallest plants (16.3 cm taller than control) with shortest production time (9 d earlier than control), greatest leaf area (88.6 cm2), leaf total chlorophyll contents (57.02 SPAD), flower diameter (34.9 mm), number of leaves per plant (21.9), stem length (53.3 cm), stem diameter (3.9 mm), number of flowers per stem (6.5), and number of marketable stems (2.8) with longest vase life (3.3 d longer than control). Results demonstrated that MLE application significantly improved growth, quality and yield of Freesia hybrida by providing growth substances and minerals required for optimal growth and may be used by the growers as corm soak or foliar application for high quality cut freesia production. Among application methods, corm soaks were better than foliar applications.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Tanveer, Muhammad U. and Liaqat, Madiha and Dole, John M.}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={21–25} }
 @article{ahmad_abdullah_dole_shahid_ziaf_2019, title={Evaluation of the air pollution tolerance index of ornamentals growing in an industrial area compared to a less polluted area}, volume={60}, ISSN={["2211-3460"]}, DOI={10.1007/s13580-019-00141-9}, number={4}, journal={HORTICULTURE ENVIRONMENT AND BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Abdullah, Bilal and Dole, John Martin and Shahid, Muhammad and Ziaf, Khurram}, year={2019}, month={Aug}, pages={595–601} }
 @article{loyola_dole_dunning_2019, title={North American Specialty Cut Flower Production and Postharvest Survey}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTTECH04270-19}, abstractNote={In the United States and Canada, there has been an increase in the demand for local specialty cut flowers and a corresponding increase in production. To assess the needs of the industry, we electronically surveyed 1098 cut flower producers and handlers in the United States and Canada regarding their current cut flower production and postharvest problems, and customer issues. We received a total of 210 responses, resulting in a 19% response rate. The results showed that the main production problem was insect management; crop timing was the second most important problem and disease management was the third. Crop timing encompasses a range of related issues such as determining the correct harvest stage, harvest windows that are too short, flowering all at once, or lack of control when the crop is ready to harvest. The main postharvest problems were temperature management, hydration, and flower food management. Timing and stem length were the two most mentioned species-specific production issues, with each one listed by 10% or more of the respondents for eight of the total 31 species. Regarding on-farm postharvest handling, hydration and vase life were the two most mentioned issues; they were reported for five and three species, respectively. For postharvest during storage and transport, damage and hydration were the most common issues; these were listed for three species each. The most commonly mentioned customer complaints were vase life and shattering, which were reported for six and two species, respectively. These results will allow researchers and businesses to focus on the major cut flower production and postharvest issues and on crops that are most in need of improvement in North America.}, number={3}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Loyola, Cristian E. and Dole, John M. and Dunning, Rebecca}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={338–359} }
 @article{loyola_dole_dunning_2019, title={South and Central America Cut Flower Production and Postharvest Survey}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTTECH04484-19}, abstractNote={Imports of cut flowers into the United States have doubled in the last 20 years and come mainly from Colombia and Ecuador. We surveyed the cut flower industry in South and Central America, focusing on Colombia and Ecuador, to determine their production and postharvest problems. We received a total of 51 responses, of which 62% of the respondents had 100 or more employees. The most commonly grown or handled crops were rose (Rosa hybrids), carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×grandiflorum), alstroemeria (Alstroemeria cultivars), gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii), and hydrangea (Hydrangea species), in order of ranking. The most significant production problem was insect management, with disease management and crop timing the next most important issues. The most important species-specific issues in production were phytosanitary problems, disease (causal organism not specified), leaf miner (Lepidoptera, Symphyta, or Diptera), and thrips (Thysanoptera). The main overall postharvest problem was temperature management, followed by hydration and flower food management and botrytis (Botrytis cinerea). In regard to on-farm postharvest handling, damage to the flowers was the most mentioned issue. For the postharvest during storage and transport phase, temperature management, air transport, damage, and botrytis were the most important problems. The most mentioned customer complaints were damage, botrytis, and phytosanitary problems. The results of this survey can be used by researchers to focus their work on topics of most need. Improved production and postharvest handling will support the continued growth of the cut flower industry.}, number={6}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, publisher={American Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Loyola, Cristian E. and Dole, John M. and Dunning, Rebecca}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={898–905} }
 @article{ahmad_abbas_asif_dole_shafique_qasim_2018, title={Optimal storage protocols for cut Narcissus tazetta and Polianthes tuberosa stems}, volume={229}, ISSN={0304-4238}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.SCIENTA.2017.10.022}, DOI={10.1016/J.SCIENTA.2017.10.022}, abstractNote={Narcissus (Narcissus tazetta L.) and tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) are commercially important cut flowers being grown in various countries, but their postharvest handling procedures need to be optimized to preserve quality and extend vase life. Effect of storage method (wet vs. dry) and durations were compared to improve the postharvest performance of cut narcissus and tuberose stems. Increasing storage duration reduced vase life, but more rapidly for stems stored dry compared to wet storage for both tested species. Narcissus stems last 1.4 d longer when stored in buckets containing water, while tuberose spikes lasted 1.2 d longer than dry-stored stems. Moreover, as storage duration increased from 0 to 6 d for narcissus and to 12 d for tuberose vase life gradually decreased. Narcissus stems stored up to 2 days at 3 ± 1 °C had a similar vase life to unstored stems, while storage duration of 4 or 6 days reduced vase life by 1.2 or 1.5 d, respectively. For tuberose, vase life decreased by 0.7 days when stored for 3 days to 2.1 d when stems were stored for 12 d. Water uptake also gradually decreased with increase in storage duration. In summary, storage in water may be used for short durations for holding cut stems of narcissus and tuberose.}, journal={Scientia Horticulturae}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Abbas, Syed Mubariz and Asif, Muhammad and Dole, John M. and Shafique, Muhammad Umair and Qasim, Muhammad}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={40–44} }
 @article{bergmann_dole_mccall_2018, title={Postharvest Performance of Poinsettia Plants Exposed to Low Light Levels, Low Temperatures, and Low Substrate Moisture}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTTECH04106-18}, abstractNote={Responses of 14 to 20 poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) cultivars were assessed following exposure to environmental stressors common in the crop’s postproduction supply chain and consumer environment: low light levels, low temperatures, and low substrate moisture. As indicated by number of days to unacceptable appearance, 14 cultivars tolerated three low light levels (10, 20, and 40 µmol·m–2·s–1) well, with all individuals of six of the cultivars exhibiting an acceptable appearance at 7 weeks when the experiment ended. An experiment with 20 cultivars showed them to be surprisingly tolerant of low temperatures for a short duration, with no differences found when averaging across cultivars among plants exposed to 2, 5, or 20 °C for 2 days. However, all cultivars exposed to 5 °C for 10 days performed poorly. Cultivars differed markedly in response to low substrate moisture, with frequency of unacceptable plants before 4 weeks across all treatments ranging from 0% to 87% among the 14 cultivars tested. Across 17 cultivars, acceptable plant appearance was extended from 23 days for plants that were never irrigated after 10 d in sleeves to 32 days for plants that received a single irrigation at unsleeving and not thereafter. The low temperatures and low substrate moisture experiments were conducted in 2 years, and years differed significantly for nearly all dependent variables assessed. The significant interaction between year and cultivar for all observed variables in those two experiments indicates the importance of conducting experiments such as these over 2 years or more. Potted plants of many of the poinsettia cultivars tested proved to be highly tolerant in terms of low light levels, low temperatures, and low substrate moisture. Three cultivars appeared to be most tolerant in two of the three experiments: Prestige Red (low light levels and low temperatures), Titan Red (low temperatures and low substrate moisture), and Whitestar (low light levels and low substrate moisture). Three cultivars were most tolerant to all three sources of postproduction plant stress: Christmas Day Red, Early Mars Red, and Titan White.}, number={5}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Bergmann, Ben A. and Dole, John M. and McCall, Ingram}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={584–595} }
 @article{jahnke_dole_shew_2018, title={Prolonged Shipping and Fluctuating Temperatures Promote Gray Mold Development and Leaf Yellowing on Geranium Liners}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTTECH04149-18}, abstractNote={Postharvest environments during storage and shipping are often conducive to plant stress and disease development. Liners of four cultivars of geraniums (Pelargonium ×hortorum) were evaluated every 2 days for their susceptibility to gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) and leaf yellowing over an 8-day simulated shipping period at either constant air temperature of 15 °C or variable air temperatures cycling every 24 hours between 10 and 30 °C. The latter treatment was created using air temperature logs of commercial liner shipments sent to five locations during Spring 2016 and Fall 2016. We sprayed a spore suspension of 2 × 104 or 2 × 106 to inoculate liners before they were subjected to the two temperature treatments. Disease ratings did not reach significant levels for the dry control until day 6 of storage. Regardless of the spore concentration, ratings were similar for inoculated cuttings. Independent of the storage temperature and spore concentration, liners developed minor lesions by day 2 of storage. Cultivars varied slightly in disease ratings, with Tango Dark Red being the most susceptible, followed by Patriot Bright Red, Patriot Rose Pink, and Americana Red. During the 8-day incubation period, ‘Patriot Rose Pink’ developed the most leaf yellowing compared with the other three cultivars. Liners that experienced variable air temperatures had marginal leaf yellowing by day 2, and this yellowing increased throughout the experiment. Liners placed at 15 °C had ≈50% less leaf yellowing compared with liners exposed to variable air temperatures until day 8, when leaf yellowing was similar between the two air temperature treatments. Disease caused by B. cinerea was avoided when simulated shipping was 2 days or fewer, and a stable air temperature of 15 °C reduced leaf yellowing on geranium liners compared with variable air temperatures.}, number={6}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Jahnke, Nathan J. and Dole, John M. and Shew, H. David}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={711–718} }
 @article{franca_dole_carlson_finger_2017, title={Effect of postharvest handling procedures on cut Capsicum stems}, volume={220}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2017.04.010}, abstractNote={‘Rio Light Orange’ and ‘Cappa Round Red’ ornamental peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are attractive cultivars used as cut stems, but postharvest handling protocols need to be optimized. ‘Rio Light Orange’ stems harvested when most of the fruits were pale orange had the longest vase life, while harvest stage had no effect on vase life of ‘Cappa Round Red’. Stems of both cultivars showed less incidence of wilted foliage during postharvest when stored in water. Cold storage was tolerated for up to 1 week for ‘Rio Light Orange’ and for up to 2 weeks for ‘Cappa Round Red’ for stems kept in water. These cultivars do not appear to be sensitive to ethylene and anti-ethylene agents had a minimal effect on postharvest characteristics of cut stems. Of nine Capsicum cultivars tested, the use of a holding solution had a positive effect on the vase life of ‘Black Pearl’, ‘Rooster’ and ‘Stromboli’ ornamental peppers and increased the number of days foliage remained acceptable for eight of the cultivars. However, use of a commercial hydrator either reduced (one cultivars) or had no effect (eight cultivars) on vase life. Vase life and quality of ‘Rio Light Orange’ and ‘Cappa Round Red’ ornamental peppers stems can be extended by following appropriate postharvest handling procedures and the use of a holding solution can have a beneficial effect on vase life and foliage quality of many additional cultivars of peppers tested in this study.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Franca, Christiane de F. M. and Dole, John M. and Carlson, Alicain S. and Finger, Fernando L.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={310–316} }
 @article{bergmann_dole_fisher_njue_mccall_2017, title={Gibberellic acid promotes flower stem elongation in 'Renaissance Red' poinsettia}, volume={97}, number={1}, journal={Canadian Journal of Plant Science}, author={Bergmann, B. A. and Dole, J. M. and Fisher, P. and Njue, G. and McCall, I.}, year={2017}, pages={14–16} }
 @article{ahmad_jabeen_ziaf_dole_khan_bakhtavar_2017, title={Macronutrient application affects morphological, physiological, and seed yield attributes of Calendula officinalis L.}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1918-1833"]}, DOI={10.1139/cjps-2016-0301}, abstractNote={Abstract: Effects of N, P, and K applications alone or in various combinations and ratios were studied on the morphological, physiological, and seed yield attributes and on seed production of calendula. Treatment combinations were control (no N–P–K application), 150 kg ha-1 N, 80 kg ha-1 P, 150 kg ha-1 K, N–P, N–K, P–K, and N–P–K, while in a second experiment, different ratios of N–P–K were compared to determine the best combination and ratio of tested nutrients for optimal growth, quality, yield, and seed production. Plants supplied with N–P–K had vigorous growth, had higher total leaf chlorophyll content, and flowered earlier with greater flower fresh and dry weights, along with improved photosynthetic performance. Plant biomass and seed yield along with leaf N and K were also higher in plants fertilized with N–P–K. In the second experiment, the application of 200–100–100 kg ha-1 N–P–K resulted in maximum growth, flowering, and seed yield, along with higher photosynthetic activity. Increased leaf area and improved leaf nutrient status were observed at 150–150–150 kg ha-1 N–P–K, while 200–200–200 kg ha-1 N–P–K increased stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, leaf P, and flower weights. Results demonstrated that a higher level of N along with lower level of P and K are vital for quality calendula flower and seed production.}, number={5}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE}, author={Ahmad, I. and Jabeen, N. and Ziaf, K. and Dole, J. M. and Khan, M. A. S. and Bakhtavar, M. A.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={906–916} }
 @article{samarakoon_faust_dole_2017, title={Quantifying the Effects of Foliar-applied Calcium Chloride and Its Contribution to Postharvest Durability of Unrooted Cuttings}, volume={52}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci11820-17}, abstractNote={Vegetatively propagated unrooted cuttings are typically imported to the United States from Central America. Death or damage of cuttings during shipping and propagation can be reduced if cuttings can be made more resistant to external forces, such as physical damage or pathogen infection. However, strategies to develop durable cuttings via treating stock plants have not been previously quantified in controlled studies. During the current study, mechanical strength of leaves and resistance to infection by Botrytis cinerea were evaluated after weekly applications of calcium chloride (CaCl2) as a foliar spray to stock plants that delivered calcium (Ca) at the concentrations of 0, 400, or 800 mg·L−1. A texture analyzer quantified the peak force required to fracture the leaf and the work of penetration,or area under the force–displacement curve, and these measurements were indicators of mechanical strength. For poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) cuttings at the time of harvest from the stock plant, work of penetration increased by 10% with the application of 800 mg·L−1 Ca compared with the control, whereas peak force by 9%. For zonal geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum Bailey), work of penetration increased 15% with the application of 800 mg·L−1 Ca compared with the control. Calcium concentration in the leaves increased from 1.2% to 2.0% in geranium and from 1.0% to 1.6% in poinsettia with increasing application from 0 to 800 mg·L−1 Ca. In poinsettia, disease incidence in response to inoculation with B. cinerea spores was 55% and 15% less with CaCl2 applications compared with controls with water and surfactant, respectively, whereas CaCl2 application to geranium did not affect disease incidence.}, number={12}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Samarakoon, Uttara C. and Faust, James E. and Dole, John M.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={1790–1795} }
 @article{leatherwood_dole_bergmann_faust_2016, title={1-Methylcyclopropene Improves Ethylene Tolerance of Unrooted Herbaceous Cuttings but Delays Adventitious Root Development in Angelonia, Calibrachoa, Impatiens, Portulaca, Sutera, and Verbena Cultivars}, volume={51}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/HORTSCI.51.2.164}, abstractNote={Knowing which herbaceous taxa are ethylene sensitive and managing exposure of unrooted terminal stem cuttings to ethylene in those taxa are critical for maintaining high-quality propagules that root readily. Of 59 taxa surveyed, freshly harvested terminal cuttings of Begonia hybrid ‘Snowcap’, Lantana camara L. ‘Patriot Sunbeam’, and Portulaca oleracea L. ‘Fairytales Sleeping Beauty’ were sensitive to exogenous application of 1 μL·L−1 ethylene, as demonstrated by leaf abscission within 24 hours of treatment. Exposure to 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at 700 μL·L−1 for 4 hours before ethylene treatment prevented ethylene injury in these species/cultivars. Exposing unrooted cuttings to 700 μL·L−1 1-MCP induced significant endogenous ethylene biosynthesis in terminal cuttings of the five taxa tested: Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch ‘Visions of Grandeur’, Impatiens hawkeri W. Bull ‘Sonic Red’, Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L’Hérit. ‘Mandarin’, Pelargonium ×hortorum Bailey (pro sp.) [inquinans × zonale] ‘Rocky Mountain White’, and Petunia ×hybrida Vilm. ‘Suncatcher Coral Prism’. Exogenous 1 μL·L−1 ethylene improved adventitious rooting in two cultivars: Begonia hybrid Anita Louise and Fuchsia triphylla L. Honeysuckle. Other trials showed that 1-MCP exposure reduced root number and length of P. ×hortorum ‘Kardino’ and delayed adventitious rooting in all six cultivars tested: Angelonia angustifolia Benth. ‘Carita Lavender’, Calibrachoa ×hybrida Llave & Lex. ‘Terra Cotta’, I. hawkeri ‘Sonic Red’, P. oleracea ‘Fairytales Sleeping Beauty’, Sutera cordata Kuntze ‘Abunda Blue Improved’, and Verbena ×hybrida Groenl. & Ruempl. ‘Aztec Wild Rose’. Subsequent exposure to 1 μL·L−1 ethylene partially mitigated the negative effects on rooting from exposing cuttings to 1-MCP.}, number={2}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Leatherwood, W. Roland and Dole, John M. and Bergmann, Ben A. and Faust, James E.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={164–170} }
 @article{ahmad_saleem_dole_matthysse_2016, title={BIO-CONTROL ACTIVITY OF BACTERIAL STRAINS ON POSTHARVEST PERFORMANCE OF Gladiolus L. HYBRIDS 'MAMMOTH'}, volume={53}, ISSN={["2076-0906"]}, DOI={10.21162/pakjas/16.3769}, abstractNote={Gladiolus (Gladiolus L. hybrids), one of the most popular bulbous cut flowers of the world, has the problem of shorter vase life due to vascular occlusion by bacteria. Stem blockage in cut flowers is generally caused by bacterial proliferation along with their decay products (Teixeira-da-Silva, 2003). Bio-control through bacteria represent a potential alternative management approach (Jetiyanon and Kloepper, 2002) and may help in developing an organic method for effectively controlling detrimental microbes in the vase solutions (Carlson et al., 2015). The bio-control agents are used for biological management of pests to control a specific microbe (Shanmugam et al., 2011; Sajjad et al., 2014). Among bacterial antagonists, Pseudomonas fluorescens is most effective against a wide range of plant pathogens infecting different plants such as carnation, bean, radish, cucumber, tomato, and tobacco (van Loon et al., 1998), while P. fulva has extended vase life of cut zinnia stems (Carlson et al., 2015). Moreover, Burkholderia cepacia and Bacillus spp. (spore forming Gram-positive bacteria) have effectively been used to control plant diseases (Kloepper et al., 2004). Use of compatible and multiple bio-control agents in various groups also helps to control plant diseases, such as combinations of bacteria (Raupach and Kloepper, 1998; Shanmugam et al., 2002), fungi (Paulitz et al., 1990), bacteria and fungi (Duffy et al., 1996), yeasts (Janisiewicz, 1996), and bacteria and yeast (Janisiewicz and Bors, 1995). An experiment was conducted to compare different beneficial bacterial strains for their efficacy to control detrimental bacteria in vase solutions with gladiolus stems. There is dire need to develop organic preservatives for keeping flower organic grown without chemicals until end of vase life. However, there are currently no effective organic preservatives available in the market and those available are not effective (Ahmad et al., 2014). Organic carbohydrate source and acidifier are available but organic biocides are not available. Therefore, this study was conducted to elucidate the effect of bio-control bacterial strains, some of which have been proved effective for various agronomic crops, in controlling detrimental bacteria in vase solutions and effect on the postharvest water relations and quality characteristics of cut gladiolus. Moreover, the findings of the study would help develop an organic floral preservative to be used for handling organically grown cut flowers. Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 53(3), 593-598; 2016 ISSN (Print) 0552-9034, ISSN (Online) 2076-0906 DOI:10.21162/PAKJAS/16.3769 http://www.pakjas.com.pk}, number={3}, journal={PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Saleem, Muhammad and Dole, John M. and Matthysse, Ann G.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={593–598} }
 @article{bergmann_dole_mccall_2016, title={Gibberellic acid shows promise for promoting flower stem length in four field-grown cut flowers}, volume={26}, number={3}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Bergmann, B. A. and Dole, J. M. and McCall, I.}, year={2016}, pages={287–292} }
 @article{meyer_needham_dole_trader_fox_conley_neff_shaw_2016, title={Importance of horticulture and perception as a career}, volume={26}, number={2}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Meyer, M. H. and Needham, D. and Dole, J. and Trader, B. and Fox, J. and Conley, M. and Neff, M. and Shaw, J.}, year={2016}, pages={114–120} }
 @article{crawford_dole_bergmann_2016, title={Influences of Season and Cutting Week within a Propagation Cycle on Rooting of 'Stained Glass' Coleus Shoot Tip Cuttings Are Not Overcome by Rooting Compound Treatment}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech03464-16}, abstractNote={Influence of season of the year, cutting week within a propagation cycle (number of weeks from which a stock plant has been harvested), stock plant age, and rooting compound on postpropagation cutting quality, and adventitious rooting was examined for ‘Stained Glass’ coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides). Cuttings were of higher quality and produced more robust root systems when a propagation cycle started in summer vs. fall or spring even when cuttings were harvested from stock plants of the same age. Cutting week within a propagation cycle significantly influenced postpropagation cutting quality and rooting when cuttings were harvested over many weeks from the same stock plants and when cuttings were harvested for three propagation events using stock plants of different ages. When cuttings were harvested on the same days from stock plants of three distinct ages, cuttings harvested in the first week were larger with greater root weights but had more yellowed leaves and lower quality ratings compared with the two subsequent cutting weeks, but stock plant age had no effect on any observed parameter. Treatment with rooting compound did not overcome the significant influences of season and cutting week within a propagation cycle whether rooting was carried out in a greenhouse or growth chamber. Shoot and root fresh and dry weights were positively correlated with both daylength and midday instantaneous light of the stock plant environment.}, number={5}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Crawford, Brigitte D. and Dole, John M. and Bergmann, Ben A.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={620–627} }
 @article{ahmad_saleem_dole_2016, title={Postharvest performance of cut 'White Prosperity' gladiolus spikes in response to nano- and other silver sources}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1918-1833"]}, DOI={10.1139/cjps-2015-0281}, abstractNote={ A study was conducted to compare the efficacy of nano-silver (NS), silver thiosulfate (STS), and silver nitrate as novel postharvest treatments, and evaluate the potential of nano-silver pulse (higher concentration) or vase (lower concentration) applications on postharvest performance of cut gladiolus (Gladiolus hybrids ‘White Prosperity’) spikes. Among silver compounds, spikes kept in silver nitrate had longest vase life. Spikes placed in STS at 10 or 20 mg L−1 had longer vase life than stems placed in NS, but similar to the stems placed in water. For NS pulse applications, spikes pulsed with 50 mg L−1 NS for 1 h at 20 ± 2 °C had 2.2 d longer vase life compared to the spikes in water. Pulsing of spikes for 1 h extended the vase life of cut gladiolus compared with 4 or 8 h pulsing durations. Spikes kept continuously in NS until end of vase life resulted in 4.2 d longer vase life at a lower concentration of 0.01 mg L−1. With increasing NS concentration to 10 mg L−1, vase life decreased to similar vase life as with tap water. The results demonstrated that NS at a 50 mg L−1 pulse for 1 h or 0.01 mg L−1 vase application can be used for extending vase life of cut gladiolus spikes. }, number={3}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Saleem, Muhammad and Dole, John M.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={511–516} }
 @article{carlson_dole_matthysse_hoffmann_kornegay_2015, title={Bacteria species and solution pH effect postharvest quality of cut Zinnia elegans}, volume={194}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2015.07.044}, abstractNote={Bacterial growth in vase solutions can lead to stem vasculature blockage causing petal and leaf wilt, bent neck, or similar symptoms related to water stress that reduce vase life. In these studies we isolated, identified, and evaluated the effects of several bacteria species on the vase life of cut Zinnia elegans L. ‘Benary’s Giant Wine’. Nine bacterial species were isolated during postharvest testing of cut zinnia stems: Pseudomonas fulva, Serratia ficaria, Rhizobium radiobacter, Chryseobacterium sp., Pantoea ananatis, Bacillus pumilus, Chryseobacterium daejeonense, Brevundimonas sp., and Pseudomonas marginalis and pure cultures of each species were added to the vase solution of cut zinnia stems. Escherichia coli K12, a lab adapted strain, was also included. Cut flowers inoculated with P. fulva and E. coli K12 had significantly greater vase lives of 9.5 and 9.4 d, respectively, compared to P. marginalis, P. ananatis, R. radiobacter, or the nutrient broth control (7.0, 6.9, 6.8, or 7.3 d, respectively). The vase lives of the other bacteria treatments were not statistically different from the deionized (DI) water control (8.6 d). There were no significant differences in water uptake or vase water bacteria concentrations at termination among all treatments. In further studies, sterilized and non-sterilized stems of Zinnia were used to investigate the effects of solution pH and the addition of P. marginalis and E. coli K12 on number of days to drought stress (DTDS), stem hydraulic conductivity, and bacteria concentrations inside and outside the stem. The non-sterilized stems in control solution with E. coli K12 and non-sterilized stems in preservative solution with no bacteria had the most DTDS of 8.0 d. The sterilized stems in the control solution (deionized water) with E. coli K12 and sterilized stems in basic solution with no bacteria had the least DTDS of 5.5 d and 5.8 d, respectively. The concentrations of bacteria inside and outside the stems were lowest for stems in the preservative solutions. Of the stems that were sterilized, partial percent loss of conductivity (PPLC) was significantly lower in the acidic solutions (64%) compared to the preservative (87%) and control (83%). This research shows that for Zinnia the bacteria species that has a primary effect on vase life, not necessarily the concentration of bacteria in the vase solution.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Carlson, Alicain S. and Dole, John M. and Matthysse, Ann G. and Hoffmann, William A. and Kornegay, Julia L.}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={71–78} }
 @article{carlson_dole_2015, title={Determining Optimal Bulb Storage and Production Methods for Successful Forcing of Cut Pineapple Lily}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.25.5.608}, abstractNote={Pineapple lily (Eucomis hybrids) has long, striking inflorescences that work well as a cut flower, but information is needed on proper production methods and postharvest handling protocols. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of bulb storage temperature and duration, production environment, planting density, and forcing temperatures on cut flower production of ‘Coral’, ‘Cream’, ‘Lavender’, and ‘Sparkling Burgundy’ pineapple lily. Stem length was greater in the greenhouse than the field and at the low planting density. Plants in the field at the low planting density had the shortest stem length for ‘Coral’ and ‘Cream’, but still produced marketable lengths of at least 30 cm. Planting density did not affect ‘Lavender’ and ‘Sparkling Burgundy’ stem length or number of marketable stems. The productivity (number of marketable stems per bulb) was affected only by planting density for ‘Coral’ and planting environment for ‘Cream’. Differences in stem quality and productivity differed for each cultivar and planting density over the next two seasons. The productivity of ‘Coral’ increased significantly from year to year, while the productivity of ‘Cream’ only significantly increased between the first and second years. The low planting density resulted in slightly more stems per bulb for ‘Coral’ over the next two seasons. Emergence after bulb storage treatments was highest in treatments where the bulbs were not lifted from the substrate and were subsequently grown at 18 °C. Bulbs grown in the warmest (18 °C) production temperature flowered soonest and had shorter stem lengths. For earliest flowering, bulbs should be stored in substrate in cool temperatures of at least 13 °C and forced at warm temperatures of at least 18 °C.}, number={5}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Carlson, Alicain S. and Dole, John M.}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={608–616} }
 @article{greer_dole_blankenship_2015, title={Extending the Postharvest Life of Woody Cut Stems}, volume={1060}, ISSN={["2406-6168"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2015.1060.10}, abstractNote={The postharvest life under various handling procedures was determined for nine species of woody cut stems: Buddleja davidii Franch. ‘Royal Red’, Buxus sempervirens L., Hydrangea quercifolia W. Bartram, Ilex crenata Thunb., Ilex L. ‘Nellie R. Stevens’, Ligustrum sinense Lour., Myrica cerifera (L.) Small, Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem., and Viburnum tinus L. ‘Spring Bouquet’. 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and 50°C distilled (DI) water produced the longest vase life for Buddleja, 6.6 and 6.4 d, respectively, compared to the control of 5.6 d. The 10% sucrose pulse and 1-MCP produced the longest vase life for Viburnum of 15.0 and 13.5 d, respectively, compared to the control of 10.0 d, while vase life of stems placed in 50°C DI and tap water was shorter. Ambient (20°C) DI water was optimal for Myrica (9.9 weeks), while stems pulsed with 10% sucrose had the shortest vase life of 2.2 weeks. Optimum storage (5°C), light level and duration by species were: Buddleja – dark in water for up to 1 week; Buxus – light in water for up to 3 weeks; Hydrangea – cannot be stored; Ilex crenata – light or dark in water for up to 3 weeks; Ilex ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ – light in water for up to 3 weeks; Ligustrum – dark in water for up to 3 weeks; Myrica – either light or dark in water for up to 3 weeks; Pyracantha – any condition for up to 3 weeks and Viburnum – either light or dark in water for up to 1 week. The use of floral foam adversely affected vase life of all species except Buxus. Myrica vase life was longest with 0% sucrose in the vase solution, while Ligustrum, Ilex ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ and Viburnum vase life was longest with either 2 or 4% sucrose. Sucrose in the vase solution had no effect on Buddleja, Buxus, Hydrangea, Ilex crenata or Pyracantha vase life.}, journal={X INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS}, author={Greer, L. and Dole, J. M. and Blankenship, S. M.}, year={2015}, pages={81–88} }
 @article{ahmad_whipker_dole_2015, title={Flurprimidol preplant corm soaks or drenches affect potted gladiolus production}, volume={1104}, ISSN={["2406-6168"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2015.1104.16}, journal={XXIX INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL CONGRESS ON HORTICULTURE: SUSTAINING LIVES, LIVELIHOODS AND LANDSCAPES (IHC2014): INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE IN THE GLOBAL GREENHOUSE}, author={Ahmad, I. and Whipker, B. E. and Dole, J. M.}, year={2015}, pages={103–108} }
 @article{ahmad_dole_2015, title={Optimal postharvest handling protocols for cut stems of 'Sovereign' African marigold (Tagetes erecta)}, volume={1104}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2015.1104.46}, journal={XXIX INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL CONGRESS ON HORTICULTURE: SUSTAINING LIVES, LIVELIHOODS AND LANDSCAPES (IHC2014): INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE IN THE GLOBAL GREENHOUSE}, author={Ahmad, I. and Dole, J. M.}, year={2015}, pages={303–310} }
 @article{ahmad_whipker_dole_2015, title={Paclobutrazol or Ancymidol Effects on Postharvest Performance of Potted Ornamental Plants and Plugs}, volume={50}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.50.9.1370}, abstractNote={Effects of paclobutrazol and ancymidol on postharvest performance and growth control of potted sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) and marigold (Tagetes erecta L.), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida Vilm.) plugs, respectively, were studied. Paclobutrazol was applied as a drench at 0, 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 mg of a.i. per 15.2-cm pot for sunflower and 0, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg per 12.5-cm pot for zinnia, while ancymidol was applied at 0, 40, 80, and 160 mg·L−1 with a volume of 0.21 L·m−2 as a foliar spray for marigolds or petunia plug crops. With an increase in paclobutrazol dose or ancymidol concentration, plant growth (plant height and diameter, shoot fresh or dry weight) was controlled for all species tested. Use of 1.0–2.0 mg paclobutrazol per pot produced 21% to 28% shorter plants with 12% to 15% smaller plant diameter, 13% to 19% less shoot fresh weight, 15% to 21% less dry weight, and darker green foliage color for potted sunflower than nontreated plants. Treatment with 1.0–4.0 mg paclobutrazol per pot delayed first wilting by 0.7–1.4 days compared with nontreated plants. For zinnia, 0.5–1.0 mg paclobutrazol controlled plant growth, produced dark green foliage, and extended shelf life by delaying first wilting by 2.6–3.9 days and second wilting by 1.4–2.0 days than nontreated plants. For marigold and petunia plugs, 40–80 mg·L−1 ancymidol provided ample growth control with darker green foliage; however, postharvest longevity was extended only when plugs were sprayed with 160 mg·L−1 ancymidol. During simulated storage and shipping, plant growth retardants maintained darker green foliage for potted sunflower, zinnia, and marigold plugs and prevented postharvest stem elongation of petunia plugs. In summary, use of plant growth retardants effectively controlled excessive plant growth and extended shelf life of potted plants and plugs.}, number={9}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Whipker, Brian E. and Dole, John M.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={1370–1374} }
 @article{ahmad_dole_whipker_2015, title={Paclobutrazol or uniconazole effects on ethylene sensitivity of potted ornamental plants and plugs}, volume={192}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2015.04.032}, abstractNote={Effects of paclobutrazol on postharvest ethylene sensitivity of potted cuphea (Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth) and petunia (Petunia × hybrida Vilm.) plants, and uniconazole on portulaca (Portulaca oleracea L.) plugs were evaluated. Paclobutrazol was applied as a drench at 0, 1, 2, or 4 mg L−1 per 12.5 cm pot for cuphea, or 0, 2, 4, or 8 mg L−1 per 15.2 cm pot for petunia, while uniconazole was applied at 0, 2.0, 4.0, or 8.0 mg L−1 with a volume of 0.21 L m−2 as a foliar spray for portulaca plugs. With an increase in paclobutrazol dose or uniconazole concentration, plant growth [plant height and diameter (potted plants only), shoot fresh weight, or dry weight] was controlled for all species tested. While use of paclobutrazol or uniconazole controlled excessive plant growth of all three species, the plant growth retardants had no effect on postharvest ethylene sensitivity as most flowers abscised from all plants exposed to exogenous ethylene. However, both paclobutrazol and uniconazole reduced postharvest flower abscission of plants not treated with exogenous ethylene. During simulated shipping and marketing, paclobutrazol and uniconazole maintained darker foliage and controlled height. Drench applications of 2–4 mg L−1 paclobutrazol for cuphea and 4–8 mg L−1 for petunia potted plants and spray applications of 4–8 mg L−1 uniconazole for portulaca plugs produced compact, high quality plants while also extending postharvest longevity and quality.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John M. and Whipker, Brian E.}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={350–356} }
 @inproceedings{dole_2015, title={Photoperiod responses of ten specialty cut flowers}, volume={1097}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2015.1097.19}, booktitle={Viii international symposium on new ornamental crops and xii international protea research symposium}, author={Dole, J. M.}, year={2015}, pages={163–168} }
 @article{carlson_dole_whipker_2015, title={Plant Growth Regulator Drenches Suppress Foliage and Inflorescence Height of 'Leia' Pineapple Lily}, volume={25}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.25.1.105}, abstractNote={Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are used to control excessive plant growth in potted crops to improve quality and compactness for shipping and display. Pineapple lily (Eucomis sp.), a recent introduction to the potted crop market, can have excessive foliage growth and inflorescence height making the use of PGRs desirable. Bulbs of ‘Leia’ pineapple lily were forced in the greenhouse and drenched at leaf whorl emergence with three PGRs at five different concentrations: 1) flurprimidol (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg per 6.5-inch pot), 2) uniconazole (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/pot), or 3) paclobutrazol (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/pot) and an untreated control. As concentration increased, days to anthesis increased and foliage height decreased for each PGR. Paclobutrazol (4.0 and 8.0 mg/pot), uniconazole (4.0 mg/pot), and flurprimidol (2.0 and 4.0 mg/pot) treatments resulted in excessive stunting with none of the plants being marketable. Flurprimidol had the greatest influence on plant growth among all the PGRs. Acceptable concentrations for each PGR are paclobutrazol at 0.5 to 2.0 mg/pot, uniconazole at 0.25 to 2.0 mg/pot, and flurprimidol at 0.5 to 1.0 mg/pot based on percentage of marketable plants and foliage and inflorescence height suppression without excessively increasing the number of days to anthesis.}, number={1}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Carlson, Alicain S. and Dole, John M. and Whipker, Brian E.}, year={2015}, month={Feb}, pages={105–109} }
 @article{ahmad_rafiq_dole_2015, title={Postharvest Screening of Selected Potential Herbaceous and Woody Ornamentals of Pakistan}, volume={1097}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2015.1097.24}, abstractNote={Pakistan has a huge diversity of ornamentals being grown in various regions, but the local cut flower industry is dominated by roses, gladioli, marigolds and tuberoses only. Several herbaceous and woody ornamentals were screened for their suitability to be used as specialty cut flowers. Nine ornamental species were selected that had elegant flowers and sturdy stems. Stems were harvested at optimal marketing stage in the mornings, placed in buckets containing tap water and transported to postharvest laboratory within 2-4 h of harvest. At arrival, stems were recut to uniform stem length depending on species, labeled and placed in respective preservative solutions. Preservative treatments included distilled water (DD, control), pulsing with 5% sucrose supplemented with 100 mg L-1 AgNO3 for 24 h followed by shifting into DD water, or 2% sucrose solution supplemented with 100 mg L-1 AgNO3 until termination. Cut stems of Jatropha integerrima had longest vase life when placed continuously in 2% sucrose solution until termination, while Nerium oleander, Tecoma stans, Callistemon lanceolatus, and Sambucus ebulus had a longer vase life when pulsed with 5% sucrose solution for 24 h followed by placement in DD water until termination. Stems of Alpinia zerumbet, Hippeastrum hybrids, Cassia alata, and Justicia brandegeana had longer vase life in DD water and sucrose treatments either had no or negative effect on their postharvest longevity. All the tested species had acceptable vase life of 4 to 10 d with good quality flowers and sturdy stems and can be used by the local industry for diversification and to provide more choices to the customers.}, journal={VIII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NEW ORNAMENTAL CROPS AND XII INTERNATIONAL PROTEA RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM}, author={Ahmad, I. and Rafiq, M. B. and Dole, J. M.}, year={2015}, pages={199–204} }
 @inproceedings{ahmad_dole_clark_funnell_2015, title={Pre- and postharvest studies on Sandersonia x gloriosa 'Firelight' (SG84)}, volume={1104}, booktitle={Xxix international horticultural congress on horticulture: sustaining lives, livelihoods and landscapes (ihc2014): international symposium on ornamental horticulture in the global greenhouse}, author={Ahmad, I. and Dole, J. M. and Clark, G. E. and Funnell, K. A.}, year={2015}, pages={295–301} }
 @article{clark_dole_2015, title={Storage Temperature and Duration Affect Cut Rosa 'Freedom', 'Charlotte' and 'Classy' Vase Life}, volume={1060}, ISSN={["2406-6168"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2015.1060.8}, journal={X INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS}, author={Clark, E. R. and Dole, J. M.}, year={2015}, pages={63–69} }
 @article{dole_carlson_granitz_mccall_kornegay_2015, title={Vase Life of New Cut Flowers}, volume={1097}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2015.1097.6}, journal={VIII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NEW ORNAMENTAL CROPS AND XII INTERNATIONAL PROTEA RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM}, author={Dole, J. M. and Carlson, A. S. and Granitz, H. M. and McCall, I. F. and Kornegay, J. L.}, year={2015}, pages={55–61} }
 @article{carlson_dole_2014, title={Determining Optimal Production Temperature, Transplant Stage, and Postharvest Protocols for Cut 'Esprit' Penstemon}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.24.1.71}, abstractNote={The effects of production temperature and transplant stage on stem length and caliper of cut stems and postharvest treatments on vase life of ‘Esprit’ penstemon (Penstemon grandiflorus) were examined. Plugs transplanted with eight to nine sets of true leaves had a longer stem length (64.3 cm) at harvest than those transplanted with two to three sets (57.7 cm) or five to six sets (60.8 cm). Time to flowering from transplant shortened as production temperature increased and when transplants had a greater number of true leaves. The addition of 2% or 4% sucrose with 7 ppm isothiazolinone as a vase solution resulted in the longest vase life (9.4 days) of all treatments compared with the control (4.5 days). A holding solution increased vase life to 7.0 days for Floralife holding solution and 5.9 days for Chrysal holding solution from the 4.3 days control, although hydrating solutions and preservative brand had no effect. The use of floral foam or antiethylene agents, ethylene exposure, or sucrose pulses also had no effect on vase life. Extended cold storage lengths either wet or dry for 2 or 3 weeks caused vase life to decrease to 2.0 days when compared with 5.6 days for the unstored control and 7.6 days for 1 week storage. ‘Esprit’ penstemon may be suitable for greenhouse production and has acceptable potential as a locally grown specialty cut flower.}, number={1}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Carlson, Alicain S. and Dole, John M.}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={71–75} }
 @article{ahmad_dole_blazich_2014, title={Effects of Daily Harvest Time on Postharvest Longevity, Water Relations, and Carbohydrate Status of Selected Specialty Cut Flowers}, volume={49}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.49.3.297}, abstractNote={Effects of harvest time (morning, noon, or afternoon) on water uptake, fresh weight changes, termination symptoms, leaf relative water content (LRWC), carbohydrate status, and vase life of cut ‘ABC Purple’ lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum Salisb.), ‘Double Eagle’ African Gold Coin Series marigold (Tagetes erecta L.), and ‘Deep Red’ Benary’s Giant Series zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) were studied. For stems of lisianthus harvested and then stored in the dark with the basal ends in water for 2 weeks at 3 ± 1 °C, those harvested at noon (1200 hr to 1300 hr) or in the afternoon (1700 hr to 1800 hr) had longer vase life compared with stems harvested in the morning (0700 hr to 0800 hr). However, stems of lisianthus evaluated without storage had no differences in vase life. Stems of marigold harvested in the afternoon had longer vase life than morning- or noon-harvested stems. Time of harvest had no effect on cut flower longevity of zinnia. However, vase life was considerably shorter for stems of all species when tested after 2 weeks storage compared with freshly harvested stems. Stems of zinnia harvested at noon had lower LRWC than morning- or afternoon-harvested stems. Marigold stems harvested in the afternoon and evaluated without storage had lowest LRWC on Day 7 of vase life. Harvest time or storage did not influence LRWC of lisianthus. Stems of marigold and lisianthus harvested at noon or in the afternoon had higher levels of carbohydrates compared with morning-harvested stems, whereas freshly harvested stems had higher concentrations of glucose and sucrose, which decreased during storage or the vase period. Sucrose concentrations varied more significantly among various tissues than other sugars presumably as a result of translocation during vase life. In summary, carbohydrate status of stems harvested at different times of the day varied greatly and affected postharvest longevity of cut marigold and lisianthus, but not zinnia.}, number={3}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John M. and Blazich, Frank A.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={297–305} }
 @article{ahmad_dole_clark_blazich_2014, title={Floral foam and/or conventional or organic preservatives affect the vase-life and quality of cut rose (Rosa X hybrida L.) stems}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1462-0316"]}, DOI={10.1080/14620316.2014.11513046}, abstractNote={Summary We studied the effects of floral foam (Oasis®), with or without conventional or organic preservatives, to determine the optimum treatment to extend the vase-life of the cut rose (Rosa × hybrida L.) cultivars ‘Freedom’ and ‘Charlotte’. In general, floral foam resulted in similar or reduced vase-lives in cut ‘Freedom’ and ‘Charlotte’ rose, and had no influence on the symptoms of senescence in either cultivar. ‘Freedom’ showed more petal browning and rot, as well as reduced flower bud opening, compared to ‘Charlotte’. Vase solutions containing either of two conventional preservatives resulted in longer vase-lives in the stems of both cultivars than stems in deionised (DI) water. Floral foam saturated with DI water resulted in greater changes in the pH of the vase solution in both cultivars. Among the preservatives tested, conventional products such as Floralife Premium Rose Food or Chrysal Rose Vase (each at 10 ml l–1) extended the vase-life by 5.5 d or 3.9 d, respectively; whereas organic products such as Vita Flora or Vita One Step (each at 0.53 ml l–1) resulted in statistically similar vase-lives (9.3 d or 8.3 d, respectively) as stems in DI water (7.5 d), irrespective of the use of floral foam. These findings suggest that floral foam should not be used during the post-harvest handling of cut rose stems. Moreover, conventional preservatives were more effective than the organic products.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John M. and Clark, Erin M. R. and Blazich, Frank A.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={41–46} }
 @article{blazich_dole_2014, title={Frank A. Blazich Death}, volume={49}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.49.8.1122}, number={8}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Blazich, Frank, Jr. and Dole, John M.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={1122–1122} }
 @article{ahmad_dole_2014, title={Homemade Floral Preservatives Affect Postharvest Performance of Selected Specialty Cut Flowers}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.24.3.384}, abstractNote={Effects of homemade or commercial floral preservatives, applied as 48-hour grower treatment or continuous retailer/consumer application, were studied on cut ‘ABC Blue’ lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum), ‘Maryland Plumblossom’ snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), ‘Mid Cheerful Yellow’ stock (Matthiola incana), and ‘Deep Red’ Benary’s zinnia (Zinnia violacea). Cut stems were placed in solutions containing 500 mL·L−1 lemon/lime soda (soda); 6 mL·L−1 lemon juice plus 20 g·L−1 sugar (lemon juice); 100 mg·L−1 citric acid plus 20 g·L−1 sugar plus 200 mg·L−1 aluminum sulfate (C-AS); 400 mg·L−1 citric acid plus 20 g·L−1 sugar alone (citric acid), or combined with either 0.5 mL·L−1 quaternary ammonium chloride (C-QA), or 0.007 mL·L−1 isothiazolinone (C-IS); 10 mL·L−1 Floralife Clear Professional Flower Food (Floralife); or 10 mL·L−1 Chrysal Clear Professional 2 (Chrysal), dissolved in tap water, which was also used as control without any added compound. Cut stems of lisianthus and stock had longest vase lives (22.1 and 12.7 days, respectively) when placed in C-IS continuously, while snapdragon and zinnia stems had longest vase lives (22.3 and 16.3 days, respectively) when placed in C-QA solution continuously. Continuous use of soda extended vase life of cut lisianthus, snapdragon, and stock stems, but not zinnia, compared with tap water. Citric acid extended the vase life of lisianthus and stock when used continuously and of zinnia when used for 48 hours. Use of C-AS or lemon juice either had no effect or reduced vase life of the tested species, except lemon juice increased zinnia vase life when used as a 48-hour treatment. Stems of lisianthus, stock, and zinnia placed continuously in C-IS, C-QA, or citric acid had high solution uptake. No significant differences were observed for vase life of all tested species with short duration (48 hours) application of solutions, except 48-hour use of citric acid or lemon juice increased zinnia vase life compared with tap water. Overall, continuous vase application of the homemade preservatives resulted in longer vase life extension than 48-hour treatment. Among tested preservative recipes, C-IS, C-QA, soda, or citric acid demonstrated best postharvest performance of tested species. However, recipes containing C-AS or lemon juice had detrimental effects and should not be used for handling cut stems of tested species.}, number={3}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John M.}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={384–393} }
 @article{ahmad_dole_2014, title={Optimal postharvest handling protocols for Celosia argentea var. cristata L. 'Fire Chief' and Antirrhinum majus L. 'Chantilly Yellow'}, volume={172}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2014.04.026}, abstractNote={Celosia (Celosia argentea var. cristata L.) and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) are commercially important specialty cut flowers, but postharvest handling protocols for extending vase life need to be optimized. Stems of ‘Fire Chief’ celosia harvested when the flower heads were <2 cm in diameter had 14.0 days longer vase life than stems harvested with flower heads >5 cm at harvest, while ‘Chantilly Yellow’ snapdragon stems harvested when the lowermost florets started expanding had 3.4 days more vase life than stems harvested with three to five florets opened at harvest. However, visual quality of later-harvested stems of both species was higher than early harvested stems due to showier, larger flower celosia heads and a greater number of total florets of snapdragon spikes opened during the vase period. Harvest procedures, exogenous ethylene, anti-ethylene agents, and commercial hydrators had no effect on longevity of both species except silver thiosulfate, an anti-ethylene agent, increased vase life of snapdragon 3.2 or 3.7 days more than deionized (DI) water or 1-methylcyclopropene, respectively. Stems of celosia did not tolerate storage at 3 ± 1 °C, irrespective of the storage method, and if necessary, should only be stored for ≤1 week in water. On the other hand, snapdragon stems could be dry-stored for 2 weeks with no decrease in vase life and had a longer vase life than stems stored in water. Pulsing with 5 or 10% sucrose supplemented with the antimicrobial agent, isothiazolinone at 0.007 mL L−1, for 24 h, and use of hydrator for 4 hours and/or holding preservatives for 44 h reduced vase life of celosia stems compared to DI water. Whereas, use of both hydrator for 4 h and holding preservatives for 44 h did not result in significant differences in vase life, but pulsing with 5 or 10% sucrose supplemented with the antimicrobial agent, isothiazolinone at 0.007 mL L−1, for 24 h doubled vase life of snapdragon stems and increased flower bud opening and fresh weight of stems during the vase period. Celosia stems kept continuously in Floralife Clear Professional Flower Food with or without floral foam had longer vase life compared with Chrysal Clear Universal Flower Food or foam saturated with DI water, while snapdragon stems kept continuously in commercial preservatives had 2-fold longer vase life compared with DI water. Floral foam reduced vase life of snapdragon when saturated with preservatives, or had no effect when saturated with DI water. Vase life and quality of both ‘Fire Chief’ celosia and ‘Chantilly Yellow’ snapdragon stems can be extended by following appropriate postharvest handling procedures.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John M.}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={308–316} }
 @article{ahmad_dole_schiappacasse_saleem_manzano_2014, title={Optimal postharvest handling protocols for cut 'Line Dance' and 'Tap Dance' Eremurus inflorescences}, volume={179}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2014.09.031}, abstractNote={Eremurus, commonly known as Foxtail lily, is a novel, commercially important specialty cut flower, but postharvest handling procedures need to be optimized for longest vase life. Cut inflorescences of ‘Line Dance’ and ‘Tap Dance’ eremurus were evaluated for optimal harvest stage, harvest procedures, effects of anti-ethylene agents, and storage methods and duration. Also, the effects of commercial hydrators, hydrators along with holding preservatives, or continuous use of floral foam saturated with or without commercial preservatives were investigated. Inflorescences of both cultivars harvested with 0 florets open had longer vase life than stems harvested with 3–5 rows of florets opened. Handling of ‘Line Dance’ stems in water after harvest extended the vase life, but reduced the vase life of ‘Tap Dance’ compared to inflorescences handled dry. Application of anti-ethylene agents had no significant effect on eremurus longevity. Inflorescences of both cultivars stored for 1 week had similar vase life as of unstored stems irrespective of dry or wet storage. Storage longer than 1 week greatly reduced the vase life of both cultivars. Use of either or both hydrator and holding preservatives did not result in significant differences in vase life for both cultivars, while pulsing with 10% sucrose supplemented with an antimicrobial agent, isothiazolinone at 0.007 mL L−1, for 24 h extended vase life by 2.2 or 1.9 d for ‘Line Dance’ and ‘Tap Dance’ inflorescences, respectively, compared with tap water. Inflorescences of ‘Line Dance’ kept continuously in commercial preservatives had longest vase life compared with tap water and use of floral foam reduced vase life. However, inflorescences of ‘Tap Dance’ kept continuously in floral foam saturated with tap water, or just Floralife Clear Professional Flower food had longest vase life.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John M. and Schiappacasse, Flavia and Saleem, Muhammad and Manzano, Elizabeth}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={212–220} }
 @article{ahmad_whipker_dole_mccall_2014, title={Paclobutrazol and ancymidol lower water use of potted ornamental plants and plugs}, volume={79}, number={6}, journal={European Journal of Horticultural Science}, author={Ahmad, I. and Whipker, B. E. and Dole, J. M. and McCall, I.}, year={2014}, pages={318–326} }
 @article{carlson_dole_2014, title={Postharvest Handling Recommendations for Cut Pineapple Lily}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.24.6.731}, abstractNote={The effects of various postharvest treatments on cut stems of ‘Coral’ and ‘Sparkling Burgundy’ pineapple lily (Eucomis sp.) were evaluated to determine best postharvest handling practices. The use of a commercial hydrator, holding solution, or both significantly reduced vase life for ‘Coral’; the deionized (DI) water control had the longest vase life. ‘Sparkling Burgundy’ vase life was significantly reduced to 29.9 days when both a commercial hydrator and holding solution were used as compared with 50.3 days when DI water was the hydrator used with the commercial holding solution. The use of a bulb-specific preservative reduced vase life of ‘Coral’ to 43.8 days, while the DI water control had a vase life of 66.4 days, and commercial holding solution was intermediate at 56.8 days. A 10% sucrose pulse reduced vase life to 46.9 days compared with the 0% sucrose control (58.9 days) and the 20% sucrose concentration (62.5 days), which were not significantly different. The use of floral foam and/or 2% or 4% sucrose concentrations plus isothiazolinone reduced vase life significantly to an average of 11.1 days. The vase life of stems cold stored at 2 °C for 1 week (37.7 days) was not significantly different from the unstored stems (43.0 days), while longer storage times up to 3 weeks significantly reduced vase life. The use of hydrating solution pretreatments before and holding solution treatments during 4 days of cold storage had no significant effect on vase life. ‘Sparkling Burgundy’ stems harvested with 100% of the florets open had the longest vase life of 51.2 days compared with 38.4 days when 1% of the florets were open. Vase life was unaffected by exogenous ethylene exposure up to 1 ppm for 16 hours. For best postharvest quality, ‘Coral’ and ‘Sparkling Burgundy’ pineapple lily should be harvested when at least 50% of the florets are open, held in plain water without preservatives, and stored for no more than 1 week (wet or dry) at 2 °C.}, number={6}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Carlson, Alicain S. and Dole, John M.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={731–735} }
 @article{ahmad_dole_viloria_blazich_2014, title={Postharvest performance of cut carnation, chrysanthemum and rose as influenced by conventional and organic floral preservatives}, volume={30}, ISSN={["2165-0616"]}, DOI={10.1080/01448765.2013.878880}, abstractNote={Selected commercial preservatives were tested to determine the optimum conventional and organic hydrator and holding solutions for vase life extension and suppression of microbial populations in vase solutions of cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) Select Red, chrysanthemum [Dendranthemum grandiflora (Ramat.) Kitam.] Anastasia, and rose (Rosa × hybrida L.) Freedom. Hydrators extended vase life of carnation but had no effect on chrysanthemum or rose. Chrysal Professional 2 (conventional holding solution), after hydration with deionized (DI) water, extended vase life of cut carnation to 36.0 days compared with DI water or Vita One Step (organic preservative solution), resulting in vase lives of 21.0 or 20.9 days, respectively. For chrysanthemum, all preservative solutions had statistically similar vase life. Holding solutions increased vase life of cut roses and carnation, but were ineffective for chrysanthemum. The greatest vase life extension occurred with Floralife Premium Rose Food (conventional holding solution), 7.9 and 7.3 days longer, than with DI water in cut Freedom roses after treatment with Floralife Hydraflor 100 (conventional hydrator solution) and DI water, respectively. However, Vita One Step (organic hydrator and holding solution) reduced vase life by 2.4 days and had higher bent neck incidence (93%) than DI water. Floralife Premium Rose Food and Chrysal Rose Vase (conventional holding solution) effectively controlled bent neck. DI water with organic Vita products had higher bacterial populations than conventional products for all species tested. Among the preservatives investigated, conventional products increased vase life more than organic products, indicating the need for organic preservatives with effective antimicrobial activity.}, number={2}, journal={BIOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE & HORTICULTURE}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John M. and Viloria, Zenaida and Blazich, Frank A.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={109–118} }
 @article{ahmad_dole_2014, title={Postharvest performance of cut marigold, rose, and sunflower stems as influenced by homemade and commercial floral preservatives}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1303-6173"]}, DOI={10.3906/tar-1402-31}, abstractNote={Effects of homemade or commercial floral preservatives, applied as 48-h grower treatments or continuous retailer/consumer applications, were studied on cut Double Eagle marigold, Red Bentley rose, and Sunbright sunflower. Cut stems of marigold placed in preservative solutions, irrespective of the duration, had a longer vase life than stems in tap water. Continuous use of soda (7 Up) or citric-Kathon and short-term use of citric-Al resulted in the longest extension of vase life. Cut stems of rose had the longest vase life when pulsed with citric-Kathon for 48 h or continuously placed in citric-Al until termination. For sunflower, use of citric-Kathon or citric-Greenshield both as a pulse and as a vase solution extended the vase life similar to commercial preservatives such as Floralife or Chrysal; it was 1.8 days longer than the vase life of stems in tap water. Continuous use of lemon juice plus sugar or citric acid plus sugar reduced the vase life of rose and sunflower stems. The pH of tap water solutions became more acidic when used after 48 h of pulsing with preservative solutions, while greater changes in electrical conductivity were recorded when the preservative solutions containing soda, lemon juice plus sugar, or citric-Al were used until termination. Stems of all species tested kept continuously in soda had the highest dry weight, while citric-Kathon had higher fresh weight at termination, compared to initial fresh weight at harvest, and higher solution uptake. In summary, continuous vase application of citric-Kathon, soda, or citric-Greenshield resulted in the best postharvest performance of marigold and sunflower, and continuous treatment with citric-Al or pulsing with citric-Kathon resulted in the best postharvest performance of cut roses; all of the aforementioned treatments resulted in a vase life similar to those of commercial preservatives. However, mixtures containing lemon juice or citric acid plus sugar had detrimental effects and should not be used for longer periods to handle cut stems of rose or sunflower.}, number={6}, journal={TURKISH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John Martin}, year={2014}, pages={916–925} }
 @article{ahmad_dole_favero_2014, title={Pulsing With Low Concentration Gibberellin Plus Benzyladenine or Commercial Floral Preservatives Affect Postharvest Longevity, Quality, and Leaf Chlorosis of Cut Lilies and Gladioli}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.24.5.560}, abstractNote={Effects of pulsing with different concentrations of gibberellin plus benzyladenine (GA4+7 + BA), a proprietary mixture of GA4+7 plus BA in a commercial floral preservative (GA4+7 + BA + preservative), or a propriety mixture of sugar plus acidifier developed for bulbous flowers (floral bulb preservative) were studied on postharvest performance and quality of cut lily (Lilium hybrids) and gladiolus (Gladiolus hybrids) flowers. Pulsing of cut stems of lily with GA4+7 + BA at 5 or 2 mL·L−1 GA4+7 + BA + preservative for 20 hours at 3 ± 1 °C extended the vase life and controlled leaf chlorosis of ‘Cobra’ oriental lily and ‘Cappuccino’ and ‘Dot Com’ asiatic lily. Cut ‘Orange Art’ asiatic lily performed best when pulsed with GA4+7 + BA at 10 mg·L−1. For cut gladiolus, pulsing with GA4+7 + BA at 10 mg·L−1 extended the vase life of ‘Alice’, ‘Mammoth’, and ‘Passion’, while ‘Scarlet’ had the longest vase life when pulsed with 5 mg·L−1 GA4+7 + BA. GA4+7 + BA + preservative also extended the vase life and controlled leaf chlorosis, but the floral bulb preservative had no effect on vase life extension or preventing leaf chlorosis of lilies. Gladiolus cultivars had no or minor leaf chlorosis during vase period. Overall, overnight pulsing with GA4+7 + BA or GA4+7 + BA + preservative extended the vase life and prevented leaf chlorosis and can be used by growers and wholesalers for maintaining quality of cut stems.}, number={5}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John M. and Favero, Bruno T.}, year={2014}, month={Oct}, pages={560–564} }
 @article{moody_dole_barnes_2014, title={Refining Postharvest Handling Procedures Increased Cut Rose Vase Life}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.24.6.676}, abstractNote={Various postharvest procedures were conducted on several rose (Rosa hybrida) cultivars to determine the effects on vase life, water uptake, change in fresh weight, stage of opening, and vase life termination criteria. Vase life was influenced by cultivar and vase solution. Commercial preservative solutions resulted in a longer vase life, smaller decrease in fresh weight than the controls, and smaller increase in water uptake. Vase life of nine cultivars in distilled water ranged from a low of 7.1 days for Queen 2000 to a high of 15.3 days for Forever Young. Flower termination criteria were also cultivar specific with Black Baccara, Classy, and Charlotte most prone to bent neck and blackening of petal tips. Exogenous ethylene at 0.4 or 4.0 μL·L−1 did not affect vase life but lowered water uptake. Application of the antiethylene agent silver thiosulfate (STS) at 0.2 mm concentration significantly improved vase life in five out of the nine cultivars (Anna, Charlotte, First Red, Freedom, and Konfetti) tested, but 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at 740 nL·L−1 did not improve vase life over the control. Both vase life and water uptake were reduced when more than one stem was placed in a vase; placing 10 stems in a vase shortened vase life by 1.4 days and impeded water uptake by up to 10.6 mL/stem per day. Increasing the amount of time stems remained dry before placing in a vase reduced vase life, but recutting immediately before placing in a vase minimized the decline. Increasing the amount of stem cut off the base up to 10 cm increased vase life.}, number={6}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Moody, Erin P. and Dole, John M. and Barnes, Jared}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={676–685} }
 @article{dole_laushman_2013, title={Evaluating New Cut Flowers in the United States and Canada}, volume={980}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2013.980.3}, abstractNote={The development of new and different cut flowers is increasingly important to stimulate customer interest and maintain sales. Each year a wide variety of new cultivars and species are released by plant breeders, propagators, and suppliers. In response the National Cut Flower Trials were established to evaluate new annual, perennial and woody cut flowers, foliage, fruits, and stems. The program consists of three trials focusing mainly on field-grown cut flowers, but also including high tunnel and greenhouse production. The program is a cooperative effort between the Association of Specialty Cut Flower Growers (ASCFG), cut flower breeders and suppliers, cut flower producers, and North Carolina State University (NCSU). The trial is coordinated by the ASCFG and NCSU. Breeders and suppliers provide plant materials, which are sent to commercial producers for evaluation. In addition, a few other universities participate in the trials. Up to 50 trialers from the United States and Canada evaluate seed-propagated materials and 10 to 20 trialers rate perennial and woody materials, so that plants are evaluated across a broad range of climatic conditions. Trialers return evaluations providing production information (yield, stem length), ratings (market appreciation, ease of cultivation, likelihood of commercially producing the cultivars again), and written comments (positive qualities, problems, similar species/cultivars, postharvest attributes). Plants are evaluated for one year in the annual trial, two years in the perennial trial and for up to five years in the woody trial. The trial programs provide 1. cut flower producers with new cultivars to test each year, 2. breeders and suppliers with publicity and performance information for their products, 3. the ASCFG with a member service, and 4. NCSU with information on the performance of new cut species and cultivars from a wide range of climatic conditions.}, journal={I INTERNATIONAL TRIALS CONFERENCE: ASSESSMENT OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS}, author={Dole, J. M. and Laushman, J. M.}, year={2013}, pages={29–36} }
 @article{williamson_desai_krasnyanski_ding_guo_nguyen_olson_dole_allen_2013, title={Overexpression of mannitol dehydrogenase in zonal geranium confers increased resistance to the mannitol secreting fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea}, volume={115}, DOI={10.1007/s11240-013-0368-1}, number={3}, journal={Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture}, author={Williamson, J. D. and Desai, A. and Krasnyanski, S. F. and Ding, F. and Guo, W. W. and Nguyen, T. T. and Olson, H. A. and Dole, J. M. and Allen, G. C.}, year={2013}, pages={367–375} }
 @inproceedings{dole_mccall_kobayashi_2013, title={Postharvest handling of 'Cut Renaissance', 'Winter Rose Early' and 'Jester' poinsettias}, volume={1000}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2013.1000.38}, abstractNote={Much work has been previously done on Euphorbia ‘Renaissance Red’ as a cut flower grown for its large inflorescence of curly red bracts. In the current studies ‘Renaissance Marble’, ‘Renaissance Peppermint’, and ‘Renaissance Pink’ had a consumer vase life of 20.1 to 35.0 days and a wholesale vase life of 5.8 to 11.3 days, which was comparable to ‘Renaissance Red’ when flowers were harvested and placed in vases filled with deionized water. ‘Renaissance Pink’ tolerated dry storage in floral boxes and/or 24-hours of 2°C storage, but ‘Renaissance Marble’ vase life was reduced by storage in water or 2°C storage. For ‘Renaissance Peppermint’ 2°C storage reduced the vase life; however, consumer vase life was still 16.6 to 19.7 days when foliage was removed. While Winter Rose Early (WRE) cultivars produced up to 1.6 more stems per pot than ‘Renaissance Peppermint’ and ‘Renaissance Red’ cultivars, the WRE stems were much shorter than the Renaissance stems. All of the WRE cultivars had a consumer vase life of at least 22 days in any of the treatments, which was not affected by storage temperature, storage conditions, or foliage removal. Wholesale vase life for all three cultivars ranged from 8.3 to 14.0 days and was generally reduced if the stems had leaves. When stored at 20°C for 24 hours in water, ‘Jester Red’ had the longest consumer vase life of the Jester cultivars, 23.9 to 30.0 days, while ‘Jester Marble’ and ‘Jester Pink’ had a shorter vase life of only 10.1 to 16.5 days. Wholesale vase life was much shorter for all three cultivars and varied from 2.0 to 4.8 days. Jester cultivars and ‘Renaissance Red’ flowers did not tolerate 2 or 4 weeks of 10°C dry storage. Jester and WRE cultivars were sensitive to chilling damage at 2°C.}, booktitle={Vii international symposium on new floricultural crops}, author={Dole, J. M. and McCall, I. F. and Kobayashi, R.}, year={2013}, pages={285–292} }
 @article{carlson_dole_2013, title={Postharvest water quality affects vase life of cut Dendranthema, Dianthus, Helianthus, and Zinnia}, volume={164}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2013.09.024}, abstractNote={Water quality can have a significant impact on the vase life of cut flowers. The effects of vase solution pH and electrical conductivity (EC) on the vase life and postharvest characteristics of Dendranthema L. ‘Naru Lavender’, Dianthus L. ‘Burgundy Sangria’, Helianthus L. ‘Sunbright’, and Zinnia L. ‘Benary's Giant Scarlet’ were investigated. Vase life of Dendranthema increased to 14.6 d in acidic solutions from 6.1 d for distilled water. Solution uptake of cut Dendranthema was also greater in acidic solutions (94 mL) compared to distilled water (76 mL). There was no significant difference in vase life of Dendranthema when solution EC ranged from 0.50 dS m−1 (21.7 d) to 4.00 dS m−1 (19.3 d) of NaCl; however, all solutions with NaCl resulted in a longer vase life than distilled water. For Dianthus the use of buffers to alter pH reduced vase life from 24.4 d for the non-buffered control to 19.9 d for the citrate buffered solutions, but no effect of actual pH was noted. Additionally, increasing the EC from 0.00 to 4.00 dS m−1 decreased vase life by 10 d. Cut Zinnia stems were not influenced by solution pH, but as EC increased from 0.00 to 4.00 dS m−1 vase life decreased from 10.6 to 6.8 d. Helianthus vase life was not affected by EC, but decreasing pH increased vase life by 1.1 d when stems were held in acidic solutions compared to basic solutions. The use of commercial holding solution reduced the negative effects of high EC on salt-sensitive Dendranthema, Dianthus, and Zinnia and increased solution uptake. For Dendranthema vase life was 24.6 d when held in preservative at an EC of 2.50 dS m−1, while it was reduced to 17.4 d without preservative at the same EC. For Helianthus, solutions with preservative had a solution uptake 10 mL greater than solutions without preservative. In general, stems with longer vase lives also had a high incidence of necrotic leaves and petals, petal wilt and bent neck. In conclusion, each species had unique reactions to the vase solution treatments, but the general effects were consistent: high solution pH or EC or the use of buffers either had no effect or reduced vase life and the use of floral preservatives increased vase life.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Carlson, Alicain S. and Dole, John M.}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={277–286} }
 @article{ahmad_dole_saleem_khan_akram_khan_2013, title={Preservatives and packaging material have an impact on the post-harvest longevity of cut Rosa hybrida L. 'Kardinal' flowers}, volume={88}, ISSN={["2380-4084"]}, DOI={10.1080/14620316.2013.11512963}, abstractNote={Summary We studied the effects of various preservatives (sucrose, ascorbic acid, salicylic acid, and acetylsalicylic acid) alone, or in various combinations, on the post-harvest performance of cut Rosa hybrida L. ‘Kardinal’ flowers. The effects of packaging material, including boxes (used boxes without vents), newspaper, butter paper (a waxy paper used to avoid moisture loss), craft paper (a thin, less-waxy paper used for wrapping floral bunches), cellophane paper, single cardboard boxes with or without a cellophane lining, and standard double cardboard boxes with or without a cellophane lining, were also studied. Among the preservatives, 4% (w/v) sucrose alone, or combined with 100 mg l–1 acetylsalicylic acid, 200 mg l–1 salicylic acid, or 600 mg l–1 ascorbic acid resulted in longer vase-lives (7.1, 5.6, 5.5, or 5.3 d, respectively). Individual or combined applications of ascorbic acid and/or salicylic acid had no effect on vase-life. Stems in deionised (DI) water or 4% (w/v) sucrose alone had larger petal areas and flower diameters compared to all other preservatives. Pulsing with 0.5 mM silver thiosulphate (STS) for 2 h at room temperature further extended the vase-life, maintained flower diameter, increased petal area, and increased the uptake of vase solution during the first 2 d of the vase period. Stems packed in double-cardboard floral boxes lined with cellophane, or cellophane alone, gave a longer vase-life than newspaper, butter paper, or the spent boxes used by growers in the study area. Packaging in single or double cardboard floral boxes, with or without a cellophane lining, maintained flower quality, increased flower diameter, and increased ion leakage from petals (possibly due to the longer vase-life) more than spent boxes, craft paper, butter paper, or newspaper. By increasing the duration of storage from 2 d to 8 d, vase-life and ion leakage decreased from 4.2 d to 2.6 d, and from 102% to 85%, respectively, while subsequent flower diameter increased to 0.61 cm from a decrease of 0.16 cm.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John M. and Saleem, Muhammad and Khan, Muhammad A. and Akram, Ahsan and Khan, Ahmad S.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={251–256} }
 @inproceedings{dole_carlson_crawford_mccall_2013, title={Vase life of new cut flowers}, volume={1000}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2013.1000.6}, booktitle={Vii international symposium on new floricultural crops}, author={Dole, J. M. and Carlson, A. S. and Crawford, B. D. and McCall, I. F.}, year={2013}, pages={63–70} }
 @article{ahmad_dole_carlson_blazich_2013, title={Water quality effects on postharvest performance of cut calla, hydrangea, and snapdragon}, volume={153}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2013.01.015}, abstractNote={Effects of water quality on water uptake, change in fresh weight, vase solution pH and electrical conductivity (EC) change, termination symptoms, and longevity of cut ‘Nicole Yellow’ calla (Zantedeschia L.), ‘White Extra’ hydrangea [Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser.], and ‘Admiral Pink’ snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) were studied. Calla was tolerant of high water pH (8.1); vase life varied only from 9.2 d for acidic solutions (pH 3.2) to 10.1 d for solutions with intermediate pH (6.3). Calla had the longest vase life at an EC of 0.75 dS m−1, whereas addition of floral preservative (Floralife Professional, Floralife, Walterboro, SC at 10 ml L−1) was ineffective. Low solution pH (2.9–3.3), increasing EC (up to 2.5 dS m−1), and use of floral preservative increased vase life of hydrangea. Increasing EC increased vase life of hydrangea from a low of 7.3 d to a high of 15.4 d at 2.5 dS m−1, when floral preservative was used and from a low of 3.5 d to a high of 5.7 d at 4.0 dS m−1 in distilled water. Vase solution pH of snapdragon had no significant effect on vase life or water uptake. Increasing EC increased vase life to a maximum of 14.8 d at 2.0 dS m−1 with preservative and to 9.7 d at 3.0 dS m−1 without preservative. Each species had differing responses to varying pH and EC levels; however, solution pH should be low, as high pH solutions either had no effect or reduced vase life, such as with hydrangea. EC of vase water for hydrangea and snapdragon should be approximately 2.0–2.5 dS m−1, when preservatives are used and 3.0–4.0 dS m−1 without, which is higher than most recommendations. Addition of preservative to vase solutions extended vase life of hydrangea and snapdragon, but did not affect calla.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John M. and Carlson, Alicain S. and Blazich, Frank A.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={26–33} }
 @article{ahmad_dole_amjad_ahmad_2012, title={Dry Storage Effects on Postharvest Performance of Selected Cut Flowers}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.22.4.463}, abstractNote={Effects of wet and dry storage methods were compared to improve postharvest performance of specialty cut flower species. While increasing duration of storage reduced vase life, vase life declined less with dry storage for marigold (Tagetes erecta) and rose (Rosa hybrida), but not for zinnia (Zinnia elegans) or lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) over wet storage. Marigold stems had 1.9, 4.6, and 1.5 days longer vase life after 1, 2, or 3 weeks in dry storage, respectively, as compared with storage in water. Zinnia stems did not tolerate either wet or dry storage, while lisianthus stems had a longer vase life when stored in water as compared with dry storage. For rose, dry storage for 2 weeks increased vase life compared with wet storage. Dry stored marigold and lisianthus stems had higher water uptake after being placed in the vase as compared with the stems stored in water, while zinnia and rose had less uptake. Storage method had no effect on leaf relative water content (LRWC) in lisianthus, marigold, and zinnia; however, LRWC decreased with increased storage duration. This necessitates evaluation of storage method and duration effects for each species and cultivar to ensure extended storage life and improve postharvest quality.}, number={4}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John M. and Amjad, Atyab and Ahmad, Sagheer}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={463–469} }
 @article{ahmad_dole_nelson_2012, title={Nitrogen application rate, leaf position and age affect leaf nutrient status of five specialty cut flowers}, volume={142}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2012.04.009}, abstractNote={This study was conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels on growth and yield of specialty cut flowers, ‘Chief’ celosia, ‘Sensation’ cosmos, ‘Sunbright’ and ‘Sunrich Orange’ sunflowers and ‘Benary Giant Mix’ zinnia, as well as record influence of leaf position and age on leaf nutrient concentrations. Plants grown in open field were supplied with five different N levels beginning five days after transplanting: no added N (control); one, two or three applications of N at 112 kg ha−1 at 40 day intervals; and a single application of 336 kg ha−1. Plants fertilized with two or three applications of 112 kg ha−1 produced the most flowers in celosia and all fertilizer applications increased yield equally in zinnia, but had no effect on cosmos and both cultivars of sunflower. Nitrogen fertilization produced the longest flower stems for cosmos and both sunflower cultivars, but had no effect on celosia and zinnia stem length. Nitrogen fertilization rate did not significantly affect days to harvest of all species tested. For leaf nutrient analysis, the upper one-third of the plant proved to be a reliable tissue source in all species. Generally, young leaf samples collected early in the season had higher nutrient concentrations as compared with the same leaf position at mid or late season. Increasing N fertilization increased N content of foliage for all species. Our recommended tissue nutrient levels were generally lower than those previously recommended for greenhouse-grown bedding plant cultivars of the same species.}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John M. and Nelson, Paul}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={14–22} }
 @article{regan_dole_2010, title={Postharvest handling procedures of Matthiola incana 'Vivas Blue'}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1873-2356"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.postharvbio.2010.07.011}, abstractNote={Cut stems of stock [Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br.] ‘Vivas Blue’, a new cultivar, were harvested when at least one floret was open for postharvest testing. Stems were unaffected by exogenous ethylene or by the application of the anti-ethylene agents silver thiosulfate and 1-methylcyclopropene. Stems had a longer vase life when stored dry, as compared to being stored in water, for no more than 2 weeks. Stems held at 2 °C had a significantly longer vase life, 13.3 d, than stems that were not stored in the cold, 9.9 d. No significant differences in vase life, number of open buds, or termination criteria occurred when stems were pulsed with 0, 10, or 20% sucrose. Stems had a longer vase life, 20.3 d, when placed in foam and a 2% sucrose solution with a bactericide as compared to 0 or 4% sucrose in water with a bactericide. Additionally, stems held in foam and 2% sucrose or in 4% sucrose without foam, but with a bactericide, developed a deep purple color over time. Bud opening increased as sucrose concentration increased regardless of floral foam use. Various commercial preservatives did not result in significant differences in vase life, number of open buds, or termination criteria. Vase life was longer, 12.1–13.0 d, when solutions were made from deionized water than when the solutions were made from tap water, 11.3 d.}, number={3}, journal={POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Regan, Erin M. and Dole, John M.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={268–273} }
 @article{ahmad_dole_khan_qasim_ahmad_khan_2010, title={Present Status and Future Prospects of Cut Rose Production in Punjab, Pakistan}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1943-7714"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.20.6.1010}, abstractNote={Present status and future prospects of cut rose (Rosa ×hybrida) flower production and postharvest management in Punjab, Pakistan, were investigated. Cut roses were the leading flower crop in the area under study, but production systems and practices were outdated and primitive, resulting in cut stems that were not acceptable in international markets. The majority of growers (65%) had only basic education (grade 10 or less) and 57% had small landholdings (<1 ha); therefore, they did not have modern production techniques and resources for high-quality cut rose production. Moreover, lack of production and postharvest facilities, ignorance of both public and private resources, and poor production and postharvest practices were prevalent. Growers' training regarding production and postharvest management would be required to lift the quality standards of this industry up to the international level. However, a positive trend was observed in cut rose businesses as more than half of growers (52%) entered into the business during last 5 years. In addition, 30% of growers were in business over 10 years, indicating that cut rose production can provide a sustained income for producers. This analysis of the cut rose industry in Punjab can serve as a model for other countries whose cut flowers industries are at a similar stage of development.}, number={6}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Ahmad, Iftikhar and Dole, John M. and Khan, M. Aslam and Qasim, M. and Ahmad, Tanveer and Khan, A. S.}, year={2010}, month={Dec}, pages={1010–1015} }
 @article{clark_dole_carlson_moody_mccall_fanelli_fonteno_2010, title={Vase life of new cut flower cultivars}, volume={20}, number={6}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Clark, E. M. R. and Dole, J. M. and Carlson, A. S. and Moody, E. P. and McCall, I. F. and Fanelli, F. L. and Fonteno, W. C.}, year={2010}, pages={1016–1025} }
 @article{leatherwood_dole_faust_2009, title={Ethephon Residual Catalysis on Unrooted Impatiens hawkeri Cuttings and Stock Plants}, volume={44}, ISSN={["2327-9834"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.44.2.532}, abstractNote={Ethephon [(2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid] is used to increase stock plant cutting productivity through increased flower and flower bud abscission and branching. However, ethylene evolution resulting from ethephon application is suspected to cause leaf abscission of unrooted cuttings during shipping. It was the objective of this study to assess ethylene evolution from ethephon-treated cuttings during storage and shipping of unrooted cuttings. Impatiens hawkeri W. Bull ‘Sonic Red’ and ‘Sonic White’ stock plants were treated with 0, 250, 500, or 1000 mg·L−1 ethephon. Cuttings were harvested from 1 to 21 days later and each harvest was stored at 20 °C in sealed jars for 24 h before ethylene measurement. Higher ethephon doses resulted in greater ethylene generation. Cuttings harvested 1 day after treatment with 0, 250, 500, or 1000 mg·L−1 ethephon evolved 0.07, 1.3, 1.7, or 5.8 μL·L−1·g−1 (fresh weight) ethylene in the first 24 h of storage at 20 °C, respectively. Twenty-one days after treatment, cuttings from the same plants evolved 0.05, 0.05, 0.15, or 0.14 μL·L−1·g−1 (fresh weight) ethylene in the first 24 h of storage at 20 °C, respectively. As cuttings were harvested from Day 1 to Day 21, ethylene concentrations evolved within the first 24 h of storage decreased exponentially. Rinsing cuttings, treated 24 h earlier with 500 mg·L−1 ethephon, by gently agitating for 10 s in deionized water reduced ethylene evolution to 0.7 μL·L−1·g−1 (fresh weight) as compared with 1.7 for unrinsed cuttings. Cuttings harvested 24 h after treatment with 500 mg·L−1 ethephon stored at 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C for 24 h evolved 0.37, 0.81, 2.03, and 3.55 μL·L−1·g−1 (fresh weight) ethylene. The resulting mean temperature coefficient (Q10) for the 10 to 25 °C range from all replications was 5.15 ± 0.85. Thus, ethylene continues to evolve from ethephon-treated Impatiens hawkeri stock plants for up to 21 days and can accumulate to high concentrations during cutting storage.}, number={2}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Leatherwood, W. Roland and Dole, John M. and Faust, James E.}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={532–535} }
 @article{dole_viloria_fanelli_fonteno_2009, title={Postharvest evaluation of Cut Dahlia, Linaria, Lupine, Poppy, Rudbeckia, Trachelium, and Zinnia}, volume={19}, number={3}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Dole, J. M. and Viloria, Z. and Fanelli, F. L. and Fonteno, W.}, year={2009}, pages={593–600} }
 @article{dole_greer_2009, title={Production protocol development for greenhouse cut Linaria, Lupinus, and Papaver flowers}, volume={122}, ISSN={["1879-1018"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scienta.2009.05.005}, abstractNote={Linaria maroccana Hook. f. Ann., ‘Lace Violet’, Lupinus hartwegii ssp. cruikshankii Lindl. ‘Sunrise’ and Papaver nudicaule L. ‘Meadow Pastels’ seeds were directly sown into 105 cell plug trays and received either ambient light or supplemental high intensity discharge (HID) lighting. For each species, a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial was used with two light intensities during propagation, three transplant stages, and three night temperatures. Seedlings were transplanted at the appearance of 2–3, 5–6, or 8–9 true leaves. Transplanted Linaria and Papaver seedlings were placed at 5/11, 10/16, or 15/21 ± 1 °C night/day temperatures and Lupinus seedlings were placed at 15/24, 18/25, or 20/26 ± 2 °C night/day temperatures. For this study, the optimum production temperature for Linaria was 10/16 °C as the cut stems produced at 15/21 °C were unmarketable and production time was excessively long at 5/11 °C. At 10/16 °C, Linaria seedlings should be transplanted at the 2–3 leaf stage to maximize stem number, stem length and profitability. For Lupinus the optimum temperature was 15/24 °C due to long stems and high profitability per plant. Lupinus seedlings should be transplanted at the 2–3 leaf stage when grown at 15/24 °C to obtain the longest and thickest stems; however, $/m2 week was higher for plants transplanted at the 8–9 leaf stage due to less time in finishing production space. For Papaver, the 15/21 °C temperature was optimal as that temperature produced the longest stems in the shortest duration, resulting in the highest $/m2 week. At 15/21 °C Papaver plants should be transplanted at the 2–3 leaf stage. Supplemental HID lighting had no effect on any of the species.}, number={2}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Dole, John M. and Greer, Lane}, year={2009}, month={Sep}, pages={233–237} }
 @article{rapaka_faust_dole_runkle_2008, title={Endogenous carbohydrate status affects postharvest ethylene sensitivity in relation to leaf senescence and adventitious root formation in Pelargonium cuttings}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0925-5214"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.10.001}, abstractNote={This study investigated the role of ethylene action in postharvest leaf senescence of two cultivars of pelargonium (Pelargonium × hortorum L. H. Bailey ‘Patriot Bright Red’ and ‘Patriot White’) cuttings to determine whether endogenous carbohydrate status interacts with ethylene action in relation to leaf senescence and adventitious root formation. In the first experiment, ethylene or receptor-directed ethylene-action blocker, 1-MCP, was applied to cuttings harvested early in the morning, when carbohydrate status is relatively low. Cuttings were stored in sealed bags at 20 ± 1 °C for 3 days in darkness. Ethylene promoted chlorophyll breakdown and leaf senescence during propagation, whilst application of 1-MCP decreased those responses. In the second experiment, application of ethylene had no significant effect on the leaf senescence of cuttings that were harvested at the end of the day, when carbohydrate status was relatively high. In contrast, ethylene application to cuttings with low carbohydrate status (harvested from stock plants kept in darkness for 9 h) resulted in substantially higher leaf senescence. Highly significant positive correlations were calculated between the total chlorophyll content of the oldest leaf after 4 days of initial propagation and sucrose, total sugars, and total non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in the whole cutting, irrespective of postharvest ethylene concentration during storage. Adventitious root formation was inhibited by 1-MCP, whereas it was promoted by exogenous ethylene only when applied to cuttings with a higher carbohydrate status. For those cuttings, ethylene concentration was positively correlated with final root number. These results indicate that ethylene action is involved in postharvest leaf senescence, and that ethylene sensitivity decreases with the increase in preharvest endogenous carbohydrate status of the cuttings. In addition, when the endogenous carbohydrate status is high, ethylene sensitivity promotes adventitious root formation without triggering rapid leaf senescence. These results collectively suggest that preharvest endogenous carbohydrate status interacts with postharvest ethylene action to regulate leaf senescence and adventitious root formation in pelargonium cuttings.}, number={2}, journal={POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Rapaka, Vijay K. and Faust, James E. and Dole, John M. and Runkle, Erik S.}, year={2008}, month={May}, pages={272–282} }
 @article{rapaka_faust_dole_runkle_2007, title={Diurnal carbohydrate dynamics affect postharvest ethylene responsiveness in portulaca (Portulaca grandiflora 'Yubi Deep Rose') unrooted cuttings}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0925-5214"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.postharvbio.2006.12.004}, abstractNote={Portulaca ( Portulaca grandiflora ) is an herbaceous ornamental annual plant that is commonly propagated by shoot-tip cuttings and shipped long distances before they are rooted in greenhouses. During transit and rooting, a significant number of leaves usually abscise, which delays or prevents subsequent rooting. We investigated the effect of preharvest diurnal carbohydrate dynamics on postharvest performance of unrooted shoot-tip cuttings of portulaca ‘Yubi Deep Rose’. The production of ethylene was quantified, as well as the efficacy of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to improve the postharvest performance. The initial carbohydrate concentrations in cuttings increased with later harvest during the day (8 a.m., 12 p.m., and 4 p.m.). When cuttings were placed into a dark postharvest environment at 20 ± 1 °C for 48 h, cuttings harvested at 8 a.m. had complete leaf abscission, whereas only partial leaf abscission was observed in cuttings harvested at 12 p.m. and 4 p.m. Leaf abscission was negatively correlated with preharvest leaf carbohydrate and stem starch concentrations, but not significantly correlated with postharvest ethylene production during storage. Application of 1-MCP improved the storage quality of cuttings, irrespective of the time of cutting harvest, and did not inhibit the rooting response during subsequent propagation. Collectively, these results indicate that with the increase in preharvest endogenous carbohydrate levels of portulaca cuttings, as the photoperiod progresses, subsequent postharvest ethylene responsiveness decreases, but there is no effect on ethylene synthesis.}, number={3}, journal={POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Rapaka, Vijaya Kumar and Faust, James E. and Dole, John M. and Runkle, Erik S.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={293–299} }
 @article{rapaka_faust_dole_runkle_2007, title={Effect of time of harvest on postharvest leaf abscission in lantana (Lantana camara L. 'Dallas Red') unrooted cuttings}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0018-5345"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.42.2.304}, abstractNote={This study investigated the preharvest carbohydrate status and postharvest ethylene action of unrooted shoot-tip cuttings of lantana ‘Dallas Red’ harvested at three times during the day (0800, 1200, and 1600 hr) in relation to subsequent leaf abscission, shoot apices blackening, and adventitious root formation. The cuttings harvested at various times during the day were stored in darkness at 20 ± 1 °C for 4 days in sealed polyethylene bags. The cuttings harvested at 0800 hr had lowest total nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations; however, the amount of ethylene production during postharvest storage was similar among harvest times and increased during the storage period. After 4 days of storage, 69% of the leaves of cuttings harvested at 0800 hr abscised, but only 22% and 8% of the leaves abscised in cuttings harvested at 1200 and 1600 hr, respectively. Application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) increased ethylene production and suppressed leaf abscission regardless of the harvest time, but cuttings harvested at 0800 hr developed blackened shoot apices. Leaf abscission was negatively correlated with total nonstructural carbohydrate concentration in the leaves, but no relationship was found with ethylene production. These results indicate that a high endogenous carbohydrate status decreases the postharvest ethylene sensitivity in unrooted shoot-tip cuttings of lantana. Time of harvest influenced subsequent rooting response; however, 1-MCP application did not inhibit rooting. Among various storage treatments, the best rooting response was observed in cuttings harvested at 1600 hr and treated with 1-MCP. Therefore, significant improvement of postharvest storage quality in vegetative lantana cuttings could be achieved by harvesting cuttings late in the day and treating with 1-MCP.}, number={2}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Rapaka, Vijaya Kumar and Faust, James E. and Dole, John M. and Runkle, Erik S.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={304–308} }
 @article{gibson_williams_whipker_nelson_dole_cleveland_walls_2007, title={Foliar symptomology and tissue concentrations of nutrient-deficient vegetative strawflower plants}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0010-3624"]}, DOI={10.1080/00103620701588379}, abstractNote={Abstract Elemental deficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, or boron (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, or B) were induced in plants of Florabella Pink strawflower [Bracteantha bracteata (Vent.) A. A. Anderberg]. Rooted stem cuttings were planted in 4.87‐L plastic containers and fertilized with a complete modified Hoagland's solution or this solution minus the element that was to be investigated. Plants were harvested for tissue analyses as well as dry weights when initial foliar symptoms were expressed and later under advanced deficiency symptoms. Deficiency symptoms for all treatments were observed within 7 weeks. The most dramatic expression of foliar symptoms occurred with N (chlorotic lower foliage leading to necrotic margins on the mature leaves), Ca (black necrotic spots on the tips of the young leaves), S (uniform chlorosis of young leaves and recently mature leaves), B (thick, leathery, and deformed young leaves), Fe (uniform yellowish‐green chlorosis on the young leaves), and Zn (brownish‐gray necrosis on the tips of the mature leaves). At the initial stage, only Fe‐deficient plants weighed less than the control, whereas K‐, Ca‐, and Mg‐deficient plants had greater dry weights than plants receiving the complete modified Hoagland's solution (control plants). Dry weights of plants treated with solutions not containing N, P, Ca, S, Cu, or Mn were significantly lower when compared with the control plants under an advanced deficiency. Foliar‐tissue concentration data will assist plant‐tissue analysis laboratories in establishing foliar symptom standards for growers.}, number={17-18}, journal={COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS}, author={Gibson, James L. and Williams, Amy and Whipker, Brian E. and Nelson, Paul V. and Dole, John M. and Cleveland, Brenda and Walls, F. R.}, year={2007}, pages={2279–2294} }
 @article{krug_whipker_mccall_dole_2006, title={Narcissus response to plant growth regulators}, volume={16}, number={1}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Krug, B. A. and Whipker, B. E. and McCall, I. and Dole, J. M.}, year={2006}, pages={129–132} }
 @article{krug_whipker_mccall_dole_2005, title={Comparison of flurprimidol to ancymidol, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole for tulip height control}, volume={15}, number={2}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Krug, B. A. and Whipker, B. E. and McCall, I. and Dole, J. M.}, year={2005}, pages={370–373} }
 @article{krug_whipker_mccall_dole_2005, title={Comparison of flurprimidol to ethephon, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole for hyacinth height control}, volume={15}, number={4}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Krug, B. A. and Whipker, B. E. and McCall, I. and Dole, J. M.}, year={2005}, pages={872–874} }
 @article{dole_fonteno_blankenship_2005, title={Comparison of silver thiosulfate with 1-methylcyclopropene on 19 cut flower taxa}, ISBN={9066056487}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2005.682.123}, abstractNote={The effects of silver thiosulfate (STS; AVB) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP; Ethylbloc) were determined on 14 commonly-grown cut flower species, represented by one to three cultivars per species. Stems were unpacked, sorted, and placed in either deionized water (DI) and subjected to 1-MCP (740 nL L') or ambient air for 4 h or DI plus STS at either 0.1 mM (Alstroemeria) or 0.2 mM (all other species) for 4 h. After treatment, stems were removed, placed in polyethylene sleeves and stored either wet in DI water or dry in plastic-lined floral boxes at 5°C in the dark for 4 days. After storage bunches were placed in DI water under 12 h (76 to 100 μmol m -2 s -1 ) light per day. Flowers were monitored daily to determine the end of wholesale vase life, which was designated as the first day a change was noticed in the flower or inflorescence that would typically prevent it from being sold by a wholesaler or retailer. The consumer vase life was also recorded for each stem and was designated as the day a typical consumer would dispose of it. The 19 cut flower taxa could be organized into four groups based on effectiveness of STS and 1-MCP: (1) Both STS and 1-MCP increased vase life but STS was more effective: Dianthus caryophyllus (all three cultivars), Bouvardia, Lilium (Asiatic), and Lathyrus odorata. (2) Both STS and 1-MCP prevented the negative effects of dry storage: Freesia (both cultivars) and Chamelaucium (one cultivar). (3) STS increased vase life while 1-MCP did not: Alstroemeria, Delphinium, Matthiola, and Gypsophila. (4) STS and 1-MCP either had no effect or a negative effect: Consolida, Eustoma, Ranunculus, Antirrhinum, and Chamelaucium (one cultivar).}, journal={Proceedings of the 5th International Postharvest Symposium : Verona, Italy, June 6-11, 2004}, publisher={Leuven, Belgium : International Society for Horticultural Science}, author={Dole, J. M. and Fonteno, W. C. and Blankenship, S. M.}, editor={F. Mencarelli and Tonutti, P.Editors}, year={2005} }
 @article{greer_dole_2005, title={Defoliation of woody cut stems with preharvest, less toxic chemical and postharvest environmental methods}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1063-0198"]}, DOI={10.21273/horttech.15.2.0376}, abstractNote={Six defoliants were applied in fall and tested for their efficacy in preharvest defoliation of fieldgrown curly willow (Salix matsudana `Tortuosa'), american bittersweet (Celastrus scandens), and american beautyberry (Callicarpa americana). Defoliants included acetic acid, chelated copper, crop oil concentrate surfactant (COC), ethephon, dimethipin plus COC, pelargonic acid, and a tap water control. For chelated copper, a concentration of 800 mg·L–1 (ppm) was most effective at promoting defoliation, providing 100% defoliation of american bittersweet and 76% defoliation of american beautyberry. For curly willow and american beautyberry, all concentrations of dimethipin produced good or excellent defoliation. Increasing concentrations of ethephon from 200 to 2500 mg·L–1 increased defoliation from 0% to 67%. Pelargonic acid was not effective at promoting defoliation of woody plants at the concentrations used. In an experiment conducted during spring using containerized curly willow, irrigation was stopped for 0, 3, or 6 days before defoliants were applied, but none of the irrigation treatments promoted defoliation. In a postharvest study using cut curly willow, stems were held in distilled water at 5, 20, or 35 °C (41.0, 68.0, or 95.0 °F) for 1, 3, 5, or 7 days. Holding cut stems of curly willow at 20 °C promoted 68% defoliation, compared to 53% or 28% for 5 or 35 °C, respectively.}, number={2}, journal={HORTTECHNOLOGY}, author={Greer, L and Dole, JM}, year={2005}, pages={376–380} }
 @book{john m. dole_2005, title={Floriculture principles and species}, publisher={Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall,|cc2005}, author={John M. Dole, Harold F. Wilkins}, year={2005} }
 @article{dole_2005, title={Storage and simulated shipping of cut 'Renaissance Red' poinsettias}, ISBN={["90-6605-658-4"]}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2005.683.9}, abstractNote={The effect of several storage and handling treatments on the vase life of cut ‘Renaissance Red’ poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) stems was investigated. Removing all foliage increased vase life and delayed cyathia abscission. Stems with 100% of foliage (9 to 11 leaves) had fewer days to first abscised leaf than stems with 50% foliage (5 leaves) remaining. Allowing cut stems to dehydrate for 24 h at 20 o C caused the inflorescences to wilt severely and allowed them to be more easily packed in a box. However, wilting reduced vase life and hastened leaf abscission, but had no effect on cyathia abscission. Cut stems tolerated 12 or 24 h dry storage at 1 or 5 o C with no decrease in vase life which averaged 24.5 to 28.2 days in deionized (DI) water. Storing cut stems wet at 1 or 5 o C for 12 or 24 h reduced vase life to 13.3 to 20.2 days. Storage for 48 h at 1 or 5 o C either wet or dry reduced vase life compared to 12 or 24 h storage. Increasing storage duration decreased the number of days to first leaf and cyathia abscission, regardless of storage conditions. Light during 10 o C long term storage had no effect on vase life or days to first cyathia or leaf abscission.}, number={683}, journal={Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium on New Floricultural Crops}, author={Dole, JM}, year={2005}, pages={103–109} }
 @book{dole_gerard_nelson_2004, title={Butterflies of Oklahoma, Kansas and North Texas}, ISBN={0806135549}, publisher={Norman: University of Oklahoma Press}, author={Dole, J. M. and Gerard, W. B. and Nelson, J. M.}, year={2004} }
 @article{krug_whipker_mccall_dole_2004, title={Controlling stem topple of pot tulips}, volume={49}, number={1}, journal={North Carolina Flower Growers' Bulletin}, author={Krug, B. and Whipker, B. E. and McCall, I. and Dole, J.}, year={2004}, pages={14} }
 @article{dole_mccall_whipker_2004, title={National Poinsettia Trial Program highlights}, volume={49}, number={1}, journal={North Carolina Flower Growers' Bulletin}, author={Dole, J. and McCall, I. and Whipker, B. E.}, year={2004}, pages={1} }
 @article{dole_fisher_njue_2004, title={Optimizing postharvest life life of cut 'Renaissance Red' poinsettias}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0018-5345"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.39.6.1366}, abstractNote={Several treatments were investigated for increasing vase life of cut `Renaissance Red' poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch.) stems. A vase life of at least 20.6 days resulted when harvested stems were placed directly into vases with 22 °C deionized water plus 200 mg·L-1 8-HQS (the standard floral solution used) and 0% to 1% sucrose without floral foam. Maturity of stems at harvest, ranging from 0 to 4 weeks after anthesis, had no effect on vase life or days to first abscised leaf. Pretreatments immediately after harvest using floral solution heated to 38 or 100 °C, or 1 or 10-min dips in isopropyl alcohol, had no effect, whereas 24 hours in 10% sucrose shortened vase life by 6.4 days and time to first abscised cyathium by 4.5 days. Stem storage at 10 °C decreased vase life, particularly when stems were stored dry (with only 0.8 days vase life after 3 weeks dry storage). Increasing duration of wet storage in floral solution from 0 to 3 weeks decreased vase life from 21.5 to 14.6 days. Placing cut stems in a vase containing floral foam decreased time to first abscised leaf by 3.7 to 11.6 days compared with no foam. A 1% to 2% sucrose concentration in the vase solution produced the longest postharvest life for stems placed in foam but had little effect on stems not placed in foam. A 4% sucrose concentration decreased vase life compared with lower sucrose concentrations regardless of the presence of foam. Holding stems in the standard floral solution increased vase life and delayed leaf abscission compared with deionized or tap water only, with further improvement when stem bases were recut every three days. Commercial floral pretreatments and holding solutions had no effect on vase life and days to first abscised cyathium but delayed leaf abscission.}, number={6}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Dole, JM and Fisher, P and Njue, G}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={1366–1370} }
 @misc{blankenship_dole_2003, title={1-methylcyclopropene: a review}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1873-2356"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0925-5214(02)00246-6}, abstractNote={Since the discovery of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) as an inhibitor of ethylene action, over 100 studies have examined details of its action, application and effects on ethylene inhibition. This plant growth regulator is a tool that can help scientists make major advances in understanding the role of ethylene in plants. 1-MCP prevents ethylene effects in a broad range of fruits, vegetables and floriculture crops. Effective concentrations are low and range from 2.5 nl l−1 to 1 μl l−1. Concentration interacts with temperature such that low concentrations of 1-MCP applied over longer durations may be as effective as high concentrations. 1-MCP is most commonly applied at 68–77 °F (20–25 °C), but can be used at lower temperatures in some commodities. Generally, treatment durations of 12–24 h were sufficient to achieve a full response. A variety of factors may need to be considered when using 1-MCP including cultivar, developmental stage, time from harvest to treatment, and multiple applications. Depending on the species being treated, 1-MCP may have a variety of effects on respiration, ethylene production, volatile production, chlorophyll degradation and other color changes, protein and membrane changes, softening, disorders and diseases, acidity and sugars. This review compiles what is known about the technological uses for 1-MCP, defines where discrepancies exist between reports, and aims to define areas requiring further study.}, number={1}, journal={POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Blankenship, SM and Dole, JM}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={1–25} }
 @article{greer_dole_2003, title={Aluminum foil, aluminium-painted, plastic, and degradable mulches increase yields and decrease insect-vectored viral diseases of vegetables}, volume={13}, number={2}, journal={HortTechnology}, author={Greer, L. and Dole, J. M.}, year={2003}, pages={276–284} }
 @article{gibson_cavins_greer_whipker_dole_2003, title={Efficacy of plant growth regulators on the growth of Argyranthemum frutescens 'Comet Pink'}, ISBN={["90-6605-238-4"]}, ISSN={["0567-7572"]}, DOI={10.17660/actahortic.2003.624.28}, number={624}, journal={ELEGANT SCIENCE IN FLORICULTURE}, author={Gibson, JL and Cavins, TJ and Greer, L and Whipker, BE and Dole, JM}, year={2003}, pages={213–216} }
 @article{bosma_dole_maness_2003, title={Optimizing marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) petal and pigment yield}, volume={43}, ISSN={["0011-183X"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2003.2118}, abstractNote={African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) flower pigments can be extracted and used as a natural food additive to color egg yolks orange and poultry skin yellow. Five cultivars were examined for their ability to be grown commercially and mechanically harvested. ‘E‐1236’ was consistently a top producer for three seasons in terms of flower number, flower diameter, plant and flower canopy height, plant stand, and fresh flower, dried flower, and dried petal yield. E‐1236 produced the greatest quantity of lutein, a carotenoid pigment, in 1998 (22.0 kg ha−1), and E‐1236 and ‘Orange Lady’ both produced the greatest quantities in 1999 (20.7 and 21.3 kg ha−1, respectively). Transplanted rather than direct‐seeded plants produced two more harvests in a single season resulting in greater amounts of lutein production by transplants. In 1998, one mid‐season ammonium nitrate application (28 kg ha−1) resulted in larger flower diameters with direct‐seeded plants but did not affect dried petal yield. Plants were hedge trimmed in 1999 to mimic mechanical harvesting; this resulted in a 45 to 55% reduction in flower harvest data compared with hand‐harvested flowers. Of the cultivars tested, Orange Lady produced the greatest quantity of lutein (10.6 kg ha−1) when hedge trimmed.}, number={6}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Bosma, TL and Dole, JM and Maness, NO}, year={2003}, pages={2118–2124} }
 @article{dole_2003, title={Research approaches for determining cold requirements for forcing and flowering of geophytes}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0018-5345"]}, DOI={10.21273/hortsci.38.3.341}, abstractNote={Many of the numerous geophytic plant species are commercially important floriculture crops, including Gladiolus L., Hyacinthus L., Iris L., Lilium L., Narcissus L., and Tulipa L. Lilium and Tulipa are two of the world s major floriculture crops with hundreds of cultivars being grown as potted flower plants, fresh cut flowers, and garden ornamentals. Geophytes are especially suitable for commercial floriculture production because the storage organs can be harvested, stored, and forced into flowering (programmed). Production time required for forcing is often short because the storage organ provides stored photosynthates for rapid growth. Unfortunately, only a few genera have been extensively studied, including Gladiolus, Hyacinthus, Iris,Lilium,Narcissus, and Tulipa. Hundreds of other species may also have high commercial potential but remain unstudied. One key factor in the cultivation and possible commercialization of new geophytes is that many species have cold requirements that must be characterized (Hartsema, 1961). Procedures for breaking dormancy are often complex and cannot be transferred from one species to the next. However, a number of basic patterns have emerged (Table 1). a covering, e.g., FritillariaL. and Lilium. Other plant materials are occasionally lumped into the term geophyte, such as woody crowns and pseudobulbs. Woody crowns, in particular, can be difficult to differentiate from geophytes and are often cold stored and forced. However, geophytes will be defined in the strictest sense for this discussion.}, number={3}, journal={HORTSCIENCE}, author={Dole, JM}, year={2003}, month={Jun}, pages={341–346} }
 @article{redman_dole_maness_anderson_2002, title={Postharvest handling of nine specialty cut flower species}, volume={92}, ISSN={["0304-4238"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0304-4238(01)00294-1}, abstractNote={Selected postharvest attributes of nine cut flower species were determined. Celosia argentea L. ‘Forest Fire’ inflorescences were blackened by 2 °C cold storage for 2 or more weeks and Weigela sp. Thunb. stems were injured by 1 week of 2–7 °C cold storage. One to two weeks of 2 °C cold storage was useful in extending storage life of Buddleia davidii Franch., Cercis canadensis L., Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. ‘Sensation’, and Penstemon digitalis Nutt. and 4 or 7 °C storage temperature was also effective for Cercis and Penstemon. Achillea filipendulina Lam. ‘Coronation Gold’, Celosia, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench., Helianthus maximilianii Schräd and Weigela did not tolerate 1 week or more 2 °C cold storage and should be marketed as soon after harvest as possible. However, if storage is required for Achillea and Celosia, a 4 or 7 °C storage temperature would also be effective. Increasing storage temperature from 2 to 4 or 7 °C decreased vase life for Echinacea and Helianthus. Pulsing with 500 mg l−1 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC) decreased vase life of Achillea but increased vase life of Helianthus and Weigela. Increasing sucrose concentration from 0 to 4 or 8% decreased vase life of Celosia and Helianthus, while 0 or 8% sucrose was optimum for Achillea. STS pulsing (1 mM) increased vase life of Achillea and Celosia stems and exogenous ethylene (0.2 or 1.0 μl l−1) applications decreased the vase life of Achillea and Celosia. Helianthus, Penstemon, and Weigela did not respond to STS but exogenous ethylene applications decreased the vase life and those species should not be exposed to any extraneous ethylene. Buddleia, Cosmos, Cercis and Echinacea did not respond to STS and exogenous ethylene applications for a 20 h period had no effect on the vase life indicating that those species are tolerant of ethylene. Buddleia and Cercis stems harvested with 50% or more of buds open had 100% of buds open at vase life termination.}, number={3-4}, journal={SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}, author={Redman, PB and Dole, JM and Maness, NO and Anderson, JA}, year={2002}, month={Feb}, pages={293–303} }
 @article{cavins_dole_2002, title={Precooling, planting depth shade affect cut flower quality and perennialization of field-grown spring bulbs}, volume={37}, number={1}, journal={HortScience}, author={Cavins, T. J. and Dole, J. M.}, year={2002}, pages={79–83} }