@article{zhang_strenkowski_2018, title={An Eulerian Orthogonal Cutting Model for Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Polymers}, volume={140}, ISSN={["1528-8935"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.4038612}, abstractNote={An Eulerian model is described that simulates orthogonal cutting of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. The continuous finite element method (FEM) and the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method are combined to solve the governing equations. A progressive damage model is implemented to predict subsurface damage in the composite. A correction factor that accounts for fiber curvature is included in the model that incorporates the influence of fiber bending. It was found that fiber orientation has a dominant influence on both the cutting forces and subsurface damage. Good agreement was found between predicted cutting forces and subsurface damage and published experimental observations.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={Zhang, Shengqi and Strenkowski, John S.}, year={2018}, month={Feb} }
 @article{yan_strenkowski_2006, title={A finite element analysis of orthogonal rubber cutting}, volume={174}, ISSN={["1097-6787"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.02.265}, abstractNote={Abstract An explicit plane strain FE model using ABAQUS/Explicit was developed to analyze rubber cutting using high-speed steel (HSS) tools. The initial and deformed meshes, as the cutting reaches steady state condition, are first described. The neo-Hookean constitutive model for the hyperelastic material considering the effective stress failure criterion is then introduced. The advantages of applying explicit method on the simulation of rubber cutting process over its implicit counterpart are discussed. The model was used to predict cutting forces, chip shape, stress and strain fields, and strain energy distribution in the chip and workpiece. Orthogonal cutting experiments were conducted for several rake angles and feeds to validate the FE model. Good agreement was found between the predicted and measured cutting forces. Favorable cutting conditions for formation of a smooth machined surface were identified by both simulations and experiments. The finite element model provides new insight into the chip formation process of rubber cutting.}, number={1-3}, journal={JOURNAL OF MATERIALS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY}, author={Yan, Jun and Strenkowski, John S.}, year={2006}, month={May}, pages={102–108} }
 @article{strenkowski_hsieh_shih_2004, title={An analytical finite element technique for predicting thrust force and torque in drilling}, volume={44}, ISSN={["1879-2170"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2004.01.005}, abstractNote={An analytical finite element technique was developed for predicting the thrust force and torque in drilling with twist drills. The approach was based on representing the cutting forces along the cutting lips as a series of oblique sections. Similarly, cutting in the chisel region was treated as orthogonal cutting with different cutting speeds depending on the radial location. For each section, an Eulerian finite element model was used to simulate the cutting forces. The section forces were combined to determine the overall thrust force and drilling torque. Good agreement between the predicted and measured forces and torques was found in orthogonal and oblique cutting and in drilling tests. The drilling tests were performed on AISI 1020 for several drill diameters, spindle speeds, and feed rates. An extension of the technique for predicting drill temperatures has also been described.}, number={12-13}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MACHINE TOOLS & MANUFACTURE}, author={Strenkowski, JS and Hsieh, CC and Shih, A}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={1413–1421} }
 @article{shih_luo_lewis_strenkowski_2004, title={Chip morphology and forces in end milling of elastomers}, volume={126}, ISSN={["1528-8935"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.1633276}, abstractNote={This paper describes chip morphology and forces in end milling of elastomers. A classification system that identifies elastomer chips based on their size and morphology is described. Optical pictures and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs were used to examine and classify chips. A four-step examination procedure is developed to specify seven types of chips. Serrated chip formation with apparent adiabatic shear bands was observed for one end milling condition. The low thermal conductivity of elastomer is a possible cause for the observed shear band formation. Another type of serrated chip was found with surface wavy marks due to vibration of the workpiece. End milling force components were also recorded and analyzed. It was found that end milling of solid carbon dioxide cooled elastomers generated higher forces than the room temperature workpiece. A correlation of the maximum uncut chip thickness on averaged peak cutting force components is identified for different spindle speeds. This has indicated the potential for modeling elastomer machining processes.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={Shih, AJ and Luo, J and Lewis, MA and Strenkowski, JS}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={124–130} }
 @article{shih_lewis_strenkowski_2004, title={End milling of elastomers - Fixture design and tool effectiveness for material removal}, volume={126}, ISSN={["1528-8935"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.1616951}, abstractNote={This paper describes the machining of elastomers using sharp, woodworking tools and the machining of cryogenically cooled elastomers. Due to the lack of information on tool selection for elastomer machining, a set of thirteen tools that cover different sizes and tool geometries and materials was used in this study. Fixture design was found to be critical in machining of elastomers because of its relatively low elastic modulus. The cutting force created during machining can generate significant deformations in the elastomer workpiece. The finite element technique is used to analyze the structural stiffness of the elastomer workpiece under different geometric configurations. The effective stiffness is defined to quantify and compare the stiffness of elastomer workpiece machined by different tool sizes. The cleanliness of the groove machined by end milling is investigated. Use of some down-cut end-milling tools effectively removed the elastomer material at room temperature and generated a clean groove. The tool configuration and part fixturing are identified as the two most important variables that affect the cleanliness of machined grooves. Cooling the elastomer workpiece by solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) to about −78.6°C improved the machined surface finish.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={Shih, AJ and Lewis, MA and Strenkowski, JS}, year={2004}, month={Feb}, pages={115–123} }
 @article{strenkowski_shih_lin_2002, title={An analytical finite element model for predicting three-dimensional tool forces and chip flow}, volume={42}, ISSN={["1879-2170"]}, DOI={10.1016/S0890-6955(01)00162-6}, abstractNote={A model of three-dimensional cutting is developed for predicting tool forces and the chip flow angle. The approach consists of coupling an orthogonal finite element cutting model with an analytical model of three-dimensional cutting. The finite element model is based on an Eulerian approach, which gives excellent agreement with measured tool forces and chip geometries. The analytical model was developed by Usui et al. [ASME J. Engng Indust. 100(1978) 222; 229], in which a minimum energy approach was used to determine the chip flow direction. The model developed by Usui required orthogonal cutting test data to determine the tool forces and chip flow angle. In this paper, a finite element model is used to supply the orthogonal cutting data for Usui's model. With this approach, a predictive model of three-dimensional cutting can be developed that does not require measured data as input. Cutting experiments are described in which good agreement was found between measured and predicted tool forces and chip flow angles for machining of AISI 1020 steel.}, number={6}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MACHINE TOOLS & MANUFACTURE}, author={Strenkowski, JS and Shih, AJ and Lin, JC}, year={2002}, month={May}, pages={723–731} }
 @article{athavale_strenkowski_1998, title={Finite element modeling of machining: From proof-of-concept to engineering applications}, volume={2}, ISSN={["1532-2483"]}, DOI={10.1080/10940349808945674}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT For the past fifty years researchers have developed various machining models to improve cutting performance. Several approaches have been taken including analytical techniques, slipline field solutions, empirical approaches and finite element techniques. Of these, the finite element approach provides the most detailed information on chip formation and chip interaction with the cutting tool. Finite element models have been developed for calculating the stress, strain, strain-rate, and temperature distributions in both the chip and the workpiece. In addition, tool temperatures, machining forces and cutting power requirements can be determined. This information is extremely, useful for developing more fundamental understanding of complex machining problems. This paper presents a critique of finite element approaches used for simulating machining processes. Several applications of the finite element technique for simulating various machining problems are also reviewed. A new application for determining diffusion wear rates in cutting tools is described, and future directions for finite element modeling of machining processes are discussed.}, number={2}, journal={MACHINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Athavale, SM and Strenkowski, JS}, year={1998}, pages={317–342} }
 @article{athavale_strenkowski_1997, title={Material damage-based model for predicting chip-breakability}, volume={119}, ISSN={["1087-1357"]}, DOI={10.1115/1.2836808}, abstractNote={A model for predicting the chip breakability potential of groove and obstruction-type tools is described. The potential for a tool to break chips is evaluated in terms of the chip geometry and the damage sustained by the chip as it is formed in the shear zone. The chip geometry is characterized by its thickness-to-radius ratio, and the material damage is evaluated in terms of a normalized accumulated damage factor that is based on a hole growth and coalescence model. The chip thickness-to-radius ratio and the normalized accumulated damage factor are evaluated using a finite element cutting model. A total of 210 cutting tests were conducted to verify the model. Different tools including flat, obstruction, and groove, were tested for cutting of AISI 1020 steel and SS 304 steel. Each of these tool geometries exhibited significantly different chip thickness-to-radius ratios and normalized accumulated damage. Threshold criteria for breaking chips were determined for AISI 1020 and SS 304. For difficult-to-break materials such as stainless, a lower normalized accumulated damage was needed and a higher chip thickness-to-radius ratio was required to break chips. Although the model presented in the paper was developed for orthogonal cutting, it can be readily extended to three dimensional machining processes. Using this approach, a new tool design can be evaluated for its chip breakability potential with much less reliance on prototype building and testing.}, number={4B}, journal={JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME}, author={Athavale, SM and Strenkowski, JS}, year={1997}, month={Nov}, pages={675–680} }