@article{muir_terrill_mosjidis_luginbuhl_miller_burke_coleman_2018, title={Harvest regimen changes sericea lespedeza condensed tannin, fiber and protein concentrations}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1744-697X"]}, DOI={10.1111/grs.12186}, abstractNote={AbstractSericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata [Dumont de Courset] G. Don.; SL) is a perennial, warm‐season legume containing condensed tannins (CT) that can play important roles in ruminant ecosystems. Our research objective was to determine season‐long average herbage CT fractions, crude protein (CP) and fiber concentrations under three harvest regimens for SL cv. AU Grazer at five locations within the southeastern USA during 2010. Harvest regimens were regrowth every 35 days (35‐day), previously uncut plots every 35 days (ACCUM), or regrowth when height reached 40 cm (40 cm). We found harvest regimen by location interactions (P ≤ 0.05) for all dependent variables. The ACCUM plants usually had greater (P ≤ 0.05) fiber concentrations where there were differences, except for the Louisiana location. The lowest (114 g kg−1; P ≤ 0.05) CP concentrations were measured in ACCUM plants at the driest location (Texas) while the highest (181 g kg−1 for North Carolina plants) came from the 35‐day regimen. Total CT (TCT) concentration varied (P ≤ 0.05) from a low of 61.1 g kg−1 for ACCUM plants in Louisiana to 100.7 g kg−1 for Texas plants harvested from 35‐day plots. In summary, harvest regimen influenced SL nutrient and CT concentrations. Fiber concentration was better correlated (−0.621 for acid detergent fiber; P ≤ 0.05) with TCT than CP (−0.014; P = 0.82). Sericea lespedeza regrowth harvested every 35 days had higher season‐long average TCT concentrations in two of five locations along with greater CP and less fiber concentrations in four of five locations compared to the ACCUM regimen.}, number={2}, journal={GRASSLAND SCIENCE}, author={Muir, James P. and Terrill, Thomas H. and Mosjidis, Jorge A. and Luginbuhl, Jean-Marie and Miller, James E. and Burke, Joan M. and Coleman, Samuel W.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={137–144} }
 @article{guerrero-cervantes_cerrillo-soto_plascencia_salem_estrada-angulo_rios-rincon_luginbuhl_bernal-barragan_abdalla_2016, title={Productive and reproductive performance and metabolic profiles of ewes supplemented with hydroponically grown green wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)}, volume={221}, ISSN={["1873-2216"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.09.003}, abstractNote={Twenty six Katahdin ewes (i.e., female lambs from breeding to 2 mo of their 1st lactation) were used in a completely randomized design (13/treatment) to evaluate effects of replacement of dietary dry-rolled corn grain (DRC) and cottonseed meal (CSM) with hydroponically grown whole plant green wheat (HGW; Triticum aestivum L.) on productive parameters and blood metabolites during mating, gestation and lactation, and on body weight (BW) gain of their lambs in their 1st 60 days of age. The gestation diet contained 70% oat hay, 20% rolled corn grain and 10% cottonseed meal, while the lactation diet contained 50% oat hay, 20% DRC and 30% CSM. Treatments consisted of total replacement of DRC and CSM with HGW in the gestation diet, while in the lactation diet HGW replaced 100% of the DRC and 33% of the CSM. There were no diet effects on reproductive parameters, and substitution of DRC and CSM with HGW did not affect dry matter intake during gestation and lactation. The BW gain of the lambs that were fed HGW did not differ from controls in the first 2 months of gestation, while it was lower (P < 0.05) at the last 3 months of gestation. Feeding HGW did not affect birth BW of lambs or subsequent BW gains through 60 days of age. Plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were not affected by the diets fed during gestation, but were 56% lower (P < 0.05) at day 60 of lactation. Plasma glucose was only lower (P < 0.05) at day 90 of gestation, and blood urea nitrogen was only lower (P < 0.05) at day 30 of lactation. There were no effects of diets on plasma insulin, cortisol or progesterone during gestation and lactation. Hydroponically grown green wheat is a suitable substitute for a portion of the DRC and CSM in ewes diets during gestation and lactation without negative effects.}, journal={ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Guerrero-Cervantes, M. and Cerrillo-Soto, M. A. and Plascencia, A. and Salem, A. Z. M. and Estrada-Angulo, A. and Rios-Rincon, F. G. and Luginbuhl, J. M. and Bernal-Barragan, H. and Abdalla, A. L.}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={206–214} }
 @article{muir_terrill_mosjidis_luginbuhl_miller_burke_coleman_2017, title={Season Progression, Ontogenesis, and Environment Affect Lespedeza cuneata Herbage Condensed Tannin, Fiber, and Crude Protein Concentrations}, volume={57}, ISSN={["1435-0653"]}, DOI={10.2135/cropsci2016.07.0605}, abstractNote={Sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont de Courset) G. Don., SL] is a perennial, warm‐season forage legume with wide adaptation, freeze tolerance, establishment ease, and persistence under grazing. It has high condensed tannin (CT) concentrations (g kg−1), which could be useful for methane mitigation and rumen bypass protein, as well as insect pest and gastro‐intestinal nematode suppression. However, CT concentration is variable. Our objective was to test CT, crude protein (CP), and fiber concentrations at five locations (Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina, Louisiana, and Texas) during a growing season. Established ‘AU Grazer’ SL regrowth and accumulated herbage in separate trials was sampled starting late April 2010 every 35 d for four dates. Regrowth CP concentration ranged (P ≤ 0.05) from 127 g kg−1 in North Carolina on date 3 up to 221 g kg−1 in Alabama on date 1. Sericea lespedeza regrowth in the warmest latitude (Louisiana) consistently contained among the greatest (P ≤ 0.05) acid detergent fiber. In regrowth herbage, we recorded a wide (P ≤ 0.05) total CT range, from 133.5 mg kg−1 in Texas on date 3 to 46.1 mg kg−1 in Louisiana on date 1, reflecting variability in fiber‐bound, protein‐bound, and especially extractible CT. Results from accumulated herbage reflected (P ≤ 0.05) herbage ontogenesis with less CP and greater fiber concentration with maturity but showed the same lack of CT concentration pattern as the regrowth herbage. These results indicate that SL herbage nutritive value and CT concentration is variable, so that any hay or pellets sold commercially for CT content should be assayed by environment and crop maturity.}, number={1}, journal={CROP SCIENCE}, author={Muir, James P. and Terrill, Thomas H. and Mosjidis, Jorge A. and Luginbuhl, Jean-Marie and Miller, James E. and Burke, Joan M. and Coleman, Samuel W.}, year={2017}, pages={515–524} }
 @article{juarez-reyes_nevarez-carrasco_cerrillo-soto_murillo-ortiz_luginbuhl_bernal-barragan_ramirez_2008, title={Dietary Chemical Composition, Plasma Metabolites and Hormones in Range Goats}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0974-1844"]}, DOI={10.1080/09712119.2008.9706945}, abstractNote={Abstract Juárez-Reyes, A.S., Nevarez-Carrasco, G., Cerrillo-Soto, M.A., Murillo-Ortiz, M., Luginbuhl, J-M., Bernal-Barragán, H. and Ramírez, R.G. 2008. Dietary chemical composition, plasma metabolites and hormones in range goats. J. Appl. Anim. Res, 34: 81–86. The objective of this study was to determine the monthly chemical composition of the diet consumed by range goats and plasma concentrations of glucose, urea, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH), insulin and progesterone (P4) during lactation (January-June). Three esophageally-cannulated female goats and twelve intact female goats (38±1.7 kg BW) were used to obtain extrusa and blood samples, respectively. Body weight decreased (P<0.05) by 12.5% during the period from January to May, whereas, in June goats lost 250 g d−1. There was a fall in nutrient density during May and June. With the exception of progesterone (0.1–0.6 ng ml−1), LH (7.1–11.0), GH (22.8–30) and insulin (0.6–1.8) increased (P<0.05) as lactation period progressed. It is concluded that plasma metabolite concentrations suggested that an energy supplementation schedule might be necessary during the early lactation period of goats. In addition, if harsh climatic conditions appear at the end of lactation, an increment of 70% in their energy maintenance requirements might be considered to avoid weight losses and to improve body condition of goats prior to breeding season.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH}, author={Juarez-Reyes, Arturo S. and Nevarez-Carrasco, Gumaro and Cerrillo-Soto, Maria A. and Murillo-Ortiz, Manuel and Luginbuhl, Jean-Marie and Bernal-Barragan, Hugo and Ramirez, Roque G.}, year={2008}, month={Sep}, pages={81–86} }
 @article{unruh snyder_mueller_luginbuhl_brownie_2007, title={Growth characteristics and allometry of Robinia pseudoacacia as a silvopastoral system component}, volume={70}, ISSN={0167-4366 1572-9680}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10457-007-9035-Z}, DOI={10.1007/s10457-007-9035-z}, number={1}, journal={Agroforestry Systems}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Unruh Snyder, L. J. and Mueller, J. P. and Luginbuhl, J. M. and Brownie, C.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={41–51} }
 @article{snyder_luginbuhl_mueller_conrad_turner_2007, title={Intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization of Robinia pseudoacacia foliage fed to growing goat wethers}, volume={71}, ISSN={0921-4488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.06.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.06.006}, abstractNote={Black locust (BL; Robinia pseudoacacia L.), a native tree of southeastern USA known to contain substantial levels of condensed tannins (CT), was fed to 32, 4 month old (20.4 kg BW) Boer cross wether goats in two randomized complete block design trials. The objectives were to examine the effects of feeding hay diets containing several levels of fresh BL foliage on intake, digestibility, and N metabolism. First year (1999) diets were HE (100% Eastern gamagrass [EGH; Tripsacum dactyloides L.] hay), HEG (70% EGH and a 30% mixture of 59% ground corn [GC; Zea mays L.], 36% soybean meal [SBM; Glycine max L.], and 5% minerals), 25BL99 (75% EGH and 25% BL leaves), and 50BL99 (50% EGH and 50% BL leaves). Second year (2000) diets were HO (100% orchardgrass [OGH; Dactylis glomerata L.] hay), HOG (70% OGH and a 30% mixture of 63% GC, 37% SBM, and 5% minerals), 50BL00 (50% OGH and 50% BL leaves), and 75BL00 (25% OGH and 75% BL leaves). In 1999, apparent digestibilities of the diets in the order listed above were 62.4, 68.2, 58.0, and 60.6% (P = 0.001) for DM and 62.8, 72.5, 56.0, and 59.1% (P = 0.001) for crude protein (CP). Acid detergent lignin digestibilities were negative for diets 25BL99 (−56.7%) and 50BL99 (−49.3%), apparently due to the formation of insoluble tannin and lignin complexes during passage through the digestive tract. Intakes of DM were similar across diets. In 2000, apparent digestibilities of diet DM (64.4, 71.7, 64.8 and 65.4%) and CP (70.0, 76.0, 66.6, and 66.5%) did not differ. Lignin digestibilities were positive for diets 50BL00 (9.4%) and 75BL00 (29.6%) unlike those for year 1999. Overall, BL contained 10% CT and 18–34% hydrolyzable tannins. In 1999, N intake, urinary N (UN) excretion and N retained were higher for diet HE G( P = 0.01) than diet HE whereas fecal N excretion (FN) was similar for diets HEG, 25BL99 and 50BL99. In 1999, FN excretion as a percentage of N intake was higher (P < 0.02) in the BL diets, although UN as a percentage of N intake did not differ among diets. In 2000, N intake and FN output were higher for BL diets compared to diets HO (P = 0.01) and HO G( P = 0.02). Fecal N as a percentage of N intake was lower (P = 0.01) for diet HOG (24.0%) than for diets 50BL00 (33.4%) and 75BL00 (33.5%). Conversely, urinary N as a percentage of N intake was higher for diets HO and HOG compared to the BL diets (P = 0.02). Increased levels of dietary BL increased FN, suggesting that tannins formed insoluble protein complexes thus hindering digestibility.}, number={1-3}, journal={Small Ruminant Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Snyder, L.J. Unruh and Luginbuhl, J-M. and Mueller, J.P. and Conrad, A.P. and Turner, K.E.}, year={2007}, month={Aug}, pages={179–193} }
 @article{anderson_brownie_luginbuhl_mobley_2004, title={Drug use survey and evaluation of quality assurance training for meat goat producers}, volume={2}, ISBN={1542-2666}, number={4}, journal={International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine}, author={Anderson, K. L. and Brownie, C. and Luginbuhl, J. M. and Mobley, M.}, year={2004}, pages={261} }
 @article{moore_poore_luginbuhl_2002, title={By-product feeds for meat goats: Effects on digestibility, ruminal environment, and carcass characteristics}, volume={80}, DOI={10.2527/2002.8071752x}, abstractNote={Crossbred wether goats (n = 24; 50% Boer, 6 per diet) initially averaging 27.4+/-0.4 kg were fed either wheat middlings (wheat midds), soybean hulls (soyhulls), or corn gluten feed at 1% BW (as-fed) along with orchardgrass hay (10.7% CP) offered to ad-libitum consumption for 72 d followed by 5 d total fecal collection. The Control (hay) diet was supplemented with 5.7% soybean meal to bring total dietary protein to 12.5%, by-products were brought to a higher Ca:P ratio with limestone or dicalcium phosphate to make total dietary Ca:P 1.5:1, and soybean meal was added to soyhulls to bring them up to 17% CP (wheat midds = 17% and corn gluten feed = 21% CP). Total DMI (916 g/d+/-57 or 3.2%+/-0.2 BW) did not differ (P > 0.92) among treatments. Initial BW (P = 0.25), final BW (P = 0.48), and ADG (P = 0.56) did not differ for the four treatments. Carcass weight was greater (P = 0.05) for goats fed soyhulls (16.0 kg) or wheat midds (15.6 kg) as compared with goats fed the hay diet (14.5 kg), with carcass weight from goats fed corn gluten feed being intermediate (15.3 kg, SEM = 0.3 kg). Carcass grade did not differ (P = 0.80) and averaged 5.42+/-0.4. Dressing percentage tended (P = 0.12) to be lower for goats fed the hay diet (46.4%) compared with soyhull (48.3%), corn gluten feed (48.3%), or wheat midd (48.8%) diets (SEM = 0.7). Ruminal pH was highest (P < 0.01) for goats fed the hay diet (6.52) and lowest for goats fed wheat midds (6.23) with soyhull (6.41) and corn gluten feed diets (6.35) being intermediate (SEM = 0.05). Digestibility of DM (70.1+/-2.5%), OM (70.3+/-2.6%,), CP (75.5+/-2.0%), GE (68.5+/-2.7%), NDF (68.1+/-3.0%), ADF (65.4+/-3.4%), cellulose (70.1+/-2.9%), and lignin (31.1+/-8.2%) did not differ (P > 0.15). Total ruminal VFA did not differ (86.0+/-6.1 mM, P = 0.59), but acetate:propionate ratio was higher (P < 0.01) for hay (3.1) and soyhull diets (3.3) than for corn gluten feed (2.4) and wheat midd diets (2.4, SEM = 0.11). Ruminal ammonia (mg/100 mL) was lower (P < 0.01) for goats fed hay (15.4) and soyhull diets (11.6) than those fed corn gluten feed (25.2) and wheat midd diets (23.0, SEM = 1.35). Ruminal pH was lower for goats fed the byproducts, but remained above 6. Serum urea nitrogen (mg/100 mL) averaged 21.0+/-1.0 (P = 0.11) with soyhulls tending to be lowest (19.3) and corn gluten feed tending to be highest (22.8). Soyhulls, corn gluten feed, and wheat midds appear to be viable feed ingredients for meat goat diets.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Moore, J. A. and Poore, M. H. and Luginbuhl, J. M.}, year={2002}, pages={1752–1758} }
 @article{mueller_luginbuhl_bergmann_2001, title={Establishment and early growth characteristics of six Paulownia genotypes for goat browse in Raleigh, NC, USA}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1572-9680"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1010641602384}, number={1}, journal={AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS}, author={Mueller, JP and Luginbuhl, JM and Bergmann, BA}, year={2001}, pages={63–72} }
 @article{luginbuhl_poore_spears_brown_2000, title={Effect of dietary copper level on performance and copper status of growing meat goats}, volume={16}, number={2000}, journal={Sheep & Goat Research Journal}, author={Luginbuhl, J. M. and Poore, M. H. and Spears, J. W. and Brown, T. T.}, year={2000}, pages={65–71} }
 @article{luginbuhl_poore_conrad_2000, title={Effect of level of whole cottonseed on intake, digestibility, and performance of growing male goats fed hay-based diets}, volume={78}, DOI={10.2527/2000.7861677x}, abstractNote={Twenty-four purebred Boer (Capra hircus hircus) and 12 male kids of 1/2 Boer breeding (initial BW 21 +/- .5 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design to study the effects of increasing level of whole cottonseed (WCS) on ADG, serum urea N, plasma gossypol, live grades, and intake of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, ether extract, and free gossypol. A subgroup of 16 purebred goats was used to determine digestibility using a 5-d total fecal collection. Goats were blocked by BW and then assigned at random to one of four diets containing 0, 8, 16, or 24% WCS. All diets contained 71% chopped orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) hay and 29% concentrate; WCS replaced corn and soybean meal to maintain calculated TDN and CP concentrations at 68 and 15% of DM, respectively. Concentrations of NDF in diet DM were 52.4, 55.9, 59.3, and 62.1% with increasing WCS, and the Ca:P ratio was maintained at 2:0. Goats were given ad libitum access to feed and water. Over the 90-d performance phase, DMI (P < .05), CP intake (P < .02), and ADG (P < .01) decreased linearly with increasing WCS in the diet, whereas ether extract (EE) intake increased in a cubic fashion (P < .01). Gain:feed decreased linearly (P < .02) with increasing level of WCS. Addition of WCS resulted in linear decreases in apparent digestibility coefficients of DM (P < .02) and NDF (P < .05), a linear increase in total plasma gossypol (P < .01), and a quadratic increase in serum urea N (P < .04). Apparent digestibility of CP was not affected by WCS level. At the 16 and 24% WCS levels, EE constituted 4.2 and 4.8% of total DMI, respectively. Adding WCS to diets for growing goats had detrimental effects on animal performance, and, based on the possible negative effects of dietary EE and NDF rather than gossypol, economics should dictate whether to use WCS in feeding programs.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Luginbuhl, J. M. and Poore, M. H. and Conrad, A. P.}, year={2000}, pages={1677–1683} }
 @article{luginbuhl_pond_burns_fisher_2000, title={Intake and chewing behavior of steers consuming switchgrass preserved as hay or silage}, volume={78}, DOI={10.2527/2000.7871983x}, abstractNote={Effect of preservation method on intake and chewing behavior was examined using a first, late vegetative harvest (mid-June) of Kanlow switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). For silage (S), forage was harvested with a commercial field chopper (1.5 to 4 cm average chop length) and ensiled directly in silos 1.2 m in diameter and 3.6 m in height. For hay (H), forage was harvested with a flail-chopper (7 to 15 cm average chop length) and cured as hay in a drier at 77 degrees C. Diets of H and S were fed to six Hereford steers (338+/-5 kg) in a single crossover experiment. Chewing behavior was monitored for 4 d with a computerized system. At feeding, H was higher in DM and contained greater concentrations (DM basis) of NDF, CP, and hemicellulose, but lower concentrations of ADF and cellulose, and had lower in vitro DM disappearance values. Steers fed S had higher intakes of DM (P < .02) and NDF (P < .04) and consumed less water from the water supply (P < .01) than animals fed H. However, total amount of water (from water supply and feed) consumed per kilogram of DMI did not differ between diets. Crude protein intake was similar between diets. Preservation method had no effect on eating time, number of boli ruminated, bolus duration, and number of rumination chews per bolus. Steers fed S made fewer eating chews (P < .10) and ruminated for a longer time (P < .05) while making a greater number of rumination chews (P < .04) than steers fed H. Rumination intercycle time was slightly shorter in steers fed H (P < .05) than in steers fed S. When expressed per kilogram of NDF intake, steers fed S spent less time eating (P < .03) and made fewer eating chews (P < .02) than steers fed H; however, rumination time, number of rumination chews, and number of boli ruminated were not affected by preservation method. Steers fed S ingested feed at a greater rate (P < .03), excreted smaller fecal particles (P < .03), had meals of shorter duration (P < .06), spent less time eating during main meals (meals following feed distribution: P < .05), had more rumination periods (P < .01), and a shorter morning (P < .06) latency time (interval between end of main meal and onset of rumination) than steers fed H. These results indicate that preservation method with its concomitant differences in chop length affected forage chemical composition and voluntary intake, and that differences in chewing behavior occurred mostly during eating.}, number={7}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Luginbuhl, J. M. and Pond, K. R. and Burns, J. C. and Fisher, D. S.}, year={2000}, pages={1983–1989} }
 @article{use of goats to manage vegetation in cattle pastures in the appalachian region of north carolina_2000, volume={16}, number={2000}, journal={Sheep & Goat Research Journal}, year={2000}, pages={124–135} }
 @article{howell_luginbuhl_grice_anderson_arasu_flowers_1999, title={Control of gastrointestinal parasite larvae of ruminant using nitrogen fertilizer, limestone and sodium hypochlorite solutions}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1879-0941"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0921-4488(98)00186-2}, abstractNote={Gastrointestinal parasites are considered to be one of the most prominent health problems of small ruminants. Additional concerns are associated with parasite resistance to traditional anthelmintics and drug withdrawal times. Solutions of commercial fertilizers, bleach and limestone were used to examine their effect on the motility of infective Haemonchus contortus larvae (L3) in vitro. Infective larvae were cultured from feces of one Suffolk ram lamb infected with 5000 L3. Infective larvae (500 L3/100 μl) were then pipetted into individual petri dishes with 400 μl of a known concentration of either urea (U), ammonium nitrate (AN), liquid nitrogen fertilizer (LNF), a mixture of ammonium nitrate + urea (ANU), dolomitic limestone (DLM), limestone (LM) and sodium hypochlorite (SH). Percent non-motile L3 increased (p < 0.05) as they were exposed to increasing concentrations of nitrogen (N) sources and SH. However, DLM and LM were not effective. Another trial compared the highest concentrations of the four N sources (18 g N/100 ml) and SH (10%). Percent non-motile L3 were: U, 81.3; AN, 96.8; LNF, 93.3; ANU, 89.2; SH, 99.8. Larvicidal properties of N sources and SH could decrease gastrointestinal parasite loads, may reduce producers dependency on traditional anthelmintics to control infective larvae and may reduce the potential of anthelmintic resistance when used strategically with pasture fertilization and other agricultural practices. Field studies are needed to corroborate results presented herein.}, number={3}, journal={SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH}, author={Howell, JM and Luginbuhl, JM and Grice, MJ and Anderson, KL and Arasu, P and Flowers, JR}, year={1999}, month={May}, pages={197–204} }
 @article{addlestone_mueller_luginbuhl_1998, title={The establishment and early growth of three leguminous tree species for use in silvopastoral systems of the southeastern USA}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0167-4366"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1006254812236}, number={2-3}, journal={AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS}, author={Addlestone, BJ and Mueller, JP and Luginbuhl, JM}, year={1998}, pages={253–265} }
 @article{luginbuhl_harvey_green_poore_mueller_1998, title={Use of goats as biological agents for the renovation of pastures in the Appalachian region of the United States}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0167-4366"]}, DOI={10.1023/A:1006250728166}, number={2-3}, journal={AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS}, author={Luginbuhl, JM and Harvey, TE and Green, JT and Poore, MH and Mueller, JP}, year={1998}, pages={241–252} }
 @article{burns_pond_fisher_luginbuhl_1997, title={Changes in forage quality, ingestive mastication, and digesta kinetics resulting from switchgrass maturity}, volume={75}, DOI={10.2527/1997.7551368x}, abstractNote={Five maturities of switchgrass hay harvested at 14-d intervals (vegetative through 20% heading) were fed to Hereford steers (297 kg) in a 5 x 5 Latin square. Relationships with switchgrass maturity were negative and quadratic (P < .05) for DMI and cubic (P < .05) for digestible DMI. Declines in apparent digestibilities of DM, ADF, and cellulose were cubic (P < .05), whereas these were quadratic (P < .05) for NDF, hemicellulose, and CP. Whole masticates from the least, mid, and most mature hays showed linear (P < .05) declines in DM concentration and IVDMD with increasing maturity, whereas NDF concentrations increased linearly (P < .05). Mean retention time of gastrointestinal DM increased linearly (P < .01) from 64 to 94 h from the least to the most mature hay, and the associated rate of passage declined linearly (P < .01) from 3.3 to 2.1%/h. Sieving of masticate DM showed a reduced proportion of large particles (> or = 2.8 mm) and an increased proportion of small particles (< or = .5 mm) with advancing forage maturity. More than 94% of the sieved fecal DM passed a 1.0-mm sieve, but particle sizes showed the same relationship with forage maturity as noted for masticate DM. This occurred despite the comminution from the rumination and digestive processes.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Burns, J. C. and Pond, K. R. and Fisher, D. S. and Luginbuhl, J.-M.}, year={1997}, pages={1368–1379} }
 @article{luginbuhl_pond_burns_fisher_1994, title={EVALUATION OF THE CAPTEC CONTROLLED-RELEASE CHROMIC OXIDE CAPSULE FOR FECAL OUTPUT DETERMINATION IN SHEEP}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0021-8812"]}, DOI={10.2527/1994.7251375x}, abstractNote={One pen feeding study was conducted with 24 wether lambs to compared fecal output (FO) determined by total fecal collection with FO estimated by dosing lambs with chromic oxide controlled-release capsules. Lambs (39 +/- 1.5 kg BW) were fed either alfalfa hay (ALF), Coastal bermudagrass hay (CBG), or a commercially available pelleted (PEL) sheep diet (eight lambs/diet). After dosing, rectal grab samples and total collection of feces were taken daily for 31 d. Constant fecal excretion of Cr was achieved approximately on d 8 (range = d 5 to 13) after dosing. Capsule expiration was accompanied by a sharp peak in Cr excretion approximately on d 27 (range = d 24 to 30). Complete excretion of Cr by d 31 occurred in only seven lambs. Agreement between actual and predicted FO was examined by linear regression from d 8 to 22. Best parameter estimates and highest R2 were observed when sampling a) every other day from d 11 to 19 (five samplings), b) daily from d 8 to 17, c) daily during the entire period, and d) daily from d 13 to 22. Sampling for 5 d chosen at random consistently gave poor results. Sampling every 3rd d gave the poorest results. Controlled-release capsules predicted FO very accurately in lambs fed ALF. Reliable estimates were obtained in 67% of cases investigated with CBG, whereas only 25% of estimates were reliable with PEL. The controlled-release capsules always overestimated FO of wethers fed CBG and PEL, implying that in those lambs the actual release rate of Cr was less than that specified by the manufacturer.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={LUGINBUHL, JM and POND, KR and BURNS, JC and FISHER, DS}, year={1994}, month={May}, pages={1375–1380} }
 @article{luginbuhl_pond_burns_1994, title={WHOLE-TRACT DIGESTA KINETICS AND COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES FOR THE ESTIMATION OF FECAL OUTPUT IN STEERS FED COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS HAY AT 4 LEVELS OF INTAKE}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1525-3163"]}, DOI={10.2527/1994.721201x}, abstractNote={Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers) hay was fed to four ruminally cannulated steers (380 +/- 14 kg BW) of evaluate the effects of intake level on digesta flow kinetics in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Forage intakes represented 50, 70, 88, and 99% of feed voluntarily consumed per animal during a pre-experimental period. Masticated boli and wet-sieved masticated leaves (ML) and stems (MS) retained by a 4.0-mm sieve and feces retained by a .063-mm sieve were mordanted with chromium or marked with erbium, ytterbium, or dysprosium, respectively. Particle markers and a solution of Co-EDTA were pulse-dosed via the ruminal cannula. A continuous infusion of Co-EDTA was later delivered with peristaltic pumps. Intake level had no effect (P > .10) on fluid and particle passage rate (PR; percentage/hour) of any fractions marked. For all particle fractions, increasing intake level caused linear decreases in mean retention time (MRT; P < .03 to P < .07) and linear increases in gastrointestinal tract fill (FILL; P < .003 to P < .02) and fecal output (FO; P < .001). Estimates of FO and DM digestibility from the pulse dose of Cr mordant and continuous infusion of Co-EDTA did not differ. Kinetic estimates differed in magnitude according to the characteristics of the particle fractions marked. Marked feces gave the shortest estimate of MRT and the smallest estimate of FILL and FO. Kinetics of ML and MS also differed (P < .001), the former having faster PR, shorter MRT, and smaller FILL and FO. Use of representative samples of ingested feed should give more realistic estimates of digesta kinetics than estimates derived from ingesta fractions because kinetics of separated leaf and stem fractions differed.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={LUGINBUHL, JM and POND, KR and BURNS, JC}, year={1994}, month={Jan}, pages={201–211} }
 @article{luginbuhl_fisher_pond_burns_1991, title={IMAGE-ANALYSIS AND NONLINEAR MODELING TO DETERMINE DIMENSIONS OF WET-SIEVED, MASTICATED FORAGE PARTICLES}, volume={69}, ISSN={["0021-8812"]}, DOI={10.2527/1991.6993807x}, abstractNote={A procedure to estimate dimensions of digesta particles was developed and evaluated. After wet sieving, particles of masticated switchgrass and bermudagrass hays retained on sieves with apertures of 1.0 mm2 or larger were placed on moist white filter paper, separated manually, and photographed. Photographs were scanned with a flat-bed scanner, scaled to size, and digitized. Projected area, perimeter, length, and width of particles were determined by a microcomputer system. Variables derived for each particle included the form factor, which was defined as (4 x pi x area)/perimeter2, and each particle's length: width ratio. Ninety-three percent of data from two trials with steers had significant lack of fit (P less than .05 to P less than .0001) to normal, lognormal, Weibull, or gamma distributions. As an alternative, individual particle measurements were summed on a cumulative percentage basis for each variable and were fit to an inverted Gompertz function to estimate median, mode, and mean dimensions of scanned particles. Estimates from the equation fit the distribution well; asymptotic SE averaged 3.5 and 1.4% of parameter means for dimensions of masticated switchgrass and bermudagrass hay particles, respectively. No analytic solution exists for the mean, which must be estimated numerically, but analytic solutions are available for the median and mode. Use of this equation will prevent bias caused by lack of fit to a particular distribution and yield more accurate estimates of mean particle dimensions than arithmetic means.}, number={9}, journal={JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE}, author={LUGINBUHL, JM and FISHER, DS and POND, KR and BURNS, JC}, year={1991}, month={Sep}, pages={3807–3816} }
 @article{luginbuhl_pond_burns_1990, title={Changes in ruminal and fecal particle weight distribution of steers fed coastal bermudagrass hay at four levels}, volume={68}, DOI={10.2527/1990.6892864x}, abstractNote={Samples of digesta from the ruminal upper strata (RUS) and feces (F) were taken from four ruminally cannulated steers fed Coastal bermudagrass hay (78% NDF) in the long form to evaluate the effects of feeding level and time postfeeding on particle breakdown. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 Latin square with 18-d periods. Treatments based on previous intakes were set at 50, 70, 90 and 110% (3.1, 4.4, 5.5 and 6.7 kg/d, respectively) of feed consumed per animal and fed at 12-h intervals. Samples were taken at 2, 6 and 12h postfeeding and wet-sieved. Dry matter weight distribution of total recovered particles was used to partition RUS and F digesta among percentages of large (greater than 4.0 mm), medium (greater than 4.0 and less than or equal to 1.0 mm), small (less than 1.0 and greater than or eual to .125 mm) and fine (less than .125 and greater than or equal to .0027 mm) particles. With increasing feeding level, the percentage of medium RUS particles increased linearly (P less than .02), whereas the percentage of fine RUS particles decreased linearly (P less than .01). Increased time postfeeding resulted in a linear decrease in the percentage of large RUS particles (P less than .01), a linear increase in the percentage of small RUS particles (P less than .01) and in a quadratic increase in the percentage of fine RUS particles (P less than .01). Percentage of medium RUS particles remained unchanged. Increasing feeding level resulted in linear increases in mean RUS (P less than .01) and F (P less than .02) particle sizes. Percentages of RUS and F material passing through a 1.0-mm sieve averaged 52.8 and 88.8%, respectively. Animal-to-animal variation in proportions of RUS and mixed reticuloruminal particles was not entirely removed by rumination and was still reflected in the percentages of F particles. Factors such as particle entrapment in the fiber mat, reticular sedimentation, changes in specific gravity, swelling and hydration capacity, reticuloruminal motility and amount of digesta exiting per contraction appear to be more important than particle size reduction in the regulation of the passage of digesta from the reticulorumen.}, number={9}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Luginbuhl, J. M. and Pond, K. R. and Burns, J. C.}, year={1990}, pages={2864} }
 @article{luginbuhl_pond_burns_russ_1989, title={Effects of ingestive mastication on particle dimensions and weight distribution of coastal bermudagrass hay fed to steers at four levels}, volume={67}, DOI={10.2527/jas1989.672538x}, abstractNote={Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) hay was fed in the long form to four ruminally cannulated steers to evaluate the effects of intake level on the physical reduction of feed particles during ingestive mastication. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 latin square with 18-d periods. Treatments based on previous intakes were set at 50, 70, 90 and 110% of feed consumed per animal and fed at 12-h intervals. Boli of ingested, masticated hay were collected at the cardia and separated by wet-sieving into fragments retained on sieves of .0027 to 4.0 mm (mesh aperture). In addition, particles retained on the 4.0-mm and 2.0-mm sieves were scanned by image analysis. Ingestive mastication resulted in a linear decrease (P less than .05) in the proportion of boli particles retained on the top (4.0-mm) sieve and linear increases on the 2.0- (P less than .02), 1.0- (P less than .06) and .25-mm (P less than .06) sieves with increasing level of intake. Sixteen to 21% of the ingested hay particles passed through a 1.0-mm sieve. Mean particle size, as determined by sieving data, decreased linearly (P less than .05) as feeding level increased. Image analysis showed no differences in length (L) or width (W) of particles retained on the 4.0- and 2.0-mm sieves as feeding level increased, but L/W decreased linearly (P less than .05) on both sieves. The frequency of jaw movements following feeding was very similar across feeding levels and averaged 71.3 chews/min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Luginbuhl, J. M. and Pond, K. R. and Burns, J. C. and Russ, J. C.}, year={1989}, pages={538} }