@article{forrest_wolfram_2019, title={THE STATUS OF (ING) IN AFRICAN AMERICAN LANGUAGE: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL FACTORS AND INTERNAL CONSTRAINTS}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1527-2133"]}, DOI={10.1215/00031283-7308049}, number={1}, journal={AMERICAN SPEECH}, author={Forrest, Jon and Wolfram, Walt}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={72–90} }
 @article{forrest_2017, title={The dynamic interaction between lexical and contextual frequency: A case study of (ING)}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1469-8021"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0954394517000072}, abstractNote={Abstract To identify how contextual usage frequency and lexical frequency interact when controlling for traditional linguistic constraints, this study analyzes the effect of frequency on (ING), taking into account a word's frequent context of occurrence. The data consist of 13,167 tokens of (ING) from interviews with 132 speakers conducted in Raleigh, North Carolina. Results from mixed-effect logistic regression show a strong effect of frequency on the realization of (ING), and this effect interacts with phonological context of occurrence. Frequent occurrence in environments that favor -in amplify the effect of lexical frequency; conversely, frequent occurrence in environments that favor –ing dampen the effect of overall frequency. Frequency also interacts with year of birth, showing an entrenchment of high-frequency words, lagging behind the community change toward the –ing variant in apparent time. Overall, these findings support the usage-based position of frequency effects as the result of a dynamic interplay between context of use and cognitive systems.}, number={2}, journal={LANGUAGE VARIATION AND CHANGE}, author={Forrest, Jon}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={129–156} }
 @article{forrest_2015, title={Community rules and speaker behavior: Individual adherence to group constraints on (ING)}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1469-8021"]}, DOI={10.1017/s0954394515000137}, abstractNote={Abstract This paper investigates the degree to which individual speakers follow the morphosyntactic hierarchy governing grammatical constraints on (ING) in the Southern U.S. city of Raleigh, North Carolina. (ING) was used as the variable of study for its well-studied internal constraints and comparability to previous studies on the internal constraints of t/d deletion. A lexical category constraint hierarchy for the community was determined via multivariate mixed-effects statistical models, and each speaker's (ING) pattern was compared to this hierarchy. Results show maintenance in grammatical constraints even when taking phonological factors into account, unlike some work on t/d deletion. Uniformity exists across speakers with respect to the ordering of internal constraints despite the overall decline in rates of – in over time, but constraint weights (expressed as log odds) vary significantly from speaker to speaker, with no correlates to social or internal factors. These results have consequences for representation of individuals in terms of an aggregate pattern, questioning the consistency of factor weight values at the speaker level despite consistent ordering of constraints.}, number={3}, journal={LANGUAGE VARIATION AND CHANGE}, author={Forrest, Jon}, year={2015}, month={Oct}, pages={377–406} }