@article{carlson_wcisel_ackerman_romanet_christiansen_niemuth_williams_breen_stoskopf_dornburg_et al._2022, title={Transcriptome annotation reveals minimal immunogenetic diversity among Wyoming toads, Anaxyrus baxteri}, volume={4}, ISSN={["1572-9737"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-022-01444-8}, DOI={10.1007/s10592-022-01444-8}, abstractNote={Briefly considered extinct in the wild, the future of the Wyoming toad (Anaxyrus baxteri) continues to rely on captive breeding to supplement the wild population. Given its small natural geographic range and history of rapid population decline at least partly due to fungal disease, investigation of the diversity of key receptor families involved in the host immune response represents an important conservation need. Population decline may have reduced immunogenetic diversity sufficiently to increase the vulnerability of the species to infectious diseases. Here we use comparative transcriptomics to examine the diversity of toll-like receptors and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) sequences across three individual Wyoming toads. We find reduced diversity at MHC genes compared to bufonid species with a similar history of bottleneck events. Our data provide a foundation for future studies that seek to evaluate the genetic diversity of Wyoming toads, identify biomarkers for infectious disease outcomes, and guide breeding strategies to increase genomic variability and wild release successes.}, journal={CONSERVATION GENETICS}, author={Carlson, Kara B. and Wcisel, Dustin J. and Ackerman, Hayley D. and Romanet, Jessica and Christiansen, Emily F. and Niemuth, Jennifer N. and Williams, Christina and Breen, Matthew and Stoskopf, Michael K. and Dornburg, Alex and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Apr} }
 @article{nmr-based metabolomic profile of cold stun syndrome in loggerhead caretta caretta, green chelonia mydas and kemp's ridley lepidochelys kempii sea turtles in north carolina, usa_2020, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2981/wlb.00587}, DOI={10.2981/wlb.00587}, abstractNote={In North Carolina, winter weather events causing sea surface temperatures to acutely drop below approximately 12°C may result in strandings of threatened loggerhead Caretta caretta, green Chelonia mydas and endangered Kemp's ridley Lepidochelys kempii sea turtles due to cold stun syndrome. Clinically, these turtles have been shown to have metabolic and respiratory acidosis. The purpose of this study was to apply NMR-based metabolomics to further our understanding of the pathogenesis of cold stun syndrome in sea turtles. Heparinized whole blood and plasma samples were collected from apparently healthy loggerhead (whole blood n = 8), green (whole blood n = 12, plasma n = 10) and Kemp's ridley (whole blood n = 14, plasma n = 10) sea turtles. Blood and plasma samples were also collected from juvenile, in-water or beach-cast cold stun affected sea turtles (loggerhead n = 9, green n = 11, Kemp's n = 6). We identified 18 metabolites in our spectra including amino acids, energy compounds, glycerol, ketone bodies, nucleosides/nucleotides, organic acids and osmolytes. There were several significant differences between metabolites in control and affected turtles, likely secondary to anorexia, such as differences in dimethyl sulfone, glycerol, leucine, isoleucine and trimethylamine N-oxide concentrations. Significant differences in multiple metabolites related to exertion and anaerobic metabolism included concentrations of acetate, creatine, lactate and succinate. Changes in glycerol and propylene glycol concentrations suggest some metabolic changes may have cold protective properties. The primary metabolomic findings were consistent with what is known about clinical biochemistry and blood gas panel perturbations in cold stun affected turtles. This study provides a baseline for the metabolic profile of control and cold stun affected sea turtles in North Carolina and we have identified several metabolites worthy of further investigation with regards to their roles in hypoxia, ischemia and reperfusion.}, journal={Wildlife Biology}, year={2020}, month={Feb} }
 @article{niemuth_ransom_finn_godfrey_nelson_stoskopf_2020, title={Using Random Forest Algorithm to Model Cold-Stunning Events in Sea Turtles in North Carolina}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1944-687X"]}, DOI={10.3996/052019-jfwm-043}, abstractNote={Sea turtle strandings due to cold stunning are seen when turtles are exposed to ocean temperatures that acutely and persistently drop below approximately 12 °C. In North Carolina, this syndrome aff...}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT}, publisher={U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service}, author={Niemuth, Jennifer N. and Ransom, Casey C. and Finn, Sarah A. and Godfrey, Matthew H. and Nelson, Stacy A. C. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={531–541} }
 @article{bembenek-bailey_niemuth_mcclellan-green_godfrey_harms_gracz_stoskopf_2019, title={NMR Metabolomic Analysis of Skeletal Muscle, Heart, and Liver of Hatchling Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) Experimentally Exposed to Crude Oil and/or Corexit}, volume={9}, ISSN={2218-1989}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo9020021}, DOI={10.3390/metabo9020021}, abstractNote={We used nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR) to evaluate the metabolic impacts of crude oil, Corexit 5900A, a dispersant, and a crude oil Corexit 5900A mixture exposure on skeletal muscle, heart, and liver physiology of hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Tissue samples were obtained from 22 seven-day-old hatchlings after a four day cutaneous exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of crude oil, Corexit 5900A, a combination of crude oil and Corexit 9500A, or a seawater control. We identified 38 metabolites in the aqueous extracts of the liver, and 30 metabolites in both the skeletal and heart muscle aqueous extracts, including organic acids/osmolytes, energy compounds, amino acids, ketone bodies, nucleosides, and nucleotides. Skeletal muscle lactate, creatines, and taurine concentrations were significantly lower in hatchlings exposed to crude oil than in control hatchlings. Lactate, taurine, and cholines appeared to be the basis of some variation in hatchling heart samples, and liver inosine, uracil, and uridine appeared to be influenced by Corexit and crude oil exposure. Observed decreases in concentrations of lactate and creatines may reflect energy depletion in skeletal muscle of oil-exposed animals, while decreased taurine concentrations in these animals may reflect higher oxidative stress.}, number={2}, journal={Metabolites}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Bembenek-Bailey, Stasia and Niemuth, Jennifer and McClellan-Green, Patricia and Godfrey, Matthew and Harms, Craig and Gracz, Hanna and Stoskopf, Michael}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={21} }
 @article{niemuth_harms_macdonald_stoskopf_2018, title={Propylene Glycol in Free-Ranging Green Sea Turtle Plasma}, volume={9}, ISSN={1944-687X 1944-687X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/122017-JFWM-099}, DOI={10.3996/122017-JFWM-099}, abstractNote={
 Metabolomics is the study of metabolites, the small-molecular-weight end products of metabolism. Propylene glycol is a synthetic diol commonly used as antifreeze, as a humectant, and in the production of polyester compounds. In otherwise healthy animals, propylene glycol has generally been considered a contaminant, iatrogenic, or unexplained. We demonstrate the presence of propylene glycol in plasma of free-ranging apparently healthy green sea turtles Chelonia mydas and individuals impacted by cold stun syndrome, without iatrogenic administration or known sample processing contamination, using one- and two-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques. There was not a statistically significant difference in relative propylene glycol concentration between the two cohorts (two-sided random sampling two-sample permutation test, P = 0.842, R = 1,000). The presence of this metabolite raises important questions about sea turtle physiology and potential latent environmental contamination and serves as a starting point for future characterization of lipid metabolism and glycolysis in green sea turtles.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management}, publisher={U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service}, author={Niemuth, Jennifer N. and Harms, Craig A. and Macdonald, Jeffrey M. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={617–623} }
 @article{bembenek bailey_niemuth_mcclellan-green_godfrey_harms_stoskopf_2017, title={1
            H-NMR metabolomic study of whole blood from hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (
            Caretta caretta
            ) exposed to crude oil and/or Corexit}, volume={4}, ISSN={2054-5703 2054-5703}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171433}, DOI={10.1098/rsos.171433}, abstractNote={We used proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) to evaluate metabolic impacts of environmentally relevant crude oil and Corexit exposures on the physiology of hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Sample extraction and data acquisition methods for very small volume whole blood samples and sources of variation between individual hatchlings were assessed. Sixteen unclotted, whole blood samples were obtained from 7-day-old hatchlings after a 4-day cutaneous exposure to either control seawater, crude oil, Corexit 9500A or a combination of crude oil and Corexit 9500A. After extraction, one- and two-dimensional 1H-NMR spectra of the samples were obtained, and 17 metabolites were identified and confirmed in the whole blood spectra. Variation among samples due to the concentrations of metabolites 3-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, trimethylamine oxide and propylene glycol did not statistically correlate with treatment group. However, the characterization of the hatchling loggerhead whole blood metabolome provides a foundation for future metabolomic research with sea turtles and a basis for the study of tissues from exposed hatchling sea turtles.}, number={11}, journal={Royal Society Open Science}, publisher={The Royal Society}, author={Bembenek Bailey, Stasia A. and Niemuth, Jennifer N. and McClellan-Green, Patricia D. and Godfrey, Matthew H. and Harms, Craig A. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={171433} }
 @article{niemuth_stoskopf_2017, title={A novel extraction method for the preparation of heparinized chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) and horse (Equus caballus) whole blood for 1H-NMR metabolomics using Drabkin’s reagent}, volume={7}, DOI={10.5584/jiomics.v7i1.203}, abstractNote={Despite the ease of collection, heparinized whole blood (HWB) is underutilized in 1 H-NMR-based metabolomics particularly because of the lack of sample homogeneity. Drabkin’s reagent (DR), an aqueous solution of potassium ferricyanide, potassium cyanide, and sodium bicarbonate, causes hemolysis and has been used for quantification of hemoglobin. The objectives of this study were to determine if the use of DR with HWB for metabolomics samples would result in consistent hemolysis, while being invisible to 1 H-NMR and quenching metabolic activity. HWB from a chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) and a horse ( Equus caballus ) was used. All HWB samples were mixed 1:10 volume:volume HWB:DR. Spectrophotometric evaluation of incubated DR treated samples revealed little change in absorbance after approximately 10-15 min incubation at room temperature (20-21 °C); all following samples were incubated for 10 min, except where noted. Samples subjected to five repeated extractions with DR showed a decrease in absorbance of >95% after the first extraction; all subsequent samples were extracted with a single aliquot of DR. Lyophilized DR rehydrated with a 100% deuterium oxide solution was invisible to 1 H-NMR. Standard (10 min incubation, 20 min centrifugal filtration) and delayed (120 min incubation, 20 min centrifugal filtration) samples were prepared for both species and did not appear considerably different upon visual inspection with the exception of minor differences in the major peaks of the metabolites 3-methylhistidine and betaine in the chicken samples. Comparison of standard and delayed samples via two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests found no significant differences with either species (chicken p = 1, horse p = 0.9887). Use of DR resulted in consistent, complete hemolysis, while being invisible to 1 H-NMR and quenching metabolic activity for at least 140 min at room temperature. This protocol should be considered when HWB is the only sample type available and/or if the investigator is interested in questions specific to erythrocyte metabolism.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Integrated Omics}, author={Niemuth, Jennifer N. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2017}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{westmoreland_niemuth_gracz_stoskopf_2017, title={Altered acrylic acid concentrations in hard and soft corals exposed to deteriorating water conditions}, volume={2}, url={https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2016-0064}, DOI={10.1139/facets-2016-0064}, abstractNote={A reliable marker of early coral response to environmental stressors can help guide decision-making to mitigate global coral reef decline by detecting problems before the development of clinically observable disease. We document the accumulation of acrylic acid in two divergent coral taxa, stony small polyp coral (Acropora sp.) and soft coral (Lobophytum sp.), in response to deteriorating water quality characterized by moderately increased ammonia (0.25 ppm) and phosphate (0.15 ppm) concentrations and decreased calcium (360 ppm) concentration, using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)-based metabolomic techniques. Changes in acrylic acid concentration in polyp tissues free of zooxanthellae suggest that acrylic acid could be a product of animal metabolism and not exclusively a metabolic by-product of the osmolyte dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in marine algae or bacteria. Our findings build on previously documented depletions of acrylic acid in wild coral potentially correlated to temperature ...}, journal={FACETS}, publisher={Canadian Science Publishing}, author={Westmoreland, Lori S.H. and Niemuth, Jennifer N. and Gracz, Hanna S. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, editor={Macdonald, Robie W.Editor}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={531–544} }
 @article{niemuth_harms_stoskopf_2015, title={Effects of processing time on blood and plasma samples from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) for 1H-NMR-based metabolomics
}, volume={in press}, journal={Herpetological Conservation & Biology}, author={Niemuth, Jennifer N. and Harms, Craig A. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2015} }
 @article{niemuth_stoskopf_2014, title={Hepatic metabolomic investigation of the North American black bear (Ursus americanus) using 1H-NMR spectroscopy}, volume={10}, ISSN={1646-2742 1646-1509}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2461/wbp.2014.10.3}, DOI={10.2461/wbp.2014.10.3}, abstractNote={The growing field of metabolomics examines the end products of metabolism, metabolites, to determine physiological processes at a cellular level. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy affords advantages such as noninvasive sample collection, minimal or no sample preparation, and conservation of samples. The objectives of this study were to determine the feasibility of NMR-based metabolomics as a screening tool for evaluating changes in North American black bear (Ursus americanus) metabolism, establish a baseline metabolic profile for the black bear, and determine if there was any significant variation between individual metabolic profiles of hunter-killed bears. Hepatic samples were collected from 14 legally, hunter-killed black bears. The samples were frozen, homogenized, and extracted. 1H NMR spectra were collected and analyzed. Over 30 metabolites were identified, including those involved with protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Principal components analysis demonstrated a separation among the bears by general age groups, based on differences in several energy and amino acid biomarkers, as well as lactate. This difference may be due to variation in growth and body composition with age. NMR-based metabolomics proved to be a practical technique for identifying components of black bear metabolism.}, number={1}, journal={Wildlife Biology in Practice}, publisher={Sociedade Portuguesa de Vida Selvagem (SPVS)}, author={Niemuth, Jennifer and Stoskopf, Michael}, year={2014}, month={May} }
 @article{niemuth_de voe_jennings_loomis_troan_2014, title={Malignant hypertension and retinopathy in a western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1600-0684"]}, DOI={10.1111/jmp.12114}, abstractNote={A 34‐year‐old western lowland gorilla presented with peracute blindness.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY}, publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}, author={Niemuth, Jennifer N. and De Voe, Ryan S. and Jennings, Samuel H. and Loomis, Michael R. and Troan, Brigid V.}, year={2014}, month={Aug}, pages={276–279} }
 @article{niemuth_sanders_mooney_olfenbuttel_deperno_stoskopf_2014, title={Nephrolithiasis in free-ranging North American river otter (lontra canadensis) in North Carolina, USA}, volume={45}, ISSN={1042-7260 1937-2825}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2013-0135r2.1}, DOI={10.1638/2013-0135r2.1}, abstractNote={Abstract: The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) serves as an indicator species for environmental monitoring, is prized as a valuable furbearer, and is a popular display animal in zoologic collections. Nephrolithiasis has been reported as a frequent problem in other free-ranging and captive otter species but is rarely reported in North American river otters. In this study, we compared the prevalence of nephrolithiasis diagnosed using routine gross pathologic examination techniques with the use of computed tomography (CT) of excised kidneys. We also evaluated whether otter nephroliths could be accurately classified by their CT densities, and we examined the renal tissue uric acid concentrations in free-ranging otters in North Carolina, USA. Kidneys were collected from carcasses of legally trapped, free-ranging animals. Nephroliths were observed in 16.2% of the individuals (n = 229). Associations were found between age and nephrolith status and between capture location and nephrolith status (P = 0.026 and < 0.001, respectively). Computed tomography Hounsfield unit density measurements were not useful in determining nephrolith chemical composition in this study. Renal tissue uric acid concentrations were similar across genders, age groups, and stone status. The chemical composition of the nephroliths was determined by scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to be calcium phosphate in the carbonate form.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine}, publisher={American Association of Zoo Veterinarians}, author={Niemuth, Jennifer N. and Sanders, Charles W. and Mooney, Charles B. and Olfenbuttel, Colleen and DePerno, Christopher S. and Stoskopf, Michael K.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={110–117} }
 @article{niemuth_allgood_flowers_de voe_troan_2013, title={Ventricular Habronemiasis in Aviary Passerines}, volume={2013}, ISSN={2090-7001 2090-701X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/719465}, DOI={10.1155/2013/719465}, abstractNote={A variety of Habronematidae parasites (order Spirurida) have been described as occasional parasites of avian species; however, reports on passerines are relatively uncommon. From 2007 to 2008, 11 passerine deaths at The North Carolina Zoological Park in Asheboro, NC, USA, were associated with ventricular habronemiasis, which was determined to be the cause of death or a major contributing factor in 10 of the 11 individuals. The number and species affected were 5 Red-billed Leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea), 2 Japanese White-eye (Zosterops japonicus), 2 Golden-headed Manakin (Pipra erythrocephala), 1 Blue-grey Tanager (Thraupis episcopus), and 1 Emerald Starling (Coccycolius iris). Affected animals displayed nonspecific clinical signs or were found dead. The ventricular nematodes were consistent in morphology with Procyrnea sp. Koilin fragmentation with secondary bacterial and fungal infections was the most frequently observed pathologic lesion. Secondary visceral amyloidosis, attributed to chronic inflammation associated with nematodiasis, was present in 4 individuals. An insect intermediate host is suspected but was not identified. Native passerine species within or around the aviary may be serving as sylvatic hosts.}, journal={Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine}, publisher={Hindawi Limited}, author={Niemuth, Jennifer N. and Allgood, Joni V. and Flowers, James R. and De Voe, Ryan S. and Troan, Brigid V.}, year={2013}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{niemuth_pilny_2012, title={Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Skin and Soft Tissue Infection in a Wild Eastern Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis): A Case Study}, volume={32}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Wildlife Rehabilitation}, author={Niemuth, Jennifer N. and Pilny, Anthony A.}, year={2012}, pages={13–16} }
 @inproceedings{hartup_niemuth_fitzpatrick_fox_kelley_2010, title={Morbidity and Mortality of Captive Whooping Cranes at The International Crane Foundation: 1976-2008}, volume={11}, booktitle={Proc. North Am. Crane Workshop}, author={Hartup, Barry K. and Niemuth, Jennifer N. and Fitzpatrick, Bridget and Fox, Maureen and Kelley, Cristin}, year={2010}, pages={183–185} }
 @article{niemuth_ghantous_averill_2009, title={Pulmonary carcinoma in a captive fennec fox (Vulpes zerda)}, volume={11}, number={3}, journal={Exotic DVM}, author={Niemuth, Jennifer N. and Ghantous, Seth N. and Averill, Scott M.}, year={2009}, pages={17–18} }
 @article{niemuth_harms_stoskopf, title={Effects of processing time on whole blood and plasma samples from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) for 1H-NMR-based metabolomics}, volume={11}, number={2}, journal={Herpetological Conservation and Biology}, author={Niemuth, J. N. and Harms, C. A. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, pages={149–160} }
 @article{niemuth_harms_stoskopf, title={Effects of processing time on whole blood and plasma samples from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) for H-1-NMR-based metabolomics}, volume={10}, number={1}, journal={Herpetological Conservation and Biology}, author={Niemuth, J. N. and Harms, C. A. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, pages={149–160} }
 @article{niemuth_harms_stoskopf, title={Effects of processing time on whole blood and plasma samples from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) for H-1-NMR-based metabolomics}, volume={11}, number={1}, journal={Herpetological Conservation and Biology}, author={Niemuth, J. N. and Harms, C. A. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, pages={149-} }
 @article{niemuth_harms_stoskopf, title={Effects of processing time on whole blood and plasma samples from loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) for H-1-NMR-based metabolomics}, volume={11}, number={1}, journal={Herpetological Conservation and Biology}, author={Niemuth, J. N. and Harms, C. A. and Stoskopf, M. K.}, pages={149-} }
 @inproceedings{seventh crissey zoological nutrition symposium, publisher={Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine}, pages={1–105} }