@article{ooms_annen_panda_meunier_tshibanda_laureys_pollack_surlemont_2023, title={Advancing (Neuro)Entrepreneurship Cognition Research Through Resting-State fMRI: A Methodological Brief}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1540-6520"]}, DOI={10.1177/10422587231170217}, abstractNote={Despite many calls, functional brain magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies are relatively rare in the domain of entrepreneurship research. This methodological brief presents the brain-imaging method of resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) and illustrates its application in neuroentrepreneurship for the first time. In contrast to the traditional task-based fMRI approach, rs-fMRI observes the brain in the absence of cognitive tasks or presentation of stimuli, which offers benefits for improving our understanding of the entrepreneurial mind. Here, we describe the method and provide methodological motivations for performing brain resting-state functional neuroimaging studies on entrepreneurs. In addition, we illustrate the use of seed-based correlation analysis, one of the most common analytical approaches for analyzing rs-fMRI data. In this illustration, we show that habitual entrepreneurs have increased functional connectivity between the insula (a region associated with cognitive flexibility) and the anterior prefrontal cortex (a key region for explorative choice) as compared to managers. This increased connectivity could help promote flexible behavior. Thus in brief, we provide an exemplar of a novel way to expand our understanding of the brain in the domain of entrepreneurship. We discuss possible directions for future research and challenges to be addressed to facilitate the inclusion of re-fMRI studies into neuroentrepreneurship.}, journal={ENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE}, author={Ooms, Frederic and Annen, Jitka and Panda, Rajanikant and Meunier, Paul and Tshibanda, Luaba and Laureys, Steven and Pollack, Jeffrey M. M. and Surlemont, Bernard}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{bosse_harrison_pollack_schrempf-stirling_2023, title={Entrepreneurial Opportunities as Responsibility}, volume={47}, ISSN={1042-2587 1540-6520}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10422587211069374}, DOI={10.1177/10422587211069374}, abstractNote={Entrepreneurship involves cooperative efforts in which multiple stakeholders and resources are brought together to develop a valuable product or service. Accordingly, one key process through which entrepreneurs make progress exploiting their opportunities is by identifying, selecting, enrolling, and coordinating a network of stakeholders. However, although there is a widespread realization that bringing new ventures to life requires multiple stakeholders, precious little academic research has taken a holistic approach to stakeholder engagement. In this special issue we: (a) suggest that stakeholder theory provides a novel lens for viewing the critical entrepreneurial behavior of engaging stakeholders—and taking shared responsibility for an unmet opportunity, (b) describe the intriguing articles that encompass this special issue, and (c) offer our thoughts on directions for future research at the intersection of stakeholder theory and entrepreneurship.}, number={1}, journal={Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Bosse, Douglas A. and Harrison, Jeffrey S. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Schrempf-Stirling, Judith}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={3–16} }
 @article{pollack_cardon_rutherford_ruggs_balachandra_baron_2023, title={Rationality in the entrepreneurship process: Is being rational actually rational? Introduction to the special issue}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1873-2003"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jbusvent.2023.106301}, abstractNote={In this special issue, we aim to explore the topic of rationality and its manifestations in entrepreneurship. The six articles in this special issue cover a range of questions about rationality – what it is, where it comes from, how it influences decision-making as well as understanding contextual factors that influence it. Reflecting our call for submissions as well as the accepted articles included in this special issue, we recognize, but also depart from, rationality's origins in economics to provide a range of perspectives on rationality in the entrepreneurship process. We also discuss common themes and future research directions for the field.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF BUSINESS VENTURING}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Cardon, Melissa S. and Rutherford, Matthew W. and Ruggs, Enrica N. and Balachandra, Lakshmi and Baron, Robert A.}, year={2023}, month={May} }
 @article{krukowski_pollack_rutherford_2023, title={Winning the opportunity to pitch: Piquing startup investors’ interest by sending the right signals in executive summaries}, volume={66}, ISSN={0007-6813}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2022.03.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.bushor.2022.03.001}, abstractNote={The first communication an entrepreneur often has with a potential investor is submitting a one-page executive summary for consideration. Subsequently, the potential investor or investment group chooses which venture ideas to further consider by inviting a pitch deck or an actual business pitch. This investment funnel is competitive and, accordingly, anything we as scholars can share with entrepreneurs seeking advice about how to optimize that initial executive summary to increase chances of getting to the pitch would be immensely valuable. Unfortunately, scant research has focused on this opportunity-introduction stage, and there is precious little we can prescribe for entrepreneurs seeking investment. To address this, we developed four executive summaries that varied only in the type of capital mentioned. We found that executive summaries that mentioned human capital more prominently were viewed as more cognitively legitimate and as deserving of a higher opportunity-recognition valuation. Put succinctly, consistent both with our theorized findings from our Open Science Framework preregistered experiment (N = 367) and with our qualitative follow-up study, we found that human capital signals have a greater positive influence on potential investors’ decisions relative to social capital, intellectual capital, and financial capital. We discuss the practical and theoretical implications of this novel insight and include prescriptive recommendations for entrepreneurs.}, number={1}, journal={Business Horizons}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Krukowski, Kipp A. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Rutherford, Matthew W.}, year={2023}, month={Jan}, pages={75–86} }
 @article{burnette_billingsley_banks_knouse_hoyt_pollack_simon_2022, title={A systematic review and meta-analysis of growth mindset interventions: For whom, how, and why might such interventions work?}, volume={10}, ISSN={1939-1455 0033-2909}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bul0000368}, DOI={10.1037/bul0000368}, abstractNote={As growth mindset interventions increase in scope and popularity, scientists and policymakers are asking: Are these interventions effective? To answer this question properly, the field needs to understand the meaningful heterogeneity in effects. In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, we focused on two key moderators with adequate data to test: Subsamples expected to benefit most and implementation fidelity. We also specified a process model that can be generative for theory. We included articles published between 2002 (first mindset intervention) through the end of 2020 that reported an effect for a growth mindset intervention, used a randomized design, and featured at least one of the qualifying outcomes. Our search yielded 53 independent samples testing distinct interventions. We reported cumulative effect sizes for multiple outcomes (i.e., mindsets, motivation, behavior, end results), with a focus on three primary end results (i.e., improved academic achievement, mental health, or social functioning). Multilevel metaregression analyses with targeted subsamples and high fidelity for academic achievement yielded, d = 0.14, 95% CI [.06, .22]; for mental health, d = 0.32, 95% CI [.10, .54]. Results highlighted the extensive variation in effects to be expected from future interventions. Namely, 95% prediction intervals for focal effects ranged from -0.08 to 0.35 for academic achievement and from 0.07 to 0.57 for mental health. The literature is too nascent for moderators for social functioning, but average effects are d = 0.36, 95% CI [.03, .68], 95% PI [-.50, 1.22]. We conclude with a discussion of heterogeneity and the limitations of meta-analyses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).}, journal={Psychological Bulletin}, publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)}, author={Burnette, Jeni L. and Billingsley, Joseph and Banks, George C. and Knouse, Laura E. and Hoyt, Crystal L. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Simon, Stefanie}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{burnette_knouse_billingsley_earl_pollack_hoyt_2022, title={A systematic review of growth mindset intervention implementation strategies}, volume={17}, ISSN={1751-9004 1751-9004}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12723}, DOI={10.1111/spc3.12723}, abstractNote={Abstract Growth mindset interventions, which seek to teach the belief that attributes can change, are increasing in popularity and being leveraged to improve health. As these interventions expand in scope, there is a critical need for a systematic review of existing implementation practices to help move the field towards more robust, impactful, and replicable science. To meet this need, we took a three‐fold approach. First, we created a framework for the implementation of mindset interventions (FIMI) using an inductive, interpretive approach that merged existing fidelity frameworks with growth mindset expert opinions. Second, we used the FIMI to frame a systematic, descriptive review of mindset intervention protocols and to create a checklist for transparent reporting of mindset intervention strategies. Third, we provided future research directions that can help to improve the impact of mindset interventions in health‐related contexts.}, number={2}, journal={Social and Personality Psychology Compass}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Burnette, Jeni L. and Knouse, Laura E. and Billingsley, Joseph and Earl, Sydney and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Hoyt, Crystal L.}, year={2022}, month={Dec} }
 @article{michaelis_scheaf_carr_pollack_2022, title={An agentic perspective of resourcefulness: Self-reliant and joint resourcefulness behaviors within the entrepreneurship process}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1873-2003"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jbusvent.2020.106083}, abstractNote={We integrate social cognitive theory, and its tenets of personal and collective agency, to develop an individual-level perspective on entrepreneurs' resourcefulness behaviors that illustrates how resourcefulness behaviors can be classified as ‘self-reliant behaviors’ or ‘joint resourcefulness behaviors’. Using this novel cognitive theoretical approach, we provide and test a framework that explains how dispositional, perceptual, and behavioral factors interact in the enactment of purposeful action with regards to entrepreneurs' resourceful behaviors. Consistent with our hypotheses, results from a quantitative study of entrepreneurs (N = 178), as well as a supplemental study involving qualitative interviews with entrepreneurs (N = 15), highlight that entrepreneurs higher in frugality tend to perceive higher levels of environmental hostility. This relationship, in turn, leads to higher amounts of self-reliant resourcefulness behaviors (i.e., customer-related and internal self-financing bootstrapping behaviors) but not joint resourcefulness behaviors. Multiple theoretical and practical contributions emerge from our findings as the extant literature does not yet account for human agency as a reason why some entrepreneurs may choose to engage in certain resourceful behaviors relative to other behaviors.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF BUSINESS VENTURING}, author={Michaelis, Timothy L. and Scheaf, David J. and Carr, Jon C. and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2022}, month={Jan} }
 @article{williamson_battisti_pollack_2022, title={Capturing passion expressed in text with artificial intelligence (AI): Affective passion waned, and identity centrality was sustained in social ventures}, volume={17}, ISSN={2352-6734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2021.e00295}, DOI={10.1016/j.jbvi.2021.e00295}, abstractNote={Entrepreneurial passion can influence individual well-being and improve firm-level outcomes, yet little is known about how to rapidly detect a change in passion from entrepreneurs’ communication. We draw on advancements in both the passion literature and artificial intelligence (AI) methods, to capture entrepreneurial passion expressed for founding a venture at different points in time. Specifically, we developed an AI algorithm to recognize identity-based passion (identity centrality) from training data, comprised of 8 h of transcribed interviews with entrepreneurs (achieving 84% accuracy), and detect affective passion (intense positive feelings) with sentiment analysis. Application of these two novel measurement approaches, to longitudinal interview text with early-stage entrepreneurs (N = 11, two time periods) in a six-month social venture accelerator, indicate that intense positive feelings decline while identity centrality varies. We conclude by outlining opportunities for future research.}, journal={Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Williamson, Amanda Jasmine and Battisti, Martina and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2022}, month={Jun}, pages={e00295} }
 @article{glosenberg_phillips_schaefer_pollack_kirkman_mcchesney_noble_ward_foster_2022, title={The relationship of self-efficacy with entrepreneurial success: A meta-analytic replication and extension}, volume={18}, ISSN={2352-6734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2022.e00342}, DOI={10.1016/j.jbvi.2022.e00342}, abstractNote={The replication of meta-analyses is important for developing stable and accurate insights into entrepreneurship. To that end, we replicate key aspects of the meta-analysis conducted by Miao et al. (2017) on the relationships between entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) and financial measures of firm performance and extend their meta-analysis by considering generalized forms of self-efficacy and non-financial measures of entrepreneurial success. We expand the number of included samples from 27 in Miao et al. (2017) to 159. Overall, we find that the relationship between self-efficacy and success is small (ρ = 0.24) using guidelines from Cohen (1988); however, the relationship between ESE and at least partially financial measures of success was moderate, but larger in size (ρ = 0.44 vs. ρ = 0.31), than that estimated by Miao et al. (2017). We find that effect sizes vary widely depending on the type of success variable—with small to practically insignificant relations between self-efficacy and firm size as measured by the number of employees. In addition, we find stronger relations between ESE and success than generalized self-efficacy. Altogether we find that without properly accounting for the influence of the type of success variable, researchers might draw incorrect conclusions regarding the role of self-efficacy in entrepreneurial dynamics. We discuss the methodological and theoretical implications of our findings. • Self-efficacy is meaningfully related to some forms of entrepreneurial success. • Entrepreneurial vs. generalized self-efficacy is more strongly related to success. • Self-efficacy is not always meaningfully related to firm size.}, journal={Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Glosenberg, Alexander and Phillips, Duygu and Schaefer, Joseph and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Kirkman, Bradley L. and McChesney, Jenna and Noble, Sean M. and Ward, M.K. and Foster, Lori L.}, year={2022}, month={Nov}, pages={e00342} }
 @article{carr_marshall_michaelis_pollack_sheats_2022, title={The role of work-to-venture role conflict on hybrid entrepreneurs’ transition into entrepreneurship}, volume={7}, ISSN={0047-2778 1540-627X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2022.2082455}, DOI={10.1080/00472778.2022.2082455}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Entrepreneurial effort is a process-related phenomenon, where individuals or teams organize and launch a venture to capitalize on identified opportunities. Using role theory as a guide, this study develops a new, theory-based construct associated with hybrid entrepreneurship, which we term as work-to-venture conflict (WVC). WVC reflects how the hybrid entrepreneurship process can create conflict between wage employment and venture-launch roles over time. Using a repeated-measures data collection over 26 weeks using a sample of hybrid entrepreneurs, this study uses growth modeling to test the dynamic nature of WVC and its relationships to wage-related outcomes. We find support for our hypothesized relationships that (a) an increase in startup effort over time for hybrid entrepreneurs is related to increased work-to-venture role conflict, which results in (b) a decrease in job satisfaction and increase in turnover intentions regarding their wage employment. Theoretical contributions and practical considerations associated with these findings are provided.}, journal={Journal of Small Business Management}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Carr, Jon C. and Marshall, David R. and Michaelis, Timothy L. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Sheats, Lewis}, year={2022}, month={Jul}, pages={1–24} }
 @article{tracy_billingsley_pollack_barber_beorchia_carr_gonzalez_harris_michaelis_morrow_et al._2021, title={A behavioral insights approach to recruiting entrepreneurs for an academic study during the COVID-19 pandemic}, volume={16}, ISSN={2352-6734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2021.e00287}, DOI={10.1016/j.jbvi.2021.e00287}, abstractNote={What should researchers say when recruiting entrepreneurs to participate in their study? Using a sample of entrepreneurs (N = 1,450) who were being asked to participate in an academic research project, we conducted an experiment to determine recruitment message efficacy. Drawing on best practices from the behavioral insights literature, we developed different email message recruitment statements that were randomly assigned across four phases of our experiment. Results indicate that a message grounded in the “descriptive norms” (i.e., social norms) approach resulted in the highest percentage of participants who clicked on the link to participate in our online survey. We discuss the theoretical as well as practical implications of our work.}, journal={Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Tracy, Elizabeth M. and Billingsley, Joseph and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Barber, Dennis, III and Beorchia, Ace and Carr, Jon C. and Gonzalez, Gabe and Harris, Michael L. and Michaelis, Timothy L. and Morrow, Grayson and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={e00287} }
 @article{ko_wiklund_pollack_2021, title={Entrepreneurial Team Diversity and Productivity: The Role of Family Relationships in Nascent Ventures}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1540-6520"]}, DOI={10.1177/1042258720902058}, abstractNote={In this study, we examine how team diversity contributes to team productivity in nascent ventures depending on family relations. Specifically, we explore how bio-demographic diversity influences team productivity using data from a panel of 285 nascent venture teams over 5 years. Results suggest that age and gender diversity have negative impacts on team productivity, but that family relationships positively moderate these effects. To explain the phenomena, we relied on social identity theory and the discussion of the identity confirmation process. Through this novel theoretical framework, we describe how identity confirmation, through identification with a collective (i.e., family), and cross-categorization of family roles mitigate the negative impact of bio-demographic diversity. Our findings provide valuable insights to scholars interested in bio-demographic team diversity, family relationships, and the new venture creation process.}, number={2}, journal={ENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE}, author={Ko, Eun-Jeong and Wiklund, Johan and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={386–417} }
 @misc{michaelis_pollack_carr_2021, title={Frugality in Emerging Organizations: A Psychological Perspective of Resourcefulness in Entrepreneurship Contexts}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.013.310}, DOI={10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.013.310}, abstractNote={The act of being resourceful is a commonly displayed behavior in the process of entrepreneurship. For example, entrepreneurs are known to share resources with competitors, utilize their social networks to attract capital, exchange favors for resources, engage in resource bootstrapping behaviors, repurpose and/or recombine existing resources for new purposes (i.e., bricolage), and sometimes pivot from one opportunity to another following available resource options given current situational constraints (i.e., effectuation). Currently, research on the topic of resourcefulness in the entrepreneurship literature assumes these aforementioned resourceful behaviors are attributed to a limited resource environment rather than also originating from within the entrepreneur. Frugality is a new concept in the field of entrepreneurship that suggests entrepreneurs will also enact resourceful behaviors because of their own self-regulatory processes; that is, entrepreneurs will engage in resourcefulness behaviors as a preference rather than as a forced reaction to their external resource environment. Thus, frugality represents an individual-level antecedent of resourcefulness behaviors that is not bound to the conditions of necessity-based entrepreneurship. This is important as frugality opens the door for numerous future research directions in the context of both necessity-based and opportunity-based entrepreneurship. Frugality is defined as one’s general preference to (a) conserve resources and (b) apply an economic rationale in the acquisition of resources (i.e., assessing the opportunity cost of newly acquired resources). Research in the consumer behavior literature highlights that frugality is a culturally driven trait preference, whereby one is willing to sacrifice in the short term to achieve longer-term, idiosyncratic goals. Despite a large amount of research on frugal consumer behavior, there has yet to be a systematic inquiry into how frugality more broadly influences the process of new venture creation and organizations. Empirical research highlights that frugal entrepreneurs tend to engage in higher amounts of bricolage and effectuation, thus representing a promising new topic for better understanding the process of entrepreneurship. Although it is expected that future inquiry regarding frugality in entrepreneurship will naturally orient toward the topic of resourcefulness, it is also expected that frugality will relate to numerous other important topics such as entrepreneurial well-being, opportunity recognition, opportunity exploitation, and new venture growth. Considering the novelty of frugality in entrepreneurship, and management literature generally, it would benefit future research to systematically explore both the upsides and downsides to being frugal as it relates to value creation activities.}, journal={Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Michaelis, Timothy L. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Carr, Jon C.}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{billingsley_lipsey_burnette_pollack_2021, title={Growth mindsets: defining, assessing, and exploring effects on motivation for entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs}, volume={8}, ISSN={1046-1310 1936-4733}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02149-w}, DOI={10.1007/s12144-021-02149-w}, journal={Current Psychology}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Billingsley, Joseph and Lipsey, Nikolette P. and Burnette, Jeni L. and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2021}, month={Aug} }
 @article{pollack_maula_allison_renko_gunther_2021, title={Making a Contribution to Entrepreneurship Research by Studying Crowd-Funded Entrepreneurial Opportunities}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1540-6520"]}, DOI={10.1177/1042258719888640}, abstractNote={This editorial outlines our perspective on the state of literature as well as suggestions for new contributions to entrepreneurship research in the area of crowd-funded opportunities. Our aim is, first, to outline what we see as best practices for research on crowd-funded entrepreneurial opportunities. Second, we aim to solicit additional articles for the Virtual Special Issue (VSI) on “Crowd-Funded Entrepreneurial Opportunities” in Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. In contrast to typical editorial articles associated with special issues, we take a prospective approach and outline what we hope (and expect) to see in the literature in the future. Put differently, we are not going to summarize a subset of articles that have been accepted for publication—rather, we are going to delineate the subset of articles to be written that we would, ideally, like to see submitted to top-tier entrepreneurship journals in order to advance the literature. Along the way, we will describe best practices that we anticipate can elevate research in this burgeoning area of inquiry.}, number={2}, journal={ENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Maula, Markku and Allison, Thomas H. and Renko, Maija and Gunther, Christina C.}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={247–262} }
 @article{michaelis_pollack_hu_carr_mckelvie_2021, title={Metacognition and entrepreneurial action: The mediating role of a strategic mindset on promoting effort and innovative behavior in frugal entrepreneurs}, volume={16}, ISSN={2352-6734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2021.e00283}, DOI={10.1016/j.jbvi.2021.e00283}, abstractNote={This study tests a situated metacognitive model of entrepreneurial action to highlight how action (or inaction) during the entrepreneurial process is influenced by both individual traits and one's metacognitive ability, namely one's strategic mindset. Integrating theory on resourcefulness and metacognition, we show how entrepreneurs who are more frugal tend to engage in less action in developing their new venture (i.e., enacting fewer innovative behaviors and putting forth less effort) as compared to less frugal entrepreneurs. However, we explain that this direct (negative) relationship is mediated by one's strategic mindset, such that the indirect effect of frugality on both innovative behavior and level of effort enacted towards one's new venture is positive (rather than negative). Overall, this study extends the construct of strategic mindset to the entrepreneurship literature and highlights the crucial role that metacognition can play regarding one's socio-cognitive decision-making process and subsequent entrepreneurial behaviors.}, journal={Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Michaelis, Timothy L. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Hu, Xinyu (Judy) and Carr, Jon C. and McKelvie, Alexander}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={e00283} }
 @article{pollack_garcia_michaelis_hanson_carr_sheats_2021, title={PURSUING B CORP CERTIFICATION: EXPLORING FIRMS' ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION AND PROSOCIAL MOTIVATION}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2168-1007"]}, DOI={10.5465/amd.2019.0083}, abstractNote={Our work is motivated by the empirical finding that Benefit Corporations (B Corps) that pursue certification experience a short-term slow down in financial performance. To shed light on this findin...}, number={2}, journal={ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT DISCOVERIES}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Garcia, Rosanna and Michaelis, Timothy L. and Hanson, Sheila and Carr, Jon C. and Sheats, Lewis}, year={2021}, month={Jun}, pages={294–316} }
 @article{van witteloostuijn_dejardin_pollack_2021, title={Replication in entrepreneurship}, volume={16}, ISSN={2352-6734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2021.e00271}, DOI={10.1016/j.jbvi.2021.e00271}, journal={Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={van Witteloostuijn, Arjen and Dejardin, Marcus and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={e00271} }
 @inbook{cohen_jones_katz_pollack_white_2021, place={Cheltenham, UK}, title={What I have learned about teaching entrepreneurship: perspectives of five master educators}, ISBN={9781789904451 9781789904468}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781789904468.00009}, DOI={10.4337/9781789904468.00009}, abstractNote={If you are looking for the intersection of past practices, current thinking, and future insights into the ever-expanding world of entrepreneurship education, then you will want to read and explore the fourth edition of the Annals of Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy. Prepared under the auspices of the United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (USASBE), this edited volume covers a broad range of scholarly, practical, and thoughtful perspectives on a compelling range of entrepreneurship education issues.}, booktitle={Annals of Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy – 2021}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, author={Cohen, Dan and Jones, Paul and Katz, Jerome and Pollack, Jeffrey and White, Rebecca}, editor={Matthews, Chales H. and Liguori, Eric W.Editors}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={2–25} }
 @article{burnette_pollack_forsyth_hoyt_babij_thomas_coy_2020, title={A Growth Mindset Intervention: Enhancing Students' Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Career Development}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1540-6520"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85071471097&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/1042258719864293}, abstractNote={Despite mounting interest in growth mindset interventions, this approach has yet to be applied to the domain of entrepreneurship. In the present research, we developed and tested if a growth mindset intervention could be leveraged to promote students’ entrepreneurial self-efficacy and if this, in turn, predicted career development (i.e., academic interest, career interest, task persistence, and academic performance). We report on our findings, from an Open Science Framework (OSF) preregistered study, that is a randomized controlled trial implementing a growth mindset intervention. We randomly assigned undergraduate students (N = 238) in an introduction to entrepreneurship class to either the growth mindset intervention or to a knowledge-based attention-matched control. Students in the growth mindset intervention, relative to the control, reported greater entrepreneurial self-efficacy and task persistence on their main class project. The intervention also indirectly improved academic and career interest via entrepreneurial self-efficacy. However, the intervention failed to directly or indirectly impact performance on a classroom assignment. Additionally, and somewhat surprisingly, gender and past experience in the field failed to moderate any effects of the intervention on outcomes. Theoretical implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.}, number={5}, journal={ENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE}, author={Burnette, Jeni L. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Forsyth, Rachel B. and Hoyt, Crystal L. and Babij, Alexandra D. and Thomas, Fanice N. and Coy, Anthony E.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={878–908} }
 @article{aczel_szaszi_sarafoglou_kekecs_kucharsky_benjamin_chambers_fisher_gelman_gernsbacher_et al._2020, title={A consensus-based transparency checklist}, volume={4}, ISBN={2397-3374}, DOI={10.1038/s41562-019-0772-6}, abstractNote={We present a consensus-based checklist to improve and document the transparency of research reports in social and behavioural research. An accompanying online application allows users to complete the form and generate a report that they can submit with their manuscript or post to a public repository.}, number={1}, journal={NATURE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR}, author={Aczel, Balazs and Szaszi, Barnabas and Sarafoglou, Alexandra and Kekecs, Zoltan and Kucharsky, Simon and Benjamin, Daniel and Chambers, Christopher D. and Fisher, Agneta and Gelman, Andrew and Gernsbacher, Morton A. and et al.}, year={2020}, month={Jan}, pages={4–6} }
 @article{pollack_carr_corbett_hoyt_kellermanns_kirkman_post_2020, title={Contextual and Interactional Approaches to Advancing Leadership and Entrepreneurship Research}, volume={57}, ISSN={0022-2380 1467-6486}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joms.12605}, DOI={10.1111/joms.12605}, abstractNote={Abstract In this introductory article for the special issue of Journal of Management Studies , entitled ‘Leading Entrepreneurial Ventures: Individual and Team‐Based Perspectives’, we leverage insights in the extant literature as well as those insights developed by the authors of the four articles published in response to our call for papers. Overall, we explore multiple nuanced questions with regards to research on entrepreneurship, research on leadership, and their intersection. Our goal is to begin to help guide research on entrepreneurship and leadership, and their intersection, for the next decade.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Management Studies}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Carr, Jon C. and Corbett, Andrew C. and Hoyt, Crystal L. and Kellermanns, Franz W. and Kirkman, Bradley L. and Post, Corinne}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={915–930} }
 @article{michaelis_pollack_mulvey_ritter_carr_2020, title={Gender Bias and Venture Funding: Discussing Bias in the Entrepreneurship Classroom}, volume={3}, ISSN={2515-1274 2515-1274}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515127419879459}, DOI={10.1177/2515127419879459}, abstractNote={We report on the findings from an in-class experiment that represents a learning innovation which can enable classroom-based conversations about bias in the domain of entrepreneurship. More specifically, the present learning innovation explores gender bias in venture funding with regard to entrepreneurship. In an introduction to entrepreneurship class, we randomly assigned students to one of the three experimental conditions—students evaluated an executive summary for a venture either written by a woman, or a man, or one in which the gender was neutral (i.e., the control group). Students acted as if they were considering an investment and reported whether, for example, the executive summary was well written as well as how much equity they would want in the venture as a potential investor. Overall, these results provide evidence consistent with the inference that the students sampled in this study did not use gender as a decision-making heuristic when evaluating entrepreneurial opportunities. We discuss the results of our experiment and describe (a) how to replicate this activity, (b) how to discuss this in the classroom, and (c) how to adapt this activity to explore other types of bias (e.g., race, ethnicity, weight-based, etc.).}, number={2}, journal={Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Michaelis, Timothy L. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Mulvey, Paul and Ritter, Beth M. and Carr, Jon C.}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={154–181} }
 @article{theoharakis_voliotis_pollack_2020, title={Going Down the Slippery Slope of Legitimacy Lies in Early-Stage Ventures: The Role of Moral Disengagement}, volume={172}, ISSN={0167-4544 1573-0697}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04508-2}, DOI={10.1007/s10551-020-04508-2}, abstractNote={Abstract It would seem, on the surface, logical that entrepreneurs would treat stakeholders with honesty and respect. However, this is not always the case—at times, entrepreneurs lie to stakeholders in order to take a step closer to achieving legitimacy. It is these legitimacy lies that are the focus of the current work. Overall, while we know that legitimacy lies are told, we know very little about the psychological processes at work that may make it more likely for someone to tell a legitimacy lie. Thus, we theorize about the pressure to pursue legitimacy, the situational and individual factors that affect this pursuit, as well as how this context can lead to moral disengagement and the telling of legitimacy lies. Our theorizing advances the existing literature and provides a dynamic framework by which future research can delve more deeply into the nuanced context that breeds the escalation of legitimacy lies.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Business Ethics}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Theoharakis, Vasilis and Voliotis, Seraphim and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2020}, month={Apr}, pages={673–690} }
 @article{pollack_muñoz_dimov_2020, title={JBVI on its 5th birthday: Reflections on place and journey}, volume={13}, ISSN={2352-6734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00152}, DOI={10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00152}, abstractNote={Abstract In this editorial, we take stock of the Journal of Business Venturing Insights (JBVI) as it turns five years old. We reflect on the unique niche that JBVI fills in the realm of journals focused on research in entrepreneurship and highlight the papers that have gained the most traction within this short period. We reflect on the role that JBVI can play in the landscape of the entrepreneurship research and outline the types of papers that can drive the journal forward.}, journal={Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Muñoz, Pablo and Dimov, Dimo}, year={2020}, month={Jun}, pages={e00152} }
 @article{ring_carr_michaelis_pollack_sheats_2020, title={Knowledge acquisition frequency and business model adaptation in nascent firms}, volume={33}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Management Inquiry}, author={Ring, J.K. and Carr, J.C. and Michaelis, T.L. and Pollack, J.M. and Sheats, L.}, year={2020}, pages={120–139} }
 @misc{reid_anglin_pollack_2020, title={Leading Entrepreneurial Ventures}, ISBN={9781003137573}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003137573-9}, DOI={10.4324/9781003137573-9}, abstractNote={This chapter outlines the extant and emerging literature that focuses on the topic of leading entrepreneurial ventures. We take both an inter- as well as intra-personal perspective to examining the main advances thus far as well as where the literature still has yet to expand. Overall, although we have seen great strides in the area of academic inquiry examining how individuals (and teams) lead entrepreneurial ventures, we contend that the leadership processes at work here are still relatively underexplored. From a psychological perspective, there are multiple areas where the literature lacks the nuanced perspective needed to fully portray how individuals (and teams) lead entrepreneurial ventures. We outline these areas and recommend a plethora of intriguing future research opportunities.}, journal={The Psychology of Entrepreneurship}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Reid, Shane W. and Anglin, Aaron H. and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={145–163} }
 @article{pollack_ho_o'boyle_kirkman_2020, title={Passion at work: A meta‐analysis of individual work outcomes}, volume={41}, ISSN={0894-3796 1099-1379}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.2434}, DOI={10.1002/job.2434}, abstractNote={Academic research on passion is much more complex than the extant literature or popular press portray. Although research on work-related passion has progressed rapidly over the last decade, much remains unknown. We are now just beginning to recognize the different theoretical underpinnings and empirical operationalizations that work passion research has adopted; and, the confusion this has generated hampers our understanding of the construct and its relationship to workplace outcomes. Accordingly, we use a meta-analytic examination to study the work-related outcomes of three dominant literature streams of work passion: general passion, dualistic passion (i.e., harmonious passion, obsessive passion), and role-based passion (i.e., passion for developing, passion for founding, passion for inventing). We employ meta-analytic techniques using random effects modeling summarizing 106 distinct samples across 87 manuscripts totaling 384 effect sizes (total unique N = 38,481; 43.54% women, average age is 38.04). Importantly, we highlight how each of the three streams of passion relates to various outcomes differently, illuminate several important heretofore undetected nuances in passion research, and provide a roadmap for future inquiry on passion at work.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Organizational Behavior}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Ho, Violet T. and O'Boyle, Ernest H. and Kirkman, Bradley L.}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={311–331} }
 @article{giones_brem_pollack_michaelis_klyver_brinckmann_2020, title={Revising entrepreneurial action in response to exogenous shocks: Considering the COVID-19 pandemic}, volume={14}, ISSN={2352-6734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00186}, DOI={10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00186}, abstractNote={With regards to the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the domain of entrepreneurship, we offer research-based evidence and associated insights focused on three perspectives (i.e., business planning, frugality, and emotional support) regarding entrepreneurial action under an exogenous shock. Beyond the initial emergency response that countries around the world have taken, we argue that it is time to revise entrepreneurial action guidance in such a context. Our aim is to highlight ways that entrepreneurs can take action in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic. We position our insights to be relevant to both researchers and practitioners coping with an unprecedented situation that has catastrophic consequences both economically and socially.}, journal={Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Giones, Ferran and Brem, Alexander and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Michaelis, Timothy L. and Klyver, Kim and Brinckmann, Jan}, year={2020}, month={Nov}, pages={e00186} }
 @book{stanko_pollack_2020, place={London, Ontario, Canada}, title={Schiit Audio: Does it make sense to sell on Amazon?}, number={9B20A085}, institution={Ivey Publishing}, author={Stanko, M. and Pollack, J.M.}, year={2020} }
 @article{michaelis_carr_scheaf_pollack_2020, title={The frugal entrepreneur: A self-regulatory perspective of resourceful entrepreneurial behavior}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1873-2003"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.105969}, abstractNote={The present research complements extant perspectives of resourcefulness, which assert that resourceful behaviors arise out of responses to environmental constraints, by developing a model illustrating that entrepreneurs self-impose constraints on resource acquisition and deployment for differing reasons. Specifically, we introduce a novel conceptualization of frugality and differentiate it from self-control to develop a set of hypotheses that frugality predicts resource use behaviors based on long-held preferences (e.g., effectuation and bricolage) and self-control predicts resource use behaviors based on known end states or goals (e.g., causation and pre-commitments). After accumulating evidence of reliability and validity for a new measure of frugality contextualized for entrepreneurship research, the results support our self-regulatory theoretical framework. Our study contributes to research on resourcefulness by making multiple theoretical insights, and we outline numerous future research opportunities for applying the construct of frugality to explain entrepreneurial behavior.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF BUSINESS VENTURING}, author={Michaelis, Timothy L. and Carr, Jon C. and Scheaf, David J. and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2020}, month={Jul} }
 @article{pollack_carr_michaelis_marshall_2019, title={Hybrid entrepreneurs’ self-efficacy and persistence change: A longitudinal exploration}, volume={12}, ISSN={2352-6734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00143}, DOI={10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00143}, abstractNote={Hybrid entrepreneurship—where an individual simultaneously engages in startup activities as well as wage-based employment—is an increasingly common career transition path. Yet, relatively little research has explored entrepreneurial characteristics during these unique career transitions. We provide exploratory insight into the longitudinal relationship between self-efficacy and persistence for hybrid entrepreneurs’ (N = 29) across a twenty-week period during which aspiring entrepreneurs engaged in activities related to venture startup while maintaining wage employment. As such, we propose that entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) and entrepreneurial persistence are malleable concepts that change over time. Using our longitudinal sample, we find evidence that ESE predicts entrepreneurial persistence change over time. Perhaps more importantly, we model how changes in ESE over time affect changes in entrepreneurial persistence for hybrid entrepreneurs. In sum, our work provides a foundation from which future research can examine the longitudinal transition of nascent entrepreneurs moving from an occupational setting as an employee to launching their own venture.}, journal={Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Carr, Jon C. and Michaelis, Timothy L. and Marshall, David R.}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={e00143} }
 @article{murphy_pollack_nagy_rutherford_coombes_2019, title={Risk Tolerance, Legitimacy, and Perspective: Navigating Biases in Social Enterprise Evaluations}, volume={9}, ISSN={["2157-5665"]}, DOI={10.1515/erj-2017-0093}, abstractNote={Abstract Social enterprises viewed as viable from societal perspectives are often regarded differently from traditional business perspectives. To examine this difference, we undertook two empirical studies of risk tolerance and legitimacy perceptions among observers of social enterprise and for-profit ventures. In Study 1, participants (n = 115) drawn randomly from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, an online crowdsourcing marketplace for human intelligence tasks, examined two hypothetical cases and completed the risk tolerance scale of the Jackson Personality Inventory. Results show that social enterprises were seen as having lower industry legitimacy, especially by individuals with lower risk tolerance. Here, industry legitimacy mediated the effect of venture purpose on cognitive legitimacy. In Study 2, practicing entrepreneurs (n = 23) narratively interpreted Study 1 results from social enterprise and traditional business perspectives. Both studies demonstrate that social enterprise legitimacy evaluations vary based on risk tolerance and the type of legitimacy in question. Overall findings show that explicit observations of risk tolerance effects, and multidimensional conceptualizations of legitimacy, are important to accurate evaluations of social enterprises.}, number={4}, journal={ENTREPRENEURSHIP RESEARCH JOURNAL}, author={Murphy, Patrick J. and Pollack, Jeff and Nagy, Brian and Rutherford, Matthew and Coombes, Susan}, year={2019}, month={Oct} }
 @article{miao_humphrey_qian_pollack_2019, title={The relationship between emotional intelligence and the dark triad personality traits: A meta-analytic review}, volume={78}, ISBN={1095-7251}, DOI={10.1016/j.jrp.2018.12.004}, abstractNote={This is a meta-analysis of emotional intelligence (EI) and Dark Triad traits. EI is significantly and negatively related to Machiavellianism (overall EI: = −0.29; ability EI: = −0.31; trait EI: = −0.27) and to psychopathy (overall EI: = −0.17; ability EI: = −0.21; trait EI: = −0.16). EI is not related to narcissism (overall EI: = 0.02; ability EI: = −0.10; trait EI: = 0.05). The types of EI did not moderate the relationships between EI and Dark Triad traits. EI measures and measures of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy exhibited significant moderator effects. Using EI scales may be a practical way to screen out candidates high in Machiavellianism and psychopathy.}, journal={JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY}, author={Miao, Chao and Humphrey, Ronald H. and Qian, Shanshan and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={189–197} }
 @article{ferreira_morais_pollack_bunds_2018, title={DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE TOURISM E-MICROENTREPRENEURIAL SELF-EFFICACY SCALE}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1943-3999"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85048099384&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3727/108354218x15210313504616}, abstractNote={With the emergence of tourism sharing economy platforms like People-First Tourism, Vayable, Airbnb, and Uber, there are now a much greater number of microentrepreneurs engaged in selling products and services directly to tourists. The limited existing literature examining these individuals suggests that they are often inspired by noneconomic motives such as freedom, passion, or lifestyle, rather than the desire to rapidly grow a venture and maximize revenue. Accordingly, given that tourism microentrepreneurs have different goals and business models relative to typical entrepreneurs, this study adapted extant entrepreneurial self-efficacy measures to the context of tourism e-microentrepreneurship to develop the tourism e-microentrepreneurial self-efficacy (TeMSE) scale. Our new 13-item scale provides insights into a unique and burgeoning group of tourism actors, namely measuring their beliefs in their ability to successfully perform the various roles and tasks of microentrepreneurship in the tourism sharing economy.}, number={2}, journal={TOURISM ANALYSIS}, author={Ferreira, Bruno S. and Morais, Duarte B. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Bunds, Kyle S.}, year={2018}, pages={275–282} }
 @article{miao_humphrey_qian_pollack_2018, title={Emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial intentions: an exploratory meta-analysis}, volume={23}, ISSN={["1758-6003"]}, DOI={10.1108/CDI-01-2018-0019}, abstractNote={
Purpose
The topic of entrepreneurial intention, which refers to a person’s degree of interest in creating a new business venture, has received close scrutiny in the entrepreneurship literature. The empirical results regarding the relation between emotional intelligence (EI) and entrepreneurial intention were nevertheless mixed across studies. Based on fit theory and trait activation theory, the purpose of this paper is to explain the fundamental reason for the mixed findings in the extant literature thus far.


Design/methodology/approach
Random-effects meta-analyses, based on 12 studies (along with 12 effect sizes), were performed to not only investigate the overall relation between EI and entrepreneurial intention but also to examine the moderators (i.e. individualism (vs collectivism), masculinity (vs femininity), power distance, long-term orientation (vs short-term orientation), uncertainty avoidance, and indulgence (vs restraint)) that influence this relation.


Findings
The results of this meta-analysis demonstrated that EI is positively related to entrepreneurial intention; the positive relationship between EI and entrepreneurial intention is stronger in long-term-oriented cultures; and the positive relationship between EI and entrepreneurial intention does not significantly differ based on a culture’s level of collectivism, masculinity, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and indulgence.


Originality/value
This meta-analysis advances the current understanding of the relation between EI and entrepreneurial intention from cross-cultural perspectives.
}, number={5}, journal={CAREER DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL}, author={Miao, Chao and Humphrey, Ronald H. and Qian, Shanshan and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2018}, pages={497–512} }
 @inbook{pollack_barr_michaelis_ward_carr_sheats_gonzalez_2018, place={CHeltenham, UK}, title={Entrepreneurship at North Carolina State University}, ISBN={9781788114943 978178814950}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781788114950.00023}, DOI={10.4337/9781788114950.00023}, abstractNote={At North Carolina State University, we take a unique approach to facilitating entrepreneurship education and practice – the NC State Entrepreneurship Clinical Model of Teaching and Research. Inspired but the teaching hospital model, the NC State Entrepreneurship Clinical Model integrates research, teaching, and real world experience by providing a space for faculty, students, entrepreneurs and service providers to gain skills, teach, learn and build businesses. We outline the main components of this model and highlight the student, venture, and research-oriented benefits of this approach.}, booktitle={Annals of Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy – 2018}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Barr, Steve H. and Michaelis, Timothy L. and Ward, M.K. and Carr, Jon C. and Sheats, Lewis and Gonzalez, Gabriel}, editor={Matthews, Charles H. and Liguori, Eric W.Editors}, year={2018}, pages={247–255} }
 @article{michaelis_aladin_pollack_2018, title={Innovation culture and the performance of new product launches: A global study}, volume={9}, ISSN={2352-6734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JBVI.2018.04.001}, DOI={10.1016/J.JBVI.2018.04.001}, abstractNote={We examine how innovation culture affects new product launch performance in a sample of entrepreneurial ventures (N = 334). In order to examine the relation between innovation culture and new product launch performance, we embarked on a two-step process. First, we examined the factor structure of innovation culture—results confirmed nine-dimensions. Here, a grouped confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) examined cross-cultural differences between eastern and western cultures. Second, the dimensions of innovation culture were used to determine culture profiles across these 334 entrepreneurial ventures. We found two clear subpopulations of innovation culture and we link these two clusters to new product development (NPD) performance (i.e., new product sales and profits averaged over 5 years). In particular, a Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) suggested two profiles existed with respect to innovation culture—that is, ventures that ranked ‘high’ across all innovation culture dimensions versus ventures that ranked ‘low’ across all nine dimensions. Ventures scoring higher across all innovation culture dimensions had significantly higher new product profits and sales. In a series of robustness checks, a path model revealed no significant moderation by region (i.e., eastern vs. western countries) in the innovation culture to performance relationship. Implications as well as directions for future research are discussed.}, journal={Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Michaelis, Timothy L. and Aladin, Roberly and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={116–127} }
 @article{mol_ho_pollack_2018, title={Predicting Entrepreneurial Burnout in a Moderated Mediated Model of Job Fit}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1540-627X"]}, DOI={10.1111/jsbm.12275}, abstractNote={We introduce, and empirically test, a model of entrepreneurial burnout that highlights the relationships among job fit, entrepreneurial passion, destiny beliefs, and burnout. Using a sample of 326 individuals involved in entrepreneurial jobs, we tested the link between job fit and two forms of passion—harmonious and obsessive—and the moderating role of entrepreneurs' destiny beliefs about work (i.e., the belief that a successful career is “meant to be”). Findings illustrated that their job fit perceptions were positively related to harmonious passion, which in turn negatively predicted burnout. Additionally, the relationship between job fit and obsessive passion was moderated by destiny beliefs, such that it was positive at high and average levels of destiny beliefs. In turn, obsessive passion was positively related to burnout. We discuss implications for both theory and practice.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT}, author={Mol, Eva and Ho, Violet T. and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={392–411} }
 @misc{su_holt_pollack_2018, title={The Distribution of Family Firm Performance Heterogeneity: Understanding Power Law Distributions}, ISBN={9783319776750 9783319776767}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77676-7_15}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-77676-7_15}, journal={The Palgrave Handbook of Heterogeneity among Family Firms}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, author={Su, Emma and Holt, Daniel T. and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={407–429} }
 @article{de mol_pollack_ho_2018, title={What makes entrepreneurs burn out?}, url={https://hbr.org/2018/04/what-makes-entrepreneurs-burn-out}, journal={Harvard Business Review online}, author={De Mol, E. and Pollack, J.M. and Ho, V.T.}, year={2018}, month={Apr} }
 @article{gloss_pollack_ward_2017, title={A risky shift? An exploration of the measurement equivalence of entrepreneurial attitudes and entrepreneurial orientation across socioeconomic gradients}, volume={7}, ISSN={2352-6734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JBVI.2017.01.003}, DOI={10.1016/J.JBVI.2017.01.003}, abstractNote={While entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is often conceptualized on a firm level of analysis, scholarship has highlighted that firm-level strategy is influenced by the psychology of managers. Because an individual's psychological approach to risk-taking is influenced by socioeconomic factors, we explored whether responses to risk-taking items in scales of individual-level entrepreneurial attitudes and firm-level EO are influenced by socioeconomic status and the socioeconomic development of regions. Testing for measurement equivalence (ME), we found evidence consistent with the inference that items relating not only to risk-taking, but also to innovativeness and proactivity, are thought of differently according to socioeconomic influences on individual and regional levels of analysis. We discuss the implications of our results including the need for researchers to test for ME when exploring entrepreneurial attitudes and EO across socioeconomic gradients.}, journal={Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Gloss, Alexander and Pollack, Jeff M. and Ward, M.K.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={32–37} }
 @article{miao_rutherford_pollack_2017, title={An exploratory meta-analysis of the nomological network of bootstrapping in SMEs}, volume={8}, ISSN={2352-6734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JBVI.2017.04.002}, DOI={10.1016/J.JBVI.2017.04.002}, abstractNote={Bootstrapping, the pursuit of creative ways of acquiring resources in non-traditional ways, is a defining entrepreneurial behavior in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). However, after nearly three decades of research there is no quantitative synthesis of the literature. We meta-analyze data from 22 empirical samples, across 62 effect sizes, and find no significant overall relation between bootstrapping and SME performance. We examined a set of moderators (i.e., type of performance, type of bootstrapping, and bootstrapping measures). Some moderators alter the direction and influence the statistical significance of the bootstrapping-SME performance relation, but none of these moderators were statistically significant.}, journal={Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Miao, Chao and Rutherford, Matthew W. and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={1–8} }
 @article{reid_davis_pollack_coughlan_2017, title={Balance Theory Revisited: Relationship Issue Relevance Affects Imbalance-Induced Tension in Workplace Relationships}, volume={151}, ISSN={0022-3980 1940-1019}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2017.1372342}, DOI={10.1080/00223980.2017.1372342}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The present work applies and extends balance theory by examining the role of relevance of issue to the relationship in balance theory processes within the context of workplace relationships. In Experiment 1, a sample of working adults (N = 81) reported greater job tension when self-supervisor dissimilarity involved a relationship-relevant (vs. non-relationship) ethical dilemma. In Experiment 2, a sample of working students (N = 185) who perceived greater self-supervisor dissimilarity about workplace (vs. family) ethics reported greater job tension, and in turn, less job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Perceiving dissimilarity with a work supervisor in attitudes about relationship-relevant issues may negatively affect outcomes at work. Importantly, these experiments demonstrated that not all dissimilarity is likely to yield negative outcomes; only relationship-relevant (vs. non-relevant) dissimilarity was a catalyst for imbalance-induced tension.}, number={6}, journal={The Journal of Psychology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Reid, Chelsea A. and Davis, Jody L. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Coughlan, Richard S.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={547–565} }
 @article{rutherford_pollack_mazzei_sanchez-ruiz_2017, title={Bootstrapping: Reviewing the literature, clarifying the construct, and charting a new path forward}, volume={42}, DOI={10.1177/1059601117730574}, abstractNote={We contend that exploring the construct of bootstrapping could be much more nuanced and interesting than the extant literature has revealed. Unfortunately, the extant literature is stymied by conflicting theoretical as well as empirical landscapes. We address the critical lacunas in the literature by (a) situating the construct of bootstrapping in its historical, chronological context; (b) providing clarity to a construct that is currently lacking; (c) summarizing the theoretical bases which currently apply to bootstrapping; and (d) proposing signaling theory as an appropriate and complementary perspective to use when examining bootstrapping. In addition, our work identifies multiple lines of compelling and novel research that emerge from our approach to the construct of bootstrapping via signaling theory.}, number={5}, journal={Group & Organization Management}, author={Rutherford, M. W. and Pollack, Jeffrey and Mazzei, M. J. and Sanchez-Ruiz, P.}, year={2017}, pages={657–706} }
 @article{nagy_rutherford_truong_pollack_2017, title={Development of the legitimacy threshold scale}, volume={27}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Small Business Strategy}, author={Nagy, B.N. and Rutherford, M.W. and Truong, Y. and Pollack, J.M.}, year={2017}, pages={50–58} }
 @article{bhawe_gupta_pollack_2017, title={Founder exits and firm performance: An exploratory study}, volume={8}, ISSN={2352-6734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JBVI.2017.09.001}, DOI={10.1016/J.JBVI.2017.09.001}, abstractNote={In this exploratory work, we examine the relation between founder exits and firm performance in new and emerging ventures using data (N = 3120) from the Kaufmann Firm Survey (KFS) database which tracked firms over a seven-year period. We find that founder exits have an inverted-U shaped relationship to firm performance. Furthermore, the relationship between exits and performance is weakened when ownership is consolidated and governed by formal ownership agreements, and strengthened when owners are actively engaged in management of the firm. Overall, our results suggest that new and emerging firms’ organizational development influences the relationship between exits and performance. We discuss the theory-based and practical implications of this work as well as multiple lines of future research that can build on our findings.}, journal={Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Bhawe, Nachiket and Gupta, Vishal K. and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={114–122} }
 @article{pollack_barr_hanson_2017, title={New venture creation as establishing stakeholder relationships: A trust-based perspective}, volume={7}, ISSN={2352-6734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JBVI.2016.12.003}, DOI={10.1016/J.JBVI.2016.12.003}, abstractNote={The importance of trust in numerous dyadic relationships (e.g., romantic relationships, co-workers) is well documented, yet trust within the context of entrepreneurship—specifically, enabling the emergence of new ventures—is largely unexplored. In particular, we know very little about how entrepreneurs use trust to establish each of the unique strategic alliances they must form with stakeholders to enable a new venture to enter the market. We present a theory-based approach, developed from existing literature on trust, to specify multiple stakeholder-oriented insights related to trust that may facilitate new venture creation. In sum, during venture initiation, stakeholders require entrepreneurs to convey nuanced interpersonal messages to develop, initially, dimensions of trust – ability, benevolence, and integrity – to effectively build these relationships that enable successful new firm emergence.}, journal={Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Barr, Steve and Hanson, Sheila}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={15–20} }
 @article{harrison_banks_pollack_ernest h. o'boyle_short_2017, title={Publication Bias in Strategic Management Research}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1557-1211"]}, DOI={10.1177/0149206314535438}, abstractNote={Publication bias is the systematic suppression of research findings due to small magnitude, statistical insignificance, or contradiction of prior findings or theory. We review possible reasons why publication bias may exist in strategy research and examine empirical evidence regarding the influence of publication bias in the field. Overall, we conclude that publication bias affects many, but not all, topics in strategic management research. Correlation inflation due to publication bias ranged in magnitude from .00, indicating no bias, to .19, representing considerable bias. These results suggest that caution should be exercised when interpreting scientific conclusions regarding certain determinants of firm performance, while greater confidence may be expressed in others. We discuss how publication bias can be addressed both philosophically and empirically in the domain of strategy.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT}, author={Harrison, Jeffrey S. and Banks, George Christopher and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Ernest H. O'Boyle and Short, Jeremy}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={400–425} }
 @article{gupta_ho_pollack_lai_2016, title={A multilevel perspective of interpersonal trust: Individual, dyadic, and cross-level predictors of performance}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1099-1379"]}, DOI={10.1002/job.2104}, abstractNote={Summary 
While it is generally known that interpersonal trust facilitates individual functioning, few studies have examined the role of specific features of the interpersonal trust network — individual, dyadic, third-party, and network-level features — on individual performance. We adopt a multilevel perspective of interpersonal trust to examine how individuals' performance is not only predicted by their individual-level centrality in the interpersonal trust network but also moderated, at the network level, by the overall centralized nature of that network. Further, we examine whether mutual trust relationships at the dyadic level, as well as shared trust ties to common third parties, can predict individuals' performance. We test our hypotheses with 206 members in 15 professional networking groups and find that interpersonal trust operates at multiple levels to predict members' performance in terms of generating income from business referrals. These findings provide theoretical and practical implications on how interpersonal trust relationships operate and can be managed for performance gains. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR}, author={Gupta, Naina and Ho, Violet and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Lai, Lei}, year={2016}, month={Nov}, pages={1271–1292} }
 @article{pollack_rutherford_seers_coy_hanson_2016, title={Exploring entrepreneurs' social network ties: Quantity versus quality}, volume={6}, ISSN={2352-6734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JBVI.2016.09.001}, DOI={10.1016/J.JBVI.2016.09.001}, abstractNote={We applied a new approach to the study of entrepreneurial networking groups—a social network perspective merged with team-member exchange (TMX) theory. This enabled us to take a unique look at how the quantity and the quality of entrepreneurs’ social network ties impact networking performance. Entrepreneurs (N=302) in formal networking groups provided data about the quantity of their social ties (i.e., weekly interactions with group members), the quality of those relationships (i.e., team-member exchange), the actual number of members to whom they gave referrals, as well as from whom they received referrals. Our novel approach revealed a direct relationship between tie quantity and the two networking performance outcomes, while we observed no direct relationship between tie quality and the same outcomes. However, affective organizational commitment mediates this latter relationship between tie quality and networking performance. And, interestingly, we find that it is the quality of ties that more strongly predicts the mediator of affective commitment, not the quantity of ties. We discuss the theory-based as well as practical implications of our work and describe areas for future research based on these findings.}, journal={Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Rutherford, Matthew W. and Seers, Anson and Coy, Anthony E. and Hanson, Sheila}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={28–35} }
 @article{bhawe_rawhouser_pollack_2016, title={Horse and cart: The role of resource acquisition order in new ventures}, volume={6}, ISSN={2352-6734}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JBVI.2016.06.001}, DOI={10.1016/J.JBVI.2016.06.001}, abstractNote={Entrepreneurs need to accumulate different types of resources to take the initial steps to grow their ventures. While much is known about the configurations of resources that improve venture success, less is known on how ventures should initially accumulate resources to begin to exploit valuable opportunities. Using agent based simulations, we classify resources by the functions (search and execution) that they provide. We find that acquiring search resources before execution resources leads to more valuable opportunities, but only under conditions of higher uncertainty. We contribute to the entrepreneurial resource acquisition literature by showing how resource order may affect an entrepreneur's ability in opportunity discovery, evaluation, and exploitation. We draw inferences on contingencies that can increase the salience of resource order on venture success.}, journal={Journal of Business Venturing Insights}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Bhawe, Nachiket and Rawhouser, Hans and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={7–13} }
 @article{banks_pollack_bochantin_kirkman_whelpley_ernest h. o'boyle_2016, title={MANAGEMENT'S SCIENCE-PRACTICE GAP: A GRAND CHALLENGE FOR ALL STAKEHOLDERS}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1948-0989"]}, DOI={10.5465/amj.2015.0728}, abstractNote={Despite multiple high-profile calls—across decades and from multiple stakeholders—to address the widening gap between science and practice, the relevance of research conducted in the management dom...}, number={6}, journal={ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT JOURNAL}, author={Banks, George C. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Bochantin, Jaime E. and Kirkman, Bradley L. and Whelpley, Christopher E. and Ernest H. O'Boyle}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={2205–2231} }
 @article{rutherford_tocher_pollack_coombes_2016, title={Proposing a Financial Legitimacy Threshold in Emerging Ventures: A Multi-Method Investigation}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1552-3993"]}, DOI={10.1177/1059601116669632}, abstractNote={Two decades of informative research has asserted that legitimacy attainment is essential to the survival and growth of emerging ventures, yet little empirical research has been conducted to either (a) validate the notion that emerging ventures transition from pre-legitimacy to legitimacy, or (b) identify when such a transition happens for the average new venture. Hence, the present research seeks to begin bridging this substantial gap by introducing and testing the notion that a financial legitimacy threshold (FLT) exists within emerging ventures. Using attainment of financing as a proxy for initial legitimacy, we test our hypothesis that an FLT exists on two large, independent data sets—the 1998 (N = 3,033) and 2003 (N = 3,751) Surveys of Small Business Finances. Results indicate that emerging ventures tend to finally transition to legitimacy and, thus, substantially shed external liabilities of newness at 12 years of age, six employees, and $379,000 in sales. Our findings that an FLT exists advance the literature by (a) suggesting that new venture legitimacy is a dichotomous variable that emerging firms either do or do not possess, and (b) articulating a point in size, age, and revenue that average emerging ventures must achieve before they are able to substantially neutralize external newness liabilities via legitimacy attainment.}, number={6}, journal={GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT}, author={Rutherford, Matthew W. and Tocher, Neil and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Coombes, Susan M. T.}, year={2016}, month={Dec}, pages={751–785} }
 @article{banks_o'boyle_pollack_white_batchelor_whelpley_abston_bennett_adkins_2016, title={Questions About Questionable Research Practices in the Field of Management: A Guest Commentary}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1557-1211"]}, DOI={10.1177/0149206315619011}, abstractNote={The discussion regarding questionable research practices (QRPs) in management as well as the broader natural and social sciences has increased substantially in recent years. Despite the attention, questions remain regarding research norms and the implications for both theoretical and practical advancements. The aim of the current article is to address these issues in a question-and-answer format while drawing upon both past research and the results of a series of new studies conducted using a mixed-methods design. Our goal is to encourage a systematic, collegial, and constructive dialogue regarding QRPs in management research.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT}, author={Banks, G. C. and O'Boyle, E. H. and Pollack, Jeffrey and White, C. D. and Batchelor, J. H. and Whelpley, C. E. and Abston, K. A. and Bennett, A. A. and Adkins, C. L.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={5–20} }
 @article{banks_pollack_seers_2016, title={Team coordination and organizational routines: bottoms up - and top down}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1758-6070"]}, DOI={10.1108/md-07-2014-0442}, abstractNote={Purpose 
 
 
 
– Conceptualizations of work coordination historically assumed that work systems are put into place and that these systems shape the ability of workers to accomplish tasks. Formalization has thus long been invoked as an explanatory mechanism for work coordination. Recent studies have extended interest in emergent implicit and relational coordination, yet their underlying mechanisms of bottom-up coordination have yet to be explicated such that formal top-down coordination can be approached as a complementary mechanism rather than an alternative substitute. The purpose of this paper is to integrate the literatures related to coordination and routines, and extend analysis of bottom-up coordination toward an understanding of how it can be complemented by top-down formalized coordination of routines within organizations. Implications of this work, for both theory and practice, are discussed. 
 
 
 
 
Design/methodology/approach 
 
 
 
– A conceptual review was conducted. 
 
 
 
 
Findings 
 
 
 
– By integrating the literatures related to coordination and routines, the authors extend analysis of bottom-up coordination toward an understanding of how it can be complemented by top-down formalized coordination of routines within organizations. 
 
 
 
 
Research limitations/implications 
 
 
 
– From a theory-based point of view, in the present work, the authors integrated the literatures related to coordination and routines and arrived at the conclusion that bottom-up coordination can be complemented by top-down formalized coordination of routines within organizations. 
 
 
 
 
Practical implications 
 
 
 
– The authors suggest that there is a need in the contemporary workplace for implicit, relational processes to enable individuals to continuously assess what changes are needed and adapt coordinated routines to accomplish the task at hand. This propensity will continue to increase as technology facilitates even more seamless communication among employees, organizations, and external partners. 
 
 
 
 
Originality/value 
 
 
 
– For the first time the authors integrate the literatures related to coordination and routines, in order to extend analysis of bottom-up coordination toward an understanding of how it can be complemented by top-down formalized coordination of routines within organizations.}, number={5}, journal={MANAGEMENT DECISION}, author={Banks, George Christopher and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Seers, Anson}, year={2016}, pages={1059–1072} }
 @article{litz_pollack_2015, title={Interfirm Rivalry between Small Hardware Stores and “Big Box” Retailers: Market Commonality and Product Mix Similarity as Antecedents to Competitive Response}, volume={53}, ISSN={0047-2778}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12071}, DOI={10.1111/jsbm.12071}, abstractNote={We examined market commonality and product mix similarity as predictors of competitive response by small retail hardware stores to their nearest “ig ox” competitor. Data from 314 small retail hardware stores revealed a consistent relationship between greater market commonality and small firm responsiveness. However, no consistent relationship was observed between resource similarity and responsiveness. Tests for interactions between these two predictors were inconsistent—two (of five) specific product categories (i.e., hardware and tools, seasonal goods) were significant but in divergent patterns. We discuss what these findings suggest concerning the competitive interaction between small retailers and their ig ox rivals.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Small Business Management}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Litz, Reginald A. and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={436–449} }
 @article{pollack_forster_johnson_coy_molden_2015, title={Promotion- and Prevention-Focused Networking and Its Consequences for Entrepreneurial Success}, volume={6}, ISSN={["1948-5514"]}, DOI={10.1177/1948550614543030}, abstractNote={Building and using social networks is an important factor in individuals’ personal as well as professional success. In the present work, we examine how individuals’ regulatory focus relates to their networking behavior. Findings from a sample of 300 entrepreneurs across 25 networking groups showed that a general focus on motivations for growth and advancement (promotion) predicted an increase in out-degree centrality (i.e., how much weekly, business-related contact entrepreneurs had with members in their own networking group), whereas a general focus on motivations for safety and security (prevention) predicted a decrease in out-degree centrality. Moreover, greater out-degree centrality further predicted an increase in the revenue entrepreneurs generated from members in their networking group. These findings demonstrate how individual differences affect personal motivations for how entrepreneurs’ develop and use their business networks and highlight the importance of motivations for growth and security in relationship formation and maintenance more generally.}, number={1}, journal={SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Forster, William R. and Johnson, Paul D. and Coy, Anthony and Molden, Daniel C.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={3–12} }
 @article{pollack_coy_green_davis_2015, title={Satisfaction, Investment, and Alternatives Predict Entrepreneurs' Networking Group Commitment and Subsequent Revenue Generation}, volume={39}, ISSN={1042-2587}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/etap.12075}, DOI={10.1111/etap.12075}, abstractNote={Prevailing wisdom across the body of research regarding social ties suggests that quantity matters. However, this logic is less applicable in formal networking groups, which have a bounded (and stable) membership. In such a setting, we argue that the quality of an entrepreneur's relationship with the networking group is what matters. Accordingly, we suggest that the networking group setting is one in which core tenets of the literature need refining. Consistent with our predictions, findings from a sample of 279 entrepreneurs across 25 separate networking groups demonstrated that entrepreneurs’ affective commitment to the group mediated the relations among (1) satisfaction with their group, (2) investment in their group, and (3) perceptions of alternatives to their group with the outcome of percentage of revenue generated from the networking group. These data provide insight into the psychological and behavioral antecedents of performance for entrepreneurs in networking groups: entrepreneurs who are more affectively committed to their networking groups are more likely to experience gains in revenue attributed to the group. We discuss the implications of these findings as well as offer multiple directions for future work.}, number={4}, journal={Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Coy, Anthony E. and Green, Jeffrey D. and Davis, Jody L.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={817–837} }
 @misc{haber_pollack_humphrey_2014, title={Competency Labor: A Conceptual Framework for Examining Individuals’ Effort and Emotions in Projecting an Image of Competence at Work}, ISSN={1746-9791}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s1746-979120140000010020}, DOI={10.1108/s1746-979120140000010020}, abstractNote={Abstract 
This chapter introduces the concept of “competency labor” and illustrates its important role in organizational life for both researchers and practitioners. In the contemporary workplace environment individuals face increasing expectations of competence. However, demonstrating competence is no simple task – rather, to demonstrate competence requires a concerted effort in terms of individuals’ affect, cognition, and behavior. Accordingly, new models are needed that can explain these emergent processes. The present work integrates the literatures related to emotional labor and impression management, and builds a theory-based framework for investigating the processes (affective, cognitive, and behavioral) of making desired impressions of competency at work and how these processes impact critical individual and organizational outcomes. Our conceptual model proposes how growing demands in the workplace for individuals to display competence affect how they think, feel, as well as act. In sum, our work advocates that a new research stream is needed to better understand the “competency labor” phenomenon and its theoretical as well as practical implications.}, journal={Emotions and the Organizational Fabric}, publisher={Emerald Group Publishing Limited}, author={Haber, Julita and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Humphrey, Ronald H.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={305–330} }
 @article{weaver_kwak_pollock_2014, title={Sampling Characteristics and Calibration of Snorkel Counts to Estimate Stream Fish Populations}, volume={34}, ISSN={0275-5947 1548-8675}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2014.951808}, DOI={10.1080/02755947.2014.951808}, abstractNote={AbstractSnorkeling is a versatile technique for estimating lotic fish population characteristics; however, few investigators have evaluated its accuracy at population or assemblage levels. We evaluated the accuracy of snorkeling using prepositioned areal electrofishing (PAE) for estimating fish populations in a medium-sized Appalachian Mountain river during fall 2008 and summer 2009. Strip-transect snorkel counts were calibrated with PAE counts in identical locations among macrohabitats, fish species or taxa, and seasons. Mean snorkeling efficiency (i.e., the proportion of individuals counted from the true population) among all taxa and seasons was 14.7% (SE, 2.5%), and the highest efficiencies were for River Chub Nocomis micropogon at 21.1% (SE, 5.9%), Central Stoneroller Campostoma anomalum at 20.3% (SE, 9.6%), and darters (Percidae) at 17.1% (SE, 3.7%), whereas efficiencies were lower for shiners (Notropis spp., Cyprinella spp., Luxilus spp.) at 8.2% (SE, 2.2%) and suckers (Catostomidae) at 6.6% (SE, 3...}, number={6}, journal={North American Journal of Fisheries Management}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Weaver, Daniel M. and Kwak, Thomas J. and Pollock, Kenneth H.}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={1159–1166} }
 @inbook{pollack_burnette_forsyth_2014, place={Thousand Oaks, CA}, title={Summit fever on Mount Everest}, ISBN={9781412963558 9781544308524}, booktitle={Effective Leadership: Theory, Cases, and Applications}, publisher={Sage Publishing}, author={Pollack, J.M. and Burnette, J.L. and Forsyth, D.R.}, editor={Humphrey, R.Editor}, year={2014}, pages={249–251} }
 @article{banks_batchelor_seers_o'boyle_pollack_gower_2014, title={What does team-member exchange bring to the party? A meta-analytic review of team and leader social exchange}, volume={35}, ISSN={0894-3796}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/JOB.1885}, DOI={10.1002/JOB.1885}, abstractNote={Summary 
Both leader–member exchange (LMX) and team–member exchange (TMX) measure the quality of reciprocal exchange among employees in the workplace. Although LMX focuses on supervisor–subordinate relationships while TMX examines the relationships among team members, both have theory-based and empirically proven relations with workplace outcomes such as job performance, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. However, it is not yet known which has more of an impact on such workplace outcomes—specifically, it is not clear if an employee's time is best spent developing vertical relationships among supervisors and subordinates (LMX) or on the horizontal relationships among team members (TMX). Accordingly, this meta-analysis explores the incremental validity and relative importance of these two social exchange-based constructs. The theoretical logic underlying LMX and TMX is clarified, and the parameter estimates between LMX, TMX, and work outcomes are reported. Results demonstrate that TMX shows incremental validity above and beyond LMX for some outcomes (organizational commitment and job satisfaction), but not others (job performance and turnover intentions). Also, LMX shows greater relative importance across all four outcomes. In sum, the clarification of the theoretical and empirical landscape lays a foundation for recommendations for future research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Organizational Behavior}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Banks, George C. and Batchelor, John H. and Seers, Anson and O'Boyle, Ernest H., Jr. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Gower, Kim}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={273–295} }
 @article{pollack_bosse_2014, title={When do investors forgive entrepreneurs for lying?}, volume={29}, ISSN={0883-9026}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSVENT.2013.08.005}, DOI={10.1016/J.JBUSVENT.2013.08.005}, abstractNote={A growing literature suggests that some entrepreneurs lie to investors in order to improve the likelihood of acquiring resources needed for firm survival and growth. We propose a framework outlining the conditions that may enable an investor who has been told a lie by an entrepreneur to respond with forgiveness rather than by withdrawing from the relationship. Integrating the literatures on evolutionary psychology, forgiveness, and stakeholder theory we argue that investor's appraisals of expected relationship value and expected exploitation risk are the key antecedents to an investor's decision to forgive an entrepreneur's lie.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Business Venturing}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Bosse, Douglas A.}, year={2014}, month={Nov}, pages={741–754} }
 @inbook{fuschetti_pollack_2013, place={Northampton, MA}, title={Addressing Personal and Family Transitions in Small Businesses: Effective Human Resource Management Practices}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9780857933195.00018}, DOI={10.4337/9780857933195.00018}, booktitle={Human Resource Management in Small Business}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, author={Fuschetti, Kyle and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, editor={Burke, R. and Cooper, C.Editors}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={200–215} }
 @inbook{hawver_pollack_2013, place={Northampton, MA}, title={Entrepreneurial Orientation}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781849808453.00016}, DOI={10.4337/9781849808453.00016}, booktitle={World Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, author={Hawver, Thomas H. and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, editor={Dana, L.Editor}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={83–85} }
 @inbook{pollack_2013, place={Northampton, MA}, title={Implicit Theories of Entrepreneurship}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781849808453.00033}, DOI={10.4337/9781849808453.00033}, booktitle={World Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, editor={Dana, L.Editor}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={247–248} }
 @article{burnette_pollack_2013, title={Implicit Theories of Work and Job Fit: Implications for Job and Life Satisfaction}, volume={35}, ISSN={0197-3533 1532-4834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2013.803964}, DOI={10.1080/01973533.2013.803964}, abstractNote={Extending the implicit theory perspective to the domain of work, we established the factor structure of a newly developed measure and then investigated how destiny theories (potential careers are or are not “meant to be”) interact with job fit to predict job and life satisfaction. Results revealed Destiny Theory × Job Fit interaction effects. Specifically, better job fit predicted higher life satisfaction for individuals with strong (relative to weak) destiny theories. We further examined the indirect effect of the Job Fit × Destiny Theory interaction with life satisfaction through increased job satisfaction. Results supported the proposed model.}, number={4}, journal={Basic and Applied Social Psychology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Burnette, Jeni L. and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2013}, month={Jul}, pages={360–372} }
 @article{burnette_o'boyle_vanepps_pollack_finkel_2013, title={Mind-sets matter: A meta-analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation.}, volume={139}, ISSN={1939-1455 0033-2909}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029531}, DOI={10.1037/a0029531}, abstractNote={This review builds on self-control theory (Carver & Scheier, 1998) to develop a theoretical framework for investigating associations of implicit theories with self-regulation. This framework conceptualizes self-regulation in terms of 3 crucial processes: goal setting, goal operating, and goal monitoring. In this meta-analysis, we included articles that reported a quantifiable assessment of implicit theories and at least 1 self-regulatory process or outcome. With a random effects approach used, meta-analytic results (total unique N = 28,217; k = 113) across diverse achievement domains (68% academic) and populations (age range = 5-42; 10 different nationalities; 58% from United States; 44% female) demonstrated that implicit theories predict distinct self-regulatory processes, which, in turn, predict goal achievement. Incremental theories, which, in contrast to entity theories, are characterized by the belief that human attributes are malleable rather than fixed, significantly predicted goal setting (performance goals, r = -.151; learning goals, r = .187), goal operating (helpless-oriented strategies, r = -.238; mastery-oriented strategies, r = .227), and goal monitoring (negative emotions, r = -.233; expectations, r = .157). The effects for goal setting and goal operating were stronger in the presence (vs. absence) of ego threats such as failure feedback. Discussion emphasizes how the present theoretical analysis merges an implicit theory perspective with self-control theory to advance scholarship and unlock major new directions for basic and applied research.}, number={3}, journal={Psychological Bulletin}, publisher={American Psychological Association (APA)}, author={Burnette, Jeni L. and O'Boyle, Ernest H. and VanEpps, Eric M. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Finkel, Eli J.}, year={2013}, pages={655–701} }
 @article{ho_pollack_2013, title={Passion Isn't Always a Good Thing: Examining Entrepreneurs' Network Centrality and Financial Performance with a Dualistic Model of Passion}, volume={51}, ISSN={0022-2380}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joms.12062}, DOI={10.1111/joms.12062}, abstractNote={We propose a conceptual model that links entrepreneurs' passion, network centrality, and financial performance, and test this model with small business managers in formal business networking groups. Drawing on the dualistic model of passion, we explore the relationships that harmonious and obsessive passion have with financial performance, mediated by network centrality. Results indicate that harmoniously passionate entrepreneurs had higher out-degree centrality in their networking group (i.e., they were more inclined to seek out members to discuss work issues), which increased the income they received from peer referrals and, ultimately, business income. Obsessively passionate entrepreneurs had lower in-degree centrality (i.e., they were less likely to be approached by peers), and in turn received less income from referrals and less business income. These findings highlight that entrepreneurial passion does not always result in positive financial outcomes – the type of passion makes a difference. Implications for research and practice are discussed.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Management Studies}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Ho, Violet T. and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={433–459} }
 @misc{pollack_hawver_2013, place={Northampton, MA}, title={Venture Capital}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781849808453.00061}, DOI={10.4337/9781849808453.00061}, abstractNote={55 Venture capital Jeffrey M. Pollack and Thomas H. Hawver Venture capital (VC) represents a financing option for entrepreneurs whereby funds are provided by an investor, to a recipient, as either seed money, start-up funds or expansion funding to...}, journal={World Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Hawver, Thomas H.}, editor={Dana, L.Editor}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={481–483} }
 @article{intihar_pollack_2012, title={Exploring small family‐owned firms’ competitive ability}, volume={2}, ISSN={2043-6238}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20436231211216439}, DOI={10.1108/20436231211216439}, abstractNote={Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to highlight points of differentiation for small family businesses, relative to larger “big box” retailers, which may provide marketing‐oriented competitive advantages.Design/methodology/approach – From a conceptual perspective, the authors illustrate how small family‐owned businesses may be able to successfully compete against big box retailers by differentiation in three key areas.Findings – The authors conclude that small family businesses may be able to successfully differentiate themselves from the larger big box retailers by: establishing a relationship with customers based on trust; competing on value (not price); and focusing the business on serving a specialized segment of the market.Practical implications – The paper offers theory‐based advice for practitioners, as well as thoughts on future directions for academic research.Originality/value – Much of the research that has been done on family‐owned businesses has focused on the characteristics of the family...}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Family Business Management}, publisher={Emerald}, author={Intihar, Andrew and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={76–86} }
 @article{o'boyle_pollack_rutherford_2012, title={Exploring the relation between family involvement and firms' financial performance: A meta-analysis of main and moderator effects}, volume={27}, ISSN={0883-9026}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.09.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.09.002}, abstractNote={The present work summarizes the theoretical foundations and empirical findings regarding the relation between family involvement and firm performance. From a theory-based perspective we integrate evolutionary psychology and agency theory and describe how conflicting predictions can be made regarding the relation between family involvement and firm performance. Similarly, we describe how the empirical landscape is equally conflicted. Findings from this meta-analysis summarize the observed effects from multiple studies and provide an estimate of the relation across the entire population. Results illustrated that family involvement did not significantly impact firms' financial performance (r = .006). Based on these data, there is no relation between family involvement and a firm's financial performance. Furthermore, we examined multiple conceptual and methodologically-based potential moderating influences—none was statistically significant. Overall, these findings provide the foundation for multiple new areas of inquiry as the domain of family business studies evolves. Moving forward, we advise future research in this area to search for additional moderator effects and explore the defining characteristics, other than performance, that make family businesses distinct from non-family businesses.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Business Venturing}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={O'Boyle, Ernest H., Jr. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Rutherford, Matthew W.}, year={2012}, month={Jan}, pages={1–18} }
 @article{pollack_rutherford_nagy_2012, title={Preparedness and Cognitive Legitimacy as Antecedents of New Venture Funding in Televised Business Pitches}, volume={36}, ISSN={1042-2587 1540-6520}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00531.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00531.x}, abstractNote={This research addresses the question of what specific entrepreneurs’ behavior increases the propensity for resource acquisition. Within the context of business “pitches,” we explore subtleties in the process via a theoretically derived model linking entrepreneurs’ preparedness behavior, perceived cognitive legitimacy, and amount of funding received. We test this model using data coded from two sources: 14 episodes of the television show “Shark Tank” that aired in 2009, as well as 84 episodes of “Dragons Den” that aired from 2005 to 2010. Within these episodes, we specifically examine the 113 individual business pitches that received funding. Overall, results suggest the relationship between entrepreneurs’ preparedness behavior and the amount of funding received is mediated by cognitive legitimacy. Specifically, entrepreneurs’ increased preparedness behavior was positively related to increased cognitive legitimacy. Cognitive legitimacy, in turn, was positively related to amount of funding received. We offer thoughts regarding implications from both theoretical and practical perspectives.}, number={5}, journal={Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Rutherford, Matthew W. and Nagy, Brian G.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={915–939} }
 @article{pollack_burnette_hoyt_2012, title={Self-Efficacy in the Face of Threats to Entrepreneurial Success: Mind-Sets Matter}, volume={34}, ISSN={0197-3533 1532-4834}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2012.674452}, DOI={10.1080/01973533.2012.674452}, abstractNote={Results from two studies, extending implicit theories to entrepreneurship, demonstrated that incremental theorists (entrepreneurial ability is malleable), compared to entity theorists (entrepreneurial ability is fixed), reported more self-efficacy after threats to personal ability and business success. In Study 1, women induced to hold an incremental theory reported more self-efficacy regarding future entrepreneurial endeavors, compared to women induced to hold an entity theory, after being told entrepreneurial ability is primarily driven by masculine traits (threat condition). Results from Study 2, a sample of business owners, replicated this incremental buffering effect after threats to both men and women's entrepreneurial success (i.e., poor business performance). We discuss results in terms of how mind-sets matter for entrepreneurial endeavors, especially in the face of challenges.}, number={3}, journal={Basic and Applied Social Psychology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Burnette, Jeni L. and Hoyt, Crystal L.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={287–294} }
 @article{nagy_pollack_rutherford_lohrke_2012, title={The Influence of Entrepreneurs’ Credentials and Impression Management Behaviors on Perceptions of New Venture Legitimacy}, volume={36}, ISSN={1042-2587 1540-6520}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00539.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00539.x}, abstractNote={We examine how entrepreneurs’ behaviors related to credentials and impression management (IM) impact perceptions of new venture (NV) legitimacy. Results from this experiment, as hypothesized, show that entrepreneurs’ credentials and IM behaviors are positively related to legitimacy perceptions. Contrary to expectations, however, findings do not support either interaction hypothesis when credentials are high or low. We discuss how these findings illustrate the importance of entrepreneurs’ behaviors during the NV creation process and outline multiple directions for future research.}, number={5}, journal={Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Nagy, Brian G. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Rutherford, Matthew W. and Lohrke, Franz T.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={941–965} }
 @article{pollack_vanepps_hayes_2012, title={The moderating role of social ties on entrepreneurs' depressed affect and withdrawal intentions in response to economic stress}, volume={33}, ISSN={0894-3796}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.1794}, DOI={10.1002/job.1794}, abstractNote={Summary We explored whether contact with business-related social ties would buffer entrepreneurs against the potentially deleterious effects of economic stress. Our proposed stress-buffering model builds on the premise that social ties with similar others can serve as both a source of valuable information and a source of empathic support. Findings from a sample of 262 entrepreneurs revealed that the relation between economic stress and intentions to withdraw from entrepreneurial opportunities was stronger among individuals reporting less contact with social ties and weaker among those who reported more contact with social ties. We further examined the indirect effects of economic stress and contact with business-related social ties on entrepreneurs’ future intentions through depressed affect. Results showed that among those reporting less contact with social ties, the indirect effect is positive, meaning greater economic stress leads to higher depressed affect, which in turn results in greater intentions towithdraw from entrepreneurship. Among those with more contact with social ties, there is no evidence of this process at work. We interpret this to mean that social ties serve to buffer the impact of economic stress on depressed affect, which in turn reduces an entrepreneur’s intention to withdraw from entrepreneurship. Those who seem most susceptible to the impact of economic stress are those with relatively limited contact with business-related social ties. We discuss implications and directions for future research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Organizational Behavior}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Vanepps, Eric M. and Hayes, Andrew F.}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={789–810} }
 @inbook{whetzel_mcdaniel_pollack_2012, place={New York}, title={Work Simulations}, ISBN={9780203136324}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203136324-34}, DOI={10.4324/9780203136324-34}, booktitle={The Handbook of Work Analysis}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Whetzel, Deborah L. and McDaniel, Michael A. and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, editor={Wilson, Mark Alan and Bennett, Winston, Jr. and Gibson, Shanan Gwaltney and Alliger, George MichaelEditors}, year={2012}, pages={427–444} }
 @article{burnette_pollack_forsyth_2011, title={Leadership in extreme contexts: A groupthink analysis of the May 1996 Mount Everest disaster}, volume={4}, ISSN={1935-2611}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jls.20190}, DOI={10.1002/jls.20190}, abstractNote={Groupthink, as traditionally conceived, is a failure in group decision making that occurs in highly cohesive groups. In the current case study, we propose an alternative potential form of groupthink in which the group's cohesiveness results from the shared pursuit of a collective goal rather than from strong interpersonal bonds between members. Our model, recognizing the multifaceted nature of cohesion, assumes that a group whose members are united in pursuit of a valued collective goal while guided by a directive leader may experience breakdowns in the decision process. Specifically, drawing on reviews of personal accounts, media descriptions, online interviews, and past empirical papers, we propose that the May 1996 Mount Everest disaster can be understood in part from a groupthink perspective. Applications for the proposed model are discussed, along with implications for leaders seeking to improve organizational decision-making practices.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Leadership Studies}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Burnette, Jeni L. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Forsyth, Donelson R.}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={29–40} }
 @inbook{pollack_2011, place={Northampton, MA}, title={Self-efficacy}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781849808453.00050}, DOI={10.4337/9781849808453.00050}, abstractNote={44 Self-efficacy Jeffrey M. Pollack Entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) can be defined as how confident a person feels about their ability to accomplish the tasks that make a person a successful entrepreneur (for a review see Chen et al. 1998; Wil...}, booktitle={World Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, editor={Dana, L.Editor}, year={2011}, pages={396–397} }
 @article{o'boyle_humphrey_pollack_hawver_story_2011, title={The relation between emotional intelligence and job performance: A meta-analysis}, volume={32}, ISSN={0894-3796}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.714}, DOI={10.1002/job.714}, abstractNote={This meta-analysis builds upon a previous meta-analysis by (1) including 65 per cent more studies that have over twice the sample size to estimate the relationships between emotional intelligence (EI) and job performance; (2) using more current meta-analytical studies for estimates of relationships among personality variables and for cognitive ability and job performance; (3) using the three-stream approach for classifying EI research; (4) performing tests for differences among streams of EI research and their relationships with personality and cognitive intelligence; (5) using latest statistical procedures such as dominance analysis; and (6) testing for publication bias. We classified EI studies into three streams: (1) ability-based models that use objective test items; (2) self-report or peer-report measures based on the four-branch model of EI; and (3) “mixed models” of emotional competencies. The three streams have corrected correlations ranging from 0.24 to 0.30 with job performance. The three streams correlated differently with cognitive ability and with neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Streams 2 and 3 have the largest incremental validity beyond cognitive ability and the Five Factor Model (FFM). Dominance analysis demonstrated that all three streams of EI exhibited substantial relative importance in the presence of FFM and intelligence when predicting job performance. Publication bias had negligible influence on observed effect sizes. The results support the overall validity of EI. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 
 
Note: Correction added on 22 July 2010 after first publication online on 29 June 2010. The affiliations for Ronald H. Humphrey and Thomas H. Hawver have been corrected in this version of the article.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Organizational Behavior}, publisher={Wiley}, author={O'Boyle, Ernest H., Jr. and Humphrey, Ronald H. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Hawver, Thomas H. and Story, Paul A.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={788–818} }
 @article{o'boyle_rutherford_pollack_2010, title={Examining the Relation Between Ethical Focus and Financial Performance in Family Firms: An Exploratory Study}, volume={23}, ISSN={0894-4865 1741-6248}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894486510375412}, DOI={10.1177/0894486510375412}, abstractNote={Empirically, the confluence of family involvement, ethics, and performance is a sparse research area. The authors explore a rich theoretical framework relating family involvement, ethical focus, and firm performance and empirically test a mediated model using a sample of 526 family businesses. The results illustrated that a firm’s ethical focus mediated the relation between family involvement and financial performance. Specifically, data supported the relation between family involvement and a firm’s ethical focus. And increased ethical focus predicted increased financial performance. The authors discuss the implications of these findings and offer potential areas for future research in family business studies.}, number={4}, journal={Family Business Review}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={O'Boyle, Ernest H., Jr and Rutherford, Matthew W. and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={310–326} }
 @misc{pollack_2010, title={Improving Employee Selection with Online Testing}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-770-6.ch053}, DOI={10.4018/978-1-60566-770-6.ch053}, abstractNote={Advances in technology now enable employers to utilize computers to administer online employee selection tests, which result in lower costs, increased efficiency, and fewer transcription errors (Richman, Kiesler, Weisband, & Drasgow, 1999; Tippins et al., 2006). Additionally, online employment testing software can effectively and efficiently assist in identifying individuals best suited to an occupation, reducing poor person-job fit, lowering turnover rates, decreasing training costs, and minimizing errors in hiring (Bingham, Ilg, & Davidson, 2002; Mooney, 2002). This article addresses issues related to online employment testing software including types of tests available, validity and reliability, proctoring, and social desirability. Additional terms are defined and implications and future directions for research are discussed.}, journal={IT Outsourcing}, publisher={IGI Global}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey}, year={2010}, pages={902–909} }
 @article{burnette_pollack_hoyt_2010, title={Individual differences in implicit theories of leadership ability and self-efficacy: Predicting responses to stereotype threat}, volume={3}, ISSN={1935-2611 1935-262X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jls.20138}, DOI={10.1002/jls.20138}, abstractNote={Extending research on implicit theories to the leadership domain, we examined how individual differences in belief about the malleability of leadership ability influenced responses to stereotype threat. The study consisted of two time periods. At time 1, we assessed individual differences in implicit theories of leadership ability and self-efficacy for leadership. At time 2, we activated a stereotype threat in a high-stakes environment. Results revealed that women reported lower self-evaluation after a stereotype threat when they had low self-efficacy and believed leadership ability to be fixed (entity theory) rather than malleable (incremental theory). Results are discussed in terms of how implicit theories generate a network of allied cognitions and emotions that subsequently predict stable patterns of behavior.}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Leadership Studies}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Burnette, Jeni L. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Hoyt, Crystal L.}, year={2010}, month={Sep}, pages={46–56} }
 @misc{pollack_2009, title={Improving Employee Selection with Online Testing}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-883-3.ch074}, DOI={10.4018/978-1-59904-883-3.ch074}, abstractNote={Advances in technology now enable employers to utilize computers to administer online employee selection tests, which result in lower costs, increased efficiency, and fewer transcription errors (Richman, Kiesler, Weisband, & Drasgow, 1999; Tippins et al., 2006). Additionally, online employment testing software can effectively and efficiently assist in identifying individuals best suited to an occupation, reducing poor person-job fit, lowering turnover rates, decreasing training costs, and minimizing errors in hiring (Bingham, Ilg, & Davidson, 2002; Mooney, 2002). This article addresses issues related to online employment testing software including types of tests available, validity and reliability, proctoring, and social desirability. Additional terms are defined and implications and future directions for research are discussed. bAcKground}, journal={Encyclopedia of Human Resources Information Systems}, publisher={IGI Global}, author={Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, year={2009}, pages={504–509} }
 @inbook{hawver_pollack_humphrey_2008, place={Charlotte, NC}, title={Job design and affect: Ethical implications for the C-Suite}, booktitle={Executive ethics: Ethical dilemmas and challenges for the C-Suite}, publisher={Information Age Publishing}, author={Hawver, T.H. and Pollack, J.M. and Humphrey, R.}, editor={Sims, R.S. and Quarto, S.A.Editors}, year={2008}, pages={263–278} }
 @article{humphrey_pollack_hawver_2008, title={Leading with emotional labor}, volume={23}, ISSN={0268-3946}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683940810850790}, DOI={10.1108/02683940810850790}, abstractNote={Purpose – This paper seeks to argue that leaders perform emotional labor whenever they display emotions in an attempt to influence their subordinates' moods and motivations.Design/methodology/approach – This is a conceptual paper that integrates the literature on leadership with the research on emotional labor.Findings – This paper develops 15 propositions that distinguish emotional labor performed by leaders from that performed by front‐line service workers.Research limitations/implications – The paper suggests that leading with emotional labor is a fruitful research topic, and that considerable research could be done in this area.Practical implications – Instead of conducting business in a non‐emotional, “business‐like manner”, leaders would benefit by expressing their emotions in the workplace. Emotionally expressive leaders are more charismatic and are better motivators.Originality/value – This is the first paper to develop a theoretical model that describes how leaders perform emotional labor; thus t...}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Managerial Psychology}, publisher={Emerald}, author={Humphrey, Ronald H. and Pollack, Jeffrey M. and Hawver, Thomas}, editor={Brotheridge, Céleste M.Editor}, year={2008}, month={Feb}, pages={151–168} }
 @article{burnette_pollack_2007, title={Reaching the Summit Is Only Half of the Goal: When Group Decision Making
                        Goes Bad}, volume={52}, ISSN={1554-0138}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0007559}, DOI={10.1037/a0007559}, number={28}, journal={PsycCRITIQUES}, publisher={Portico}, author={Burnette, Jeni L. and Pollack, Jeffrey M.}, editor={Wedding, DannyEditor}, year={2007} }