@article{khoury_clouse_mcswain_applegate_kock_atala_murphy_2022, title={Ferret acute lung injury model induced by repeated nebulized lipopolysaccharide administration}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2051-817X"]}, DOI={10.14814/phy2.15400}, abstractNote={AbstractInflammatory lung diseases affect millions of people worldwide. These diseases are caused by a number of factors such as pneumonia, sepsis, trauma, and inhalation of toxins. Pulmonary function testing (PFT) is a valuable functional methodology for better understanding mechanisms of lung disease, measuring disease progression, clinical diagnosis, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. Animal models of inflammatory lung diseases are needed that accurately recapitulate disease manifestations observed in human patients and provide an accurate prediction of clinical outcomes using clinically relevant pulmonary disease parameters. In this study, we evaluated a ferret lung inflammation model that closely represents multiple clinical manifestations of acute lung inflammation and injury observed in human patients. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was nebulized into ferrets for 7 repeated daily doses. Repeated exposure to nebulized LPS resulted in a restrictive pulmonary injury characterized using Buxco forced maneuver PFT system custom developed for ferrets. This is the first study to report repeated forced maneuver PFT in ferrets, establishing lung function measurements pre‐ and post‐injury in live animals. Bronchoalveolar lavage and histological analysis confirmed that LPS exposure elicited pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation and structural damage to the alveoli. We believe this ferret model of lung inflammation, with clinically relevant disease manifestations and parameters for functional evaluation, is a useful pre‐clinical model for understanding human inflammatory lung disease and for the evaluation of potential therapies.}, number={20}, journal={PHYSIOLOGICAL REPORTS}, author={Khoury, Oula and Clouse, Cara and McSwain, Malcolm K. and Applegate, Jeffrey and Kock, Nancy D. and Atala, Anthony and Murphy, Sean V}, year={2022}, month={Oct} }
 @article{applegate_2021, title={Common Noninfectious Conditions of the Honey bees (Apis mellifera) Colony}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1558-4240"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvfa.2021.06.002}, abstractNote={Honey bee colonies can be afflicted by serious conditions beyond infectious etiologies. Noninfectious conditions, such as starvation, laying worker colonies, and environmental dysregulation, can be as devastating as any disease. Improper hive monitoring and care often are the underlying causes of noninfectious conditions and each condition may be prevented by instituting best management practices.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Applegate, Jeffrey R., Jr.}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={413–425} }
 @article{pasho_applegate_hopkins_2021, title={Diseases and Pests of Honey Bees (Apis Mellifera)}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1558-4240"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvfa.2021.06.001}, abstractNote={Infectious and parasitic diseases plague honey bees similarly to that of other food animal species. A complete understanding of each is necessary for a honey bee veterinarian to establish a strong veterinarian-client-patient relationship and make sound treatment recommendations. Control and management of these diseases is paramount to success of the colony and apiary operation. The following is not meant to be an end-all of information on each of the common honey bee diseases but more so a review and photo-documentation of each. A deeper understanding can be established through various other sources previously published and referenced in this document.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Pasho, Deborah J. M. and Applegate, Jeffrey R., Jr. and Hopkins, Don I}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={401–412} }
 @article{kyle_applegate_2021, title={Honey Bees and Humane Euthanasia}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1558-4240"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.cvfa.2021.06.011}, abstractNote={Euthanasia of animals is a cornerstone of veterinary medicine. Currently, no official criteria are set for the euthanasia or dispatch of a honey bee colony. Many methods are used around the world and vary with regards to technique, materials, volume of agent used, and timing. Each method described has its own level of effectiveness, safety, and humaneness. Although current, commonly used, methodologies may not meet the criteria of humane euthanasia, veterinarians can still apply the professional standard to other key aspects of the act of euthanasia.}, number={3}, journal={VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE}, author={Kyle, Britteny and Applegate, Jeffrey R., Jr.}, year={2021}, month={Nov}, pages={569–575} }
 @article{paushter_early_perkins_applegate_2021, title={Surgical Resection of a Parietal Osteoma in a Domestic Ferret Using Advanced Neurosurgical Techniques}, volume={57}, ISBN={1547-3317}, DOI={10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7053}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT
               A 3.5 yr old male neutered ferret presented with progressive enlargement of a right dorsocaudal skull mass that had occurred over 18 mo. Computed tomography imaging revealed a large (2.4 × 2.7 cm), well-defined, pedunculated osseous mass arising from the right parietal bone. Cytology was inconclusive, and surgical biopsy was consistent with an osteoma. Further enlargement of the mass occurred over the next 3 mo, at which time surgical intervention was pursued. The patient recovered well, despite the persistence of a bony defect at the former mass site, and no mass regrowth occurred in the 14 mo following the surgical resection. This is one of only two reports in the literature to document the surgical removal of an osteoma in a ferret, and this is the sole case in which a custom apparatus was fabricated for head stabilization, a multiaxis adjustable surgical table was used to improve access to the surgical site, and an ultrasonic scalpel was used for the mass resection.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Paushter, Aaron and Early, Peter and Perkins, Tyler and Applegate, Jeffrey}, year={2021}, pages={91–95} }
 @article{posner_applegate_cannedy_deresienski_mozzachio_serrano_lewbart_2020, title={Total injectable anesthesia of dogs and cats for remote location veterinary sterilization clinic}, volume={16}, ISSN={["1746-6148"]}, DOI={10.1186/s12917-020-02525-x}, abstractNote={Abstract
Background
Sterilization clinics often occur in remote places where anesthesia machines and compressed oxygen are unavailable. This study describes the use of total injectable anesthesia in dogs and cats presented for sterilization in a remote location.

Results
A total of 100 animals were sterilized; 26 female cats (CF), 22 male cats (CM), 28 female dogs (DF), and 24 male dogs (DM). CF were anesthetized with dexmedetomidine (20 mcg/kg), ketamine (8 mg/kg) and hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg) IM. CM were anesthetized with dexmedetomidine (15 mcg/kg), ketamine (5 mg/kg) and hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg) IM. Insufficient anesthesia in cats was treated with alfaxalone (1 mg/kg) IM. All cats were administered meloxicam at 0.3 mg/kg SQ. DF were anesthetized with dexmedetomidine (15 mcg/kg), ketamine (7–10 mg/kg) and hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg) IM. DM were anesthetized with dexmedetomidine (15 mcg/kg), ketamine (5 mg/kg) and hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg) IM. All dogs had IV catheter and endotracheal tube placed. If SpO2 < 91%, ventilation was assisted with an Ambu bag. Insufficient anesthesia in dogs was treated with alfaxalone (1 mg/kg) IV. All dogs were administered meloxicam at 0.2 mg/kg SQ. Following surgery, atipamezole (0.05–0.1 mg/kg) IM was administered to any patient that did not have voluntary movement. All patients survived and were discharged. Less than 25% of cats and male dogs required supplemental anesthesia. Fifty seven percent of female dogs required supplemental anesthesia. More than 89% of patients (in any group) required atipamezole administration. One cat recovered with agitation and hyperthermia (41.1C/ 106F). Some dogs required ventilatory assistance to remain normoxemic while anesthetized.

Conclusion
Total injectable anesthesia can be accomplished for remote location sterilization clinics with minimal morbidity.
}, number={1}, journal={BMC VETERINARY RESEARCH}, author={Posner, Lysa Pam and Applegate, Jeffrey and Cannedy, Allen and Deresienski, Diane and Mozzachio, Kristie and Serrano, Maria and Lewbart, Gregory}, year={2020}, month={Aug} }
 @article{adamovicz_applegate_harris_saker_2019, title={USE OF A GASTROSTOMY AND JEJUNOSTOMY TUBE FOR MANAGEMENT OF GASTRIC DISTENTION FOLLOWING PYLORIC OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION IN A FERRET (MUSTELA PUTORIUS FURO)}, volume={28}, ISSN={1557-5063}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/J.JEPM.2018.02.040}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2018.02.040}, abstractNote={Abstract An 8-month-old spayed female ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was presented for evaluation of persistent, severe gastric distention following gastrotomy to retrieve several foreign bodies. A structural cause of gastric outflow obstruction was not identified ultrasonographically or surgically. A 14 Fr gastrostomy and an 8 Fr jejunostomy tube were used to facilitate medical management of severe gastric stasis and to allow enteral nutrition. The ferret tolerated the feeding tubes well and recovered completely following intensive medical therapy. This report describes successful management of idiopathic gastric distention using gastric and jejunal feeding tubes in a ferret. Feeding tubes and supplemental nutrition plans should be considered for management of ferrets with compatible disease processes.}, number={C}, journal={Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Adamovicz, Laura and Applegate, Jeffrey and Harris, Jessica and Saker, Korinn}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={105–110} }
 @article{applegate_troan_chen_suter_2017, title={Surgical Management of Colonic Adenocarcinoma in a Rat (Rattus norvegicus)}, volume={26}, ISSN={1557-5063}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2016.10.011}, DOI={10.1053/j.jepm.2016.10.011}, abstractNote={Abstract A 9-month-old female Dumbo rat ( Rattus norvegicus ) was evaluated for a 24-hour history of obstipation. A general physical examination revealed a large irregular abdominal mass, extending caudally from mid-abdomen to the pelvis. The mass had a firm central region with a compressible periphery. Radiographic imaging confirmed severe intestinal distention, but failed to delineate a discrete mass. Following 3 days of unsuccessful medical therapy for possible colonic impaction, surgical intervention was elected. A colocolic resection and anastomosis was completed to remove 7cm of the colon, including the 5cm mass and 1cm of grossly normal appearing colon proximal and distal to the mass. Histology confirmed colonic adenocarcinoma. The rat lived for 2 years, following colonic resection and anastomosis, uncomplicated by gastrointestinal neoplasia or metastatic disease and was euthanized due to unrelated quality of life issues. Necropsy revealed no evidence of colonic tumor recurrence or metastatic disease.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Applegate, Jeffrey R., Jr and Troan, Brigid V. and Chen, Laura R. and Suter, Steven E.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={47–52} }
 @article{hess_applegate_hawkins_quesenberry_rich_welch_2017, title={Zoonotic disease: A concern for everyone}, volume={31}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery}, author={Hess, L. and Applegate, J. and Hawkins, M. and Quesenberry, K. and Rich, G. and Welch, P.}, year={2017}, pages={283–287} }
 @article{applegate_lewbart_daniels_gill_stoskopf_2016, title={Calcium urolithiasis in a breeding population of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) housed in a low salinity environment}, volume={36}, ISSN={0165-2176 1875-5941}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2015.1123823}, DOI={10.1080/01652176.2015.1123823}, abstractNote={J. R. Applegate Jr, G. A. Lewbart, H. Daniels, A. Gill and M. K. Stoskopf Exotic Animal Medicine Service, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Environmental Medicine Consortium and Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA}, number={1}, journal={Veterinary Quarterly}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Applegate, J.R., Jr and Lewbart, G.A. and Daniels, H. and Gill, A. and Stoskopf, M.K.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={50–54} }