@article{maekawa_whang_riblet_hurley_guy_garcia_2021, title={Assessing the infiltration of immune cells in the upper trachea mucosa after infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) vaccination and challenge}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1465-3338"]}, DOI={10.1080/03079457.2021.1989379}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The types of immune cells that populate the trachea after ILTV vaccination and infection have not been assessed. The objective of this study was to quantify CD4+, CD8α+, CD8β+, TCRγδ+, and MRC1LB+ cells that infiltrate the trachea after vaccination with chicken embryo origin (CEO), tissue culture origin (TCO), and recombinant herpesvirus of turkey-laryngotracheitis (rHVT-LT) vaccines, and after challenge of vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens with a virulent ILTV strain. Eye-drop vaccination with CEO, or TCO, or in ovo vaccination with rHVT-LT did not alter the number of CD4+, CD8α+, CD8β+, TCRγδ+, and MRC1LB+ cells in the trachea. After challenge, the CEO vaccinated group of chickens showed swift clearance of the challenge virus, the mucosa epithelium of the trachea remained intact, and a limited number of CD4+, CD8α+, and CD8β+ cells were detected in the upper trachea mucosa. The TCO and rHVT-LT vaccinated groups of chickens showed narrow viral clearance with moderate disruption of the trachea epithelial integrity, and a significant increase in CD4+, CD8α+, CD8β+, and TCRγδ+ cells infiltrated the upper trachea mucosa. Non-vaccinated challenged chickens showed high levels of viral replication, the epithelial organization of the upper trachea mucosa was heavily disrupted, and the predominant infiltrates were CD4+, TCRγδ+, and MRC1LB+ cells. Hence, the very robust protection provided by CEO vaccination was characterized by minimal immune cell infiltration to the trachea mucosa. In contrast, partial protection induced by the TCO and rHVT-LT vaccines requires a prolonged period of T cell expansion to overcome the established infection in the trachea mucosa.}, journal={AVIAN PATHOLOGY}, author={Maekawa, Daniel and Whang, Patrick and Riblet, Sylva M. and Hurley, David J. and Guy, James S. and Garcia, Maricarmen}, year={2021}, month={Nov} }
 @article{hauck_stoute_senties-cue_guy_shivaprasad_2020, title={A Retrospective Study of Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis in Broiler Chickens in California: 2000-18}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.1637/aviandiseases-D20-00057}, abstractNote={Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) is a disease of chickens, mostly in broilers of 2-8 wk of age. Chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV), a birnavirus, is the etiologic agent. Characteristic gross lesions are enlargement, atony, and pallor of the proventriculus. Cases diagnosed in California between 2000 and 2018 (n = 477), originating from 93 different farms representing all major companies in the region, were analyzed. Frequency of cases varied widely between years, with no recognizable seasonality. The flocks were between 6 and 61 days of age; the average age was 34.0 days, and the median age was 35 days. In 166 cases, between 6.3% and 100% of the submitted birds had gross lesions in the proventriculus. The most common findings were enlarged or dilated proventriculi, thickened walls, and pale or mottled serosal appearance. Histopathologically, inflammation of the glands was the most frequent finding. Other lesions included necrosis, hyperplasia, or both conditions of the glandular epithelium; dilated glands; and occasionally fibrin deposition, fibrosis, and hemorrhages. Twenty-three proventriculi from six cases were tested by immunohistochemistry for the presence of CPNV antigen; 21 stained positive. In 209 cases, birds also had lesions in the bursa fabricii attributed to infectious bursal disease, but with no significant difference in the mean percentage of birds with gross lesions in the proventriculus between cases with or without lesions in the bursa fabricii. The results show that TVP is a common disease of broiler flocks in California and confirms that CPNV is the likely causative agent.}, number={4}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Hauck, Rudiger and Stoute, Simone and Senties-Cue, C. Gabriel and Guy, James S. and Shivaprasad, H. L.}, year={2020}, month={Dec}, pages={525–531} }
 @article{guy_2020, title={Isolation and Propagation of Coronaviruses in Embryonated Eggs}, volume={2203}, ISBN={["978-1-0716-0899-9"]}, ISSN={["1940-6029"]}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-0716-0900-2_9}, abstractNote={The embryonated egg is a complex structure comprised of an embryo and its supporting membranes (chorioallantoic, amniotic, and yolk). The developing embryo and its membranes provide a diversity of cell types that allow for the successful replication of a wide variety of different viruses. Within the family Coronaviridae the embryonated egg has been used as a host system primarily for two avian coronaviruses within the genus Gammacoronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and turkey coronavirus (TCoV). IBV replicates well in the embryonated chicken egg, regardless of inoculation route; however, the allantoic route is favored as the virus replicates well in epithelium lining the chorioallantoic membrane, with high virus titers found in these membranes and associated allantoic fluids. TCoV replicates only in epithelium lining the embryo intestines and bursa of Fabricius; thus, amniotic inoculation is required for isolation and propagation of this virus. Embryonated eggs also provide a potential host system for detection, propagation, and characterization of other, novel coronaviruses.}, journal={CORONAVIRUSES, 2 EDITION}, author={Guy, James S.}, year={2020}, pages={107–117} }
 @article{fisher_levine_guy_mochizuki_breen_schal_watson_2019, title={Lack of influence by endosymbiont Wolbachia on virus titer in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius}, volume={12}, ISSN={1756-3305}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3694-2}, DOI={10.1186/s13071-019-3694-2}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Parasites & Vectors}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Fisher, Michael L. and Levine, Jay F. and Guy, James S. and Mochizuki, Hiroyuki and Breen, Matthew and Schal, Coby and Watson, David W.}, year={2019}, month={Sep} }
 @article{faiz_cortes_guy_reddy_gimeno_2018, title={Differential attenuation of Marek's disease virus-induced tumours and late-Marek's disease virus-induced immunosuppression}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1465-2099"]}, DOI={10.1099/jgv.0.001076}, abstractNote={Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a herpesvirus that induces lymphoma and a variety of non-neoplastic syndromes in chickens. Furthermore, very virulent plus (vv+) MDVs induce a form of immunosuppression (late-MDV-IS) that might involve both neoplastic and non-neoplastic mechanisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the attenuation of MDV-induced tumours and late-MDV-IS occurs simultaneously or can be dissociated. The immunosuppressive ability of three viruses derived from vv+ MDV strain 686 (wild-type 686, the somewhat attenuated molecular clone 686-BAC, and the nononcogenic molecular clone lacking the two copies of the oncogene meq 686-BACΔMEQ) was evaluated. Late-MDV-IS was evaluated indirectly by assessing the negative effect of MDV strains on the protection conferred by infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) vaccines. Our results showed that the ability to induce late-MDV-IS was attenuated before the ability to induce tumours. Strain 686 induced both tumours and late-MDV-IS, 686-BAC induced tumours but did not induce late-MDV-IS and 686-BACΔMEQ did not induce either tumours or late-MDV-IS. Further comparison of strains 686 and 686-BAC revealed that strain 686 reduced the humoral immune responses to ILTV (1132 vs 2167) more severely, showed higher levels of meq transcripts (2.1E+09 vs 4.98E+8) and higher expression of MDV microRNAs (mdv1-miR-M4-5p and mdv1-miR-M2-3p) in the spleen, and further reduced the percentage of CD45+-MHC-I+splenocytes (13 vs32 %) compared to molecular clone 686-BAC. This study suggests that the immunosuppressive ability of MDV might follow a continuous spectrum and only the most virulent MDVs can overcome a certain threshold level and induce clinical MDV-IS in the ILT model.}, number={7}, journal={JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY}, author={Faiz, Nik M. and Cortes, Aneg L. and Guy, James S. and Reddy, Sanjay M. and Gimeno, Isabel M.}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={927–936} }
 @article{faiz_cortes_guy_fletcher_cimino_gimeno_2017, title={Evaluation of factors influencing the development of late Marek's disease virus-induced immunosuppression: virus pathotype and host sex}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1465-3338"]}, DOI={10.1080/03079457.2017.1290214}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is a herpesvirus that induces lymphoma and immunosuppression in chickens. MDV-induced immunosuppression (MDV-IS) is complex and can be divided into two phases: early-MDV-IS associated with cytolytic infection in the lymphoid organs in chickens lacking maternal antibodies against MDV (MAbs) and late-MDV-IS that appears later in the pathogenesis and occurs even in chickens bearing MAbs. We have recently developed a model to reproduce late-MDV-IS under laboratory conditions. This model evaluates late-MDV-IS indirectly by assessing the effect of MDV infection on the efficacy of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) vaccines against challenge with ILT virus. In the present study, we have used this model to investigate the role of two factors (MDV pathotype and host sex) on the development of late-MDV-IS. Five MDV strains representing three different pathotypes: virulent (vMDV; 617A, GA), very virulent (vvMDV; Md5), and very virulent plus (vv+MDV; 648A, 686), were evaluated. Only vv+ strains were able to induce late-MDV-IS. An immunosuppression rank (IS-rank) was established based on the ability of MDV to reduce the efficacy of chicken embryo origin vaccine (values go from 0 to 100, with 100 being the highest immunosuppressive ability). The IS-rank of the evaluated MDV strains ranged from 5.97 (GA) to 20.8 (617A) in the vMDV strains, 5.97 to 16.24 in the vvMDV strain Md5, and 39.08 to 68.2 in the vv+ strains 648A and 686. In this study both male and female chickens were equally susceptible to MDV-IS by vv+MDV 686. Our findings suggest that late-MDV-IS is a unique feature of vv+ strains.}, number={4}, journal={AVIAN PATHOLOGY}, author={Faiz, Nik M. and Cortes, Aneg L. and Guy, James S. and Fletcher, Oscar J. and Cimino, Thomas and Gimeno, Isabel M.}, year={2017}, pages={376–385} }
 @misc{beltran_williams_zavala_guy_garcia_2017, title={The route of inoculation dictates the replication patterns of the infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) pathogenic strain and chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccine}, volume={46}, ISSN={["1465-3338"]}, DOI={10.1080/03079457.2017.1331029}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) has a high proclivity to replicate in the larynx and trachea of chickens causing severe lesions. There is a lack of knowledge on the ability of ILTV to replicate in other respiratory associated tissues apart from in the trachea. The objective of this study was to investigate how tissues that first encounter the virus dictate further sites of viral replication during the lytic stage of infection. Replication patterns of the pathogenic strain 63140 and the chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccine in the conjunctiva, the Harderian gland, nasal cavity and trachea were evaluated after ocular, oral, intranasal or intratracheal inoculation of specific pathogen-free chickens. Viral replication was assessed by detection of microscopic cytolytic lesions, detection of viral antigen and viral genome load. The route of viral entry greatly influenced virus replication of both strain 63140 and CEO vaccine in the conjunctiva and trachea, while replication in the nasal cavity was not affected. In the Harderian gland, independently of the route of viral entry, microscopic lesions characteristic of lytic replication were absent, whereas viral antigen and viral genomes for either virus were detected, suggesting that the Harderian gland may be a key site of antigen uptake. Findings from this study suggest that interactions of the virus with the epithelial-lymphoid tissues of the nasal cavity, conjunctiva and the Harderian gland dictate patterns of ILTV lytic replication.}, number={6}, journal={AVIAN PATHOLOGY}, author={Beltran, Gabriela and Williams, Susan M. and Zavala, Guillermo and Guy, James S. and Garcia, Maricarmen}, year={2017}, pages={585–593} }
 @inbook{guy_2016, place={Athens, GA}, edition={6th}, title={Arbovirus infections}, booktitle={Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of Avian Pathogens}, publisher={American Association of Avian Pathologists}, author={Guy, J.S.}, year={2016}, pages={151–156} }
 @inproceedings{lozano_guy_west_elattrache_paniago_cazaban_gardin_2016, title={Assessment of the serological response induced by fowlpox virus vector}, booktitle={Proceedings of 65th Western Poultry Disease Conference}, author={Lozano, F. and Guy, J.S. and West, M. and Elattrache, J. and Paniago, M. and Cazaban, C. and Gardin, Y.}, year={2016} }
 @inbook{guy_2016, place={Whitehouse Station, NJ}, edition={11th}, title={Coronaviral enteritis of turkeys}, booktitle={The Merck Veterinary Manual}, publisher={Merck and Company, Inc}, author={Guy, J.S.}, year={2016}, pages={194–196} }
 @article{faiz_cortes_guy_fletcher_west_montiel_gimeno_2016, title={Early infection with Marek's disease virus can jeopardize protection conferred by laryngotracheitis vaccines: a method to study MDV-induced immunosuppression}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1465-3338"]}, DOI={10.1080/03079457.2016.1191618}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is a herpesvirus that induces lymphomas and immunosuppression in chickens. MDV-induced immunosuppression (MDV-IS) is divided into two phases: early-MDV-IS occurring mainly in chickens lacking maternal antibodies (MAb) against MDV and associated with lymphoid organ atrophy; and late-MDV-IS occurring once MDV enters latency and during tumour development. Our objectives were to document the impact of late-MDV-IS on commercial poultry (meat-type chickens bearing MAb against MDV and that were vaccinated or unvaccinated against MD) and to optimize a model to study late-MDV-IS under laboratory conditions. The impact of late-MDV-IS was evaluated by assessing the effect of early infection (day of age) with a very virulent plus MDV (vv+MDV) on the efficacy of chicken-embryo-origin (CEO) infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus vaccine against ILT challenge. The CEO ILT vaccine was administered in water at 14 days of age and ILT virus (ILTV) challenge was done intratracheally at 30 days of age. Development of ILT was monitored by daily evaluation of clinical signs, development of gross and histological lesions in trachea, and quantification of ILTV transcripts in trachea. Infection with vv+MDV strain 648A resulted in total abrogation of protection conferred by the CEO vaccine against ILTV challenge even in chickens vaccinated at 1 day of age with either HVT, HVT+SB-1, or CVI988. Chickens exposed to vv+MDV prior to vaccination with CEO ILTV vaccine had similar (P < 0.05) clinical scores, gross lesions, histopathologic lesion scores, and load of ILTV transcripts in trachea after ILTV challenge, as chickens that were not vaccinated with CEO ILTV vaccine.}, number={6}, journal={AVIAN PATHOLOGY}, author={Faiz, Nik M. and Cortes, Aneg L. and Guy, James S. and Fletcher, Oscar J. and West, Melissa and Montiel, Enrique and Gimeno, Isabel M.}, year={2016}, pages={606–615} }
 @article{faiz_cortes_guy_fogle_gimeno_2016, title={Efficacy of various Marek's disease vaccines protocols for prevention of Marek's disease virus-induced immunosuppression}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1873-2518"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.061}, abstractNote={Marek’s disease virus (MDV) induces tumors and severe immunosuppression in chickens. MDV-induced immunosuppression (MDV-IS) is very complex and difficult to study. In particular, the late MDV-IS (late-MDV-IS) is of great concern since it can occur in the absence of lymphoid organ atrophy or gross tumors. We have recently developed a model to reproduce late-MDV-IS under laboratory conditions. This model measures MDV-IS indirectly by assessing the effect of MDV infection on the efficacy of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) vaccination; hence the name late-MDV-IS ILT model. In this study, we have used the late-MDV-IS ILT model to evaluate if MD vaccination can protect against late-MDV-IS. One experiment was conducted to determine whether serotype 1 MD vaccines (CVI988 and Md5ΔMEQ) could induce late-MDV-IS by themselves. Three additional experiments were conducted to evaluate efficacy of different MD vaccines (HVT, HVT+SB-1, CVI988, and Md5ΔMEQ) and different vaccine protocols (day-old vaccination, in ovo vaccination, and double vaccination) against late-MDV-IS. Our results show that none of the currently used vaccine protocols (HVT, HVT+SB-1, or CVI988 administered at day of age, in ovo, or in double vaccination protocols) protected against late-MDV-IS induced by vv+MDV strains 648A and 686. Experimental vaccine Md5ΔMEQ administered subcutaneously at one day of age was the only vaccine protocol that significantly reduced late-MDV-IS induced by vv+MDV strain 686. This study demonstrates that currently used vaccine protocols confer high levels of protection against MDV-induced tumors (protection index = 100), but do not protect against late-MDV-IS; thus, commercial poultry flocks could suffer late-MDV-IS even in complete absence of tumors. Our results suggest that MDV-IS might not be related to the development of tumors and novel control methods are needed. Further evaluation of the experimental vaccine Md5ΔMEQ might shed light on protective mechanisms against late-MDV-IS.}, number={35}, journal={VACCINE}, author={Faiz, Nik M. and Cortes, Aneg L. and Guy, James S. and Fogle, Jonathan E. and Gimeno, Isabel M.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={4180–4187} }
 @inproceedings{guy_2016, title={Protective immunity against laryngotracheitis (LT) is enhanced by concurrent vaccination with both herpesvirus of turkeys-vectored LT vaccine and fowl poxvirus-vectored LT vaccine (HVT-LT + FPV-LT)}, booktitle={Proceedings of 65th Western Poultry Disease Conference}, author={Guy, J.S.}, year={2016} }
 @inproceedings{guy_byrd_2016, place={Tours, France}, title={Specific antibody responses to laryngotracheitis (LT) virus and fowl poxvirus (FPV) after vaccination with herpesvirus of turkeys- and FPV-vectored vaccines}, booktitle={Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Marek’s disease virus and avian herpesviruses}, author={Guy, J.S. and Byrd, M.W.}, year={2016} }
 @inbook{guy_2016, place={Athens, GA}, edition={6th}, title={Transmissible viral proventriculitis}, booktitle={Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of Avian Pathogens}, publisher={American Association of Avian Pathologists}, author={Guy, James}, year={2016}, pages={299–302} }
 @inbook{jackwood_guy_2016, place={Athens, GA}, edition={6th}, title={Turkey coronavirus}, booktitle={Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of Avian Pathogens}, publisher={American Association of Avian Pathologists}, author={Jackwood, M.W. and Guy, J.S.}, year={2016}, pages={309–312} }
 @inbook{guy_2016, place={Whitehouse Station, NJ}, edition={11th}, title={Viral encephalitides in poultry}, booktitle={The Merck Veterinary Manual}, publisher={Merck and Company, Inc}, author={Guy, J.S.}, year={2016}, pages={301–303} }
 @article{gimeno_cortes_faiz_hernandez-ortiz_guy_hunt_silva_2015, title={Evaluation of the Protection Efficacy of a Serotype 1 Marek's Disease Virus-Vectored Bivalent Vaccine Against Infectious Laryngotracheitis and Marek's Disease}, volume={59}, ISSN={0005-2086 1938-4351}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/10966-103014-reg}, DOI={10.1637/10966-103014-reg}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Laryngotracheitis (LT) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens that produces significant economic losses to the poultry industry. Traditionally, LT has been controlled by administration of modified live vaccines. In recent years, the use of recombinant DNA-derived vaccines using turkey herpesvirus (HVT) and fowlpox virus has expanded, as they protect not only against the vector used but also against LT. However, HVT-based vaccines confer limited protection against challenge, with emergent very virulent plus Marek's disease virus (vv+MDV). Serotype 1 vaccines have been proven to be the most efficient against vv+MDV. In particular, deletion of oncogene MEQ from the oncogenic vvMDV strain Md5 (BAC&dgr;MEQ) resulted in a very efficient vaccine against vv+MDV. In this work, we have developed two recombinant vaccines against MD and LT by using BAC&dgr;MEQ as a vector that carries either the LT virus (LTV) gene glycoprotein B (gB; BAC&Dgr;MEQ-gB) or LTV gene glycoprotein J (gJ; BAC&dgr;MEQ-gJ). We have evaluated the protection that these recombinant vaccines confer against MD and LT challenge when administered alone or in combination. Our results demonstrated that both bivalent vaccines (BAC&Dgr;MEQ-gB and BAC&dgr;MEQ-gJ) replicated in chickens and were safe to use in commercial meat-type chickens bearing maternal antibodies against MDV. BAC&Dgr;MEQ-gB protected as well as a commercial recombinant (r)HVT-LT vaccine against challenge with LTV. However, BAC&dgr;MEQ-gJ did not protect adequately against LT challenge or increase protection conferred by BAC&Dgr;MEQ-gB when administered in combination. On the other hand, both BAC&Dgr;MEQ-gB and BAC&dgr;MEQ-gJ, administered alone or in combination, protected better against an early challenge with vv+MDV strain 648A than commercial strains of rHVT-LT or CVI988. Our results open a new avenue in the development of recombinant vaccines by using serotype 1 MDV as vectors.}, number={2}, journal={Avian Diseases}, publisher={American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP)}, author={Gimeno, Isabel M. and Cortes, Aneg L. and Faiz, Nik M. and Hernandez-Ortiz, Byron A. and Guy, James S. and Hunt, Henry D. and Silva, Robert F.}, year={2015}, month={Jun}, pages={255–262} }
 @inbook{guy_2015, title={Isolation and Propagation of Coronaviruses in Embryonated Eggs}, ISBN={9781493924370 9781493924387}, ISSN={1064-3745 1940-6029}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_7}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_7}, abstractNote={The embryonated egg is a complex structure comprised of an embryo and its supporting membranes (chorioallantoic, amniotic, yolk). The developing embryo and its membranes provide the diversity of cell types that are needed for successful replication of a wide variety of different viruses. Within the family Coronaviridae the embryonated egg has been used as a host system primarily for two avian coronaviruses within the genus Gammacoronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and turkey coronavirus (TCoV). The embryonated egg also has been shown to be suitable for isolation and propagation of pheasant coronavirus, a proposed member of the Gammacoronavirus genus. IBV and pheasant coronavirus replicate well in the embryonated chicken egg, regardless of inoculation route; however, the allantoic route is favored as these viruses replicate well in epithelium lining the chorioallantoic membrane, with high virus titers found in these membranes and associated allantoic fluids. TCoV replicates only in epithelium lining the embryo intestines and bursa of Fabricius, thus amniotic inoculation is required for isolation and propagation of this virus. Embryonated eggs also provide a potential host system for detection and characterization of other, novel coronaviruses.}, booktitle={Coronaviruses}, publisher={Springer New York}, author={Guy, James S.}, year={2015}, pages={63–71} }
 @article{wickramasinghe_vries_weerts_beurden_peng_mcbride_ducatez_guy_brown_eterradossi_et al._2015, title={Novel Receptor Specificity of Avian Gammacoronaviruses That Cause Enteritis}, volume={89}, ISSN={["1098-5514"]}, DOI={10.1128/jvi.00745-15}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={17}, journal={JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY}, author={Wickramasinghe, I. N. Ambepitiya and Vries, R. P. and Weerts, E. A. W. S. and Beurden, S. J. and Peng, W. and McBride, R. and Ducatez, M. and Guy, J. and Brown, P. and Eterradossi, N. and et al.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={8783–8792} }
 @article{guy_2015, title={Pathogenesis and control of viruses that adversely affect avian gut health}, url={http://en.engormix.com/MA-poultry-industry/nutrition/articles/pathogenesis-control-viruses-that-t3542/141-p0.htm.}, journal={Ergomix}, publisher={Ergonomix}, author={Guy, J.S.}, year={2015} }
 @inproceedings{guy_2015, title={Pathogenesis and control of viruses that adversely affect avian gut health}, booktitle={Proceedings of the sixty-fourth Western Poultry Disease Conference}, publisher={Western Poultry Disease Conference}, author={Guy, J.S.}, editor={Frame, D.Editor}, year={2015} }
 @inbook{vaillancourt_guy_barnes_2015, place={Quebec}, title={Poult enteritis-mortality syndrome}, booktitle={Manual of Poultry Diseases}, publisher={Watt Publishing}, author={Vaillancourt, J.P. and Guy, J.S. and Barnes, H.J.}, editor={Brugère-Picoux, J. and Vaillancourt, J.P. and Bouzouaia, M. and Shivaprasad, H.L. and Venne, D.Editors}, year={2015}, pages={484–491} }
 @article{noiva_guy_hauck_shivaprasad_2015, title={Runting Stunting Syndrome Associated with Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis in Broiler Chickens}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.1637/11061-031115-case.1}, abstractNote={SUMMARY This report describes an outbreak of transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) associated with runting stunting syndrome (RSS) in 25- and 28-day-old broiler chickens, in which chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CNPV) was detected. Clinical signs included poor uniformity, very small birds for their age, increased mortality, and culling of smaller birds. Almost all birds necropsied exhibited moderate to severely enlarged proventriculi with diffusely pale serosa and thickened walls. Microscopically the proventriculi had lesions of degeneration and necrosis of the epithelium of the proventricular glands, accompanied by lymphocytic inflammation and glandular hyperplasia, with occasional formation of lymphoid nodules within the glandular parenchyma. Immunohistochemistry staining for CPNV was positive. Positive staining was generally found in the cytoplasm of glandular epithelial cells in the form of finely granular brown pigment. CPNV RNA was detected in the proventriculi by reverse transcriptase–PCR (RT-PCR). Other findings included mild enteritis in a few birds and small bursa of Fabricius. Direct electron microscopy performed on the intestinal samples was negative for viral particles. RT-PCR analysis of bursae was positive for infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). In conclusion, this report associates TVP with RSS by describing an outbreak in which TVP attributable to CPNV was the most commonly found lesion in chickens with a clinical history compatible with RSS. Therefore, TVP should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis in cases compatible with RSS.}, number={3}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Noiva, Rute and Guy, J. S. and Hauck, R. and Shivaprasad, H. L.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={384–387} }
 @inbook{guy_vaillancourt_2015, place={Quebec}, title={Turkey coronavirus}, booktitle={Manual of Poultry Diseases}, publisher={Watt Publishing}, author={Guy, J.S. and Vaillancourt, J.P.}, editor={Brugère-Picoux, J. and Vaillancourt, J.P. and Bouzouaia, M. and Shivaprasad, H.L. and Venne, D.Editors}, year={2015}, pages={242–247} }
 @inproceedings{guy_2015, place={Bucaramanga, Colombia}, title={Vaccines and vaccination protocols for control of infectious laryngotracheitis in the Colombian poultry industry}, booktitle={Proceedings of the XII International Congress of Pathology}, author={Guy, J.S.}, year={2015} }
 @article{borst_suyemoto_keelara_dunningan_guy_barnes_2014, title={A Chicken Embryo Lethality Assay for Pathogenic Enterococcus cecorum}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.1637/10687-101113-reg.1}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Pathogenic strains of Enterococcus cecorum cause outbreaks of arthritis and osteomyelitis in chickens worldwide. Enterococcal spondylitis (ES) is a specific manifestation of E. cecorum-associated disease of broilers and broiler breeders characterized by increased flock mortality, resulting from unresolved infection of the free thoracic vertebra by pathogenic E. cecorum. A study of 22 ES outbreaks in the southeast United States revealed that pathogenic E. cecorum strains isolated from spinal lesions were genetically clonal. Here, we compare the virulence of previously genotyped pathogenic strains (n  =  8) isolated from spinal lesions and nonpathogenic strains (n  =  9) isolated from ceca of unaffected birds in a chicken embryo lethality model. Strains were inoculated into the allantoic cavity of 12-day-old broiler and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) layer embryos; embryo survival was determined by candling eggs daily for 4 days. Significantly decreased survival occurred in both broiler and SPF embryos inoculated with pathogenic genotype strains compared with embryos inoculated with nonpathogenic genotype strains (broiler embryos, 23% vs. 60%; SPF embryos, 9% vs. 61%). Embryos infected with pathogenic strains were unable to control infection and consistently showed gross changes typical of sepsis, including hemorrhage and edema. After 48 hr, similar changes were not observed in embryos infected with nonpathogenic strains. This embryo lethality assay provides a useful tool for understanding the genetic basis of E. cecorum virulence. RESUMEN Ensayo de letalidad en embriones de pollo para cepas de Enterococcus cecorum patogénicas. Las cepas patógenas de Enterococcus cecorum causan brotes de artritis y osteomielitis en pollos a nivel mundial. La espondilitis enterococócica (ES) es una manifestación específica de la enfermedad asociada con E. cecorum en pollos de engorde y en reproductoras pesadas que es caracterizada por alta mortalidad de la parvada, como resultado de la infección no resuelta en la vértebra torácica móvil causada por cepas de E. cecorum patógenas. Un estudio de 22 brotes de espondilitis enterococócica en el sureste de los Estados Unidos reveló que las cepas patógenas de E. cecorum aisladas de lesiones de la médula eran genéticamente provenientes de un clon. En este estudio, se comparó mediante un modelo de letalidad del embrión de pollo, la virulencia de las cepas patógenas previamente genotipificadas (n = 8) aisladas de lesiones de la columna vertebral y cepas no patógenas (n = 9) aisladas del ciego de las aves no afectadas. Las cepas fueron inoculadas en la cavidad alantoidea de embriones de pollo de 12 días de edad, de pollos de engorde y en aves libres de patógenos específicos (SPF); la supervivencia de los embriones se determinó por ovoscopía diariamente por cuatro días. De manera significativa se presentó una disminución en la supervivencia en ambos tipo embriones de pollos de engorde y de aves libres de patógenos específicos inoculados con cepas de genotipo patógeno en comparación con los embriones inoculados con cepas de genotipo no patógeno (embriones de pollos de engorde, 23% contra 60%; y en los embriones libres de patógenos específicos, 9% frente a 61%). Los embriones infectados con cepas patógenas fueron incapaces de controlar la infección y mostraron consistentemente cambios macroscópicos típicos de sepsis, incluyendo hemorragia y edema. Después de 48 horas, no se observaron cambios similares en los embriones infectados con cepas no patógenas. Este ensayo de letalidad del embrión proporciona una herramienta útil para la comprensión de la base genética de la virulencia de E. cecorum.}, number={2}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Borst, Luke B. and Suyemoto, M. Mitsu and Keelara, Shivaramu and Dunningan, Sarah E. and Guy, James S. and Barnes, H. John}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={244–248} }
 @inproceedings{guy_2014, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Biology, epidemiology and control of infectious laryngotracheitis virus}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 2014 Eastern NC Broiler Production Short Course}, publisher={North Carolina State University}, author={Guy, J.S.}, year={2014}, pages={26–29} }
 @article{liais_croville_mariette_delverdier_lucas_klopp_lluch_donnadieu_guy_corrand_et al._2014, title={Novel Avian Coronavirus and Fulminating Disease in Guinea Fowl, France}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1080-6059"]}, DOI={10.3201/eid2001.130774}, abstractNote={For decades, French guinea fowl have been affected by fulminating enteritis of unclear origin. By using metagenomics, we identified a novel avian gammacoronavirus associated with this disease that is distantly related to turkey coronaviruses. Fatal respiratory diseases in humans have recently been caused by coronaviruses of animal origin.}, number={1}, journal={EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES}, author={Liais, Etienne and Croville, Guillaume and Mariette, Jerome and Delverdier, Maxence and Lucas, Marie-Noelle and Klopp, Christophe and Lluch, Jerome and Donnadieu, Cecile and Guy, James S. and Corrand, Leni and et al.}, year={2014}, month={Jan}, pages={105–108} }
 @inbook{guy_2013, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={13th}, title={Arbovirus infections}, ISBN={9780470958995 9781119421481}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Blackwell/Iowa State University Press}, author={Guy, J.S.}, editor={Saif, Y.M. and Fadly, A. and Glisson, J.R. and McDougald, L.R. and Nolan, L.K. and Swayne, D.E.Editors}, year={2013}, pages={473–482} }
 @inbook{garcia_spatz_guy_2013, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={13th}, title={Infectious Laryngotracheitis}, ISBN={9780470958995 9781119421481}, DOI={10.1002/9781119421481.ch5}, abstractNote={Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a respiratory tract infection of chickens caused by Gallid herpesvirus type 1 (GaHV-1). This virus may cause severe production losses due to mortality and/or decreased egg production. The diagnosis of GaHV-1 requires laboratory assistance because a sole diagnosis based on clinical presentation can be misleading. Other respiratory pathogens of poultry can cause similar clinical signs and lesions. Cooperative control of ILT outbreaks by collaboration between government and industry is most desirable. In controlling ILT outbreaks, the most effective approach is a coordinated effort to obtain a rapid diagnosis, institute a vaccination program, and prevent further virus spread. Prior to implementation of any vaccination program it is important to review the country's regulations for the use of vaccines against GaHV-1. The importance of site quarantine and hygiene in preventing the movement of potentially contaminated personnel, feed, equipment, and birds is central to successful prevention and control of ILT.}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Blackwell/Iowa State University Press}, author={Garcia, M. and Spatz, S. and Guy, J.S.}, editor={Saif, Y.M. and Fadly, A. and Glisson, J.R. and McDougald, L.R. and Nolan, L.K. and Swayne, D.E.Editors}, year={2013}, pages={161–179} }
 @inbook{hafner_guy_2013, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={13th}, title={Proventriculitis and proventricular dilatation of broiler chickens}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Blackwell/Iowa State University Press}, author={Hafner, S. and Guy, J.S.}, editor={Saif, Y.M. and Fadly, A. and Glisson, J.R. and McDougald, L.R. and Nolan, L.K. and Swayne, D.E.Editors}, year={2013}, pages={1328–1332} }
 @inbook{guy_2013, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={13th}, title={Turkey coronavirus enteritis}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Blackwell/Iowa State University Press}, author={Guy, J.S.}, editor={Saif, Y.M. and Fadly, A. and Glisson, J.R. and McDougald, L.R. and Nolan, L.K. and Swayne, D.E.Editors}, year={2013}, pages={376–381} }
 @inbook{guy_2013, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={13th}, title={Turkey viral hepatitis}, ISBN={9780470958995 9781119421481}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Blackwell/Iowa State University Press}, author={Guy, J.S.}, editor={Saif, Y.M. and Fadly, A. and Glisson, J.R. and McDougald, L.R. and Nolan, L.K. and Swayne, D.E.Editors}, year={2013}, pages={482–485} }
 @article{stowe_anderson_guy_linder_grindem_2012, title={A Case of Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcinoma in a Ewe}, volume={2012}, ISSN={2090-7001 2090-701X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/347193}, DOI={10.1155/2012/347193}, abstractNote={An approximately 2-year-old open Suffolk ewe presented to the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Health Complex for evaluation of a left nasal mass. An ultrasound-guided aspirate and core biopsies were performed. An epithelial neoplasia with mild mixed inflammation (neutrophils and plasma cells) was diagnosed on cytology and confirmed on histopathology. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and transmission electron microscopy were also performed. IHC and RT-PCR identified the presence of enzootic nasal tumor virus and confirmed the final diagnosis of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma.}, journal={Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine}, publisher={Hindawi Limited}, author={Stowe, Devorah Marks and Anderson, Kevin L. and Guy, James S. and Linder, Keith E. and Grindem, Carol B.}, year={2012}, pages={1–4} }
 @article{marusak_west_davis_fletcher_guy_2012, title={Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis Identified in Broiler Breeder and Layer Hens}, volume={56}, ISSN={0005-2086 1938-4351}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/10216-042412-case.1}, DOI={10.1637/10216-042412-case.1}, abstractNote={SUMMARY. Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) is a recognized cause of production losses in broiler chickens, but previously it has not been reported in broiler breeder and commercial layer hens. In this study, TVP was identified in broiler breeder and commercial layer hens, 9–20 wk of age, based on histopathologic detection of characteristic microscopic lesions. Microscopic lesions in proventriculi of affected hens consisted of glandular epithelial necrosis, ductal epithelial hyperplasia, replacement of glandular epithelium with ductal epithelium, and diffuse interstitial lymphoid infiltration. Additionally, chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV), a virus previously identified as the etiology of TVP in broiler chickens, was detected in proventriculi of TVP-affected hens using a reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction procedure. The findings identify TVP as a potential cause of production losses in broiler breeder and commercial layer hens and provide additional evidence for etiologic involvement in TVP by CPNV.}, number={4}, journal={Avian Diseases}, publisher={American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP)}, author={Marusak, Rosemary A. and West, Melissa A. and Davis, James F. and Fletcher, Oscar J. and Guy, James S.}, year={2012}, month={Dec}, pages={757–759} }
 @article{marguerie_leon_albaric_guy_guerin_2011, title={Birnavirus-associated proventriculitis in French broiler chickens}, volume={169}, ISSN={0042-4900 2042-7670}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.d6412}, DOI={10.1136/vr.d6412}, abstractNote={TRANSMISSIBLE viral proventriculitis (TVP) has been described sporadically in broiler chickens in the USA for decades. Clinically, this disease is characterised by impaired growth (‘runting’), poor feed conversion and limited mortality. Gross lesions are limited to enlargement and pallor of the proventriculus (Dormitorio and others 2007).

In Europe, proventriculitis in broilers was reported in 1978 in the Netherlands, but its aetiology was not determined (Kouwenhoven and others 1978). In Spain, TVP was identified and associated with infectious bursal disease virus, but the aetiology could not be determined definitively (Grau-Roma and others 2010). TVP has never been reported in France.

Several viruses, including birnavirus-like ones, …}, number={15}, journal={Veterinary Record}, publisher={BMJ}, author={Marguerie, J. and Leon, O. and Albaric, O. and Guy, J. S. and Guerin, J.-L.}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={394–396} }
 @article{guy_west_fuller_marusak_shivaprasad_davis_fletcher_2011, title={Detection of Chicken Proventricular Necrosis Virus (R11/3 Virus) in Experimental and Naturally Occurring Cases of Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis with the Use of a Reverse Transcriptase-PCR Procedure}, volume={55}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/9586-102110-reg.1}, abstractNote={SUMMARY. A reverse-transcriptase–polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) procedure was evaluated for detection of chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) in transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) –affected chickens. The RT-PCR procedure was compared with indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) and virus isolation for detection of CPNV in experimentally infected chickens. Microscopic lesions characteristic of TVP were detected on days 5–35 postexposure (PE) in CPNV-infected chickens; CPNV was detected by RT-PCR on days 3–14 PE in freshly collected proventriculi, and on days 1–14 PE in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) proventriculi. CPNV was detected in proventriculi of experimentally infected chickens by IFA on days 3–10 PE, and by virus isolation on days 1–14 PE. With IFA used as a reference, sensitivity of the RT-PCR procedure with freshly collected and FFPE proventriculi was 88% and 100%, respectively; specificity was 83% and 86%, respectively. Proventriculi (FFPE) obtained from suspect TVP cases (n  =  19) were evaluated for presence of CPNV by RT-PCR and microscopic lesions consistent with TVP. CPNV was detected by RT-PCR in proventriculi from 8/11 TVP (+) cases (24/36 tissue sections). TVP (+) cases were defined by microscopic lesions characteristic of TVP; CPNV was not detected in proventriculi (0/8 cases, 0/32 tissue sections) in the absence of these lesions. The association between presence of TVP-characteristic microscopic lesions and presence of CPNV was highly significant (P  =  0.0014). These findings indicate the utility of the RT-PCR procedure for detection of CPNV and provide additional evidence for an etiologic role for this virus in TVP.}, number={1}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Guy, James S. and West, Melissa A. and Fuller, Frederick J. and Marusak, Rosemary A. and Shivaprasad, H. L. and Davis, James L. and Fletcher, Oscar J.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={70–75} }
 @article{guy_west_fuller_2011, title={Physical and Genomic Characteristics Identify Chicken Proventricular Necrosis Virus (R11/3 Virus) as a Novel Birnavirus}, volume={55}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.1637/9504-081610-reg.1}, abstractNote={SUMMARY. Chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV), isolate R11/3, previously was isolated from transmissible viral proventriculitis–affected chickens and was determined to be the likely etiology of this disease. CPNV was identified as a birnavirus on the basis of virion size and morphology (icosahedral, approximately 75 nm in diameter, nonenveloped); buoyant density in cesium chloride (1.32 g/ml); a genome comprising bisegmented, double-stranded RNA (approximately 3.8 and 3.4 kilobase pairs); and nucleotide sequence analyses. Nucleotide sequencing of CPNV RNA, segment B, identified a single large open reading frame that encodes a 903–amino acid protein. The 903–amino acid protein was identified as the putative VP1, the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), on the basis of sequence homologies with other birnavirus VP1 proteins. The CPNV VP1 possessed the unique permuted RdRp sequence motif arrangement characteristic of birnaviruses; however, phylogenetic analyses based on VP1 demonstrated that CPNV is deeply divergent from other birnaviruses.}, number={1}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Guy, James S. and West, Melissa A. and Fuller, Frederick J.}, year={2011}, month={Mar}, pages={2–7} }
 @article{gimeno_cortes_guy_turpin_williams_2011, title={Replication of recombinant herpesvirus of turkey expressing genes of infectious laryngotracheitis virus in specific pathogen free and broiler chickens following in ovo and subcutaneous vaccination}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0307-9457"]}, DOI={10.1080/03079457.2011.588196}, abstractNote={Replication of a recombinant herpesvirus of turkey vaccine expressing infectious laryngotracheitis virus genes (rHVT-LT) was evaluated in specific pathogen free (SPF) and commercial broiler chickens after various vaccination protocols (amniotic route at embryonation day [ED] 18; intra-embryonic route at ED 19; and subcutaneous at 1 day of age [s.c.]). Three experiments were conducted: in the first experiment, replication of rHVT-LT vaccine was chronologically evaluated and compared with the replication of herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) in SPF chickens; in the second experiment, the effect of different in ovo vaccination procedures on rHVT-LT vaccine replication was evaluated in SPF chickens; and in the third experiment, the effect of different in ovo vaccination procedures on rHVT-LT vaccine replication was evaluated in commercial broiler chickens with maternal antibodies against HVT and infectious laryngotracheitis virus (LTV). rHVT-LT vaccine replicated in chickens after in ovo (ED 18 and ED 19) or s.c. administration at a similar level. In vivo replication of rHVT-LT vaccine was slower than HVT vaccine. However, in vivo both rHVT-LT and HVT vaccines replicated at similar levels. Both vaccines were consistently detected in the spleen and feather pulp and at lower frequency in the lung. The frequency of samples with detectable levels of rHVT-LT DNA was lower in broiler chickens than in SPF chickens, probably due to interactions with maternal antibodies. Differences between SPF chickens and broiler chickens were found also in the transcription of the LTV glycoprotein I gene (gI). In SPF chickens, in ovo inoculation resulted in a higher number of spleen samples with detectable gI transcripts than s.c. inoculation. In broiler chickens, however, no differences in the level of gI transcripts in spleen samples were found between chickens vaccinated in ovo and those vaccinated by the s.c. route. Transcription of LTV gI gene in lung samples was very low in both SPF and broiler chickens. Further studies to evaluate the mucosal immune response elicited by rHVT-LT in chicken with and without maternal antibodies are warranted.}, number={4}, journal={AVIAN PATHOLOGY}, author={Gimeno, Isabel M. and Cortes, Aneg L. and Guy, James S. and Turpin, Elizabeth and Williams, Christopher}, year={2011}, pages={395–403} }
 @inbook{guy_2010, place={Whitehouse Station, NJ}, edition={10th}, title={Coronaviral enteritis of turkeys}, ISBN={9780911910933}, booktitle={The Merck Veterinary Manual}, publisher={Merck and Company, Inc}, author={Guy, J.S.}, editor={Kahn, C.M. and Line, S.Editors}, year={2010}, pages={2402–2403} }
 @article{marusak_guy_abdul-aziz_west_fletcher_day_zsak_barnes_2010, title={Parvovirus-Associated Cerebellar Hypoplasia and Hydrocephalus in Day Old Broiler Chickens}, volume={54}, ISSN={0005-2086 1938-4351}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/8976-070709-case.1}, DOI={10.1637/8976-070709-case.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Cerebellar hypoplasia and hydrocephalus were identified in day old broiler chickens showing nervous signs, impaired mobility, and diarrhea. At postmortem examination, brains of chickens were misshapen and cerebellums were smaller than normal. Microscopically, cerebellar folia were reduced in size and irregularly shaped, and the ventricles were widely distended. Affected cerebellums had focal areas along the base of folia where the internal granular cell layer had been lost, and Purkinje cells were disorganized and located within the molecular layer. Parvovirus DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction in three of nine brains with oligonucleotide primers designed for amplification of chicken and turkey parvoviruses. On the basis of phylogenetic analyses, the detected virus was most closely related to chicken parvoviruses. These findings suggest that a chicken parvovirus might cause a neurologic disease of young chickens characterized by cerebellar hypoplasia and hydrocephalus; however, its role as the cause of the disease remains to be confirmed.}, number={1}, journal={Avian Diseases}, publisher={American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP)}, author={Marusak, R. A. and Guy, J. S. and Abdul-Aziz, T. A. and West, M. A. and Fletcher, O. J. and Day, J. M. and Zsak, L. and Barnes, H. John}, year={2010}, month={Mar}, pages={156–160} }
 @inbook{guy_2010, place={Whitehouse Station, NJ}, edition={10th}, title={Viral encephalitides in poultry}, ISBN={9780911910933}, booktitle={The Merck Veterinary Manual}, publisher={Merck and Company, Inc}, author={Guy, J.S.}, editor={Kahn, C.M. and Line, S.Editors}, year={2010}, pages={2488–2489} }
 @inbook{guy_2009, title={Virally induced gastrointestinal diseases of chickens and turkeys.}, ISBN={9781845931803}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845931803.0227}, DOI={10.1079/9781845931803.0227}, booktitle={Avian gut function in health and disease}, publisher={CABI}, author={Guy, J. S.}, year={2009}, month={Nov}, pages={227–243} }
 @inbook{guy_malkinson_2008, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={12th}, title={Arbovirus infections}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Blackwell/Iowa State University Press}, author={Guy, J.S. and Malkinson, M.}, editor={Saif, Y.M. and Fadly, A. and Glisson, J.R. and McDougald, L.R. and Nolan, L.K. and Swayne, D.E.Editors}, year={2008}, pages={416–427} }
 @inbook{guy_mcnulty_hayhow_2008, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={12th}, title={Avian enterovirus infections}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Blackwell/Iowa State University Press}, author={Guy, J.S. and McNulty, M.S. and Hayhow, C.}, editor={Saif, Y.M. and Fadley, A. and Glisson, J.R. and McDougald, L.R. and Nolan, L.K. and Swayne, D.E.Editors}, year={2008}, pages={358–364} }
 @inbook{guy_2008, place={Totowa, New Jersey}, title={Isolation and Propagation of Coronaviruses in Embryonated Eggs}, volume={454}, ISBN={9781588298676 9781597451819}, ISSN={1064-3745 1940-6029}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-181-9_10}, DOI={10.1007/978-1-59745-181-9_10}, abstractNote={The embryonated egg is a complex structure comprising an embryo and its supporting membranes (chorioallantoic, amniotic, yolk). The developing embryo and its membranes provide the diversity of cell types that are needed for successful replication of a wide variety of different viruses. Within the family Coronaviridae, the embryonated egg has been used as a host system primarily for two group 3 coronaviruses, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and turkey coronavirus (TCoV), but it also has been shown to be suitable for pheasant coronavirus. IBV replicates well in the embryonated chicken egg, regardless of the inoculation route; however, the allantoic route is favored as the virus replicates extensively in chorioallantoic membrane and high titers are found in allantoic fluid. TCoV replicates only in embryo tissues, within epithelium of the intestines and bursa of Fabricius; thus amniotic inoculation is required for isolation and propagation of this virus. Embryonated eggs also provide a potential host system for studies aimed at identifying other, novel coronavirus species.}, booktitle={Methods in Molecular Biology}, publisher={Humana Press}, author={Guy, James S.}, editor={Cavanagh, D.Editor}, year={2008}, pages={109–117} }
 @inbook{guy_garcia_2008, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={12th}, title={Laryngotracheitis}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Blackwell/Iowa State University Press}, author={Guy, J.S. and Garcia, M.}, editor={Saif, Y.M. and Fadly, A. and Glisson, J.R. and McDougald, L.R. and Nolan, L.K. and Swayne, D.E.Editors}, year={2008}, pages={137–152} }
 @inbook{hafner_goodwin_guy_pantin-jackwood_2008, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={12th}, title={Proventriculitis and proventricular dilatation of broiler chickens}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Blackwell/Iowa State University Press}, author={Hafner, S. and Goodwin, M.A. and Guy, J.S. and Pantin-Jackwood, M.}, editor={Saif, Y.M. and Fadly, A. and Glisson, J.R. and McDougald, L.R. and Nolan, L.K. and Swayne, D.E.Editors}, year={2008}, pages={1272–1277} }
 @inbook{jackwood_guy_2008, place={Athens, GA}, edition={5th}, title={Turkey coronavirus}, ISBN={9780978916329}, booktitle={A laboratory manual for the isolation and identification of avian pathogens}, publisher={American Association of Avian Pathologists}, author={Jackwood, M.W. and Guy, J.S.}, editor={Dufour-Zavala, L.Editor}, year={2008}, pages={150–152} }
 @inbook{guy_2008, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={12th}, title={Turkey coronavirus enteritis}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Blackwell/Iowa State University Press}, author={Guy, J.S.}, editor={Saif, Y.M. and Fadly, A. and Glisson, J.R. and McDougald, L.R. and Nolan, L.K. and Swayne, D.E.Editors}, year={2008}, pages={330–338} }
 @inbook{guy_2008, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={12th}, title={Turkey viral hepatitis}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Blackwell/Iowa State University Press}, author={Guy, J.S.}, editor={Saif, Y.M. and Fadly, A. and Glisson, J.R. and McDougald, L.R. and Nolan, L.K. and Swayne, D.E.Editors}, year={2008}, pages={428–432} }
 @article{watson_nino_rochon_denning_smith_guy_2007, title={Experimental evaluation of Musca domestica (Diptera : Muscidae) as a vector of Newcastle disease virus}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0022-2585"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[666:EEOMDD]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract House flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), were examined for their ability to harbor and transmit Newcastle disease virus (family Paramyxoviridae, genus Avulavirus, NDV) by using a mesogenic NDV strain. Laboratory-reared flies were experimentally exposed to NDV (Roakin strain) by allowing flies to imbibe an inoculum consisting of chicken embryo-propagated virus. NDV was detected in dissected crops and intestinal tissues from exposed flies for up to 96 and 24 h postexposure, respectively; no virus was detected in crops and intestines of sham-exposed flies. The potential of the house fly to directly transmit NDV to live chickens was examined by placing 14-d-old chickens in contact with NDV-exposed house flies 2 h after flies consumed NDV inoculum. NDV-exposed house flies contained ≈104 50% infectious doses (ID50) per fly, but no transmission of NDV was observed in chickens placed in contact with exposed flies at densities as high as 25 flies per bird. Subsequent dose–response studies demonstrated that oral exposure, the most likely route for fly-to-chicken transmission, required an NDV (Roakin) dose ≥106 ID50. These results indicate that house flies are capable of harboring NDV (Roakin) but that they are poor vectors of the virus because they carry an insufficient virus titer to cause infection.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Watson, D. Wes and Nino, Elina L. and Rochon, Kateryn and Denning, Steve and Smith, Lynda and Guy, James S.}, year={2007}, month={Jul}, pages={666–671} }
 @article{guy_smith_evans_barnes_2007, title={Experimental reproduction of transmissible viral proventriculitis by infection of chickens with a novel adenovirus-like virus (Isolate R11/3)}, volume={51}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/0005-2086(2007)051[0058:EROTVP]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) was experimentally reproduced in 2-wk-old specific-pathogen-free chickens and commercial broiler chickens by eyedrop inoculation of adenovirus-like virus (AdLV), isolate R11/3. No clinical signs and no weight gain depression were observed in chickens inoculated with AdLV (R11/3); however, gross and microscopic lesions characteristic of TVP were present in proventriculi of inoculated chickens. Proventriculi of AdLV (R11/3)–inoculated chickens were markedly enlarged, compared with sham-inoculated controls, by day 7 postinoculation (PI). Microscopic lesions in proventriculi of inoculated chickens were detected beginning on day 3 PI and consisted of degeneration and necrosis of glandular epithelium, ductal epithelial hyperplasia, replacement of glandular epithelium with ductal epithelium, and diffuse interstitial lymphoid infiltration; no microscopic lesions were observed in other tissues. AdLV (R11/3) antigens were detected in proventriculi by immunohistochemistry on days 3–10 PI in inoculated SPF chickens and days 3–21 PI in inoculated commercial broiler chickens; no viral antigens were detected in other tissues. AdLV (R11/3) was reisolated from proventriculi of inoculated SPF and commercial broiler chickens on days 5 and 7 PI. No virus, viral antigens, or lesions were detected in proventriculi collected from sham-inoculated chickens. These findings indicate an etiologic role for AdLV (R11/3) in TVP.}, number={1}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Guy, James S. and Smith, Lynda G. and Evans, Maria E. and Barnes, H. John}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={58–65} }
 @article{zhang_guy_snijder_denniston_timoney_balasuriya_2007, title={Genomic characterization of equine coronavirus}, volume={369}, ISSN={["0042-6822"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.035}, abstractNote={The complete genome sequence of the first equine coronavirus (ECoV) isolate, NC99 strain was accomplished by directly sequencing 11 overlapping fragments which were RT–PCR amplified from viral RNA. The ECoV genome is 30,992 nucleotides in length, excluding the polyA tail. Analysis of the sequence identified 11 open reading frames which encode two replicase polyproteins, five structural proteins (hemagglutinin esterase, spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid) and four accessory proteins (NS2, p4.7, p12.7, and I). The two replicase polyproteins are predicted to be proteolytically processed by three virus-encoded proteases into 16 non-structural proteins (nsp1–16). The ECoV nsp3 protein had considerable amino acid deletions and insertions compared to the nsp3 proteins of bovine coronavirus, human coronavirus OC43, and porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, three group 2 coronaviruses phylogenetically most closely related to ECoV. The structure of subgenomic mRNAs was analyzed by Northern blot analysis and sequencing of the leader–body junction in each sg mRNA.}, number={1}, journal={VIROLOGY}, author={Zhang, Jianqiang and Guy, James S. and Snijder, Eric J. and Denniston, Doug A. and Timoney, Peter J. and Balasuriya, Udem B. R.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={92–104} }
 @inproceedings{guy_2006, title={Viral enteritis in turkeys: Lessons learned from the recent emergence of poult enteritis-mortality syndrome}, booktitle={Enteric Diseases of Poultry: Evolving Challenges and New Developments}, author={Guy, J.S.}, year={2006} }
 @article{guy_barnes_smith_owen_fuller_2005, title={Partial characterization of an adenovirus-like virus isolated from broiler chickens with transmissible viral proventriculitis}, volume={49}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/7352-030205R.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) was experimentally reproduced in specific-pathogen-free chickens using a homogenate of proventricular tissue obtained from TVP-affected commercial broiler chickens. Thin-section electron microscopy revealed intranuclear, approximately 70-nanometer (nm), adenovirus-like viruses (AdLV) within proventricular lesions. The AdLV, designated AdLV (R11/3), could not be propagated using various avian and mammalian cell cultures or by inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs by yolk, allantoic, or chorioallantoic membrane routes. However, AdLV (R11/3) was successfully propagated by amniotic inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs, with detection of the virus in proventriculi and intestinal contents of hatched 2-day-old chicks (8 days postinoculation). Virus propagation was evident in in ovo–inoculated chicks by 1) gross and microscopic lesions in proventriculi consistent with TVP, 2) immunohistochemical localization of AdLV (R11/3) antigens in proventricular epithelium, 3) thin-section electron microscopic detection of intranuclear, approximately 70-nm AdLVs within proventricular epithelium, and 4) negative-stain electron microscopic detection of extracellular, approximately 70-nm AdLVs in intestinal contents. Indirect immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction procedures that specifically recognize groups I, II, and III avian adenoviruses failed to recognize AdLV (R11/3). The findings suggest an etiologic role for AdLV (R11/3) in TVP and indicate that this virus is distinct from known avian adenoviruses.}, number={3}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Guy, JS and Barnes, HJ and Smith, L and Owen, R and Fuller, FJ}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={344–351} }
 @inbook{guy_2005, title={Viral Encephalitides}, ISBN={0911910506}, booktitle={Merck veterinary manual}, publisher={Whitehouse Station, N.J. : Merck}, author={Guy, J. S.}, editor={Kahn, C.M. and Line, S.Editors}, year={2005} }
 @inbook{guy_2005, place={Whitehouse Station, NJ}, edition={9th}, title={Viral encephalitides in poultry}, ISBN={9780911910506}, booktitle={The Merck Veterinary Manual}, publisher={Merck and Company, Inc}, author={Guy, J.S.}, year={2005}, pages={2287–2289} }
 @article{guy_miles_smith_fuller_schultz-cherry_2004, title={Antigenic and genomic characterization of turkey enterovirus-like virus (North Carolina, 1988 isolate): Identification of the virus as turkey astrovirus 2}, volume={48}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.1637/7077}, abstractNote={Abstract A small round virus (SRV) was isolated in 1988 from droppings of enteritis-affected turkeys in North Carolina and tentatively identified as an enterovirus on the basis of size (18–24 nm in diameter), intracytoplasmic morphogenesis, and a single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 7.5 kb. Additional characterization studies based on antigenic and genomic analyses were done to determine the relationship of this turkey enterovirus-like virus (TELV) to turkey astrovirus 2 (TAstV2), a recently characterized SRV of turkeys. Cross-immunofluorescence studies with TELV- and TAstV2-specific antisera indicated a close antigenic relationship between these viruses. TELV RNA was amplified by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedures with oligonucleotide primers specific for TAstV2 polymerase gene (open reading frame [ORF] 1b) and capsid protein gene (ORF 2). Subsequent sequence analyses of these TELV-derived RT-PCR products indicated a high degree of similarity with polymerase gene (98.8%) and capsid gene (96.9%) of TAstV2. These studies definitively identify TELV (North Carolina, 1988 isolate) as TAstV2.}, number={1}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Guy, JS and Miles, AM and Smith, L and Fuller, FJ and Schultz-Cherry, S}, year={2004}, pages={206–211} }
 @article{sellers_garcia_glisson_brown_sander_guy_2004, title={Mild infectious laryngotracheitis in broilers in the southeast}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/7129}, abstractNote={Abstract During 2001, a mild infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) infection occurred in broiler flocks in the southeastern United States. Clinical signs included mild tracheitis, swollen sinuses, and conjunctivitis, with no increased mortality and minimal serologic response. Infrequent intranuclear inclusion bodies with or without syncytial cell formation were observed in eyelid, trachea, and larynx and in the chorioallantoic membrane of infected embryos. Immunohistochemistry and a nested infectious laryngotracheitis polymerase chain reaction (ILT PCR) were utilized to confirm the presence of ILTV nucleic acid in fixed tissues. In addition, 2-wk-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) birds inoculated with field material exhibited the mild signs observed in broilers in the field. Tracheal swabs and tissues taken from these SPF birds were also positive by nested ILT PCR. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of ILT PCR products indicated that ILT virus associated with mild respiratory disease in the Southeast is related to the chicken embryo origin vaccine type strains.}, number={2}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Sellers, HS and Garcia, M and Glisson, JR and Brown, TP and Sander, JS and Guy, JS}, year={2004}, pages={430–436} }
 @article{de voe_geissler_elmore_rotstein_lewbart_guy_2004, title={Ranavirus-associated morbidity and mortality in a group of captive eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1042-7260"]}, DOI={10.1638/03-037}, abstractNote={Abstract Seven captive eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) from a large collection of North American chelonians in North Carolina became acutely ill in the fall of 2002. Five of the turtles died. Clinical signs included cutaneous abscessation, oral ulceration or abscessation (or both), respiratory distress, anorexia, and lethargy. The predominant postmortem lesion was fibrinoid vasculitis of various organs, including skin, mucous membranes, lungs, and liver. No inclusion bodies were detected by histopathology or electron microscopy of formalin-fixed tissue. An iridovirus was isolated from tissues obtained postmortem from two of the box turtles that died. The virus was characterized by electron microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, and sequence analysis of a portion of the major capsid protein as a member of the genus Ranavirus.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE}, author={De Voe, R and Geissler, K and Elmore, S and Rotstein, D and Lewbart, G and Guy, J}, year={2004}, month={Dec}, pages={534–543} }
 @inbook{guy_malkinson_2003, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={11th}, title={Arbovirus infections}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Iowa State University Press}, author={Guy, J.S. and Malkinson, M.}, editor={Saif, Y.M. and Barnes, H.J. and Fadly, A. and Glisson, J.R. and McDougald, L.R. and Swayne, D.E.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={388–398} }
 @article{frey_pressler_guy_pitulle_breitschwerdt_2003, title={Capnocytophaga sp. Isolated from a Cat with Chronic Sinusitis and Rhinitis}, volume={41}, ISSN={0095-1137}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.41.11.5321-5324.2003}, DOI={10.1128/JCM.41.11.5321-5324.2003}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={11}, journal={Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, publisher={American Society for Microbiology}, author={Frey, E. and Pressler, B. and Guy, J. and Pitulle, C. and Breitschwerdt, E.}, year={2003}, month={Nov}, pages={5321–5324} }
 @article{wu_guy_yoo_vlasak_urbach_brian_2003, title={Common RNA replication signals exist among group 2 coronaviruses: evidence for in vivo recombination between animal and human coronavius molecules}, volume={315}, ISSN={["0042-6822"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00511-7}, abstractNote={5′ and 3′ UTR sequences on the coronavirus genome are known to carry cis-acting elements for DI RNA replication and presumably also virus genome replication. 5′ UTR-adjacent coding sequences are also thought to harbor cis-acting elements. Here we have determined the 5′ UTR and adjacent 289-nt sequences, and 3′ UTR sequences, for six group 2 coronaviruses and have compared them to each other and to three previously reported group 2 members. Extensive regions of highly similar UTR sequences were found but small regions of divergence were also found indicating group 2 coronaviruses could be subdivided into those that are bovine coronavirus (BCoV)-like (BCoV, human respiratory coronavirus-OC43, human enteric coronavirus, porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, and equine coronavirus) and those that are murine hepatitis virus (MHV)-like (A59, 2, and JHM strains of MHV, puffinosis virus, and rat sialodacryoadenitis virus). The 3′ UTRs of BCoV and MHV have been previously shown to be interchangeable. Here, a reporter-containing BCoV DI RNA was shown to be replicated by all five BCoV-like helper viruses and by MHV-H2 (a human cell-adapted MHV strain), a representative of the MHV-like subgroup, demonstrating group 2 common 5′ and 3′ replication signaling elements. BCoV DI RNA, furthermore, acquired the leader of HCoV-OC43 by leader switching, demonstrating for the first time in vivo recombination between animal and human coronavirus molecules. These results indicate that common replication signaling elements exist among group 2 coronaviruses despite a two-cluster pattern within the group and imply there could exist a high potential for recombination among group members.}, number={1}, journal={VIROLOGY}, author={Wu, HY and Guy, JS and Yoo, D and Vlasak, R and Urbach, E and Brian, DA}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={174–183} }
 @article{pakpinyo_ley_barnes_vaillancourt_guy_2003, title={Enhancement of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli pathogenicity in young turkeys by concurrent turkey coronavirus infection}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/0005-2086(2003)047[0396:EOEECP]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract In a previous study, turkey coronavirus (TCV) and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) were shown to synergistically interact in young turkeys coinfected with these agents. In that study, inapparent or mild disease was observed in turkeys inoculated with only TCV or EPEC, whereas severe growth depression and high mortality were observed in dually inoculated turkeys. The purpose of the present study was to further evaluate the pathogenesis of combined TCV/EPEC infection in young turkeys and determine the role of these agents in the observed synergistic interaction. Experiments were conducted to determine 1) effect of EPEC dose, with and without concurrent TCV infection, and 2) effect of TCV exposure, before and after EPEC exposure, on development of clinical disease. Additionally, the effect of combined infection on TCV and EPEC shedding was determined. No clinical sign of disease and no attaching and effacing (AE) lesions characteristic of EPEC were observed in turkeys inoculated with only EPEC isolate R98/5, even when turkeys were inoculated with 1010 colony forming units (CFU) EPEC (high dose exposure). Only mild growth depression was observed in turkeys inoculated with only TCV; however, turkeys inoculated with both TCV and 104 CFU EPEC (low dose exposure) developed severe disease characterized by high mortality, marked growth depression, and AE lesions. Inoculation of turkeys with TCV 7 days prior to EPEC inoculation produced more severe disease (numerically greater mortality, significantly lower survival probability [P < 0.05], increased frequency of AE lesions) than that observed in turkeys inoculated with EPEC prior to TCV or simultaneously inoculated with these agents. Coinfection of turkeys with TCV and EPEC resulted in significantly increased (P < 0.05) shedding of EPEC, but not TCV, in intestinal contents of turkeys. These findings indicate that TCV infection predisposes young turkeys to secondary EPEC infection and potentiates the expression of EPEC pathogenicity in young turkeys.}, number={2}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Pakpinyo, S and Ley, DH and Barnes, HJ and Vaillancourt, JP and Guy, JS}, year={2003}, pages={396–405} }
 @inbook{mcnulty_guy_2003, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={11th}, title={Enterovirus infections}, ISBN={9780813804231}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Iowa State University Press}, author={McNulty, M.S. and Guy, J.S.}, editor={Saif, Y.M. and Barnes, H.J. and Fadly, A. and Glisson, J.R. and McDougald, L.R. and Swayne, D.E.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={326–331} }
 @inproceedings{pakpinyo_guy_barnes_smith_2003, place={Bangkok, Thailand}, title={Immunohistochemical detection of turkey coronavirus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues using monoclonal antibody-based immunoperoxidase procedure}, booktitle={Proceedings 11th International Symposium World Assoc Vet Lab Diagnosticians}, publisher={Thai Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Pakpinyo, S. and Guy, J.S. and Barnes, H.J. and Smith, L.G.}, year={2003}, pages={10–11} }
 @book{guy_bagust_2003, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={11th}, title={Laryngotracheitis}, journal={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Iowa State University Press}, author={Guy, J.S. and Bagust, T.J.}, editor={Saif, Y.M. and Barnes, H.J. and Fadly, A. and Glisson, J.R. and McDougald, L.R. and Swayne, D.E.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={121–134} }
 @inbook{guy_bagust_2003, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={11th}, title={Laryngotracheitis}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Iowa State University Press}, author={Guy, J.S. and Bagust, T.J.}, editor={Saif, Y.M. and Barnes, H.J. and Fadly, A. and Glisson, J.R. and McDougald, L.R. and Swayne, D.E.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={121–134} }
 @article{calibeo-hayes_denning_stringham_guy_smith_watson_2003, title={Mechanical transmission of turkey coronavirus by domestic houseflies (Musca domestica linnaeaus)}, volume={47}, DOI={10.1637/0005-2086(2003)047[0149:MTOTCB]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={SUMMARY. Domestic houseflies (Musca domestica Linnaeaus) were examined for their ability to harbor and transmit turkey coronavirus (TCV). Laboratory-reared flies were experimentally exposed to TCV by allowing flies to imbibe an inoculum comprised of turkey embryo–propagated virus (NC95 strain). TCV was detected in dissected crops from exposed flies for up to 9 hr postexposure; no virus was detected in crops of sham-exposed flies. TCV was not detected in dissected intestinal tissues collected from exposed or sham-exposed flies at any time postexposure. The potential of the housefly to directly transmit TCV to live turkey poults was examined by placing 7-day-old turkey poults in contact with TCV-exposed houseflies 3 hr after flies consumed TCV inoculum. TCV infection was detected in turkeys placed in contact with TCV-exposed flies at densities as low as one fly/bird (TCV antigens detected at 3 days post fly contact in tissues of 3/12 turkeys); however, increased rates of infection were observed with higher fly densities (TCV antigens detected in 9/12 turkeys after contact with 10 flies/bird). This study demonstrates the potential of the housefly to serve as a mechanical vector of TCV.}, number={1}, journal={Avian Diseases}, author={Calibeo-Hayes, D. and Denning, S. S. and Stringham, S. M. and Guy, James and Smith, L. G. and Watson, D. W.}, year={2003}, pages={149–153} }
 @inbook{barnes_guy_2003, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={11th}, title={Poult enteritis-mortality syndrome}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Iowa State University Press}, author={Barnes, H.J. and Guy, J.S.}, editor={Saif, Y.M. and Barnes, H.J. and Fadly, A. and Glisson, J.R. and McDougald, L.R. and Swayne, D.E.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={1171–1180} }
 @inbook{guy_2003, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={11th}, title={Turkey coronavirus enteritis}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Iowa State University Press}, author={Guy, J.S.}, editor={Saif, Y.M. and Barnes, H.J. and Fadly, A. and Glisson, J.R. and McDougald, L.R. and Swayne, D.E.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={300–308} }
 @article{guy_2003, place={Wallingford, United Kingdom}, title={Turkey viral hepatitis}, journal={Animal Health and Production Compendium}, publisher={Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International}, author={Guy, J.S.}, year={2003}, pages={313–314} }
 @inbook{guy_2003, place={Wallingford, United Kingdom}, edition={11th}, title={Turkey viral hepatitis}, booktitle={Animal Health and Production Compendium}, publisher={Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International}, author={Guy, J.S.}, editor={Saif, Y.M. and Barnes, H.J. and Fadly, A. and Glisson, J.R. and McDougald, L.R. and Swayne, D.E.Editors}, year={2003}, pages={313–314} }
 @article{guy_smith_breslin_pakpinyo_2002, title={Development of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of turkey coronavirus antibodies}, volume={46}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0334:DOACEL]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={SUMMARY. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was developed for detection of turkey coronavirus (TCV) antibodies. The cELISA utilized a recombinant baculovirus (Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus)-expressed TCV nucleocapsid (N) protein and biotin-labeled TCV N protein-specific monoclonal antibody. Sensitivity and specificity of the cELISA for detection of TCV antibodies were determined by comparison with the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) with 1269 reference, experimentally derived, and field-origin sera. Sera with discordant cELISA and IFAT results were further evaluated by western immunoblot analyses. The cELISA detected antibodies specific for TCV and infectious bronchitis virus, a closely related coronavirus, but did not detect antibodies specific for other avian viruses. A high degree of concordance was observed between the cELISA and IFAT; sensitivity and specificity of the cELISA relative to IFAT were 92.9% and 96.2%, respectively. Western immunoblot analyses provided additional evidence of cELISA specificity. The findings indicate that the cELISA is a rapid, sensitive, and specific serologic test for detection of TCV antibodies in turkeys.}, number={2}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Guy, JS and Smith, LG and Breslin, JJ and Pakpinyo, S}, year={2002}, pages={334–341} }
 @article{pakpinyo_ley_barnes_vaillancourt_guy_2002, title={Prevalence of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in Naturally Occurring Cases of Poult Enteritis–Mortality Syndrome}, volume={46}, ISSN={0005-2086 1938-4351}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0360:poeeci]2.0.co;2}, DOI={10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0360:poeeci]2.0.co;2}, abstractNote={SUMMARY. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) previously were identified in poult enteritis–mortality syndrome (PEMS)-affected turkeys and associated as a cause of this disease. In the present study, the prevalence of EPEC in PEMS-affected turkeys was examined retrospectively with archived tissues and intestinal contents collected from 12 PEMS-affected turkey flocks in 1998. Formalin-fixed intestinal tissues were examined by light and electron microscopy for attaching and effacing (AE) lesions characteristic of EPEC, and frozen (−75 C) intestinal contents were examined for presence of EPEC. Escherichia coli isolates were characterized on the basis of epithelial cell attachment, fluorescent actin staining (FAS) test, and presence of E. coli attaching/effacing (EAE), shigalike toxin (SLT) type I, SLT II, and bundle-forming pilus (BFP) genes by polymerase chain reaction procedures. EPEC isolates were examined for pathogenicity and ability to induce AE lesions in experimentally inoculated young turkeys. AE lesions were identified by light microscopy in Giemsa-stained intestines from 7 of 12 PEMS-affected turkey flocks. Lesions consisted of bacterial microcolonies attached to epithelial surfaces with epithelial degeneration at sites of attachment and inflammatory infiltration of the lamina propria. Electron microscopy confirmed the identity of AE lesions in six of seven flocks determined to have AE lesions by light microscopy. EPEC were identified in 4 of 12 flocks on the basis of the presence of EAE genes and absence of SLT I and SLT II genes; all isolates lacked BFP genes. EPEC isolates produced AE lesions and variable mortality in turkeys coinfected with turkey coronavirus. In total, EPEC were associated with 10 of 12 (83%) naturally occurring PEMS cases on the basis of identification of AE lesions and/or EPEC isolates. These findings provide additional evidence suggesting a possible role for EPEC in the pathogenesis of PEMS.}, number={2}, journal={Avian Diseases}, publisher={American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP)}, author={Pakpinyo, S. and Ley, D. H. and Barnes, H. J. and Vaillancourt, J. P. and Guy, J. S.}, year={2002}, month={Apr}, pages={360–369} }
 @article{breslin_smith_guy_2001, title={Baculovirus expression of turkey coronavirus nucleocapsid protein}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1593020}, abstractNote={The nucleocapsid (N) gene of turkey coronavirus (TCV) was amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, cloned, and expressed in the baculovirus expression system. A recombinant baculovirus containing the TCV N gene (rBTCV/N) was identified by polymerase chain reaction and expression of TCV N protein as determined by western immunoblot analysis. Two TCV-specific proteins, 52 and 43 kDa, were expressed by rBTCV/N; one of these proteins, p52, was comparable in size to native TCV N protein. Baculovirus-expressed N proteins were used as antigen in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of TCV-specific antibodies. The ELISA detected antibodies specific for TCV and infectious bronchitis virus, a closely related avian coronavirus, but did not detect antibodies specific for other avian viruses (avian influenza, avian reovirus, avian paramyxovirus 3, avian adenovirus 1, or Newcastle disease virus). These findings indicate that baculovirus-expressed TCV N protein is a suitable source of antigen for ELISA-based detection of TCV-specific antibodies in turkeys.}, number={1}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Breslin, JJ and Smith, LG and Guy, JS}, year={2001}, pages={136–143} }
 @article{carver_vaillancourt_stringham_guy_barnes_2001, title={Mortality patterns associated with poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS) and coronaviral enteritis in turkey flocks raised in PEMS-affected regions}, volume={45}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592878}, abstractNote={Poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS) is an economically devastating disease. To date, many questions about the syndrome remain unanswered, including its cause, transmission of causative agent(s), and control methods. Turkey coronavirus (TCV) infection has been associated with some outbreaks of PEMS, with areas having a higher prevalence of TCV infection also experiencing an increased incidence of PEMS. This study was designed to establish mortality patterns for flocks experiencing excess mortality and TCV infection in PEMS-affected regions and to delineate the possible role of TCV in PEMS-affected flocks. Fifty-four commercial turkey flocks on farms in areas with and without a history of TCV infection were monitored for weekly mortality and for antibodies to TCV. Flocks were chosen on the basis of placement dates and were monitored from day of placement until processing. All flocks were tested for TCV by an indirect fluorescent antibody assay. PEMS status was determined with the use of the clinical definition of mortality greater than 2% during any 3-wk period from 2 wk of age through the end of brooding due to unknown cause. Of the 54 flocks, 24 remained healthy, 23 experienced PEMS, and 7 tested positive for TCV but did not experience PEMS. Ten flocks experienced PEMS and tested positive for TCV, whereas 13 flocks experienced PEMS and did not test positive for TCV. Four health status groups were evident: healthy, PEMS positive, TCV positive, and PEMS + TCV positive. Distinct mortality patterns were seen for each of the four health status groups. Whereas TCV was associated with PEMS in 43% of PEMS cases, 13 cases (57%) of PEMS did not involve TCV. Additionally, 7 out of 17 cases of TCV (41%) did not experience excess mortality (PEMS) at any time during brooding of the flock. The results of this study indicate that TCV can be associated with PEMS but is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause PEMS.}, number={4}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Carver, DK and Vaillancourt, JP and Stringham, M and Guy, JS and Barnes, HJ}, year={2001}, pages={985–991} }
 @article{bagust_jones_guy_2000, title={Avian infectious laryngotracheitis}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0253-1933"]}, DOI={10.20506/rst.19.2.1229}, abstractNote={Avian infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) herpesvirus continues to cause sporadic cases of respiratory disease in chickens world-wide. Sources of transmission of ILT infection are three-fold, namely: chickens with acute upper respiratory tract disease, latently infected 'carrier' fowls which excrete infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) when stressed, and all fomites (inanimate articles as well as the personnel in contact with infected chickens). Infectious laryngotracheitis virus infectivity can persist for weeks to months in tracheal mucus or carcasses. Rigorous site biosecurity is therefore critical in ILT disease control. Furthermore, while current (modified live) ILT vaccines can offer good protection, the strains of ILTV used in vaccines can also produce latent infections, as well as ILT disease following bird-to-bird spread. The regional nature of reservoirs of ILTV-infected flocks will tend to interact unfavourably with widely varying ILT control practices in the poultry industry, so as to periodically result in sporadic and unexpected outbreaks of ILT in intensive poultry industry populations. Precautions for trade-related movements of chickens of all ages must therefore include an accurate knowledge of the ILT infection status, both of the donor and recipient flocks.}, number={2}, journal={REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES}, author={Bagust, TJ and Jones, RC and Guy, JS}, year={2000}, month={Aug}, pages={483–492} }
 @article{guy_breslin_breuhaus_vivrette_smith_2000, title={Characterization of a coronavirus isolated from a diarrheic foal}, volume={38}, number={12}, journal={Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, author={Guy, J. S. and Breslin, J. J. and Breuhaus, B. and Vivrette, S. and Smith, L. G.}, year={2000}, pages={4523–4526} }
 @article{breslin_smith_barnes_guy_2000, title={Comparison of virus isolation, immunohistochemistry, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction procedures for detection of turkey coronavirus}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.2307/1593102}, abstractNote={A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedure and two monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based immunohistochemical procedures were developed for detection of turkey coronavirus (TCV) in tissues and intestinal contents/dropping samples. The RT-PCR, MAb-based fluorescent antibody (FA), and MAb-based immunoperoxidase (IP) procedures were compared with virus isolation (VI) for detection of TCV in experimentally infected turkeys. TCV was detected in experimentally infected turkeys as early as day 1 postexposure (PE) by each of the four detection procedures. TCV was detected as late as day 35 PE by FA or IP and days 42 and 49 PE by VI and RT-PCR, respectively. With VI as a reference, sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR were 93% and 92%, respectively; specificity of both FA and IP was 96%, and sensitivities were 69% and 61%, respectively. Each of the examined procedures was highly specific, but the RT-PCR procedure was also highly sensitive. These findings demonstrate the utility of both immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR for detection of TCV. In addition, the findings indicate that RT-PCR is a highly sensitive and specific alternative to conventional diagnostic procedures.}, number={3}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Breslin, JJ and Smith, LG and Barnes, HJ and Guy, JS}, year={2000}, pages={624–631} }
 @article{guy_smith_breslin_vaillancourt_barnes_2000, title={High mortality and growth depression experimentally produced in young turkeys by dual infection with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and turkey coronavirus}, volume={44}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592513}, abstractNote={Six-day-old turkeys were inoculated with turkey coronavirus (TCV) and an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (isolate R98/5) that were isolated from poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS)-affected turkeys. Turkeys inoculated with only R98/5 did not develop clinically apparent disease, and only mild disease and moderate growth depression were observed in turkeys inoculated with only TCV. Turkeys dually inoculated with TCV and R98/5 developed severe enteritis with high mortality (38/48, 79%) and marked growth depression. R98/5 infection resulted in attaching/effacing (AE) intestinal lesions characteristic of EPEC: adherence of bacterial microcolonies to intestinal epithelium with degeneration and necrosis of epithelium at sites of bacterial attachment. AE lesions were more extensive and were detected for a prolonged duration in dually inoculated turkeys compared with turkeys inoculated with only R98/5. An apparent synergistic effect in dually inoculated turkeys was indicated by increased mortality, enhanced growth depression, and enhanced AE lesion development. The results suggest that TCV promoted intestinal colonization by R98/5; however, R98/5 did not appear to alter TCV infection. The present study provides a possible etiologic explanation for PEMS.}, number={1}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Guy, JS and Smith, LG and Breslin, JJ and Vaillancourt, JP and Barnes, HJ}, year={2000}, pages={105–113} }
 @article{watson_guy_stringham_2000, title={Limited transmission of turkey coronavirus in young turkeys by adult Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae)}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0022-2585"]}, DOI={10.1603/0022-2585(2000)037[0480:LTOTCI]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract We examined the role of lesser mealworm,Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), in the transmission of an enteric disease of turkeys caused by a coronavirus. Turkey coronavirus (TCV) from two sources was studied, one isolate (NC95) was embryo propagated, the second was TCV infected material from turkeys diagnosed with poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS). Beetles were fed virus-infected feces mixed with chicken feed. Transmission of virus was effectively halted by surface sterilization of the beetles. Turkey poults administered beetle homogenates infected with TCV+ PEMS that had not been surface sterilized had reduced weight gains and 50% mortality. Mortality and weight gains were not effected in the NC95 group. Virus isolation procedures were performed to determine NC95 viability at varying time intervals. Beetles were dissected and the guts removed 1, 12, and 24 h after the initial viral feeding. Whole beetles were also examined for comparison. Whole beetles and beetle guts were homogenized and injected into turkey eggs for embryo propagation. Direct immunofluorescence was used to determine the presence of TCV.A. diaperinus were capable of mechanical transmission of TCV. However, only turkey embryos receiving whole beetle and beetle gut homogenates within 1 h of feeding on the virus were positive for TCV. Laboratory studies demonstrating PEMS transmission byA. diaperinus are continuing.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Watson, DW and Guy, JS and Stringham, SH}, year={2000}, month={May}, pages={480–483} }
 @article{favrot_olivry_dunston_degorce-rubiales_guy_2000, title={Parvovirus Infection of Keratinocytes as a Cause of Canine Erythema Multiforme}, volume={37}, ISSN={0300-9858 1544-2217}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.37-6-647}, DOI={10.1354/vp.37-6-647}, abstractNote={ Erythema multiforme major was diagnosed in a dog with necrotizing parvoviral enteritis. Skin lesions consisted of ulceration of the footpads, pressure points, mouth, and vaginal mucosa; vesicles in the oral cavity; and erythematous patches on the abdomen and perivulvar skin. Microscopic examination of mucosal and haired skin specimens revealed lymphocyte-associated keratinocyte apoptosis at various levels of the epidermis. Basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions were seen in basal and suprabasal keratinocytes. Immunohistochemical staining, performed with canine parvovirus-2-specific monoclonal antibodies, confirmed the parvovirus nature of the inclusions in the nucleus and cytoplasm of oral and skin epithelial cells. This is the first case of canine erythema multiforme reported to be caused by a viral infection of keratinocytes. This case study indicates that the search for epitheliotropic viruses should be attempted in cases of erythema multiforme in which a drug cause cannot be identified. }, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Pathology}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Favrot, C. and Olivry, T. and Dunston, S. M. and Degorce-Rubiales, F. and Guy, J. S.}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={647–649} }
 @misc{barnes_guy_vaillancourt_2000, title={Poult enteritis complex}, volume={19}, ISSN={["0253-1933"]}, DOI={10.20506/rst.19.2.1234}, abstractNote={Poult enteritis complex (PEC) is a general term that encompasses the infectious intestinal diseases of young turkeys. Some diseases, such as coronaviral enteritis and stunting syndrome, are relatively well characterised, while others, such as transmissible viral enteritis, poult growth depression and poult enteritis mortality syndrome, remain ill-defined. All forms of PEC are multifactorial, transmissible and infectious. Salient clinical features include stunting and poor feed utilisation that result from enteritis. In the more severe forms, runting, immune dysfunction and mortality are reported. Gross and microscopic lesions of enteritis are present in all forms but tend to be non-specific. Other lesions may be present, depending on the agents involved. The basic pathogenesis involves the following: a) alteration of the intestinal mucosa, generally by one or more viruses infecting enterocytes; b) inflammation; c) proliferation of secondary agents, usually bacteria. Non-infectious factors interplay with infectious agents to modulate the course and severity of disease. Diarrhoea is believed to be primarily osmotic because of maldigestion and malabsorption, but may also have a secretory component. Transmission is primarily faecal-oral. No public health significance is recognised or suspected. Prevention is based on eliminating the infectious agents from contaminated premises and preventing introduction into flocks. This is accomplished by an effective cleaning, disinfection and biosecurity programme. All-in/all-out production or separate brooding and finishing units are helpful. Control may require regional co-ordination among all companies producing turkeys, especially if the production is highly concentrated, and a quarantine programme for more severe forms of PEC. No vaccines or specific measures for controlling the organisms involved in PEC are available. Treatment is supportive for the viral component, while antibiotics, especially those with efficacy against Gram positive bacteria, may help to reduce the impact to bacterial infections. Evidence suggests that PEC occurs wherever turkeys are raised commercially, but this is not well documented and distribution of the various organisms that have been associated with PEC is largely unknown. The disease causes enormous economic loss, mostly from failure of the turkey to reach its genetic potential.}, number={2}, journal={REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE-OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES}, author={Barnes, HJ and Guy, JS and Vaillancourt, JP}, year={2000}, month={Aug}, pages={565–588} }
 @misc{guy_2000, title={Turkey coronavirus is more closely related to avian infectious bronchitis virus than to mammalian coronaviruses: a review}, volume={29}, ISSN={["1465-3338"]}, DOI={10.1080/03079450050045459}, abstractNote={Turkey coronavirus (TCoV) is the cause of an acute highly contagious enteric disease of turkeys. In recent years, TCoV has been increasingly recognized in North America as an important pathogen of young turkeys, resulting in economic loss due to impaired growth and poor feed conversion. While the epidemiology and pathogenesis of TCoV have been extensively studied, TCoV remains one of the least characterized of the known coronaviruses. Avian and mammalian coronaviruses have been subdivided into distinct antigenic/genotypic groups; however, classification of TCoV has been controversial. Previous studies indicated that TCoV was closely related to bovine coronavirus and other group 2 mammalian coronaviruses, but more recent antigenic and genome sequence analyses contradict these findings and, instead, provide evidence that TCoV is closely related to avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Additionally, experimental studies have indicated that the host range of TCoV, once thought to be restricted to turkeys, includes chickens. These studies have raised additional questions regarding the classification of TCoV; particularly, whether IBV and TCoV are taxonomically distinct viruses, or whether TCoV is merely a variant of IBV. Sequence analyses of TCoV have given credence to the idea that TCoV is a variant of IBV, as these studies have shown that TCoV and IBV are very closely related. However, these studies have been limited to only three TCoV strains and relatively small portions of the TCoV genome. TCoV is readily distinguished from IBV based on antigenic and biological differences, and these differences suggest that TCoV should be considered a distinct virus species. Additional studies will be needed to better define the relationship between TCoV and IBV, and to resolve this taxonomic question. Based on our current understanding, it seems prudent to consider TCoV and IBV as distinct virus species that share a close phylogenetic relationship and together comprise group 3 of the coronavirus major antigenic groups.}, number={3}, journal={AVIAN PATHOLOGY}, author={Guy, JS}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={207–212} }
 @article{sharp_davis_guy_cullen_steingold_kornegay_1999, title={Hydranencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia in two kittens attributed to intrauterine parvovirus infection}, volume={121}, ISSN={["0021-9975"]}, DOI={10.1053/jcpa.1998.0298}, abstractNote={Six weeks after vaccination with modified live feline parvovirus vaccine, a cat gave birth to five kittens, three of which died soon afterwards. The remaining two kittens (A and B) survived, but at 8 weeks of age were unable to walk and showed abnormal behaviour, with lack of menace and oculovestibular responses, and severe dysmetria. These signs suggested multifocal disease associated with the cerebrum and cerebellum. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated severe bilateral (kitten A) or unilateral (kitten B) hydrocephalus or hydranencephaly, combined with cerebellar agenesis (kitten A) or severe hypoplasia (kitten B). Hydranencephaly was confirmed histopathologically in both kittens. Parvovirus was isolated from the kidney of one kitten. Parvoviral DNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from paraffin wax-embedded brain of both kittens. The severe malformations observed in these kittens presumably resulted from an in-utero parvovirus infection, possibly due to vaccination, that occurred late in the first, or early in the second, trimester of pregnancy.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY}, author={Sharp, NJH and Davis, BJ and Guy, JS and Cullen, JM and Steingold, SF and Kornegay, JN}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={39–53} }
 @article{siopes_davis_barnes_donaldson_scott_guy_1999, title={Lighting Program Does Not Improve the Response of Poults to PEMS Infection}, journal={Turkey World}, author={Siopes, T. and Davis, J. and Barnes, J. and Donaldson, W. and Scott, R. and Guy, J.}, year={1999}, month={May}, pages={24–25} }
 @article{breslin_smith_fuller_guy_1999, title={Sequence analysis of the matrix nucleocapsid gene region of turkey coronavirus}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0300-5526"]}, DOI={10.1159/000024956}, abstractNote={A reverse transcriptase, polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) procedure was used to amplify a segment of the genome of turkey coronavirus (TCV) spanning portions of the matrix and nucleocapsid (MN) protein genes (approximately 1.1 kb). The MN gene region of three epidemiologically distinct TCV strains (Minnesota, NC95, Indiana) was amplified, cloned into pUC19, and sequenced. TCV MN gene sequences were compared with published sequences of other avian and mammalian coronaviruses. A high degree of similarity (>90%) was observed between the nucleotide, matrix protein, and nucleocapsid protein sequences of TCV strains and published sequences of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The matrix and nucleocapsid protein sequences of TCV had limited homology (<30%) with MN sequences of mammalian coronaviruses. These results demonstrate a close genetic relationship between the avian coronaviruses, IBV and TCV.}, number={1}, journal={INTERVIROLOGY}, author={Breslin, JJ and Smith, LG and Fuller, FJ and Guy, JS}, year={1999}, pages={22–29} }
 @article{breslin_smith_fuller_guy_1999, title={Sequence analysis of the turkey coronavirus nucleocapsid protein gene and 3 ' untranslated region identifies the virus as a close relative of infectious bronchitis virus}, volume={65}, ISSN={["0168-1702"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0168-1702(99)00117-3}, abstractNote={The 3' end of the turkey coronavirus (TCV) genome (1740 bases) including the nucleocapsid (N) gene and 3' untranslated region (UTR) were sequenced and compared with published sequences of other avian and mammalian coronaviruses. The deduced sequence of the TCV N protein was determined to be 409 amino acids with a molecular mass of approximately 45 kDa. The TCV N protein was identical in size and had greater than 90% amino acid identity with published N protein sequences of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV); less than 21% identity was observed with N proteins of bovine coronavirus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus. The 3' UTR showed some variation among the three TCV strains examined, with two TCV strains, Minnesota and Indiana, containing 153 base segments which are not present in the NC95 strain. Nucleotide sequence identity between the 3' UTRs of TCV and IBV was greater than 78%. Similarities in both size and sequence of TCV and IBV N proteins and 3' UTRs provide additional evidence that these avian coronaviruses are closely related.}, number={2}, journal={VIRUS RESEARCH}, author={Breslin, JJ and Smith, LG and Fuller, FJ and Guy, JS}, year={1999}, month={Dec}, pages={187–193} }
 @article{mcfarlane_guy_cornish_1998, title={Case presentation: Immunoperoxidase in formalin-fixed tissues to diagnose eastern equine encephalomyelitis}, volume={20}, number={3}, journal={Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian}, author={McFarlane, D. and Guy, J. and Cornish, T. E.}, year={1998}, pages={373–376} }
 @inproceedings{hooper_guy_1998, title={Identification of Turkey Coronavirus in Commercial Turkey Flocks}, booktitle={Proceedings & Technical Supplement of the Roche Turkey Coronavirus Workshop}, author={Hooper, T.A. and Guy, J.S.}, editor={Clark, S.R. and Vaillancourt, J-PEditors}, year={1998}, pages={179–180} }
 @inproceedings{guy_1998, title={New Methods for Diagnosis of Turkey Coronavirus Infections}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 49th North Central Avian Disease Conference and Symposium on Enteric and Emerging Diseases}, author={Guy, J.S.}, year={1998}, pages={8–10} }
 @inproceedings{vaillancourt_carver_barnes_wages_guy_1998, title={Poult Enteritis Mortality Syndome (“Spiking Mortality”) of Turkeys}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 10th Symposium of the Portuguese Branch of the World Poultry Science Association}, author={Vaillancourt, J.P. and Carver, D. and Barnes, J. and Wages, D. and Guy, J.}, year={1998}, pages={28–31} }
 @inproceedings{barnes_guy_1998, place={Davis, CA}, title={Update on Poult Enteritis-Mortality Syndrome}, booktitle={Proceedings of the forty-seventh Western Poultry Disease Conference : March 8-10, 1998, Sacramento, California.}, publisher={Conference & Event Services, University of California}, author={Barnes, H.J. and Guy, J.S.}, year={1998}, pages={39–42} }
 @article{barnes_guy_1998, title={Update on poult enteritis mortality syndrome, 1997}, volume={47}, number={1998}, journal={Proceedings of the ... Western Poultry Disease Conference}, author={Barnes, H. J. and Guy, J. S.}, year={1998}, pages={39–42} }
 @article{guy_1998, title={Virus infections of the gastrointestinal tract of poultry}, volume={77}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.8.1166}, abstractNote={
 Abstract
 
 Several different viruses have been identified as causes of gastrointestinal tract infections in poultry. These include rotaviruses, coronaviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses, and reoviruses. In addition, a number of other viruses of unknown importance have been associated with gastrointestinal diseases in poultry based on electron microscopic examination of feces and intestinal contents. Viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract of poultry are known to negatively impact poultry production, and they likely contribute to the development of other, extragastrointestinal diseases. Our current understanding of the viruses that cause gastrointestinal tract infections in poultry is reviewed, with emphasis given to those of greatest importance.
 
}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Guy, JS}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={1166–1175} }
 @article{guy_barnes_smith_breslin_1997, title={Antigenic characterization of a turkey coronavirus identified in poult enteritis- and mortality syndrome-affected turkeys}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592148}, abstractNote={A turkey coronavirus (TCV [NC95]) was characterized by antigenic comparison with other avian and mammalian coronaviruses using immunofluorescence (FA) and immunoperoxidase (IP) procedures. Based on FA and IP procedures, TCV (NC95) was determined to be antigenically indistinguishable from turkey enteric (bluecomb) coronavirus (TECV). In addition, TCV (NC95) and TECV were found to be closely related to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV); a one-way antigenic relationship was demonstrated. Polyclonal antibodies specific for TECV and IBV reacted strongly against TCV (NC95), as determined by FA procedures. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for IBV matrix protein (MAb 919) reacted strongly against TCV (NC95) and TECV as determined by FA and IP procedures; an IBV peplomer protein-specific MAb (MAb 94) did not recognize the two viruses. These studies suggest an identification of TCV (NC95) as a strain of TECV, and provide evidence of a close antigenic relationship between these viruses and IBV.}, number={3}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Guy, JS and Barnes, HJ and Smith, LG and Breslin, J}, year={1997}, pages={583–590} }
 @inbook{guy_1997, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={10th}, title={Arbovirus Infections}, ISBN={9780813804279}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Iowa State University Press}, author={Guy, James S.}, editor={Calnek, B.W. and Barnes, H.J. and Beard, C.W. and Reid, W.M. and Yoder, H.W.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={765–772} }
 @article{guy_barnes_1997, title={Characterization of an avian adenovirus associated with inclusion body hepatitis in day-old turkeys}, volume={41}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592167}, abstractNote={A group I avian adenovirus isolated from day-old turkeys with inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) was identified as turkey adenovirus serotype 2 (TAV2) based on cross-neutralization assays and DNA restriction endonuclease analyses. Yolk sac inoculation of embryonated turkey eggs resulted in embryo mortality and significantly (P < 0.01) decreased hatchability compared with sham-inoculated controls. Embryo mortality occurred primarily between day 24 of incubation and the time embryos hatched. Focal necrosis was detected in livers of 11/52 virus-inoculated embryos that died postinoculation and 1/27 hatchlings; in three embryos, areas of necrosis contained intranuclear inclusion bodies. These findings identify the IBH isolate as TAV2, incriminate the virus as a potential cause of suboptimal hatchability in turkeys, and provide additional evidence for causal involvement in IBH.}, number={3}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={Guy, JS and Barnes, HJ}, year={1997}, pages={726–731} }
 @article{weigler_guy_nasisse_hancock_sherry_1997, title={Effect of a live attenuated intranasal vaccine on latency and shedding of feline herpesvirus 1 in domestic cats}, volume={142}, ISSN={["0304-8608"]}, DOI={10.1007/s007050050250}, abstractNote={A prospective study was conducted that evaluated duration of virus shedding through acute and experimentally-induced recurrent disease episodes in 12 cats, and tissue distribution of latent infections, following intranasal vaccination with a temperature sensitive (ts) mutant strain of feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV1). Six of these cats were challenged with a virulent field strain of the agent to assess the extent to which vaccination affected subsequent shedding of virus and the establishment of latent infections. Virus isolation (VI) tests were done in parallel with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to compare the performance of each diagnostic method. The PCR confirmed that all 12 cats shed virus throughout the periods of vaccination, challenge or mock-challenge, and a cyclophosphamide-dexamethasone stress protocol to reactivate latent infections. Shedding to the tsFHV1 was documented by VI for up to 25 days following vaccination and for up to 15 days following challenge, but not after experimental stress. Overall, FHV1 was present in 144 of 300 (48%) cat-days of testing by PCR compared to 32 of 300 (11%) by VI. The frequency and distribution of latent FHV1 detected in neurologic, ophthalmic, and other tissues by PCR were identical for vaccine-only and vaccine-challenge groups, thereby disproving previous hypotheses that tsFHV1 mutants administered by this route protect against latency.}, number={12}, journal={ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY}, author={Weigler, BJ and Guy, JS and Nasisse, MP and Hancock, SI and Sherry, B}, year={1997}, pages={2389–2400} }
 @inbook{mcnulty_guy_1997, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={10th}, title={Enterovirus Infections}, ISBN={9780813804279}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Iowa State University Press}, author={McNulty, M.S. and Guy, J.S.}, editor={Calnek, B.W. and Barnes, H.J. and Beard, C.W. and Reid, W.M. and Yoder, H.W.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={706–710} }
 @inbook{bagust_guy_1997, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={10th}, title={Laryngotracheitis}, ISBN={9780813804279}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Iowa State University Press}, author={Bagust, T.M. and Guy, J.S.}, editor={Calnek, B.W. and Barnes, H.J. and Beard, C.W. and Reid, W.M. and Yoder, H.W.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={527–540} }
 @inproceedings{barnes_guy_1997, place={Davis, CA}, title={Pathology of Spiking Mortality of Turkeys}, booktitle={Proceedings of the forty-sixth Western Poultry Disease Conference : March 1-4, 1997, Sacramento, California}, publisher={Conference & Event Services, University of California}, author={Barnes, H.J. and Guy, J.S.}, year={1997}, pages={40–42} }
 @inbook{barnes_guy_1997, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={10th}, title={Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome ("Spiking Mortality") of Turkeys}, ISBN={9780813804279}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Iowa State University Press}, author={Barnes, H.J. and Guy, J.S.}, editor={Calnek, B.W. and Barnes, H.J. and Beard, C.W. and Reid, W.M. and Yoder, H.W.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={1025–1030} }
 @article{guy_barnes_1997, title={Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome ("Spiking Mortality"): An Acute, Transmissible Disease of Unknown Etiology}, volume={20}, journal={Zootecnica International}, author={Guy, J.S. and Barnes, H.J.}, year={1997}, pages={44–47} }
 @article{vaillancourt_barnes_guy_carver_wages_brugère-picoux_1997, title={Syndrome entéritique mortel du dindonneau}, ISSN={2259-2385}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4267/2042/63737}, DOI={10.4267/2042/63737}, abstractNote={“Poult enteritis mortality syndrome”. }, number={3}, journal={Bulletin de l'Académie Vétérinaire de France}, publisher={INIST-CNRS}, author={Vaillancourt, Jean-Pierre and Barnes, John and Guy, James and Carver, Donna and Wages, Dennis and Brugère-Picoux, Jeanne}, year={1997}, pages={243} }
 @inbook{guy_1997, place={Ames, Iowa}, edition={10th}, title={Turkey Viral Hepatitis}, ISBN={9780813804279}, booktitle={Diseases of Poultry}, publisher={Iowa State University Press}, author={Guy, James S.}, editor={Calnek, B.W. and Barnes, H.J. and Beard, C.W. and Reid, W.M. and Yoder, H.W.Editors}, year={1997}, pages={773–776} }
 @inproceedings{weaver_barnes_guy_vaillancourt_samson_1996, title={A Field Study and Evaluation of a Potential Diagnostic Test for Spiking Mortality of Turkeys}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 20th Annual North Carolina Turkey Industry Days Conference}, author={Weaver, T. and Barnes, H.J. and Guy, J.S. and Vaillancourt, J.P. and Samson, S.}, year={1996}, pages={16–21} }
 @misc{guy_1996, title={Book review. B. Ritchie: Avian viruses--function and control}, volume={209}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Guy, James S.}, year={1996}, pages={625} }
 @article{abbas_andreasen_baker_mattson_guy_1996, title={Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus}, volume={40}, ISSN={0005-2086}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1592370}, DOI={10.2307/1592370}, abstractNote={SUMMARY. Nine monoclonal antibodies (MCAs) produced against two different strains of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) were characterized and compared to previously characterized MCA 131-6, produced against a third ILTV strain. In western blotting experiments, MCAs C, E, and 11 resembled MCA 131-6, detecting proteins of 205, 160, 115, and 90 kD as well as several proteins less than 49 kD. The other six MCAs differed from previously described ILTV MCA. MCA D detected a 90-kD protein along with several less than 49 kD. MCAs 4 and 5 each detected proteins of 205, 160, 100, 90, and 70 kD. MCA 9 detected the same proteins detected by MCAs 4 and 5 except the 160-kD protein. MCA 10 detected proteins of 100, 90, and 70 kD and several proteins less than 49 kD. MCAs C, D, and E, like MCA 131-6, failed to react with any ILTV grown in the presence of tunicamycin, suggesting that those MCAs are specific for carbohydrate-based epitopes. MCA 6 reacted with only a 100-kD protein in the presence or absence of tunicamycin. The remaining MCA detected only a 70-kD protein in the presence of tunicamycin except MCA 5, which reacted with proteins of 70 and 90 kD. Only MCA 4 and 6 neutralized ILTV infectivity.}, number={1}, journal={Avian Diseases}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Abbas, Ferhat and Andreasen, James R., join(' ' and Baker, Rocky J. and Mattson, Donald E. and Guy, James S.}, year={1996}, month={Jan}, pages={49} }
 @article{ferket_barnes_guy_edens_1996, title={Managing Enteric Disease Problems: Is Spiking Mortality of Turkeys Something New?}, journal={World Poultry}, author={Ferket, P.R. and Barnes, H.J. and Guy, J.S. and Edens, F.W.}, year={1996}, month={Jun}, pages={24–25} }
 @inproceedings{barnes_guy_brown_edens_1996, title={Poult Enteritis Mortality Syndrome ("Spiking Mortality of Turkeys") and Related Disorders--An Update}, volume={100}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 99th Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association}, author={Barnes, H.J. and Guy, J.S. and Brown, T.P. and Edens, F.W.}, year={1996}, pages={564–575} }
 @inproceedings{guy_barnes_1996, place={Louisville, KY}, title={Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome ("Spiking Mortality"): An Acute, Transmissible Disease of Unknown Etiology}, booktitle={Enteric Disease Control. Symposium of the American Association of Avian Pathologists}, publisher={American Association of Avian Pathologists}, author={Guy, J.S. and Barnes, H.J.}, year={1996}, pages={59–62} }
 @inproceedings{guy_1996, title={Spiking Mortality of Turkeys-- An Acute, Transmissible Enteric Disease of Unknown Etiology}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Pfizer Animal Health Pacesetter Conference}, author={Guy, James S.}, year={1996}, pages={13–17} }
 @article{guy_siopes_barnes_smith_emory_1995, title={EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF EASTERN EQUINE-ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS AND HIGHLANDS-J VIRUS VIA SEMEN OF INFECTED TOM TURKEYS}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1591876}, abstractNote={Tom turkeys were experimentally inoculated with eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus or Highlands J (HJ) virus; semen was examined for presence of virus and ability to transmit infection by artificial insemination. Mild depression and inappetence were observed in tom turkeys inoculated with either EEE virus or HJ virus. Toms were viremic on days 1-2 postinoculation (PI), and virus was shed in semen on days 1-5 PI. Semen collected from EEE-virus-inoculated or HJ-virus-inoculated toms on days 1-2 PI and inseminated into turkey breeder hens transmitted the infection. EEE virus was detected in one of 10 hens after insemination with semen from EEE-virus-inoculated toms, and HJ virus was detected in three of 10 hens after insemination with semen from HJ-virus-inoculated toms. These results indicate that semen is a potential vehicle for transmission of EEE virus and HJ virus.}, number={2}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={GUY, JS and SIOPES, TD and BARNES, HJ and SMITH, LG and EMORY, WH}, year={1995}, pages={337–342} }
 @article{nasisse_english_tompkins_guy_sussman_1995, title={Immunologic, histologic, and virologic features of herpesvirus-induced stromal keratitis in cats}, volume={56}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Nasisse, M.P. and English, R.V. and Tompkins, M.B. and Guy, J.S. and Sussman, W.S.}, year={1995}, pages={51–55} }
 @inproceedings{barnes_guy_1995, title={Spiking Mortality of Turkeys and Related Disorders--An Update}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 19th Annual North Carolina Turkey Industry Days Conference}, author={Barnes, H.J. and Guy, J.S.}, year={1995}, pages={16–21} }
 @inproceedings{barnes_guy_1995, title={Spiking mortality of turkeys and related disorders}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 19th Annual North Carolina Turkey Industry Days Conference}, author={Barnes, H.J. and Guy, J.S.}, year={1995}, pages={1–4} }
 @article{guy_1995, title={The dilemma of laryngotracheitis control: Are modified-live virus vaccines the answer or part of the problem?}, journal={Broiler Industry Magazine}, author={Guy, James S.}, year={1995}, month={Nov}, pages={28–34} }
 @inproceedings{woo-ming_hawk_guy_barnes_1995, title={The role of cryptosporidia in spiking mortality of turkeys}, volume={44}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Western Poultry Disease Conference}, author={Woo-Ming, B. and Hawk, M. and Guy, J. and Barnes, H.J.}, year={1995}, pages={64–68} }
 @inproceedings{guy_1994, title={Current understanding of the laryngotracheitis problem}, booktitle={Symposium on Respiratory Diseases of Chickens and Turkeys}, publisher={American Association of Avian Pathologists}, author={Guy, J.S.}, editor={Hoerr, F.J. and Gelb, J. and Naqi, S.A.Editors}, year={1994}, pages={22–25} }
 @article{guy_barnes_ficken_smith_emory_wages_1994, title={DECREASED EGG-PRODUCTION IN TURKEYS EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS OR HIGHLANDS J-VIRUS}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592080}, abstractNote={Turkey breeder hens were experimentally infected with strains of eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus or Highlands J (HJ) virus previously isolated from turkey hens experiencing decreased egg production. Depression and inappetance were observed on day 1 postexposure (PE) in hens inoculated with either EEE virus or HJ virus, and egg production fell in each virus-inoculated group from approximately 75% to less than 20% within 2-3 days PE. Egg production remained depressed (less than 20%) for 15 days in EEE-virus-inoculated hens and for 7 days in HJ-virus-inoculated hens. EEE virus and HJ virus were recovered from various tissues on days 1-5 PE, and virus was detected in eggs laid on days 2-5 PE. The findings of this study confirm that EEE virus and HJ virus are potential causes of decreased egg production in turkey breeder hens.}, number={3}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={GUY, JS and BARNES, HJ and FICKEN, MD and SMITH, LG and EMORY, WH and WAGES, DP}, year={1994}, pages={563–571} }
 @article{guy_barnes_smith_1994, title={EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION OF YOUNG BROILER-CHICKENS WITH EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS AND HIGHLANDS J-VIRUS}, volume={38}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1592081}, abstractNote={Two-week-old broiler chickens were experimentally infected with either eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus or Highland J (HJ) virus. Mortality rates were 24/30 (80%) in EEE-virus-inoculated chickens and 2/30 (7%) in HJ-virus-inoculated chickens. Chickens inoculated with EEE virus exhibited severe depression and somnolence on days 1-6 postexposure (PE), with 17/30 birds dying during this period. After day 6 PE, EEE-virus-inoculated chickens exhibited abdominal distention, depression, and growth retardation, and an additional seven chickens died. Pathologic changes in EE-virus-inoculated chickens dying on days 1-6 PE consisted of multifocal necrosis in the heart and liver, as well as lymphoid depletion and necrosis in the thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. Ascites, pericardial effusion, and right ventricular dilatation of the heart were the predominant lesions in chickens dying after day 6 PE. No clinical signs were observed in sham-inoculated controls or in most HJ-virus-inoculated chickens. Ascites, pericardial effusion, and multifocal myocardial necrosis were observed in 2/30 HJ-virus-inoculated chickens that died or were euthanatized after development of clinical signs. These findings indicate that both EEE virus and HJ virus are pathogenic for young chickens.}, number={3}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={GUY, JS and BARNES, HJ and SMITH, LG}, year={1994}, pages={572–582} }
 @article{despins_axtell_rives_guy_ficken_1994, title={Transmission of enteric pathogens of turkeys by darkling beetle larva (Alphitobius diaperinus)}, volume={3}, DOI={10.1093/japr/3.1.61}, abstractNote={Abstract Larvae of the darling beetle (lesser mealworm) were exposed to turkey feces from an enteritis-affected flock and determined to contain turkey enterovirus and rotavirus. Growth depression and increased mortality were observed in turkey poults which fed on the exposed larvae. Exposed larvae which had been surface-sterilized also produced clinical signs of enteritis after consumption by the poults, indicating that pathogens were able to survive within the larvae. This experiment demonstrated the capacity of the larva of the darkling beetle to serve as a mechanical vector for enteric pathogens of turkeys.}, journal={Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, author={Despins, J. L. and Axtell, R. C. and Rives, D. V. and Guy, James and Ficken, M. D.}, year={1994}, pages={61–65} }
 @article{guy_1993, title={Alphaviruses identified as causes of disease in North Carolina turkey flocks}, volume={2}, journal={POPMED Forum}, author={Guy, James S.}, year={1993}, pages={1–4} }
 @article{nasisse_guy_stevens_english_davidson_1993, title={Clinical and laboratory findings in chronic conjunctivitis in cats: 91 cases (1983-1991)}, volume={203}, number={6}, journal={Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}, author={Nasisse, M.P. and Guy, J.S. and Stevens, J.B. and English, R.V. and Davidson, M.G.}, year={1993}, month={Sep}, pages={834–837} }
 @article{guy_1993, title={Controlling Laryngotracheitis}, volume={16}, journal={Zootechnica International}, author={Guy, J.S.Controlling Laryngotracheitis}, year={1993}, pages={51–53} }
 @article{guy_ficken_barnes_wages_smith_1993, title={EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION OF YOUNG TURKEYS WITH EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS AND HIGHLANDS J-VIRUS}, volume={37}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1591663}, abstractNote={Depression, somnolence, and increased mortality were observed in 2-week-old turkeys inoculated intramuscularly with either eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus or Highlands J (HJ) virus. Mortality rates in EEE virus- and HJ virus-inoculated turkeys were 7/30 (23%) and 9/30 (27%), respectively; no sham-inoculated controls died. Both EEE virus- and HJ virus-inoculated turkeys developed viremia that lasted 2 days; peak mean titers were 5.5 and 3.2 log10 plaque-forming units per ml of blood, respectively. Pathologic changes in both EEE virus- and HJ virus-inoculated turkeys consisted primarily of multifocal necrosis in the heart, kidney, and pancreas, and lymphoid necrosis and depletion in the thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. The findings indicate that EEE virus and HJ virus are pathogenic for young turkeys.}, number={2}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={GUY, JS and FICKEN, MD and BARNES, HJ and WAGES, DP and SMITH, LG}, year={1993}, pages={389–395} }
 @article{wages_ficken_guy_cummings_jennings_1993, title={Egg-Production Drop in Turkeys Associated with Alphaviruses: Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus and Highlands J Virus}, volume={37}, ISSN={0005-2086}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1591931}, DOI={10.2307/1591931}, abstractNote={Alphaviruses were isolated from tracheas of turkey breeders in two North Carolina flocks experiencing a severe drop in egg production. Highlands J virus was isolated from one of the breeder flocks, in which production decreased by as much as 72.6% in selected houses over a 48-to-96-hour period. Eastern equine encephalitis virus was isolated from the second breeder flock, which experienced an egg-production drop of 44.5%. Clinical signs in both flocks were similar, with inactivity and the egg-production drop being the only clinical signs observed. Eggs from affected breeders were small and white, and a few were soft-shelled. Sera collected from the flocks 2 to 3 weeks after production began dropping confirmed the presence of antibodies to the viruses recovered. In the first flock, egg production failed to return to above 50%, although heat stress may have played a role in production recovery. The second flock was taken out of production and recycled.}, number={4}, journal={Avian Diseases}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Wages, Dennis P. and Ficken, Martin D. and Guy, James S. and Cummings, Tim S. and Jennings, Shannon R.}, year={1993}, month={Oct}, pages={1163} }
 @article{ficken_wages_guy_quinn_emory_1993, title={High Mortality of Domestic Turkeys Associated with Highlands J Virus and Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Infections}, volume={37}, ISSN={0005-2086}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1591693}, DOI={10.2307/1591693}, abstractNote={High mortality occurred in two flocks of commercial turkey hens placed in southern North Carolina in fall 1991. Daily mortality peaked at 3.19% in Flock 1 and 3.79% in Flock 2. Clinical signs included restlessness, somnolence, vocalization, and acute death. Gross lesions included atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen, and watery intestinal contents. Microscopic changes included moderate to marked lymphocyte necrosis and depletion in the bursa, thymus, and spleen, widely scattered necrosis of pancreatic acinar cells, and mild villous atrophy and fusion in the jejunum and ileum with cuboidal to low columnar epithelial cells covering the villous tips. In Flock 1, at 27 days of age, reovirus and picornavirus particles were detected in the feces. One week later, togavirus-like particles were observed in fecal contents, and two of seven serum samples showed seroconversion to Highlands J virus. Eleven days later, five of six serum samples were positive for antibodies against Highlands J virus, with a fourfold increase in the geometric mean titer. In Flock 2, seroconversion to eastern equine encephalitis virus was observed in four of 10 serum samples 11 days after the onset of clinical signs. Based on the above observations, it is suspected that these alphaviruses were the cause of the clinical syndrome.}, number={2}, journal={Avian Diseases}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Ficken, M. D. and Wages, D. P. and Guy, J. S. and Quinn, J. A. and Emory, W. H.}, year={1993}, month={Apr}, pages={585} }
 @article{swayne_ficken_guy_1992, title={Immunohistochemical demonstration of influenza A nucleoprotein in lungs of turkeys with natural and experimental influenza respiratory disease}, volume={21}, ISSN={0307-9457 1465-3338}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079459208418876}, DOI={10.1080/03079459208418876}, abstractNote={Influenza A virus (H1N1) and several bacteria were recovered from lungs of turkey breeder hens during a respiratory disease outbreak. Influenza A nucleoprotein was detected in the pneumonic lung tissue within macrophages and, rarely, in atrial-lining epithelium. Inconsistent recovery of pathogenic bacteria suggested that death in some turkeys resulted from acute primary viral pneumonia. In an experimental study, the gross and histologic lesions confirmed the respiratory pathogenicity of the influenza virus. The presence of intranuclear and intracytoplasmic influenza A nucleoprotein within macrophages and atrial lining epithelium of the lung, respiratory epithelium of the trachea and hypertrophied epithelial cells of the airsacs verified influenza virus replication in the respiratory system. However, the absence of mortality may suggest that secondary factors, such as bacteria, may modify the disease in natural outbreaks.}, number={4}, journal={Avian Pathology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Swayne, D. E. and Ficken, M. D. and Guy, James S.}, year={1992}, month={Dec}, pages={547–557} }
 @article{nasisse_davis_guy_davidson_sussman_1992, title={Isolation of Feline Herpesvirus 1 from the Trigeminal Ganglia of Acutely and Chronically Infected Cats}, volume={6}, ISSN={0891-6640 1939-1676}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1992.tb03159.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1939-1676.1992.tb03159.x}, abstractNote={Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV‐1) is one of the most common viral infections of domestic cats worldwide, estimated to cause 50% of all respiratory infections in this species. Feline herpesvirus 1 is also an important ocular pathogen of cats, causing conjunctivitis, epithelial and stromal keratitis, symblepharon formation, keratocon‐junctivitis sicca, and corneal sequestration. Despite the importance of this viral disease, major questions remain unanswered concerning the pathogenesis of its most important manifestation, the recrudescent infection. Although the taxonomic classification of FHV‐1 as an alpha herpesvirus implies the ability of FHV‐1 to establish neural latency, attempts at recovering the virus from the trigeminal ganglia of latently infected cats have typically yielded negative results. This failure has stimulated speculation that neural tissue is not an important site for latent FHV‐1. However, in the most successful of such studies, FHV‐1 was isolated from the trigeminal ganglia of 3 of 17 cats using an explant technique. In the present study, we describe the successful isolation of FHV‐1 from the trigeminal ganglia of cats using a similar tissue culture method.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Nasisse, Mark P. and Davis, Barbara J. and Guy, James S. and Davidson, Michael G. and Sussman, Wendy}, year={1992}, month={Mar}, pages={102–103} }
 @article{guy_barnes_smith_1992, title={RAPID DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS USING A MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY-BASED IMMUNOPEROXIDASE PROCEDURE}, volume={21}, ISSN={["0307-9457"]}, DOI={10.1080/03079459208418820}, abstractNote={An indirect immunoperoxidase (IP) procedure using monoclonal antibody was developed for detection of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus antigen in frozen tissue sections. This IP procedure was compared with an indirect immunofluorescent antibody (FA) procedure, histo-pathology and virus isolation for detection of ILT virus in tracheas of experimentally infected chickens. Compared with virus isolation, sensitivity and specificity of IP were 72 and 93%, respectively; sensitivity and specificity of FA were 53 and 90%, respectively. Histopathological detection of ILT virus infection was highly specific (98%), but sensitivity was poor (42%). These findings indicate potential usefulness of the IP procedure for ILT diagnosis.}, number={1}, journal={AVIAN PATHOLOGY}, author={GUY, JS and BARNES, HJ and SMITH, LG}, year={1992}, pages={77–86} }
 @article{guy_barnes_smith_1991, title={INCREASED VIRULENCE OF MODIFIED-LIVE INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS VACCINE VIRUS FOLLOWING BIRD-TO-BIRD PASSAGE}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1591188}, abstractNote={Modified-live (ML) infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) vaccine viruses, both tissue-culture-origin (TCO) and chicken-embryo-origin (CEO), were passaged 20 times in specific-pathogen-free chickens. After serial bird-to-bird passage, increased virulence was observed for CEO virus but not TCO virus. Increased mortality and increased severity and duration of respiratory disease were observed in chickens inoculated with chicken-passaged CEO viruses; only mild respiratory disease (no mortality) occurred in chickens inoculated with chicken-passaged TCO viruses. These findings suggest that ML ILT vaccine viruses may increase in virulence after bird-to-bird passage.}, number={2}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={GUY, JS and BARNES, HJ and SMITH, L}, year={1991}, pages={348–355} }
 @article{ficken_nasisse_boggan_guy_wages_witter_rosenberger_nordgren_1991, title={Marek's disease virus isolates with unusual tropism and virulence for ocular tissues: Clinical findings, challenge studies and pathological features}, volume={20}, ISSN={0307-9457 1465-3338}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079459108418784}, DOI={10.1080/03079459108418784}, abstractNote={Outbreaks of Marek's disease (MD) were diagnosed in two flocks from the same company. Clinical signs, mainly blindness (>90%), but also depression, mild paralysis, and 11 to 12% mortality by 20 weeks of age were observed. MD virus, serotype 1 was isolated. The isolates were designated NC-1 (flock 1) and NC-2 (flock 2). Challenge experiments were conducted with these isolates and with two reference MD virus strains (JM/102W and Md5) in unvaccinated, turkey herpesvirus- (HVT) vaccinated and bivalent- (HVT and SB-1) vaccinated chickens. Blindness, gross ocular lesions and tumour formation were observed in a high proportion of all groups challenged with NC-1 and NC-2 when compared with chickens challenged with JM/102W and Md5. In chickens challenged with isolates NC-1 and NC-2, corneal changes included oedema, midstromal cellular infiltration consisting of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and lesser numbers of heterophils, collagen degeneration and keratic precipitates consisting primarily of macrophages covering the central endothelium. Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were present in mononuclear cells infiltrating the cornea. Changes in the uveal tract consisted of inflammatory cell infiltrates similar to those present in the cornea. Retinal lesions included disruption of the retinal pigmented epithelium, inflammatory cell infiltration in the subretinal space, photoreceptor degeneration and in severely affected eyes, necrosis of retinal cellular elements. Pecten changes consisted of necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were abundantly present in cells of the retina's ganglion and inner nuclear cell layers. The unusual clinical manifestation of MD, the unusual tropism and virulence of NC-1 and NC-2 for ocular tissues and the incomplete protection afforded by conventional vaccination suggest that these isolates may be new pathotypes.}, number={3}, journal={Avian Pathology}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Ficken, M. D. and Nasisse, M. P. and Boggan, G. D. and Guy, J. S. and Wages, D. P. and Witter, R. L. and Rosenberger, J. K. and Nordgren, R. M.}, year={1991}, month={Sep}, pages={461–474} }
 @article{guy_barnes_1991, title={PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A TURKEY ENTEROVIRUS-LIKE VIRUS}, volume={35}, ISSN={["1938-4351"]}, DOI={10.2307/1591314}, abstractNote={SUMMARY. Small round viruses, 18 to 24 nm in diameter, were detected by electron microscopy in droppings of young turkeys with enteritis. The virus was propagated in embryonated turkey eggs and tentatively identified as an enterovirus based on size, intracytoplasmic morphogenesis, buoyant density of 1.33 g/ml in CsCl, and a single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 7.5 kb. It was distinguished from avian encephalomyelitis virus by cross-immunofluorescence. These results identify an enterovirus-like virus as a possible etiologic agent of enteric disease of young turkeys. However, its role in this disease remains to be established.}, number={1}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={GUY, JS and BARNES, HJ}, year={1991}, pages={197–203} }
 @article{nasisse_guy_1990, title={Feline ocular disease and the rhinotracheitis virus}, volume={1}, number={2}, journal={Veterinary Medicine Report}, author={Nasisse, M.P. and Guy, J.S.}, year={1990}, pages={155–165} }
 @article{cowen_li_guy_erickson_blanchard_1990, title={Reactivation of latent pseudorabies virus infection in vaccinated commercial sows}, volume={51}, number={3}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Cowen, P. and Li, S. and Guy, J.S. and Erickson, G.A. and Blanchard, D.}, year={1990}, month={Mar}, pages={354–358} }
 @article{guy_barnes_morgan_1990, title={VIRULENCE OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS VIRUSES - COMPARISON OF MODIFIED-LIVE VACCINE VIRUSES AND NORTH-CAROLINA FIELD ISOLATES}, volume={34}, ISSN={["0005-2086"]}, DOI={10.2307/1591340}, abstractNote={Virulence of six modified-live (ML) infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) vaccine viruses was compared with that of 11 field isolates (indistinguishable from vaccine viruses by DNA restriction endonuclease analyses) by intratracheal exposure of 4-week-old, specific-pathogen-free chickens. Virulence of ILT viruses was based on an intratracheal pathogenicity index, mortality, and tracheal lesions. Intratracheal pathogenicity indices for ML vaccine viruses ranged from 0.0 to 0.14, while those for field isolates were 0.20 to 0.82. Mortality was a consistent clinical feature of field isolates; all produced mortality, with seven of the 11 isolates causing two or more deaths per inoculation group. In contrast, only one of six ML vaccine viruses produced mortality (one death per inoculation group). In general, tracheal lesions were more severe in chickens inoculated with field isolates and were produced more consistently than in chickens inoculated with vaccine viruses. These studies indicate that virulence of ILT field isolates was greater than that of ML vaccine viruses. Together with previous restriction endonuclease analyses, these findings suggest the possibility that field isolates originated from ML vaccine viruses through reversion to parental-type virulence.}, number={1}, journal={AVIAN DISEASES}, author={GUY, JS and BARNES, HJ and MORGAN, LM}, year={1990}, pages={106–113} }
 @article{ficken_guy_gonder_1989, title={An Outbreak of Influenza (H1N1) in Turkey Breeder Hens}, volume={33}, ISSN={0005-2086}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1590860}, DOI={10.2307/1590860}, abstractNote={Outbreaks of influenza were diagnosed in two turkey breeder flocks on the same premises in eastern North Carolina during the "dark-out" period of recycling for a second lay. Clinical history included increased mortality from acute death with no apparent predisposing illness. Mortality attributed to the disease was 4.5% in one flock and 3.3% in the other. Necropsy findings included severe diffuse congestion and edema of both lungs, with little or no pleural exudate. Spleens were moderately to markedly enlarged and mottled, and kidneys were swollen and congested. Microscopic lesions included moderate to severe serofibrinous pneumonia with severe pulmonary congestion. Splenic changes included fibrin deposition and severe congestion, and severe congestion was noted in kidneys. Influenza virus (H1N1) was isolated from pools of tissues including lung, spleen, liver, and kidney, and both flocks seroconverted to influenza (H1N1) virus.}, number={2}, journal={Avian Diseases}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Ficken, M. D. and Guy, J. S. and Gonder, E.}, year={1989}, month={Apr}, pages={370} }
 @article{shih_pyrzak_guy_1989, title={Discovery of Noninfectious Viral Genes Complementary to Marek's Disease Herpes Virus in Quail Susceptible to Cholesterol-Induced Atherosclerosis}, volume={119}, ISSN={0022-3166 1541-6100}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/119.2.294}, DOI={10.1093/jn/119.2.294}, abstractNote={Japanese quail genetically selected on the basis of atherosclerosis susceptibility were tested for infection by Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDV). Viral DNA was detected in the atherosclerotic aortas of susceptible (SUS) quail by the technique of DNA hybridization. Southern blot analysis demonstrated that restriction mapping of aortic DNA was specific and different from that of MDV. Screening of quail embryos by dot-blot hybridization detected that MDV DNA existed in 100% of SUS quail tested. Resistant (RES) quail were a mixed population, with 16% of embryos resembling the SUS group. Functional MDV was not found by a number of methods including virus isolation, serological test, and exposure of sentinel chicks to SUS quail. These results suggest that the SUS quail possess a portion of the MDV genome in the germline, and the viral genes have been coselected by their susceptibility to cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis.}, number={2}, journal={The Journal of Nutrition}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Shih, Jason C. H. and Pyrzak, Roman and Guy, James S.}, year={1989}, month={Feb}, pages={294–298} }
 @article{corbett_guy_lieuw-a-joe_hunter_grindem_levy_cullen_vaz_1989, title={Epidemiologic survey of bovine disease in Suriname}, volume={23}, number={4}, journal={Bulletin of Pan American Health Organization}, author={Corbett, W.T. and Guy, J. and Lieuw-A-Joe, R. and Hunter, L. and Grindem, C. and Levy, M. and Cullen, J. and Vaz, V.}, year={1989}, pages={424–430} }
 @article{nasisse_guy_davidson_sussman_fairley_1989, title={Experimental ocular herpesvirus infection in the cat: Sites of virus replication, clinical features and effects of corticosteroid administration}, volume={30}, journal={Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science}, author={Nasisse, M.P. and Guy, J.S. and Davidson, M.G. and Sussman, W.A. and Fairley, N.}, year={1989}, month={Aug}, pages={1758–1768} }
 @article{nasisse_guy_davidson_sussman_de clercq_1989, title={In vitro susceptibility of feline herpesvirus-1 to vidarabine, idoxuridine, trifluridine, acyclovir, or bromovinyldeoxyuridine}, volume={50}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Nasisse, M.P. and Guy, J.S. and Davidson, M.G. and Sussman, W. and De Clercq, E.}, year={1989}, month={Jan}, pages={158–160} }
 @article{guy_barnes_munger_rose_1989, title={Restriction Endonuclease Analysis of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Viruses: Comparison of Modified-Live Vaccine Viruses and North Carolina Field Isolates}, volume={33}, ISSN={0005-2086}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1590850}, DOI={10.2307/1590850}, abstractNote={Six modified-live (ML) infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) vaccine viruses, three reference strains, and 18 field isolates were compared by restriction endonuclease analysis of their DNA. Viral DNA digestion patterns were established for vaccine viruses using restriction endonucleases PstI, BamHI, KpnI, and HindIII. Using these enzymes, five of six ML vaccine viruses had identical restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns. Vaccine viruses had distinct patterns compared with ILT virus reference strains Illinois-N71851, Cover, and NVSL. Restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of 18 field isolates of ILT virus, obtained from ILT outbreaks in North Carolina, were indistinguishable from vaccine viruses. These results suggest a possible role of vaccine or vaccine-like viruses in recent ILT outbreaks.}, number={2}, journal={Avian Diseases}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Guy, James S. and Barnes, H. John and Munger, Laddie L. and Rose, Larry}, year={1989}, month={Apr}, pages={316} }
 @inproceedings{guy_1989, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={Understanding laryngotracheitis}, booktitle={Proceedings of the N.C. State University Poultry Supervisor's Short Course}, publisher={N.C. State University Extension and Continuing Education}, author={Guy, J.S.}, year={1989}, pages={42–46} }
 @article{guy_schaeffer_barnes_1988, title={Inclusion body hepatitis in one‐day‐old turkeys}, volume={32}, number={3}, journal={Avian Diseases}, author={Guy, James S. and Schaeffer, J. and Barnes, H.J.}, year={1988}, month={Jul}, pages={587–590} }
 @article{guy_levy_ley_barnes_gerig_1988, title={Interaction of Reovirus and Cryptosporidium baileyi in Experimentally Infected Chickens}, volume={32}, ISSN={0005-2086}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1590901}, DOI={10.2307/1590901}, abstractNote={No clinical signs, gross lesions, or increased mortality were observed in specific-pathogen-free chickens orally inoculated at 5 days of age with Cryptosporidium baileyi, reovirus 2035, reovirus 2408, or combinations of these agents. Weight gain of chickens inoculated with only reovirus 2408 was depressed 0-8 days postinoculation (PI) (P less than 0.01) but not for the 21-day period PI. Weight gain of chickens inoculated with only reovirus 2035 was not affected. Cryptosporidium baileyi infection significantly depressed weight gain 8-14 days PI but not for the entire 21-day period PI. Weight gain of chickens infected with both C. baileyi and reovirus 2035 was significantly depressed 0-14 days PI and for the entire 21-day period PI. Dual infection with C. baileyi and either reovirus appeared to promote shedding of both agents. Cryptosporidia were found principally in the rectum 2-10 days PI and in the bursa of Fabricius 6-10 days PI. Reovirus infection did not cause any microscopic lesions and did not modify lesions caused by C. baileyi infection.}, number={3}, journal={Avian Diseases}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Guy, James S. and Levy, Michael G. and Ley, David H. and Barnes, H. John and Gerig, Thomas M.}, year={1988}, month={Jul}, pages={381} }
 @article{bermudez_ley_levy_ficken_guy_gerig_1988, title={Intestinal and Bursal Cryptosporidiosis in Turkeys Following Inoculation with Cryptosporidium sp. Isolated from Commercial Poults}, volume={32}, ISSN={0005-2086}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1590910}, DOI={10.2307/1590910}, abstractNote={Cryptosporidium meleagridis oocysts, originally isolated from droppings of commercial turkey poults with increased mortality due to viral (reovirus) hepatitis and enteritis, were treated with peracetic acid to kill companion bacteria and viruses and then propagated by passage in young turkeys. Thirty-eight 5-day-old large white turkey poults were inoculated by crop gavage with 500,000 cryptosporidial oocysts and compared with 40 uninoculated poults. Cryptosporidial oocysts shedding began 3 days postinoculation (PI), peaked on day 4 PI, and persisted at a low level for the duration of the 21-day trial. Low to moderate cryptosporidial infections of the ileal mucosa (days 3, 6, and 15 PI), cecal mucosa (days 3, 6, and 21 PI), and bursa of Fabricius (days 6, 12, 15 and 21 PI) were found on histopathological examination. There were no differences in mean body weights between the inoculated and uninoculated groups, and no mortality or clinical signs of disease were seen in either group.}, number={3}, journal={Avian Diseases}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Bermudez, Alex J. and Ley, David H. and Levy, Michael G. and Ficken, Martin D. and Guy, James S. and Gerig, Thomas M.}, year={1988}, month={Jul}, pages={445} }
 @inproceedings{ley_guy_levy_bermudez_barnes_gerig_1987, title={Avian cryptosporidiosis ‐ An update}, volume={36}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Western Poultry Disease Conference}, author={Ley, D.H. and Guy, J.S. and Levy, M.G. and Bermudez, A. and Barnes, H.J. and Gerig, T.M.}, year={1987}, pages={49–50} }
 @article{guy_levy_ley_barnes_gerig_1987, title={Experimental Reproduction of Enteritis in Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus) with Cryptosporidium and Reovirus}, volume={31}, ISSN={0005-2086}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1591021}, DOI={10.2307/1591021}, abstractNote={Five-day-old bobwhite quails were inoculated with reovirus and Cryptosporidium previously isolated from the intestinal contents of young, commercially raised bobwhite quails experiencing severe enteritis. Quails inoculated with reovirus alone did not develop clinically apparent disease, infection was localized principally in the intestinal tract, and no lesions were detected. Quails inoculated with Cryptosporidium, alone or with reovirus, developed severe enteritis with high mortality and marked growth depression. Cryptosporidia caused blunting of intestinal villi and provoked a mononuclear cell response in the lamina propria. The severity of intestinal lesions correlated with numbers of parasites. An apparent synergistic effect in dually infected quails was indicated by enhanced Cryptosporidium oocyst shedding, greater numbers of cryptosporidia in the intestinal tracts, and systemic reovirus infection. In addition, multifocal liver necrosis was detected in dually infected quails but was absent in quails infected with only reovirus or Cryptosporidium. The results suggest that Cryptosporidium promoted systemic spread of reovirus, and reovirus intensified Cryptosporidium infection, but no significant synergistic effect on mortality or weight gain was detected. The most important agent in the naturally occurring acute enteritis of bobwhite quails was Cryptosporidium.}, number={4}, journal={Avian Diseases}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Guy, James S. and Levy, Michael G. and Ley, David H. and Barnes, H. John and Gerig, Thomas M.}, year={1987}, month={Oct}, pages={713} }
 @article{guy_1986, title={Diagnosis of Canine Viral Infections}, volume={16}, ISSN={0195-5616}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50133-9}, DOI={10.1016/s0195-5616(86)50133-9}, abstractNote={Canine viral infections may be tentatively diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs, hematologic findings, and/or gross pathology; however, definitive diagnosis generally requires laboratory assistance. Laboratory diagnosis of these infections relies on one or more of the following procedures: histopathology, virus isolation, serology, and the detection of virus, or viral antigens, using electron microscopy, fluorescent antibody techniques, immunoperoxidase techniques, and enzyme immunosorbent assays.}, number={6}, journal={Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Guy, James S.}, year={1986}, month={Nov}, pages={1145–1156} }
 @inbook{ley_guy_levy_barnes_gerig_1986, title={Experimental production of enteritis in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) with Cryptosporidium and reovirus}, volume={35}, booktitle={Proceedings of the Western Poultry Disease Conference}, author={Ley, D.H. and Guy, J.S. and Levy, M.G. and Barnes, H.J. and Gerig, T.M.}, year={1986}, pages={107–109} }
 @article{ritter_ley_levy_guy_barnes_1986, title={Intestinal Cryptosporidiosis and Reovirus Isolation from Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus) with Enteritis}, volume={30}, ISSN={0005-2086}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1590430}, DOI={10.2307/1590430}, abstractNote={An acute enteric disease of young pen-raised bobwhite quails was studied. Affected quails had white, watery diarrhea accompanied by dehydration and subsequent death. Mortality from hatch to 17 days of age ranged from 30 to 45% in the three flocks examined. Small intestines were thin-walled and distended with fluid and gas. Microscopic lesions in the intestinal tract consisted of villus atrophy, villus fusion, and sloughing of cells at the tip of the villi in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Cryptosporidium sp. and reovirus were identified in affected quails.}, number={3}, journal={Avian Diseases}, publisher={JSTOR}, author={Ritter, G. Donald and Ley, D. H. and Levy, M. and Guy, J. and Barnes, H. John}, year={1986}, month={Jul}, pages={603} }
 @book{corbett_cullen_levy_guy_berkhoff_hammerberg_grindem_1986, place={Washington, D.C.}, title={Pan American Health Organization Publication}, volume={27}, number={VPH 85}, institution={Pan American Health Organization}, author={Corbett, W.T. and Cullen, J. and Levy, M. and Guy, J. and Berkhoff, H. and Hammerberg, B. and Grindem, C.}, year={1986}, pages={1–64} }
 @article{guy_potgieter_1985, title={Bovine herpesvirus‐1 infection of cattle: Kinetics of antibody formation after intranasal exposure and abortion induced by the virus}, volume={46}, number={4}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Guy, James S. and Potgieter, Leon N.D.}, year={1985}, month={Apr}, pages={893–898} }
 @article{potgieter_mccracken_hopkins_guy_1985, title={Comparison of the pneumopathogenicity of two strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus}, volume={46}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Potgieter, L.N.D. and McCracken, M.D. and Hopkins, F.M. and Guy, J.S.}, year={1985}, month={Jan}, pages={151–153} }
 @article{guy_potgieter_1985, title={Kinetics of antibody formation after the reactivation of bovine herpesvirus‐1 infection in cattle}, volume={46}, number={4}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Guy, James S. and Potgieter, Leon N.D.}, year={1985}, month={Apr}, pages={899–901} }
 @article{potgieter_mccracken_hopkins_walker_guy_1984, title={Experimental production of bovine respiratory tract disease with bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) virus}, volume={45}, number={8}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Potgieter, Leon N.D. and McCracken, Malcolm D. and Hopkins, Fred M. and Walker, Robert D. and Guy, James S.}, year={1984}, month={Aug}, pages={1582–1585} }
 @article{guy_potgieter_mccracken_martin_1984, title={Isolation of bovine herpesvirus 1 from vesicular lesions of the bovine udder}, volume={45}, number={4}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Guy, James S. and Potgieter, Leon N.D. and McCracken, Malcolm and Martin, William}, year={1984}, month={Apr}, pages={783–785} }
 @article{potgieter_mccracken_hopkins_walker_guy_1984, title={Use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in experimental production of bovine respiratory tract disease}, volume={45}, number={5}, journal={American Journal of Veterinary Research}, author={Potgieter, Leon N.D. and McCracken, Malcolm D. and Hopkins, Fred M. and Walker, Robert D. and Guy, James S.}, year={1984}, month={May}, pages={1015–1019} }
 @article{brian_dennis_guy_1980, title={Genome of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus}, volume={34}, DOI={10.1128/jvi.34.2.410-415.1980}, abstractNote={The Purdue strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus, a porcine coronavirus, was grown to titers of greater than 10(8) PFU/ml in a swine testicle cell line, and the RNA was isotopically labeled with [3H]uridine. The RNA was extracted from purified virus and was found to have the following properties. (i) It consisted primarily of a homogeneous large-molecular-weight species which electrophoretically migrated with an apparent molecular weight of 6.8 X 10(6) under denaturing conditions. (ii) It migrated electrophoretically at the same rate on nondenaturing gels before and after heat denaturation, suggesting that it does not consist of subunits. (iii) It was susceptible to pancreatic RNase A digestion in high (0.3 M) NaCl. (iv) It was polyadenylated to the extent that greater than 60% of the native RNA bound to oligodeoxythymidilic acid-cellulose under conditions of high (0.5 M) NaCl. RNA extracted from virions was infectious. This coronavirus can therefore be characterized as a positive-strand RNA virus.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Virology}, author={Brian, David A. and Dennis, Douglas E. and Guy, James S.}, year={1980}, month={May}, pages={410–415} }
 @article{guy_brian_1979, title={Bovine coronavirus genome}, volume={29}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Virology}, author={Guy, James S. and Brian, David A.}, year={1979}, pages={293–300} }
 @inbook{guy_brian_1978, place={Saskatoon, Saskatchewan}, title={Bovine Coronavirus RNA}, booktitle={Proc Int Symp on Neonatal Diarrhea}, publisher={University of Saskatchewan}, author={Guy, James S. and Brian, David A.}, year={1978}, pages={30–32} }