@book{riddle_2010, title={Goddesses, elixirs, and witches: Plants and sexuality throughout human history (1st ed.)}, ISBN={9780230610644}, publisher={New York: Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={2010} }
 @article{riddle_2010, title={Medicine and Health Care in Early Christianity}, volume={65}, ISSN={["0022-5045"]}, DOI={10.1093/jhmas/jrp051}, abstractNote={Miracles and miraculous cures ascribed to Jesus and some of his apostles and saints were once seen as virtually replacing secular medicine, based as it was on classical thought and the Hippocratic philosophy of natural causation. Early Christians were seen in opposition to physicians and their natural cures. The older view asserted that these Christians regarded afflictions to be caused by demons and sins and could be cured by relics and saints. Recent historians challenged the older view, but nowhere is the revision about early Christianity's role in medicine more thoroughly presented than in this study. Ferngren supports Peter Brown's claim that the late Roman Empire was a creative, not decadent, period; like Brown, Ferngren claims that Christianity, led by creative people, brought to Rome a vibrant culture. He believes that late Roman medicine, because of Christian conversions, was aided in its effectiveness for the poor and dispossessed. The militancy of early Christian Fathers against pagan medicine was to counter claims of healing associated with gods (notably Asclepius); these theologians either praised or at least tolerated physicians whose skills could relieve pain, injury, and disease. They opposed vigorously claims that pagan gods and their priests could cure or even relieve suffering. Ferngren argues that Christian physicians existed in proportionally large numbers and that they operated through natural remedies and procedures. Most medical treatments were ordinary and traditional, applied without physicians' supervision and unaltered by Christianity's advent.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE AND ALLIED SCIENCES}, author={Riddle, John M.}, year={2010}, month={Apr}, pages={253–255} }
 @article{riddle_2009, title={Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541-750}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1468-4373"]}, DOI={10.1093/jhmas/jrn070}, abstractNote={emphasis on property devolution is unmistakable in her examples. The British Isles are represented arst by R. H. Helmholz’s analysis of marriage contracts in medieval England; next by Frederick Pederson’s examination of consistory court evidence from York; and anally by Art Cosgrove’s discussion of medieval Irish depositions. Agnes S. Arnórsdóttir explores marriage documents for medieval Iceland. Thomas Kuehn puts a novel spin on the controversial and (in)famous case of Giovanni and Lusanna in Renaissance Florence. Martha C. Howell compares northern and southern marriage practices in her examination of late medieval Douai. John Witte, Jr., concludes the volume with a study of Reformation Geneva, demonstrating the persistence of property concerns against the backdrop of a changing theology that did not seem to affect marriage contracts. This volume makes three especially noteworthy contributions to scholarship and education: Reynolds’ aforementioned introductory essay; the authors’ translations of the (mostly complete) documents that support their articles and their explanations of the methodologies that they employed to unearth clues about marriage practices; and a snapshot of the current state of scholarship for this type of social and legal history. A comprehensive bibliography, organized geographically, would have been helpful, but the book is nonetheless a marvelous contribution to our understanding of medieval marriage traditions based on an analysis of the documents that preserve them.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE AND ALLIED SCIENCES}, author={Riddle, John}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={250–252} }
 @book{riddle_2008, title={A  history of the Middle Ages, 300-1500}, volume={ }, publisher={Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={2008} }
 @article{riddle_2008, title={Early history and leadership of the Padua Botanical Garden}, volume={77}, journal={ }, publisher={ }, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={2008}, pages={38–39} }
 @inbook{riddle_2007, title={Research procedures in evaluating Medieval medicine}, DOI={10.4324/9781315238333-1}, booktitle={The Medieval hospital and medical practice}, publisher={Aldershot, UK: Ashgate}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={2007}, pages={3–17} }
 @inbook{riddle_2007, title={Women's medicines in sncient Jewish dources: gertility rnhancers and inhibiters}, DOI={10.1163/ej.9789004124011.i-226.39}, abstractNote={This chapter explores some aspects of medical lore about women and postulate that Jewish women administered among themselves when problems arose and, equally important, when they sought to preserve good health through nutrition, regimen, and hygiene. The Talmud also has passages that speak of "root medicines" that result in sterility. The possession of antifertility drugs is confirmed by a passage in the Book of Jasher , a Jewish account of the creation composed in the thirteenth century. The Hebrew "water of palms" could be what we would call an extract or solution from the palm tree. The rabbis revealed that palm water is drunk because it allows the gall to function, but it must be taken for forty days. Biblical, Talmudic, and other ancient sources indicate that ancient Jewish women, like those in neighbouring cultures, employed pharmaceutical agents both to promote and to inhibit fertility. Keywords: fertility; Jewish women; palm tree; pharmaceutical agents; root medicines; Talmud}, booktitle={Disease in Babylonia}, publisher={Leiden: Brill}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, editor={Finkel, I. L. and Geller, M. J.Editors}, year={2007}, pages={200–214} }
 @misc{riddle_beck_2006, title={Regarding medical subject}, volume={50}, number={4}, journal={Medical History}, author={Riddle, J. M. and Beck, L. Y.}, year={2006}, pages={553–554} }
 @inbook{riddle_2005, title={Die  Grosse Hexenverfolgung und die Unterdrkung der Geburtenkontrolle: Die Theorie von Heinsohn und Steiger aus der Sicht eines Geschictswissenschaftlers}, volume={ }, booktitle={Die Vernichtung der weisen Frauen}, publisher={Erftstadt: Ein Murz Buch}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, editor={Heinsohn, G. and Steiger, O.Editors}, year={2005}, pages={471–473} }
 @article{riddle_2004, title={Greek and Roman medicine}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0007-5140"]}, DOI={10.1353/bhm.2004.0096}, abstractNote={Helen King. Greek and Roman Medicine. Reprint. Classical World Series. Bristol, U.K.: Bristol Classical Press, 2002. xi + 73 pp. Ill. $16.00; £8.99 (paperbound, 1-85399-545-2).}, number={2}, journal={BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE}, author={Riddle, JM}, year={2004}, pages={465–466} }
 @article{riddle_2004, title={Kidney and urinary therapeutics in early medieval monastic medicine}, volume={17}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Nephrology}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={2004}, pages={324–328} }
 @article{buenz_schnepple_bauer_elkin_riddle_motley_2004, title={Techniques: Bioprospecting historical herbal texts by hunting for new leads in old tomes}, volume={25}, DOI={10.1016/j.tips.2004.07.003}, abstractNote={Ethnobotany has led to the identification of novel pharmacological agents but many challenges to using ethnobotany as a research tool remain. In particular, the loss of traditional knowledge together with the advent of high-throughput screening has made ethnobotanical techniques laborious and potentially unnecessary. However, historical herbal texts provide a preexisting resource that documents the traditional uses of various species as medicines. As generational losses of traditional knowledge accrue, these herbal texts become increasingly valuable. The methodology for extracting useful information contained within these resources had been cumbersome and consuming. However, the application of new bioinformatics data-mining systems to herbal texts holds great promise for identifying novel pharmacotherapeutic leads for bioactive compounds.}, number={9}, journal={Trends in Pharmacological Sciences}, author={Buenz, E. J. and Schnepple, D. J. and Bauer, B. A. and Elkin, P. L. and Riddle, J. M. and Motley, T. J.}, year={2004}, pages={494–498} }
 @inbook{riddle_2004, title={The  great witch-hunt and the suppression of birth control: Heinsohn and Steiger's theory from the perspective of an historian}, volume={31}, booktitle={Witchcraft, populations catastrophe and economic crisis in Renaissance Europe: an Alternative macroeconomic explanation (IKSF discussion paper no. 31 )}, publisher={Bremen: Institut fur Konjunktur- und Strukturforschung, Universitut Bremen}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, editor={Heinsohn, G. and Steiger, O.Editors}, year={2004}, pages={1–38} }
 @article{riddle_2003, title={The history of medications for women: Materia medica woman.}, volume={77}, ISSN={["0007-5140"]}, DOI={10.1353/bhm.2003.0084}, abstractNote={speculative interpretation, of a law that decreed death for a woman using an abortifacient, oversimplifies the possible connection with the Hippocratic oath (p. 581 n. 60). In a different simplification, Scholasticism is presented onesidedly as heuristic and innovative, without mention of its didactic and derivative aspects (pp. 104–15): as a result, it is difficult to evaluate how much of the broad appeal of medical Scholasticism was based on its ready teachability, and how much on its Aristotelian and, above all, Galenic premises. García-Ballester’s emphasis on the role of Galenic terminology, physiology, diagnostics, and therapeutics caps a lifelong outlook. His first published monograph was Galeno en la sociedad y en la ciencia de su tiempo (1972). It was immediately eclipsed by the peerless classic Galenism, Rise and Decline of a Medical Philosophy (1973) of Owsei Temkin, who, however, admired García’s refreshingly “evolutionary approach” to Galenic thought (Galenism, p. 9 n. 17). Now Temkin is cited in La búsqueda for the characterization of Galenism as “a complete system, generated in a slow process from the third to the seventeenth century” (p. 129 and n. 2). A crucial phase in this process, namely the coming of a “new Galen” to the universities in a second wave of Latin translations, was first identified by García-Ballester two decades ago. Ever since, he has expanded on the features that made Galenism attractive to practitioners of all three faiths in Castile. His last book truly celebrates these features—especially rationality, openness to clarification, vitality, the valuation of health as natural, and the centrality of nature. La búsqueda de la salud offers ample remedy for “the arrogance, paternalism, and prejudices with which medieval medicine tends to be viewed,” to the cure of which the author devoted his scholarly life, according to his own words— perhaps his last to be published: “Ése ha sido mi empeño” (p. 666).}, number={2}, journal={BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE}, author={Riddle, JM}, year={2003}, pages={422–424} }
 @article{riddle_2003, title={The measure of multitude: Population in medieval thought.}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0022-4529"]}, DOI={10.1353/jsh.2003.0193}, abstractNote={Journal Article The Measure of Multitude: Population in Medieval Thought. By Peter Biller (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. xxi plus 476 pp. $55.00) Get access John M. Riddle John M. Riddle North Carolina State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Social History, Volume 37, Issue 2, Winter 2003, Pages 555–556, https://doi.org/10.1353/jsh.2003.0193 Published: 01 December 2003}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY}, author={Riddle, JM}, year={2003}, pages={555–556} }
 @inbook{riddle_2002, title={History as a tool in identifying 'new' old drugs}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4757-5235-9_8}, abstractNote={To trace the history of a natural product and its use, it is necessary to identify to correct plant among around a half-million species. One must also know how and when harvest the plant and the morphology of location and extraction. Within the same species plant chemistry varies, depending upon climatic and soil conditions, stage of maturity and even diurnal factors. To all of these variations must be added the diagnostic ability of physicians and native healers (to distinguish between Hippocratically-trained Western physicians and whose knowledge is less formally taught). Seldom was a disease identified as we Know it today, but the constellations of symptoms described, when studied carefully within the framework historical setting of the culture, can be related to modern medicine. It is essential to study the historical contemporary usage data in the language in which those accounts were writTen. Translators are often philologists who are not sensitive to medical nuances. Modern readers of translated historical documents often are unaware of the precision the authors delivered in describing medical afflictions and their treatments. Natural product drugs are truly products of human knowledge. Because so many modern pharmaceuticals are manufactured synthetically we forget that once either the compound or its affinity had a home in a natural product. Over 2,500 years ago man first used a drug obtained from white willow bark, which was aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid. Today's scientists continue to be bewildered by just what aspirin's mechanisms of action are, discovering new modes of action, and how they relate to medical diagnostics. Whatever the science of aspirin, an intelligent person today takes it just as our ancestors did fo millennia. Throughout time, explanations continue to vary just as purpose of administration do as well. Nevertheless, aspirin is perceived as being beneficial. Historical in-use data can also be a factor in judging a drug's safety, since the records of its use provide observations made by intelligent persons over generations of employment Many historical "drugs" have crossed the line from drug to food. A number of them are now common items on our tables: coffee, tea, sugar, lemon, chocolate, pepper, to name a few The example of coffee affords useful insight. It was first employed as a drug (like tobacco), its botany and chemistry are well known, it has been in widespread use for centuries with diverse ethnic populations in a variety of preparations and amounts consumed. Still we are unsure about coffee's effect on health, the latest assertion being that the caffeine it contains may delay the onset of Alzheimer's. In contrast, the mercury drugs were in widespread use for a long period of time by many populations and that fact indicates that the toxic tolerance in humans is probably higher than as currently proscribed. The past contains important data for the scientific investigator. Like any field of research, historical investigation requires specialized knowledge, but much of that knowledge is readily accessible and employable. Rediscovery through examination of historical contemporaneous use data can be efficient and relatively easy compared to the travails of original research in pursuit of a discovery only to learn later that our ancestors had already made that discovery through trial and error in human usage. If we had started a search from the clues provided by history, presumably our discoveries would have been earlier, and we would have benefitted. As it is. we learn history but not science or else we learn science, not history. Both taken together the learning can be enhanced.}, booktitle={Flavonoids in cell function
Publishers, c2002. Advances in experimental medicine and biology ; v. 505}, publisher={New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, editor={B. S. Buslig and Manthey, J. A.Editors}, year={2002}, pages={89–94} }
 @inbook{riddle_2001, title={Birth, contraception, and abortion}, volume={2}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of European social history}, publisher={Detroit: Charles Scribners}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={2001}, pages={181–191} }
 @article{riddle_2001, title={Greek medicine: From the heroic to the Hellenistic age: A source book.}, volume={92}, ISSN={["0021-1753"]}, DOI={10.1086/385073}, abstractNote={Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsGreek Medicine: From the Heroic to the Hellenistic Age: A Source Book. James Longrigg John M. RiddleJohn M. Riddle Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Isis Volume 92, Number 1Mar., 2001 Publication of the History of Science Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/385073 Views: 2Total views on this site Copyright 2001 History of Science Society, Inc.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.}, number={1}, journal={ISIS}, author={Riddle, JM}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={152–153} }
 @inbook{riddle_2001, title={Science, technology, and health}, volume={3}, booktitle={World eras: Roman Republic and Empire, 264 B.C.E.--476 C. E.}, publisher={Detroit: Manly, Inc.}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={2001}, pages={375–414} }
 @inbook{riddle_2000, title={Abortion}, volume={1}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of Greece and Hellenic tradition}, publisher={London and Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publications}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={2000}, pages={1–2} }
 @misc{riddle_2000, title={Clinical cases - In Liber de Plantis by Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1179) and in the Speyer Herbal (1456) - Medical and pharmaceutical terminology in the Middle Ages, vol 1, text, vol 2, index}, volume={74}, DOI={10.1353/bhm.2000.0040}, abstractNote={When the history of medieval scholarship is written, the 1990s may well be labeled the Hildegardian Renaissance. Today, Hildegard of Bingen, one of the earliest women medical writers, is regarded as a holy person with an intriguing history. Globally, and most especially in the German-speaking world, her plain-speaking folk wisdom is attracting increasing attention as she is being rediscovered. Among her writings, she compiled a guide to plants that, in Annette Müller's interpretation, "offers a fullness of representations of the healing powers of plants, animals, minerals, etc. [sic], and a fullness of concepts in the areas of illness, therapy, and health" (p. 6). Because Hildegard was not a highly refined scholar by twelfth-century standards, her technical Latin was comparatively weak and her knowledge of previous medical literature comparatively limited. Much of her knowledge came directly to her via her culture. She had a distinct personality that comes through her writing and makes her all the more attractive.}, number={1}, journal={Bulletin of the History of Medicine}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={2000}, pages={148–149} }
 @inbook{riddle_2000, title={Contraception}, volume={1}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of Greece and Hellenic tradition}, publisher={London and Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publications}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={2000}, pages={390–391} }
 @article{riddle_2000, title={De morbis acutis et chroniis}, volume={74}, ISSN={["0007-5140"]}, DOI={10.1353/bhm.2000.0093}, abstractNote={Sometime in the early Roman Empire a medical work was produced on acute and chronic diseases--chronic ones supposedly being untreatable. Although some ancients recognized a bifurcation of diseases, by the time this anonymous author wrote, both types received therapeutic intervention by physicians. In Chronic Diseases (I. praef. 3), Caelius Aurelianus (ca. 5th c.) said that Themison (late 1st c. bce) first set forth treatments for chronic diseases. This anonymous work and those by Caelius Aurelianus, Aretaeus of Cappadocia (second half of 2d c.), and, possibly, Archigenes (fl. under Trajan, 98-117) are the only ones known to have organized medical information under these distinctions. Indeed, the title "On acute and chronic diseases" was not in the Greek manuscript texts.}, number={2}, journal={BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE}, author={Riddle, JM}, year={2000}, pages={352–354} }
 @inbook{riddle_2000, title={Theophrastus}, volume={2}, booktitle={Encyclopedia of Greece and Hellenic tradition}, publisher={London and Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publications}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={2000}, pages={1633–1634} }
 @inbook{riddle_1999, title={Contraception and abortion}, volume={ }, booktitle={Late antiquity: A guide to the Postclassical world}, publisher={Cambridge: Belknap Press}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, editor={G. W. Bowerbock, P. Brown and Grabar, O.Editors}, year={1999}, pages={392–393} }
 @inbook{riddle_1999, title={Fees and feces: laxatives in ancient medicine with particular emphasis on pseudo-Mesue}, volume={ }, booktitle={The diffusion of Greco-Roman medicine into the Middle East and the Caucasus}, publisher={Delmar, NY: Caravan Books}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, editor={J. A. C. Greppin, E. Savage-Smith and Gueriguian, J. L.Editors}, year={1999}, pages={7–26} }
 @article{riddle_1999, title={Historical data as an aid in pharmaceutical prospecting and drug safety determination}, volume={5}, ISSN={["1557-7708"]}, DOI={10.1089/acm.1999.5.195}, abstractNote={The Journal of Alternative and Complementary MedicineVol. 5, No. 2 Personal CommentariesHistorical Data as an Aid in Pharmaceutical Prospecting and Drug Safety DeterminationJohn M. RiddleJohn M. RiddleSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:24 Sep 2007https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.1999.5.195AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byHistorical Approaches in Ethnopharmacology18 December 2015Traditional use of medicinal agents: a valid source of evidenceDrug Discovery Today, Vol. 19, No. 1Traditionelle Anwendung: Eine Betrachtung zu pflanzlichen Arzneimitteln aus pharmaziehistorischer SichtForschende Komplementärmedizin / Research in Complementary Medicine, Vol. 19, No. 2Medicinal potential of willow: A chemical perspective of aspirin discoveryJournal of Saudi Chemical Society, Vol. 14, No. 3History of Cannabis and Its Preparations in Saga, Science, and Sobriquet21 August 2007 | Chemistry & Biodiversity, Vol. 4, No. 8The historical analysis of aspirin discovery, its relation to the willow tree and antiproliferative and anticancer potentialCell Proliferation, Vol. 39, No. 2 Volume 5Issue 2Apr 1999 InformationCopyright 1999, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:John M. Riddle.Historical Data as an Aid in Pharmaceutical Prospecting and Drug Safety Determination.The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine.Apr 1999.195-201.http://doi.org/10.1089/acm.1999.5.195Published in Volume: 5 Issue 2: September 24, 2007PDF download}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE}, author={Riddle, JM}, year={1999}, month={Apr}, pages={195–201} }
 @inbook{riddle_1999, title={Introduction}, booktitle={Pristina medicamenta: Ancient and medieval medical botany}, publisher={Aldershot: Ashgate}, author={Riddle, J.}, editor={Stannard, J. and K. E. Stannard and Kay, R.Editors}, year={1999} }
 @inproceedings{riddle_1998, title={Classical, medieval and modern uses of St. John's Wort, March 16-17, Anaheim, California}, volume={ }, booktitle={First International Conference on St. John's Wort}, publisher={Bethesda, MD: American Herbal Products Association}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1998}, pages={1–14} }
 @article{riddle_1998, title={Meanings of sex difference in the middle ages: Medicine, science, and culture.}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0007-5140"]}, DOI={10.1353/bhm.1998.0011}, abstractNote={Reviewed by: Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages: Medicine, Science, and Culture John M. Riddle Joan Cadden. Meanings of Sex Difference in the Middle Ages: Medicine, Science, and Culture. Cambridge History of Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, 1995. xii + 310 pp. Ill. $39.95 (cloth), $18.95 (paperbound). Making use of a double entendre, one might say that this book is truly seminal. It extends the study of this topic beyond the simplicities of medieval discussions about whether females have semen (seed) to a level of scholarship that interweaves medical and natural philosophic sources and the social history of a gothic society into a brilliant contribution to knowledge. Michel Foucault and Caroline Bynum unveiled hidden but complex issues of sexuality and sex differences from their mysterious shrouds, and now Joan Cadden uncovers how late-medieval people confronted life’s meaning through shifting attitudes about sex differences. The first of two parts provides the classical and medieval background for the exploration and reformulation of issues in the second part. The classical sources (Hippocratic Corpus, Aristotle, Soranus, Galen, Nemesius) gave a variety of explanations for sex differences and reproduction that were practical, although theoretically based on the male perspective. They provided the format for the discussion of numerous issues, ranging from clinical usage to human social behavior, but, Cadden notes, they carried with them sufficient disagreements and ambiguities that were “invitations to debate” (p. 37)—and medieval thinkers creatively did debate them. The choices of sources and models were handled differently by Constantine the African (especially in On Coitus), Hildegard of Bingen (especially in her Book of Compound Medicine), and William of Conches. These authors provide no monolithic explanations, no more than did their sources, but they begin steps toward a more coherent medical and philosophical approach to sex differences. Constantine argued that women derive more pleasure from men, despite their sex’s relative lack of heat (or, simpler, their “cooler” nature): while a man’s enjoyment comes with the expulsion of his fluid, a woman has the double pleasure of expelling hers while, at the same time, receiving his. Virtually uniquely, Hildegard conveys a woman’s viewpoint, which, while accepting the culture’s views, nonetheless placed women as more than passive providers [End Page 107] for fetal gestation and growth: she gave more symmetry to the two parents’ formulation of their progeny’s complexion and disposition (which roughly includes our concept of character). Cadden sees no convergence of opinion, but instead a convergence of concern that, undoubtedly, gave more importance to women’s role. While most writers rejected the classical proposition that, through fetal arrested development, women were “failed” men, they assigned greater importance to the female as an only slightly less-than-equal partner. In debating such questions as whether women’s coital pleasure is greater than men’s and whether women can conceive without pleasure, they publicized to a wider audience, who heard the questiones and disputations, an openness about matters of sexuality, albeit more from a male viewpoint. Cadden commands the sources and links them with modern sources that amplify her thesis. Her ability to connect scholastic and medical discussions with social history is a great achievement in scholarship. It is no wonder, then, that this book won the 1994 Pfizer Award for best book in the history of science. John M. Riddle North Carolina State University Copyright © 1998 The Johns Hopkins University Press}, number={1}, journal={BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE}, author={Riddle, JM}, year={1998}, pages={107–108} }
 @misc{riddle_1997, title={Anglo-Saxon medicine, in Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England, 7}, volume={72}, number={1}, journal={Speculum}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1997}, pages={121–122} }
 @book{riddle_1997, title={Contributing consultant, editor of sections on Mesopotamian medicine; Egyptian medicine; Greek and Roman medicine}, publisher={In: Ancient healing: unlocking the mysteries of health and healing through the ages. Lincolnwood, Ill.: Publications International, 1997.}, author={Riddle, J.}, year={1997} }
 @book{riddle_1997, title={Eve's herbs: A history of contraception and abortion in the West}, ISBN={067427024X}, publisher={Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press}, author={Riddle, J.}, year={1997} }
 @inbook{riddle_1997, title={Old drugs, old and new history}, ISBN={093129231X}, booktitle={The inside story of medicines, a symposium}, publisher={Madison, Wis.: American Institute of the History of Pharmacy}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, editor={G. J. Higby and Stroud, E. C.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={15–30} }
 @misc{riddle_1997, title={Western medieval medicine: Medieval Latin medicine}, volume={24}, number={1996/1997}, journal={Society for Ancient Medicine Review}, author={Riddle, J.}, year={1997}, pages={214–216} }
 @inbook{riddle_1996, title={Contraception and early abortion in the Middle Ages}, volume={ }, booktitle={Handbook of medieval sexuality}, publisher={New York: Garland Publishing}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, editor={Bullough, V. L. and Brundage, J. A.Editors}, year={1996}, pages={261–277} }
 @inbook{riddle_1996, title={Dioscorides}, volume={ }, booktitle={Oxford classical dictionary. 3rd edition}, publisher={Oxford: Oxford University Press}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1996}, pages={483–484} }
 @inbook{riddle_1996, title={Geology}, volume={ }, booktitle={Medieval Latin: An introduction and bibliographical guide}, publisher={Washington: Catholic University of America Press}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, editor={Mantello, F. A. C. and Rigg, A. G.Editors}, year={1996}, pages={406–410} }
 @inbook{riddle_1996, title={The  medicines of Greco-Roman antiquity as a source of medicines for today}, volume={ }, booktitle={Prospecting for drugs in ancient and Medieval European texts}, publisher={Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1996}, pages={7–17} }
 @article{riddle_1995, title={Everybody, the historian, and the scientist (President's address)}, volume={37}, journal={ }, publisher={ }, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1995}, pages={159–164} }
 @inbook{riddle_1995, title={Historical role of herbs in contraception}, volume={ }, booktitle={Current topics in plant physiology, Volume 15}, publisher={Rockville, MS: American Society of Plant Physiologists}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, editor={Gustine, D. L. and Flores, H. E.Editors}, year={1995}, pages={68–74} }
 @inbook{riddle_1995, title={Manuscript sources for birth control}, volume={ }, booktitle={Manuscript sources of medieval medicine}, publisher={New York: Garland}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1995}, pages={145–158} }
 @article{riddle_wilcox_1995, title={Qusta ibn Luqa: Physical ligatures and the recognition of the placebo effect, with an edition and translation}, volume={1}, number={1}, journal={ }, publisher={ }, author={Riddle, J. M. and Wilcox, J.}, year={1995}, pages={1–48} }
 @inbook{riddle_mulholland_1994, title={Alberto, le pietre e I minerali}, volume={ }, booktitle={Alberto Magno e le scienze}, publisher={Bologna: Edizione Studio Domenicano}, author={Riddle, J. M. and Mulholland, J.}, year={1994}, pages={219–253} }
 @article{riddle_1994, title={Ever since Eve...: Birth control in the ancient world}, journal={ }, publisher={ }, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1994}, pages={29–35} }
 @inbook{riddle_1993, title={High medicine and low medicine in the Roman Empire}, volume={37/1}, booktitle={Aufstief und niedergand der Romischen welt}, publisher={Berlin: Walter de Gruyer}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1993}, pages={102–120} }
 @inbook{riddle_1993, title={Introduction}, volume={ }, booktitle={The healing past: Pharmaceuticals in the Biblical and rabbinic world}, publisher={Leiden: E. J. Brill}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, editor={Jacob, I. and Jacob, W.Editors}, year={1993} }
 @article{riddle_estes_1992, title={Oral contraceptives in ancient and Medieval times [Reprint]}, volume={80}, journal={American Scientist}, publisher={ }, author={Riddle, J. M. and Estes, J. W.}, year={1992}, pages={226–233} }
 @book{riddle_1992, title={Quid pro quo: Studies in the history of drugs}, volume={ }, journal={Variorum collected works series}, publisher={Aldershot, UK: Ashgate}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1992} }
 @inbook{riddle_1992, title={Spices}, volume={2}, booktitle={Christopher Columbus encyclopedia}, publisher={New York: Simon and Schuster}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1992}, pages={648–650} }
 @article{riddle_1991, title={Oral contraceptives and early-term abortifacients during Classical antiquity and the Middle Ages}, volume={132}, journal={ }, publisher={ }, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1991}, pages={1–32} }
 @inbook{riddle_1990, title={The  Pseudo-Hippocratic Dynamidia}, volume={27}, booktitle={Die hippokratischen Epidemien: Theorie-Praxis-Tradition}, publisher={Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag (Sudhoffs Archiv, Beiheft 27)}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1990}, pages={283–311} }
 @inbook{riddle_1987, title={Folk tradition and folk medicine: Recognition of drugs in classical antiquity}, volume={ }, booktitle={Folklore and folk medicines}, publisher={Madison, WI: American Institute for the History of Pharmacy}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1987}, pages={33–61} }
 @article{riddle_1985, title={ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL CHEMOTHERAPY FOR CANCER}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0021-1753"]}, DOI={10.1086/353876}, abstractNote={N 1916 DR. WILLIAM S. STONE, who became the director for cancer research at New York Memorial Hospital, addressed his colleagues about cancer. Both his own and his father's generation, he explained, treated cancer mostly by surgery; chemical treatments had been virtually abandoned long before. His argument calling for reexamination of the issue was largely historical, based on the observation that classical and early medieval "treatment of the disease . . . almost invariably consist[ed] of arsenic, zinc, or the alkaline caustics." The historical testimony ought to be presumption, he implied, that chemical agents had some beneficial results, even though in his age there had been, in his words, "unqualified condemnation" of them.1 Stone's exhortation did not usher in a "second age of chemotherapy" for cancer, however. That age can perhaps be dated to 1938, when A. P. Dustin published his report about the antimitotic properties of colchicine, found in Colchicum autumnale L. C. Gordon Zubrod would date modern cancer chemotherapy to about 1935, with the investigation of the effect of bacterial toxins on human sarcomas. Others argue that the true beginning of modern cancer chemotherapy was in World War II, with the research on nitrogen mustards, but, because of security, the results were not published until after the war. Finally, a few note that the experiments by Paul Ehrlich in 1908 on transplantable tumors in rodents anticipated modern chemotherapy.2 No one, however, disputes that}, number={283}, journal={ISIS}, author={RIDDLE, JM}, year={1985}, pages={319–330} }
 @inproceedings{riddle_1985, title={Byzantine commentaries on Dioscorides}, DOI={10.2307/1291497}, booktitle={Symposium on Byzantine Medicine -- (Dumbarton Oaks papers, no. 38A)}, publisher={Washington: Dumbarton Oaks}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1985}, pages={95–102} }
 @book{riddle_1985, title={Dioscorides in medicine and pharmacy}, volume={ }, journal={ }, publisher={Austin, TX: University of Texas Press}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1985} }
 @inbook{riddle_1985, title={Dioskurides im Mittelalters}, volume={ }, booktitle={Lexikon des Mittelalters}, publisher={Munchen und Zurich: Artemis Verlag}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1985}, pages={1095–1097} }
 @article{riddle_1984, title={MARTIALIS,GARGILIUS AS A MEDICAL WRITER}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0022-5045"]}, DOI={10.1093/jhmas/39.4.408}, abstractNote={Journal Article Gargilius Martialis as a Medical Writer Get access JOHN M. RIDDLE JOHN M. RIDDLE Department of History North Carolina State University RaleighNorth Carolina 27650 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Volume 39, Issue 4, October 1984, Pages 408–429, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/39.4.408 Published: 01 October 1984}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE AND ALLIED SCIENCES}, author={RIDDLE, JM}, year={1984}, pages={408–429} }
 @inbook{riddle_1981, title={Dioscorides}, volume={ }, booktitle={Catalogus translationum et commentarium = Medieval and renaissance Latin translations and commentaries}, publisher={Washington: Catholic University Press}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, editor={Kristeller, P. O. and Crantz, P.Editors}, year={1981}, pages={1–43} }
 @article{riddle_1981, title={Pseudo-Dioscorides' ex herbis femininis and early Medieval medical botany}, volume={14}, DOI={10.1007/bf00127514}, journal={Journal of the History of Botany}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1981}, pages={43–81} }
 @inbook{riddle_mulholland_1980, title={Albert on stones and minerals}, volume={ }, booktitle={Albertus Magnus and the sciences commemorative essays 1980}, publisher={Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies}, author={Riddle, J. M. and Mulholland, J. E.}, year={1980}, pages={203–234} }
 @article{riddle_1979, title={Book reviews, lectures, and marginal notes: Three previously unknown sixteenth century contributors to pharmacy, medicine and botany: Ioannes Manardus, Franscisus Frigimelica, and Melchoir Guilandinus}, volume={21}, journal={ }, publisher={ }, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1979}, pages={143–155} }
 @book{riddle_1977, title={Marbode of Rennes' De lapidibus considered as a medical text together with a critical text, translation and Marbode's minor lapidaries}, volume={ }, journal={Beiheft 20: Sudhoffs Archiv}, publisher={Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag GMpH}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1977} }
 @inbook{riddle_1974, title={Dioscorides}, volume={ }, booktitle={Dictionary of scientific biography, Volume 4A }, publisher={New York: Charles Schribner's Sons}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1974}, pages={119–123} }
 @article{riddle_1974, title={Theory and practice in medieval medicine}, volume={5}, DOI={10.1484/j.viator.2.301620}, abstractNote={Etude centree sur la therapeutique medicamenteuse. Influences arabes, de l'ecole de Salerne.}, journal={Viator Medieval and Renaissance Studies}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1974}, pages={157–184} }
 @article{riddle_1973, title={Amber in ancient pharmacy: The transmission of information about a single drug}, volume={15}, journal={ }, publisher={ }, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1973}, pages={3–17} }
 @inproceedings{riddle_1971, title={The  Latin alphabetical Dioscorides manuscript group}, volume={4}, booktitle={Actes du XIIIe Congis International de Histoire des Sciences. Acts Section IV}, publisher={Moscow}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1971}, pages={204–209} }
 @article{riddle_1970, title={Lithotherapy in the Middle Ages... lapidaries considered as medical texts}, volume={12}, journal={Reprinted}, publisher={ }, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1970}, pages={39–50} }
 @book{riddle_1970, title={Tiberius Gracchus: Destroyer or reformer of the Republic?}, volume={ }, journal={Problems in European civilization}, publisher={Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Company}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1970} }
 @article{riddle_1965, title={The  introduction and use of eastern drugs in the early Middle Ages}, volume={49}, journal={ }, publisher={ }, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1965}, pages={185–198} }
 @inbook{riddle_1964, title={Amber: An historical-etymological problem}, volume={ }, booktitle={Laudatores temporis acti: Studies in memory of Wallace Everett Caldwell}, publisher={Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press}, author={Riddle, J. M.}, editor={Gyles, M. F. and Davis, E. W.Editors}, year={1964}, pages={110–120} }
 @article{riddle_1964, title={Pomum ambrae: Amber and ambergris in plague remedies}, volume={48}, journal={ }, publisher={ }, author={Riddle, J. M.}, year={1964}, pages={111–122} }