@article{lennon_hanel_walker_vaden_2013, title={Hypercoagulability in Dogs with Protein-Losing Nephropathy as Assessed by Thromboelastography}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1939-1676"]}, DOI={10.1111/jvim.12067}, abstractNote={BackgroundDogs with protein‐losing nephropathy (PLN) are at risk of thromboembolic disease, but the mechanism leading to hypercoagulability and the population of dogs at risk are unknown.ObjectivesTo characterize thromboelastography (TEG) and its association with serum albumin (SALB), UPC, and antithrombin activity in dogs with PLN.AnimalsTwenty‐eight client‐owned dogs with PLN (urine protein:creatinine ratio [UPC] > 2.0) and 8 control dogs were prospectively enrolled in this observational study.MethodsTEG parameters, antithrombin activity, serum biochemical profiles, and UPC were measured. TEG analyses were run in duplicate with kaolin activation; reaction time (R), clot formation time (K), α‐angle (α), maximal amplitude (MA), and global clot strength (G) were analyzed.ResultsDogs with PLN had lower K (P = .004), and higher α (P = .001), MA (P < .001), and G (P < .001) values than controls. No significant correlation between TEG parameters and UPC, SALB, or antithrombin was noted. Twelve PLN dogs (42.8%) were azotemic and 19 (67.8%) were hypoalbuminemic (SALB < 3.0 g/dL); 11 had SALB < 2.5 g/dL.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThese results indicate that dogs with PLN have TEG values that demonstrate hypercoagulability compared with a control population but that antithrombin, SALB, or UPC cannot be used in isolation to predict this result. A comprehensive evaluation of the coagulation system in individual patients may be necessary to predict the point at which anti‐thrombotic therapy is indicated.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE}, author={Lennon, E. M. and Hanel, R. M. and Walker, J. M. and Vaden, S. L.}, year={2013}, pages={462–468} }
 @article{walker_hanel_hansen_motsinger-reif_2012, title={Comparison of venous sampling methods for thromboelastography in clinically normal dogs}, volume={73}, ISSN={["1943-5681"]}, DOI={10.2460/ajvr.73.12.1864}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To evaluate effects of blood collection method and site on results of thromboelastography in healthy dogs.
Animals—8 clinically normal purpose-bred dogs.
Procedures—Blood was collected from the external jugular vein by syringe aspiration via direct venipuncture with a 20-gauge needle, through a central venous catheter, or into an evacuated tube with a 21-gauge winged needle catheter. Blood was collected from the lateral saphenous vein by syringe aspiration via direct venipuncture with a 20-gauge needle or into an evacuated tube with a 21-gauge winged needle catheter. Kaolin-activated thromboelastographic analyses were performed, and R (reaction time), K (clot formation time), α angle, maximal amplitude, and G (global clot strength) were analyzed.
Results—No significant differences were observed with regard to sampling site. Sample collection method had no effect on thromboelastographic results for saphenous vein samples. Blood samples collected from the jugular vein by syringe aspiration had a lower R and K and higher α angle than did blood samples collected from the jugular vein by evacuated tube collection. Significant differences were observed between blood samples collected from the jugular vein by syringe aspiration and samples collected from the saphenous vein by evacuated tube collection and between samples collected from the saphenous vein by evacuated tube collection and samples collected from the jugular vein through a central venous catheter.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Different sampling methods resulted in small but significant differences in thromboelastographic values. Results justify the use of standardized techniques for research purposes, but all of these sampling methods were acceptable for 1-time clinical use.}, number={12}, journal={AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Walker, Julie M. and Hanel, Rita M. and Hansen, Bernard D. and Motsinger-Reif, Alison A.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={1864–1870} }