@article{rice_baird_stikeleather_morrow_meyer_2014, title={Carbon dioxide system for on-farm euthanasia of pigs in small groups}, volume={22}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Swine Health and Production}, author={Rice, M. and Baird, C. and Stikeleather, L. and Morrow, W. E. M. and Meyer, R.}, year={2014}, pages={248–254} }
 @article{meyer_morrow_stikeleather_baird_rice_byrne_halbert_styles_2014, title={Evaluation of carbon dioxide administration for on-site mass depopulation of swine in response to animal health emergencies}, volume={244}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.244.8.924}, abstractNote={apid methods for on-site swine depopulation are re-quired in the event of an animal health emergency in North America. The term animal health emergency, as used in this context, includes a wide range of poten-tial situations such as disease outbreaks, contamination with chemicals (eg, dioxin) or radionuclides (eg, cesi-um-137), and adverse animal welfare conditions creat-ed by transportation restrictions that severely limit feed deliveries and animal movement. As described by the AVMA, mass depopulation refers to methods by which large numbers of animals must be destroyed quickly and efficiently with as much consideration given to the welfare of the animals as practicable, but where the cir -cumstances and tasks facing those performing depopu-lation are understood to be extenuating.}, number={8}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Meyer, Robert E. and Morrow, W. E. Morgan and Stikeleather, Larry F. and Baird, Craig L. and Rice, J. Mark and Byrne, Haleh and Halbert, Burt V. and Styles, Darrel K.}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={924–933} }
 @article{meyer_whitley_morrow_stikeleather_baird_rice_halbert_styles_whisnant_2013, title={Effect of physical and inhaled euthanasia methods on hormonal measures of stress in pigs}, volume={21}, number={5}, journal={Journal of Swine Health and Production}, author={Meyer, R. E. and Whitley, J. T. and Morrow, W. E. M. and Stikeleather, L. F. and Baird, C. L. and Rice, J. M. and Halbert, B. V. and Styles, D. K. and Whisnant, C. S.}, year={2013}, pages={261–269} }
 @article{classen_rice_mcneill_simmons_2011, title={Design and evaluation of a discreet sampler for waste treatment lagoons}, volume={27}, DOI={10.13031/2013.40621}, abstractNote={A lagoon sampler was designed to collect 300-mL samples from depths up to 2.82 m at 15.2-cm intervals. Design parameters required the device to collect discrete samples through the entire lagoon column without cross contamination during raising or lowering of the device through the lagoon and to leave the liquid column undisturbed so subsequent samples could be taken from lower depths at the same location. An evaluation protocol was developed to test the device in a 55.9-cm diameter, 3.35-m tall PVC test column. This test column was of sufficient depth to be representative of lagoons and of sufficient diameter to avoid interference, or edge effects, associated with the sampling device. The evaluation protocol used dissolved solids (sodium chloride) as the test parameter in 30.5-cm deep layers of sodium chloride of decreasing concentrations to fill the test column from the bottom and simulated different solids concentrations that may be found in a lagoon. Samples were collected at six depths from 122 to 198 cm. Based on electrical conductivity measurements, samples collected with the device were slightly more dilute than the expected value at all sample depths. Further tests showed that operation of the device did not cause mixing of the layered salt solutions. The sampler was used to collect samples from various depths in a lagoon; results suggested there was little interference among samples taken at specific locations through subsequent depths.}, number={6}, journal={Applied Engineering in Agriculture}, author={Classen, John and Rice, J. M. and McNeill, J. P. and Simmons, O. D.}, year={2011}, pages={1007–1014} }
 @article{shah_baird_rice_2007, title={Effect of a metabolic stimulant on ammonia volatilization from broiler litter}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/16.2.240}, abstractNote={SUMMARY High NH3 concentrations in broiler and turkey houses can adversely affect bird performance and the environment when exhausted into the atmosphere. Acidifying amendments have been used in poultry houses to reduce NH3 levels, but the acidifiers are caustic and may not be effective for the entire growout of 8 to 9 wk. In this 45-d study, the effect of a metabolic stimulant (biostimulant), Bio-Kat, on exhaust NH3 concentrations from chambers containing broiler litter (supplemented daily with layer manure slurry) was evaluated. Average NH3 concentration in the exhaust air from the chambers containing Bio-Kat-treated litter was reduced by 61% compared with untreated litter. Also, ammoniacal-N concentration in the Bio-Kat-treated litter was double that of untreated litter at the end of the study. The Bio-Kat amendment was most effective during the first 10 to 12 d, and its efficacy decreased over time. Additional work is required to evaluate the more concentrated formulation (for duration of effectiveness and application rate) and identify the proper method of application (i.e., incorporation vs. broadcasting on the surface).}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Shah, S. B. and Baird, C. L. and Rice, J. M.}, year={2007}, pages={240–247} }
 @article{classen_rice_sherman_2007, title={The effects of vermicompost on field turnips and rainfall runoff}, volume={15}, DOI={10.1080/1065657x.2007.10702308}, abstractNote={Vermicompost made from separated swine waste solids (0, 10, or 20% by volume of soil) was applied to turnips in small field plots during four growing seasons to determine the effect on plant growth, runoff volume and nutrients in runoff. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer was controlled by supplementing half the plots with inorganic nitrogen to balance the nitrogen fertilizer recommendations for turnips. Vermicompost addition increased fresh weight of fruit and foliage by a factor of two to five and increased dry weight by a factor of three with no increase in nitrogen but higher phosphorus in runoff. Runoff volume was lower in plots that received vermicompost compared to control plots.}, number={1}, journal={Compost Science & Utilization}, author={Classen, John and Rice, J. M. and Sherman, R.}, year={2007}, pages={34–39} }
 @article{vanotti_rice_ellison_hunt_humenik_baird_2005, title={Solid-liquid separation of swine manure with polymer treatment and sand filtration}, volume={48}, DOI={10.13031/2013.19190}, abstractNote={Small particles typical of liquid swine manure often clog sand filter beds and fine filters. We evaluated the effectiveness 
of polymer flocculants to improve drainage and filtration performance of sand filter beds by increasing the particle 
size of manure. A pilot separation unit was evaluated at the Swine Unit of the NCSU Lake Wheeler Road Laboratory in Raleigh, 
North Carolina, in 40 consecutive cycles during a 20-month period. The unit consisted of a homogenization tank that 
mixed the flushed swine manure, an in-line polymer mixer, and two sand filter beds (29.7 m2) designed to receive 30.5 cm (1 ft) 
depth of the polymer-treated effluent. Flocculation treatment using polyacrylamide (PAM) polymer improved drainage 
characteristics of the sand filter by preventing clogging and surface sealing. The combination of flocculation and filtration 
treatment removed 97% of total suspended solids (TSS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS), 85% of biochemical oxygen 
demand (BOD5), and 83% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from the flushed manure. Along with the solids, treatment 
resulted in capture of 61% total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and 72% total phosphorus (TP). Most of the nutrients removed in 
the solids were organic forms. Drying time to produce removable cakes varied significantly with the loading rate of solids 
applied to the sand filter bed. A load of <2 kg TSS m-2 per drying cycle allowed completion of the drying cycle in about 8 days, 
which is desirable to reduce potential fly problems. Our results indicate that PAM flocculation enhances performance of 
dewatering sand filter beds for swine manure applications.}, number={4}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, author={Vanotti, M. B. and Rice, J. M. and Ellison, A. Q. and Hunt, P. G. and Humenik, F. J. and Baird, C. L.}, year={2005}, pages={1567–1574} }
 @article{humenik_rice_baird_koelsch_2004, title={Environmentally superior technologies for swine waste management}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0273-1223"]}, DOI={10.2166/wst.2004.0732}, abstractNote={The high nitrogen content of animal waste provides opportunities for processing to marketable byproducts and challenges for proper management to avoid harmful impacts. Technologies are being developed to conserve and utilize nitrogen as well as other valuable constituents in animal waste. Advanced treatment technologies are also being developed for housing/waste management systems that address public concerns and protect soil, water and air quality. Smithfield Foods, Premium Standard Farms and Frontline Farmers have entered into an agreement with North Carolina to develop environmentally superior technologies that meet these goals. The 18 candidate technologies are identified and three with the longest operating period, and thus most data to date are discussed. Methods for distributing this information for implementation of cost-effective technologies through the Curriculum Project and the National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management will be presented. This work supports priority goals to conserve and utilize valuable animal waste constituents while also protecting against negative impacts.}, number={5-6}, journal={WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Humenik, FJ and Rice, JM and Baird, CL and Koelsch, R}, year={2004}, pages={15–21} }
 @article{miner_humenik_rice_rashash_williams_robarge_harris_sheffield_2003, title={Evaluation of a permeable, 5 cm thick, polyethylene foam lagoon cover}, volume={46}, DOI={10.13031/2013.15442}, abstractNote={Anaerobic lagoons and liquid manure storage basins are widely used for the treatment and storage of livestock and poultry manure. Although relatively inexpensive to construct, these devices have been widely criticized based upon their odor and ammonia release. A floating, permeable, composite cover manufactured from recycled polyethylene chips topped with a geotextile layer containing zeolite particles was evaluated under both laboratory and field conditions. Under laboratory conditions, the cover was found essentially to eliminate odor release and to reduce ammonia emissions by approximately 80%. When installed on a 0.4 ha swine manure lagoon in eastern North Carolina, the cover survived severe storms and allowed even intense rainfall to pass through without causing cover inundation. Under these field conditions, the cover was found to reduce ammonia emissions approximately 80%. Odor emissions measured twice during one month of the study were consistently low in concentration and near neutral relative to quality, as determined by an analysis by a trained odor panel. Microbiological examination of the cover after four months of use showed an active population of aerobic bacteria and protozoa; analysis showed that nitrifying, sulfide oxidizing, and methanotrophic bacteria were likely trophic components of the microbial populations observed. The surface of the cover became covered with an algal population within two weeks of installation. This and other vegetative growth had no discernable impact on the performance of the cover.}, number={5}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, author={Miner, J. R. and Humenik, F. J. and Rice, J. M. and Rashash, D. M. C. and Williams, C. and Robarge, W. and Harris, D. B. and Sheffield, R.}, year={2003}, pages={1421–1426} }
 @article{poach_hunt_sadler_matheny_johnson_stone_humenik_rice_2002, title={Ammonia volatilization from constructed wetlands that treat swine wastewater}, volume={45}, number={3}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, author={Poach, M. E. and Hunt, P. G. and Sadler, E. J. and Matheny, T. A. and Johnson, M. H. and Stone, K. C. and Humenik, F. J. and Rice, J. M.}, year={2002}, pages={619–627} }
 @article{stone_hunt_szogi_humenik_rice_2002, title={Constructed wetland design and performance for swine lagoon wastewater treatment}, volume={45}, number={3}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, author={Stone, K. C. and Hunt, P. G. and Szogi, A. A. and Humenik, F. J. and Rice, J. M.}, year={2002}, pages={723–730} }
 @article{hunt_szogi_humenik_rice_matheny_stone_2002, title={Constructed wetlands for treatment of swine wastewater from an anaerobic lagoon}, volume={45}, number={3}, journal={Transactions of the ASAE}, author={Hunt, P. G. and Szogi, A. A. and Humenik, E. J. and Rice, J. M. and Matheny, T. A. and Stone, K. C.}, year={2002}, pages={639–647} }
 @inproceedings{rice_szogi_broome_humenik_hunt_1998, title={Constructed wetland systems for swine wastewater treatment}, number={1998}, booktitle={Animal Production Systems and the Environment: An International Conference on Odor, Water Quality, Nutrient Management and Socioeconomic Issues: Proceedings, July 19-22, 1998}, publisher={Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University of Science and Technology}, author={Rice, J. M. and Szogi, A. A. and Broome, S. W. and Humenik, F. J. and Hunt, P. G.}, year={1998}, pages={501–505} }
 @inproceedings{vanotti_szogi_hunt_humenik_rice_1998, title={Nitrification options for swine wastewater treatment}, number={1998}, booktitle={Animal Production Systems and the Environment: An International Conference on Odor, Water Quality, Nutrient Management and Socioeconomic Issues: Proceedings, July 19-22, 1998}, publisher={Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University of Science and Technology}, author={Vanotti, M. B. and Szogi, A. A. and Hunt, P. G. and Humenik, F. J. and Rice, J. M.}, year={1998}, pages={795–800} }
 @inproceedings{hunt_vanotti_szogi_humenik_rice_1997, title={Constructed wetlands for animal wastewater treatment}, number={1997}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Southeastern Sustainable Animal Waste Management Workshop: February 11-13, 1997, Rural Development Center, Tifton, Georgia}, publisher={Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia}, author={Hunt, P. G. and Vanotti, M. B. and Szogi, A. A. and Humenik, F. J. and Rice, J. M.}, year={1997}, pages={161–175} }
 @article{szogi_humenik_rice_hunt_1997, title={Swine wastewater treatment by media filtration}, volume={32}, ISSN={["1532-4109"]}, DOI={10.1080/03601239709373115}, abstractNote={A media filter was constructed to treat swine wastewater after anaerobic lagoon treatment. The media filter consisted of a tank (1.5-m-diameter x 0.6-m-height) filled with marl gravel. The marl gravel had a carbonate content of 300 g kg-1. Gravel particle size distributions were 85 and 14% in the 4.7- to 12.7-mm and 12.7- to 19-mm size classes, respectively. Pore space of the filtration unit was 57%. Wastewater flow rate was 606 L m-2 d-1, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) load was 198 g m-2 d-1. The media filter removed 54% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) content after one cycle, but increased cycling did not produce additional COD reduction. Total suspended solids (TSS) removal after one cycle was 50% of initial levels, and additional cycling reduced TSS levels at a much lower rate of 7% per cycle. Removal efficiencies for total phosphorus (TP) ranged from 37% to 52% (one to four cycles), but long-term phosphorus removal would be limited by the sorption capacity of the gravel. Up to 24% of TKN was converted to nitrate-plus-nitrite-N (NO3+NO2-N). Effluents with high NO3+NO2-N levels can be treated further for denitrification with constructed wetlands or anaerobic lagoon. This is important in cases where land is limited for wastewater application.}, number={5}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES}, author={Szogi, AA and Humenik, FJ and Rice, JM and Hunt, PG}, year={1997}, pages={831–843} }