@article{gjeltema_troan_muehlenbachs_liu_da silva_qvarnstrom_tobias_loomis_de voe_2016, title={Amoebic meningoencephalitis and disseminated infection caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris in a Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)}, volume={248}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.248.3.315}, abstractNote={Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 22-year-old male gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) housed in a zoo was evaluated for signs of lethargy, head-holding, and cervical stiffness followed by development of neurologic abnormalities including signs of depression, lip droop, and tremors.
CLINICAL FINDINGS Physical examination under general anesthesia revealed a tooth root abscess and suboptimal body condition. A CBC and serum biochemical analysis revealed mild anemia, neutrophilia and eosinopenia consistent with a stress leukogram, and signs consistent with dehydration. Subsequent CSF analysis revealed lymphocytic pleocytosis and markedly increased total protein concentration.
TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Despite treatment with antimicrobials, steroids, and additional supportive care measures, the gorilla's condition progressed to an obtunded mentation with grand mal seizures over the course of 10 days. Therefore, the animal was euthanized and necropsy was performed. Multifocal areas of malacia and hemorrhage were scattered throughout the brain; on histologic examination, these areas consisted of necrosis and hemorrhage associated with mixed inflammation, vascular necrosis, and intralesional amoebic trophozoites. Tan foci were also present in the kidneys and pancreas. Immunohistochemical testing positively labeled free-living amoebae within the brain, kidneys, eyes, pancreas, heart, and pulmonary capillaries. Subsequent PCR assay of CSF and frozen kidney samples identified the organism as Balamuthia mandrillaris, confirming a diagnosis of amoebic meningoencephalitis.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Infection with B mandrillaris has been reported to account for 2.8% of captive gorilla deaths in North America over the past 19 years. Clinicians working with gorillas should have a high index of suspicion for this diagnosis when evaluating and treating animals with signs of centrally localized neurologic disease.}, number={3}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Gjeltema, Jenessa L. and Troan, Brigid and Muehlenbachs, Atis and Liu, Lindy and Da Silva, Alexandre J. and Qvarnstrom, Yvonne and Tobias, Jeremy R. and Loomis, Michael R. and De Voe, Ryan S.}, year={2016}, month={Feb}, pages={315–321} }
 @article{swisher_phillips_tobias_cullen_gieger_grunkemeyer_2016, title={External beam radiation therapy of squamous cell carcinoma in the beak of an African grey parrot (Psittacus timneh)}, volume={30}, DOI={10.1647/2015-106}, abstractNote={Abstract Squamous cell carcinoma has been reported in a variety of bird species, most commonly psittacine and gallinaceous birds. The long-term prognosis in nongallinaceous birds is generally poor if complete surgical excision is not possible. Squamous cell carcinoma of the rhinotheca was diagnosed in a 34-year-old timneh African grey parrot (Psittacus timneh) with a 2-year history of beak abnormalities. No evidence of metastasis or local invasion were found on results of radiographs or computed tomography scan. The bird was treated with surgical debulking and palliative megavoltage radiation therapy. After 4 radiation treatments, the affected tissue was necrotic and was debrided to reveal healthy granulation tissue. The bird died approximately 7 months after diagnosis and 4 months after cessation of radiation treatment. At the time of death, a small scab lesion remained at the left oral commissure, but no visible tumor regrowth was evident. A postmortem examination was not performed, however, and tumor recurrence could not be ruled out in this bird.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery}, author={Swisher, S. D. and Phillips, K. L. and Tobias, J. R. and Cullen, J. M. and Gieger, Tracy and Grunkemeyer, V. L.}, year={2016}, pages={250–256} }
 @article{wernick_tobias_moeller_barnes_palmieri_shivaprasad_2015, title={Bilateral Malignant Seminomas in Two Unrelated, Aged Trumpeter Hornbills (Bycanistes buccinator)}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1938-2871"]}, DOI={10.1647/2014-022}, abstractNote={Abstract Seminomas occur infrequently in birds. Two cases of bilateral malignant seminomas in unrelated trumpeter hornbills (Bycanistes buccinator) are described. Case 1 was a 22-year-old trumpeter hornbill submitted for necropsy because of sudden death at a zoo in California. Postmortem examination revealed multiple masses within the body cavity, 2 of which replaced both testes. Case 2 was a 19-year-old trumpeter hornbill at a zoo in North Carolina that underwent exploratory surgery for a suspected gastrointestinal obstruction. Both testes were diffusely enlarged, compressing and replacing the adjacent kidneys. In both birds, the masses were composed of discrete, round to polyhedral cells, typical of seminomas. Examination of the ancestry of the hornbills showed they were unrelated to each other, suggesting a potential predisposition for these birds to develop seminomas.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY}, author={Wernick, Morena B. and Tobias, Jeremy R. and Moeller, Robert B. and Barnes, John and Palmieri, Chiara and Shivaprasad, H. L.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={125–129} }
 @article{banovic_olivry_linder_tobias_2014, title={Pathology in Practice}, volume={245}, ISSN={["1943-569X"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.245.11.1237}, number={11}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Banovic, Frane and Olivry, Thierry and Linder, Keith E. and Tobias, Jeremy R.}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={1237–1239} }
 @article{bailey_hempstead_tobias_borst_clode_posner_2013, title={Evaluation of the effects of tricaine methanesulfonate on retinal structure and function in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)}, volume={242}, ISSN={0003-1488}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.242.11.1578}, DOI={10.2460/javma.242.11.1578}, abstractNote={Abstract
Objective—To determine whether repeated exposure to clinically relevant concentrations of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) would alter retinal function or induce histologically detectable retinal lesions in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio).
Design—Prospective, controlled, experimental study.
Animals—18 healthy koi carp.
Procedures—2 fish were euthanized at the start of the study, and eyes were submitted for histologic evaluation as untreated controls. Anesthesia was induced in the remaining fish with 200 mg of MS-222/L and maintained with concentrations of 125 to 150 mg/L for a total exposure time of 20 minutes daily on 1 to 13 consecutive days. On days 1, 7, and 13, electroretinography of both eyes was performed in all fish remaining in the study, and 2 fish were euthanized immediately after each procedure for histologic evaluation of the eyes. Median b-wave amplitudes were compared among study days for right eyes and for left eyes via 1-way repeated-measures ANOVA with a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.
Results—Median b-wave amplitudes on days 1, 7, and 13 were 17.7, 20.9, and 17.6 μV, respectively, for right eyes and 15.1, 16.9, and 14.3 μV, respectively, for left eyes. No significant differences in b-wave amplitudes were detected among study days. No histopathologic abnormalities were identified in the retinas of any fish treated with MS-222 or in control fish.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Short-term exposure of koi carp to clinically relevant concentrations of MS-222 daily for up to 13 days was not associated with changes in retinal structure or function as measured in this study.}, number={11}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, publisher={American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)}, author={Bailey, Kate M. and Hempstead, Julie E. and Tobias, Jeremy R. and Borst, Luke B. and Clode, Alison B. and Posner, Lysa P.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={1578–1582} }
 @article{tobias_cullen_2014, title={Thymofibrolipoma in a Labrador Retriever}, volume={51}, ISSN={["1544-2217"]}, DOI={10.1177/0300985813502816}, abstractNote={ While thymomas are uncommon but well-known mediastinal masses, collagen-rich variants are exceedingly rare. Thymofibrolipoma and sclerosing thymoma tumor variants have been recently recognized in medical pathology, and thymofibrolipoma has been only rarely reported in dogs. A cranial thoracic mass was identified in a 6-year-old Labrador Retriever that was characterized by robust collagenous stroma dissected by thin cords of cytokeratin-positive neoplastic epithelial cells and bordered by mildly pleomorphic epithelial cells with occasional lymphocytic aggregates and rare Hassall corpuscles. To the authors’ knowledge, this is only the second report of thymofibrolipoma in veterinary medicine and the first to describe a variant with a mitotically active and relatively pleomorphic, adjacent thymic epithelial population. }, number={4}, journal={VETERINARY PATHOLOGY}, author={Tobias, J. R. and Cullen, J. M.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={816–819} }
 @article{tobias_barnes_law_2011, title={Pathology in Practice}, volume={239}, ISSN={["0003-1488"]}, DOI={10.2460/javma.239.8.1065}, number={8}, journal={JAVMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION}, author={Tobias, Jeremy R. and Barnes, H. John and Law, J. McHugh}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={1065–1067} }