@article{douglass_berry_thrall_malarkey_spaulding_2003, title={Radiographic features of aortic bulb/valve mineralization in 20 dogs}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb01443.x}, abstractNote={The radiographic features of aortic bulb/valve mineralization in 20 dogs were reviewed. Extent, shape, number, and location of mineralization were recorded. Five of the dogs had additional alternate imaging examinations, including bone scintigraphy, echocardiography, and thoracic computed tomography. A necropsy was done on one dog, and the area of mineralization was evaluated using routine histology. The median age was 10 (mean 9.7; SD ± 2.7) years. There were five males, seven neutered males, one female, and seven neutered females. The breeds were: Irish setter (6); rottweiler (7); chow‐chow (1); miniature dachshund (1); borzoi (1); English setter (1); English springer spaniel (1); great Dane (1); and greyhound (1). Dogs with both right and left lateral radiographs (n = 17) had mineralization visible on both views, more conspicuously on the right lateral radiograph (n = 12). Aortic bulb mineralization was identified on the ventrodorsal radiograph of only one dog. On lateral radiographs, the aortic bulb mineralization was localized within the 4th intercostal space and in the craniodorsal quadrant of the cardiac silhouette. In nine of the dogs, there were complex or multiple mineralizations and in 11 dogs, there was a single curvilinear mineral opacity oriented in a caudoventral to craniodorsal direction. In all radiographs, the mineralization was in the expected position of the aortic bulb, and echocardiography (n = 4), spiral computed tomography (n = 2), and necropsy (n = 1) confirmed that the mineralization was within the aortic bulb. Clinical pathologic data of the dogs suggested no reason for metastatic mineralization. Exact etiopathogenesis of the lesions were not determined in this study. Based on the histologic findings in one dog, the mineralization seen in the aortic root is similar to a form of dystrophic mineralization called Monckeberg's calcific arteriosclerosis in humans. No clinical signs attributable to the mineralization were observed.}, number={1}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Douglass, JP and Berry, CR and Thrall, DE and Malarkey, DE and Spaulding, KA}, year={2003}, pages={20–27} }
 @article{ramirez_douglass_robertson_2002, title={Ultrasonographic features of canine abdominal malignant histiocytosis}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01664.x}, abstractNote={Ultrasonographic features of canine abdominal malignant histiocytosis (MH) of 16 dogs are reported. The most common finding was the presence of hypoechoic nodules in the spleen, some of which caused distortion of the splenic margin. The liver was the second‐most commonly affected organ. Hepatic ultrasonographic features were highly variable, including hypoechoic, hyperechoic, or mixed echogenic lesions. Other common ultrasonographic abnormalities included hypoechoic nodules in the kidneys and mesenteric and medial iliac lymphadenopathy. The results of this study suggest that the ultrasonographic appearance of canine abdominal MH is nonspecific, and definitive diagnosis requires cytologic or histologic examination.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Ramirez, S and Douglass, JP and Robertson, ID}, year={2002}, pages={167–170} }
 @article{douglass_berry_james_1997, title={Ultrasonographic adrenal gland measurements in dogs without evidence of adrenal disease}, volume={38}, ISSN={["1058-8183"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1740-8261.1997.tb00827.x}, abstractNote={The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine measurements of adrenal glands from longitudinal sonograms, in a large population of dogs and to correlate these measurements to age, sex and descriptors of body size. Dogs were selected from the clinic population presented for routine abdominal ultrasonography between September, 1991 and March, 1994. Dogs with elevated serum cholesterol or alkaline phosphatase levels, polyuria/polydipsia, and/ or clinical diagnoses of adrenal pathology were excluded. Dogs with ultrasound‐documented abnormalities (mass lesions, abnormal architecture) of either adrenal were not considered. Age, sex, weight and breed were recorded, and the body surface area of each dog was calculated. Adrenal length and caudal polar width were determined from longitudinal, two‐dimensional ultrasounhd images. Adrenal measurements were compared with body size measurements and age using least squares linear regression analysis and the correlation coefficient (r) and coefficient of determination (r2)calculated. One hundred and ninety three dogs were included in the study, with a weight and body surface area range of 1.8–72kg and 0.2–1.8m2m respectively. The left adrenal gland (n=182) length range was from 10.7 to 50.2mm, and the range of the caudal polar widths was 1.9 to 12.4mm. Right adrenal gland (n=85) length range was from 10 to 39.3 mm, and the range of the caudal polar widths was from 3.1 to 12mm. In dogs where both adrenal gland lengths were measured (n = 74), the right adrenal gland length was less than that of the left in 46dogs, equal to the left in one dog, and greater than the length of the left in 27 dogs. The strongest linear association was noted between the left adrenal gland length of the left in 27 dogs. The strongest linear association wasw noted between the left adrenal gland length and body weight (kg, r = 0.71, p<0.0001) or body surface area (m2, r = 0.0001).significant association was noted between the right adrenal gland length and body weight kg, r = 0.69, p<0.0001). A significant positive association was also noted between age and left adrenal gland length, (r = 0.25, p = 0.009). The summation of all four adrenal measurement values (left length and width, right length and width) did slightly improve the correlation (r = <0.74, p<0.0001) when compared with body weight (kg). There was not a significant difference in the adrenal measurements with regard to sex. With regard to the correlation coefficient values, there was no advantage noted to calculating the body surface area from body weight. The causes for the low degrees of the correlation between adrenal size and the variables investigated in this study are unknown; measurement error, effects of nonadrenal illness on adrenal size, and a non‐linear or complex linear relationship between adrenal gland size (as measured by longitudinal parameters and descriptors of body size are among possible exphanations.}, number={2}, journal={VETERINARY RADIOLOGY & ULTRASOUND}, author={Douglass, JP and Berry, CR and James, S}, year={1997}, pages={124–130} }