@article{joardar_livingston_edens_nusairat_qudsieh_livingston_brake_2020, title={Effect of Limestone Particle Size and Potassium Supplementation on Growth Performance, Blood Physiology, and Breast Muscle Myopathy of Male Broiler Chickens}, volume={7}, ISSN={["2297-1769"]}, DOI={10.3389/fvets.2020.603284}, abstractNote={The experiment investigated the effects of limestone particle size and dietary potassium (K) on live performance, blood physiology, and muscle myopathies in broilers raised to 35 days of age. A total of 384 Ross male broilers were placed in 24 floor pens and fed four diets during the starter (0–16 days of age) and grower (17–33 days of age) periods containing two limestone particle sizes (fine: 0.2 mm and coarse: 0.9 mm), and amended with either 0% basal K (K–) or 0.2% added dietary K (K+) as potassium carbonate to complete the 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Live performance was measured from 1–33 days of age. Blood physiology, woody breast (WB), and white striping (WS) scores were measured at 35 days of age. The K+ dietary treatment reduced (P< 0.05) feed intake and BWG when compared to K– during the starter and grower period. The K+ dietary treatment decreased blood Na (mmol/L), blood glucose (mg/dl), ionized blood Ca (mg/dl), TCO2(mmol/L), blood HCO3(mmol/L), and base excess in extracellular fluid (mmol/L) when compared to K– birds of similar body weight at 35 days of age (P≤ 0.05). Fine limestone diets tended to reduce WB scores (3.0 vs. 2.59) when compared to coarse limestone diets at 35 days of age (P= 0.08). This study demonstrated that using 0.2% of K as potassium carbonate did not negatively affect FCR even though FI and BWG were reduced. Furthermore, fine limestone has the potential to reduce WB in breast muscle tissues; however, further research is needed to confirm these outcomes.}, journal={FRONTIERS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Joardar, Dinabandhu and Livingston, Kimberly A. and Edens, Frank W. and Nusairat, Basheer and Qudsieh, Rasha and Livingston, Matthew L. and Brake, John}, year={2020}, month={Dec} }
 @article{arguelles-ramos_nusairat_qudsieh_brake_2020, title={Effects of Phytase Inclusion in Broiler Breeder Diets During Early Lay on their Fecal and Egg Characteristics}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1806-9061"]}, DOI={10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0890}, abstractNote={25/March/2019 Approved: 23/December/2019 ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects of phytase inclusion in broiler breeder diets on fecal and egg characteristics. A total of 48 female broiler breeders were evaluated in this study from 21 to 31 weeks of age. The dietary treatments were fed from 30 to 31 wks of age, and included a Positive Control (PosCon) diet, containing 3.0% calcium and 0.50% available phosphorus (AvP); a Negative Control (NegCon) diet, with 3.0% calcium and 0.25% AvP; Negative Control diet + 275 FTU/kg phytase (NegCon+275), and Negative control diet + 550 FTU/kg phytase (NegCon+550). Egg, yolk, albumin, and eggshell weight, albumin height, and eggshell thickness were measured. Fecal parameters included fecal moisture, liquid portion, and mineral content. After 14 d on the experimental diets during the onset of lay, the NegCon+550 diet increased ( p <0.01) fecal moisture content. In general, hens fed the highest enzyme level (NegCon+550) excreted fewer ( p <0.05) divalent and trivalent cations, which included Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn. Fecal Na and K levels were not affected by dietary treatments. The NegCon+550 diet increased fecal P when compared with the NegCon and the NegCon+275 diets. The NegCon+550 and PosCon diets exhibited similar fecal P. No significant effects on egg characteristics were observed. It was concluded that during early lay, various signs of fecal changes would probably be observed at phytase dosages above approximately 500 FTU/kg characterized by increased fecal moisture content and excretion of P}, number={1}, journal={BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Arguelles-Ramos, M. and Nusairat, B. and Qudsieh, R. and Brake, J.}, year={2020} }
 @article{pope_brake_fahrenholz_2020, title={Parameters monitored during the pelleting process and their relationship to xylanase activity loss}, volume={259}, ISSN={["1873-2216"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114344}, abstractNote={Exogenous enzymes have been regularly used in broiler diets to improve the value of raw ingredients by enhancing their digestibility. Broiler feed has also been most commonly pelleted, which has exposed mixer-added exogenous enzymes to pressure and heat. These conditions have often resulted in mixer-added exogenous enzyme denaturation and inactivation. The present experiment was intended to define the relationship between parameters monitored during the pelleting process, such as change in temperature between hot pellets and conditioned mash (ΔT), pellet durability index (PDI), and pellet mill energy consumption (PMEC) and the stability of a mixer-added xylanase throughout the pelleting process. To generate a range in values for ΔT, PDI, and PMEC, diets were pelleted with varying concentrations of fat and degrees of saturation of fat through two pellet mill dies with varying length-to-diameter ratios at a constant temperature of 82 °C. It was determined that as ΔT, PDI, and PMEC increased, xylanase recovery in pellets relative to unconditioned and conditioned mash decreased (P = 0.001). When select parameters monitored during the pelleting process were combined with select controlled factors, a multiple regression model was generated (P = 0.001; R2 = 0.84). These data indicated that practices implemented to improve PDI may negatively affect the stability of heat sensitive mixer-added exogenous enzymes during the pelleting process and that predictive models could be generated to better predict the impact of implementing feed manufacturing practices to improve pellet durability on enzyme thermostability.}, journal={ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Pope, J. T. and Brake, J. and Fahrenholz, A. C.}, year={2020}, month={Jan} }
 @article{walker_suyemoto_borst_brake_2020, title={Research Note: Repetitive element-based polymerase chain reaction genotyping improves efficiency of Salmonella surveillance in a model broiler production system}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.048}, abstractNote={The genetic relatedness and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Salmonella isolated from poultry and their environment were determined. One broiler breeder flock (BBF1) and 2 broiler flocks (BF1 and BF2) were reared over a 1.75-year period on the same poultry research farm. Hatching eggs were obtained from BBF1 to produce BF1 chicks, while BF2 chicks were progeny of a separate, unsampled broiler breeder flock. BF1 and BF2 were reared in the same housing facilities but 6 mo apart. Salmonella isolates were collected via litter sock sampling (BF1), cecal excision (BF1 and BF2), or cloacal swabs (BBF1). Serotyping identified Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Altona (SA) in BBF1 and S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Senftenberg (SS) in BF1 and BF2. Genotypic fingerprinting was achieved with Rep-PCR using the (GTG)5 primer and revealed sequence homology among Senftenberg isolates from BF1 and BF2. For each isolate, the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined for 27 antimicrobial agents using Sensititre plates with formularies specific to antimicrobials used in poultry production or those used to control gram negative pathogens. Isolates from the 3 flocks were resistant to clindamycin, erythromycin, novobiocin, penicillin, and tylosin tartrate and demonstrated intermediate resistance to azithromycin, florfenicol, and spectinomycin. These data demonstrated that serovar Altona and Senftenberg were harbored by poultry, the latter appeared to persist in broiler flocks, and both serotypes shared similar patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility in an integrated research operation. In the case of multiple Salmonella isolates, combining genotypic fingerprinting methods with serotyping of representative isolates would reduce the number of samples required for serotyping and more clearly identify relatedness of isolates. These methods facilitate effective surveillance in poultry production systems, thus allowing for implementation of precise Salmonella control measures.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Walker, G. K. and Suyemoto, M. M. and Borst, L. B. and Brake, J.}, year={2020}, month={May}, pages={2684–2689} }
 @misc{arguelles-ramos_brake_2020, title={The Effects of Sodium Chloride versus Sodium Bicarbonate at the Same Dietary Sodium Concentration on Efficacy of Dietary Phytase and a Carbohydrase-Protease Cocktail in Broilers}, volume={22}, ISSN={["1806-9061"]}, DOI={10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1192}, abstractNote={28/November/2019 Approved: 07/April/2020 ABSTRACT A trial was conducted to determine the effect of phytase (PHY) or a carbohydrase/protease cocktail (CPX) on broilers fed diets with two different levels of chloride (0.28% or 0.43%) created by altering dietary salt (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ). There were 6 combination dietary treatments (3 enzyme x 2 NaCl treatments) applied to 4 replicate pens. The treatments were as follows: Control diet (CON), CON+PHY and CON+CPX, with 0.5% or 0.25% NaCl. The 0.25% NaCl versions contained 0.35% sodium bicarbonate. The 0.5% salt versions had no sodium bicarbonate. Replicate pen BW, and feed consumption (FC) were measured at 1, 14, and 35 d, and mortality was weighed daily for feed conversion ratio (FCR) calculations. Feed consumption at 14 d tended to be lower ( p <0.10) for CON+CPX diets compared to CON and CON+PHY diets. The birds fed CON+CPX diet consumed less feed but exhibited improved FCR in the presence of 0.5% NaCl at 14 d. The birds fed the CON, and CON+PHY diets exhibited higher BW at 14 d ( p <0.05) and 35 d ( p <0.01) of age than did CON+CPX birds. From 15 d to 35 d, birds fed the CON+CPX diet exhibited poorer BW gain (BWG) in the presence of 0.25% NaCl ( p <0.05). In conclusion, Cl, as NaCl versus NaH 2 CO 3 , could affect CPX but not PHY feed enzyme function in broilers. Further, it may be suggested that certain feed enzymes may be best utilized at later broiler ages rather than}, number={2}, journal={BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Arguelles-Ramos, M. and Brake, J.}, year={2020} }
 @article{caraway_walker_brake_2019, title={The effects of coarse corn and refined functional carbohydrates on the live performance and cecal Salmonella prevalence in coccidiosis-vaccinated broilers}, ISSN={0032-5791 1525-3171}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez302}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pez302}, abstractNote={The interaction between corn particle size and feed additives as it pertains to broiler live performance has been overlooked. This study evaluated the effects of corn particle size and refined-functional carbohydrates (RFC; 100 g/MT) on live performance and Salmonella prevalence in coccidiosis-vaccinated broilers. The following treatments were applied: fine corn (FC), coarse corn (CC), FC+RFC, CC+RFC, and CC+SAL (salinomycin). A natural, non-experimental necrotic enteritis (NE) outbreak began at 12 D of age, and mortality was impacted by dietary treatments. The use of RFC was observed to increase NE-associated mortality compared to broilers fed CC+SAL (P ≤ 0.10). At 19 D, greater than 50% of all broilers were found to be Salmonella-positive; however, at 48 D the use of RFC was shown to decrease cecal Salmonella prevalence. Although differences in early mortality were observed, coccidiosis-vaccinated broilers fed CC or CC+RFC exhibited similar BW and FCR as broilers fed CC+SAL at 48 D (P ≤ 0.05). These data suggested that CC use after 10 D may provide value in a production system free of antibiotic growth promoters and coccidiostats by ameliorating live performance losses associated with coccidiosis vaccination. Further research is warranted to determine how RFC and CC specifically affect Eimeria cycling and the immune response following coccidiosis vaccination and an NE challenge.}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Caraway, C T and Walker, G K and Brake, J}, year={2019}, month={Jun} }
 @misc{brake_2018, title={Comparison of two different phytase levels in combination with a xylanase to a multi-enzyme blend on male broiler performance and production costs from 1 to 42 days}, author={Brake, J.}, year={2018} }
 @article{livingston_ferket_brake_livingston_2018, title={Dietary amino acids under hypoxic conditions exacerbates muscle myopathies including wooden breast and white stripping}, volume={98}, ISSN={0032-5791 1525-3171}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey463}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pey463}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT The occurrence of wooden breast (WB) and white striping (WS) of broiler breast myopathies may be associated with least‐cost feed formulations and the inclusion of greater amounts of synthetic amino acids. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental glutamine (Gln‐/+, 0 and 1%) and arginine (Arg‐/+, 0 and 0.25%) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Experiment 1 consisted of 8 replicates using 32 pens and focused on live performance to 44 d of age, carcass yield, and meat quality evaluations at 45 d of age. Live performance parameters including feed intake, BW gain, mortality, and feed conversion were evaluated. Post‐harvest carcass yield, breast muscle quality (including WB and WS), proximate analysis, and mineral analysis of breast muscle and tibia bone were also evaluated. Experiment 2 comprised 4 replicates using 8 pens with weekly measurements of blood physiology and muscle myopathy development from 21 to 45 d of age. Broilers fed supplemental Gln and Arg (Gln+/Arg+) produced broilers with greater BW and improved FCR. The WB and WS severity increased with Gln+ diets, while only WB increased using Arg+ diets. Weekly observations revealed the greatest increase in WB myopathies occurred between 28 to 35 d, while WS significantly increased one week later (35 to 42 d). When comparing broilers of similar BW at 45 d, Gln+ diets resulted in greater WS scores and percentage breast muscle fat. Further analysis of WB and WS scores (independent of treatment affect) revealed that increased myopathy scores were associated with increased blood CO2, H2CO3, and reduced O2 with increased meat pH, moisture content, and Ca concentration. These results indicated that increased muscle Ca is associated with increased WB, while increased dietary glutamine and lack of oxygen may have resulted in a reverse flux of the citric acid cycle and reduced electron transport chain activity resulting in increased WS.}, number={3}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Livingston, M L and Ferket, P R and Brake, J and Livingston, K A}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={1517–1527} }
 @article{qudsieh_smith_brake_2018, title={Effect of elevated dietary inorganic zinc on live performance, carcass yield, and quality of male and female broilers}, volume={97}, ISSN={0032-5791 1525-3171}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey274}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pey274}, abstractNote={This study evaluated the effects of elevated dietary inorganic zinc (Zn) on live performance, carcass and parts yield, and carcass and meat quality of broilers. A total of 288 d-old Ross 344 × 708 broilers were distributed among 3 dietary treatments with 12 replicate cages per treatment and raised sex-separate with 8 birds per cage. Birds were fed practical diets supplemented with either 0, 120, or 240 mg Zn/kg diet. Feed intake and body weight (BW) were measured and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. At 42 d, 3 birds per cage were processed to assess carcass and meat quality. Male BW at 42 d was increased (P ≤ 0.05) by 120 mg Zn/kg. The FCR to 42 d was also improved (P ≤ 0.05) for males supplemented with 120 mg Zn/kg as compared to 240 mg Zn/kg with the 0 mg Zn/kg diet intermediate. Dietary Zn had no effect on BW or FCR of females. Dietary Zn had no effect on carcass weight and parts yield but absolute weights of male, but not female, total breast and tenders were increased by 240 mg Zn/kg relative to 0 mg Zn/kg with 120 mg Zn/kg intermediate. Breast fillets cook yield and tenderness as well as color were not influenced by Zn in either sex. Supplementing 120 mg Zn/kg resulted in increased Zn in male breast muscle (P ≤ 0.01) whereas 240 mg Zn/kg reduced Zn in breast muscle of females. The 240 mg Zn/kg diet increased Zn in femurs (P ≤ 0.05) of males relative to the other diets. For females, Zn concentration in femurs was increased (P ≤ 0.05) by 240 mg Zn/kg relative to 120 mg Zn/kg with the non-supplemented birds intermediate.}, number={11}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Qudsieh, R.I. and Smith, D.P. and Brake, J.}, year={2018}, pages={1–9} }
 @article{ozlu_elibol_brake_2018, title={Effect of storage temperature fluctuation on embryonic development and mortality, and hatchability of broiler hatching eggs}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pey253}, abstractNote={The effects of temperature fluctuation during 7 d of storage on stage of blastoderm development, embryonic mortality, and hatchability of broiler hatching eggs were studied. Hatching eggs from 2 commercial flocks of Ross 308 broiler breeders at 27 and 50 wk of age, respectively, were randomly assigned to replicate chambers with either a constant temperature (Constant) of 18°C or a temperature that fluctuated (Fluctuated) over a 40 min period 3 times daily (0900 h, 1300 h, and 1700 h) between 18°C and 21°C. This latter treatment was intended to mimic the opening of an egg storage room door to add freshly collected eggs. The developmental stages of the blastoderm before and after storage were determined. At each flock age, there were 10 replicate trays of 60 eggs per egg storage temperature treatment set in a single stage incubator. All unhatched eggs were opened and examined macroscopically to determine fertility or embryonic mortality (early dead (0 to 7 d), middle + late dead (8 to 21 d plus pipped eggs), and to calculate percentage hatchability of fertile eggs. Embryonic development was advanced by flock age (P < 0.10) and fluctuating temperature treatment (P < 0.05). Blastoderm stages were determined according to Eyal Giladi and Kockav (EGK). The Fluctuated vs. Constant treatment exhibited an EGK of 9.8 vs. 9.1 (P < 0.05) in the young flock and EGK of 11.0 vs. 10.1 (P < 0.05) in the old flock. During 7 d of storage, Fluctuated temperature decreased early embryonic mortality (P < 0.05) in the eggs from the young flock but increased early embryonic mortality (P < 0.05) in the eggs from the old flock, which decreased (P < 0.05) hatchability of fertile eggs in the old flock. The fluctuating temperature conditions that did not negatively affect the younger flock eggs were not favorable for eggs from the older flock.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Ozlu, S. and Elibol, O. and Brake, J.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={3878–3883} }
 @article{nusairat_ramos_brake_2018, title={Effect of the Phytase inclusion in Broiler Breeder Diets on Fecal and Egg Characteristics}, volume={17}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2018.1.7}, abstractNote={Objective: A study was conducted to determine the effect of phytase inclusion in broiler breeder diets on fecal and egg characteristics of individually caged females.Materials and Methods: A total of 184 female broiler breeders were fed growing and laying diets containing 0.7% or 2.7% calcium (Ca) and 0.35% or 0.12% available phosphorus (AvP), respectively, with one of four graded levels of phytase 0 (Control), 300, 600 and 1200 FTU kgG 1 with 46 replicate cages/treatment at photostimulation.Results: Feeding 1200 FTU kgG 1 of phytase produced greater fecal liquid portion at 31 week (p<0.001)and 38 week (p<0.01)while fecal phosphorus (P) was increased (p<0.01) at 38 week in birds that had consumed either 600 or 1200 FTU kgG 1 of phytase.There was no significant effect of phytase on egg characteristics or egg production.Conclusion: When formulating broiler breeder diets with phytase, attention should be made to the quantity of enzyme used to avoid increased liquid feces.}, number={1}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, author={Nusairat, Basheer and Ramos, Mirelle Arguelles and Brake, John}, year={2018}, pages={1–7} }
 @article{pope_brake_fahrenholz_2018, title={Post-pellet liquid application fat disproportionately coats fines and affects mixed-sex broiler live performance from 16 to 42 d of age}, volume={27}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.3382/japr/pfx054}, abstractNote={Abstract The effect of 2 fat application sites (FAS) and 2 levels of fines on feed manufacturing parameters and broiler live performance from 16 to 42 d was studied. The FAS included mixer‐added fat (MAF) and post‐pellet liquid application (PPLA) of fat. While the MAF diets had all fat added to the diet prior to pelleting, the PPLA diets were pelleted with 0.5% MAF, and the remaining 3.5% fat was added subsequent to pellet cooling. The levels of fines included 0 and 30%. A total of 32 pens was placed with 8 males and 8 females (mixed‐sex) in each pen. Broiler chicks were fed a common crumbled starter for approximately 16 d and then transitioned to one of the 4 dietary treatments. The PPLA pellets were more durable than were MAF pellets (P < 0.01), but required more energy to pellet (P < 0.01). When adding liquid fat post pellet to the diets with 30% fines, the fines absorbed more liquid fat and exhibited a greater gross energy when compared to pellets (P < 0.01). Male broilers consuming the PPLA diets were 50, 97, and 120 g heavier than male broilers consuming the MAF diets at 28, 35, and 42 d, respectively (P < 0.01). Female broilers consuming the PPLA diets with 30% fines were 71 and 90 g heavier than female broilers consuming the MAF diets with 30% fines at 28 and 35 d, respectively (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the females may have benefited from consuming high‐energy‐density fines present in the PPLA diets with 30% fines when compared to females consuming MAF diets with 30% fines because the additional fat that coated the fines offset the negative energy associated with prehension of the fines.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Pope, J. T. and Brake, J. and Fahrenholz, A. C.}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={124–131} }
 @article{walker_jalukar_brake_2018, title={The effect of refined functional carbohydrates from enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast on the transmission of environmental Salmonella Senftenberg among broilers and proliferation in broiler housing (vol 97, pg 1412, 2018)}, volume={97}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pey083}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Walker, G. K. and Jalukar, S. and Brake, J.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={1469–1469} }
 @article{nusairat_qudsieh_brake_2018, title={Use of Phytase to Enhance Nutritional Value of Broiler Breeder Diets}, volume={17}, ISSN={1682-8356}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2018.211.220}, DOI={10.3923/ijps.2018.211.220}, abstractNote={Objective: This study was designed to determine the effects of dietary phytase on broiler breeder grower and layer diets.Materials and Methods: Chicks received a common starter diet up to 42 days of age.Treatments were 0 (control), 300, 600 and 1200 FTU kgG 1 phytase feed applied from 43 days to 4 replicate pens per treatment.Dietary calcium (Ca) was 0.7 and 2.7% while available phosphorus (AvP) was 0.35 and 0.12%, in the control grower and layer diets, respectively.Egg production, hatchability, fertility, egg quality, bone breaking strength, body weight (BW) and mortality to 64 weeks of age were measured.Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in 10 weeks quartile periods from 25-64 weeks of age as well as on an overall basis.Results: During the first quartile, phytase increased (p<0.05)egg production with 300 FTU when compared to the control with the 600 and 1200 FTU diets intermediate.All phytase treatments increased (p<0.05)egg production compared to the control on overall basis and during the final quartile (56-64 weeks), hatchability of fertile eggs was increased (p<0.05) by 600 and 1200 FTU phytase relative to the control with 300 FTU intermediate during the fourth quartile.Fertility, egg weight, shell thickness and bone breaking strength were not affected.Conclusion: As evidenced by increased egg production without effect on fertility, egg shell quality or bone strength, it was concluded that 300 FTU of phytase was sufficient to liberate adequate Ca and AvP as well as additional metabolizable energy (ME) but not crude protein (CP) in broiler breeder grower and layer diets.}, number={5}, journal={International Journal of Poultry Science}, publisher={Science Alert}, author={Nusairat, B. and Qudsieh, R. and Brake, J.}, year={2018}, pages={211–220} }
 @article{livingston_landon_barnes_b_2018, title={White striping and wooden breast myopathies of broiler breast muscle is affected by time-limited feeding, genetic background, and egg storage Poultry Science}, url={https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey333}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pey333}, abstractNote={&NA; The effects of time‐limited feeding, genetic background, and egg storage on white striping (WS) and wooden breast (WB) in broilers were studied. Male chicks (240) from 2 genetic backgrounds and 2 egg storage periods were fed on either an ad libitum (AL) or time‐limited (TL) program from 7 d of age. A rapid growth strain (Growth) and an enhanced yield strain (Yield) of broiler breeder males were mated to a single female line and eggs were stored for periods of either 1 to 7 d or 8 to 14 d. Body weight (BW), feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined weekly. Carcass data including WS and WB scores were collected at 42 d of age. Breast muscle scoring was conducted either visually or by hand palpation using a 1 to 4 point ordinal scale (normal to greatest severity). Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS. The TL fed broilers presented less WS (1.64 vs. 2.87) and WB (2.14 vs. 2.89), lower BW (2.99 vs. 3.27 kg), and improved FCR (1.55 vs. 1.58 g: g), as well as reduced dressing percentage (79.5 vs. 80.1%), breast muscle yield (33.3 vs. 34.6%), and 24 h muscle pH (5.82 vs. 5.95) relative to AL broilers (P < 0.01). Yield broilers exhibited reduced BW (2.97 vs. 3.28 kg), lower WS (2.04 vs. 2.47), and greater WB (2.65 vs. 2.38) (P < 0.05) but similar dressing percentage (80.0 vs. 79.7%) and breast muscle yield (34.3 vs. 33.6%) when compared to Growth broilers. Longer egg storage generated lower BW (3.07 vs. 3.18 kg) and when fed AL, an increased WS score (2.58 vs. 3.15) compared to the shorter egg storage period (P < 0.05). It was concluded that WS and WB could be reduced by TL feeding and that genetic background and egg storage period may influence the expression of WS and WB.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Livingston, Matthew L. and Landon, C. and Barnes, H.J. and B, J.}, year={2018} }
 @article{walker_jalukar_brake_2017, title={Effect of refined functional carbohydrates from enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast on the presence of Salmonella spp. in the ceca of broiler breeder females}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pex054}, abstractNote={&NA; Broiler breeders hatched from Salmo‐nella negative grandparents received either zero or 50 g/MT of refined functional carbohydrates (RFC) in their diets from d of placement to end of lay. There were no other treatments used. Pullets and cockerels were reared separately in an enclosed litter‐floor house to 21 wk of age when 28 randomly selected pullets from each diet were transferred to individual cages for an additional 14 d before they were killed, and their ceca were excised aseptically and tested for Salmonella spp. The remaining birds were transferred to a two‐thirds slat and one‐third litter curtain‐sided laying house. There were 8 pens of 60 to 65 females and 8 to 18 males, depending upon flock age and housing type, fed each diet, and there was no effort made to isolate pens from typical daily foot traffic between pens. At 51 wk of age, male progeny broiler chicks were hatched and received either zero or 50 g/MT of RFC to complete a 2 × 2 design with 4 replicate pens of 12 males per interaction. All broilers were tested for cecal Salmonella spp. at 34 d of age. Ceca were collected from 30 breeder hens from each treatment at 64 wk of age and tested for Salmonella spp. Of the ceca sampled at 23 wk from the control pullets, 71.4% were found to contain Salmonella spp., while none of the ceca from the RFC pullets tested positive. Of the ceca sampled from the control hens at 64 wk, 40% were found to contain Salmonella spp., while none of the ceca from the RFC hens tested positive. Salmonella spp. was isolated from broilers in one pen of the control broilers that were also progeny of control breeders out of 4 replicates but not from any pens in which the breeders had been fed RFC. These data demonstrated that RFC reduced natural Salmonella spp. colonization of broiler breeder hen and broiler progeny ceca during a complete production cycle.}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Walker, G. K. and Jalukar, S. and Brake, J.}, year={2017}, month={Aug}, pages={2684–2690} }
 @article{xu_lin_stark_ferket_williams_brake_2017, title={Effects of dietary coarsely ground corn and 3 bedding floor types on broiler live performance, litter characteristics, gizzard and proventriculus weight, and nutrient digestibility}, volume={96}, ISSN={0032-5791}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew485}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pew485}, abstractNote={&NA; The effects of zero or 50% dietary coarsely ground corn (CC) in pelleted and screened grower and finisher diets on broilers reared on 3 bedding floor types (plastic net [NET], new pine wood shavings litter [NEW], or old pine wood shavings litter [OLD]) on broiler live performance, litter characteristics, gizzard and proventriculus weight, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) were studied in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Fine corn was produced with a hammermill (271 &mgr;m) and CC with a roller mill (1145 &mgr;m). Utilization of CC reduced milling cost by 9.47 cents per MT with similar nutrient content of screened pellets. The 50% CC treatment exhibited improved (P ≤ 0.05) feed intake at 42 d (2.5%) and 49 d (3.0%), and BW (5.4%) and FCR from 28 d (1.4%). Birds on NEW litter exhibited improved (P < 0.05) BW at 28 and 35 d and 42 d FCR as compared to NET and 49 d FCR compared to NET and OLD. The 50% CC treatment exhibited increased (P < 0.05) gizzard weight but decreased proventriculus weight at 49 d. NEW litter birds exhibited increased (P ≤ 0.05) gizzard weight at 28 d and 49 d and decreased proventriculus weight as compared to NET at 49 days. The 50% CC treatment exhibited decreased (P ≤ 0.05) litter moisture at 35 and 42 d, litter N at 35 and 49 d, and litter pH at 49 days. OLD litter birds exhibited greater (P < 0.05) litter N at 14, 35, and 49 d, as well as litter moisture, pH, and ammonia concentration at 49 days. The 50% CC group also exhibited improved AID of nitrogen (P < 0.05). Broilers fed pelleted and screened diets containing 50% CC exhibited improved live performance and reduced litter moisture while use of NEW litter resulted in a somewhat similar effect, which indicated that consumption of NEW litter also facilitated gastric development and function.}, number={7}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Xu, Y. and Lin, Y.M. and Stark, C.R. and Ferket, P.R. and Williams, C.M. and Brake, J.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={2110–2119} }
 @article{lin_druyan_yahav_brake_2017, title={Thermal treatments prior to and during the beginning of incubation affects development of the broiler embryo and yolk sac membranes, and live performance and carcass characteristics}, volume={96}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pew467}, abstractNote={&NA; This study evaluated temperature during preincubation and embryonic day 0 (E0) E0 to E5 of incubation on broiler embryo development and subsequent live performance. Freshly laid eggs from a single 41‐wk‐old Ross 708 broiler breeder flock produced on a single day were weighed individually for weight matching purposes, stored overnight, and assigned to 4 treatment combinations of 2 preincubation temperatures (23.9 or 29.4°C) × 2 E0 to E5 temperatures (38.1 or 37.5°C). The 29.4°C preincubation temperature decreased (P ≤ 0.05) yolk sac membrane (YSM) vasculature at E6 and E7, and increased (P ≤ 0.05) embryo weight and length but decreased (P ≤ 0.05) yolk sac weight (YSW) at E15. No subsequent main effects were observed. The 38.1°C incubation temperature increased YSM vasculature at E7, chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) vasculature at E8 and E10, and egg weight loss, embryo weight, and embryo length at E15 and chick length at E21 in the presence of reduced BW and YSW (P ≤ 0.05). This was followed by greater male BW at 35 d, as well as improved FCR in females 0 to 14 d and in males 15 to 35 d (P ≤ 0.05). Pectoralis major and minor yields were increased (P ≤ 0.05) at 50 d of age in males and females, respectively. There were no interactions observed with regards to broiler live performance and carcass yield, which probably negated the importance of the interactions observed for preincubation temperature by E0 to E5 incubation temperature that affected YSM vasculature, CAM vasculature area, egg weight loss, embryo weight, yolk sac weight, and chick length.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Lin, Y. M. and Druyan, S. and Yahav, S. and Brake, J.}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={1939–1947} }
 @article{eusebio-balcazar_oviedo-rondon_wineland_osborne_brake_2015, title={Effect of broiler breeder feeding programme and feeder space change at photostimulation using maize- or wheat-based diets on broiler progeny growth performance and leg health}, volume={56}, ISSN={["1466-1799"]}, DOI={10.1080/00071668.2015.1019830}, abstractNote={Abstract 1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diet type, maternal feeding programme at 29 weeks of age and breeder feeder space change at photostimulation on broiler progeny performance and leg health at 6 weeks of age. 2. Fast-feathering Cobb 500 broiler breeders were fed on either maize- or wheat-based diets that had been formulated to have similar nutrient composition during growing and layer phases. Two feeding programmes, fast or flow, were used from 14 to 29 weeks of age. At 22 weeks, 69 females from each pen were placed in a layer house where feeder space was either similar to that in rearing (6.3 to 6.5 cm/female) or was increased from 6.3 to 8.4 cm/female. Eggs produced at 32 and 44 weeks of age were collected and incubated for two broiler experiments. A total of 16 male and 16 female one-d-old chicks were placed in floor pens in two experiments, respectively, with 6 and 4 replicate pens. Broiler gait scores and leg problem prevalence were evaluated at 6 weeks of age. 3. Data were analysed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with diet type, feeding programme and feeder space change as main factors. 4. The wheat diet increased the probability of observing crooked toes in broiler progeny compared to the use of maize, but only when breeders were fed according to the fast feeding programme and given similar feeder space as during rearing. 5. Breeders given more feeder space in the laying period produced progeny with more locomotion problems compared with those provided similar feeder space, but only when maize was used and the slow feeding programme was applied to the breeders. 6. The maternal feeding programme interacted with other factors to influence progeny leg health, but it did not solely influence walking ability or leg problems of progeny. 7. In conclusion, an increased probability of observing walking impairment of broiler progeny was detected when breeders were given greater feeder space at photostimulation rather than no change and fed according to the slow feeding programme using maize diets in breeders and progeny.}, number={3}, journal={BRITISH POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Eusebio-Balcazar, P. and Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Wineland, M. J. and Osborne, J. and Brake, J.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={345–360} }
 @article{xu_stark_ferket_williams_pacheco_brake_2015, title={Effect of dietary coarsely ground corn on broiler live performance, gastrointestinal tract development, apparent ileal digestibility of energy and nitrogen, and digesta particle size distribution and retention time}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps/peu015}, abstractNote={Dietary structural material has been reported to improve broiler live performance and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) function. In this 50 d cage study, the effects of coarsely ground corn (CC) inclusion on broiler live performance, GIT development, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of energy and nitrogen (N), and digesta particle size distribution and retention time were investigated. This study included 3 CC inclusions (0, 25, and 50% fine corn [FC] replaced by CC), with 6 replicate cages of 10 birds per treatment. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 35 and 42 d was improved (P < 0.01) as the dietary inclusion of CC increased without effect on feed intake. The 50% CC diet increased absolute and relative gizzard weight at 42 d of age as compared to diets with 0 and 25% CC (P < 0.01). Dietary CC increased absolute proventriculus weight at 28 d of age (P < 0.05). A numerically lower gizzard digesta pH (P < 0.08) was observed at 28 d but not 42 d of age, and there was no difference in proventriculus, jejunum, or ileum digesta pH at 28 or 42 d of age. The 25 and 50% CC treatments increased the digesta retention time at 30 and 45 d of age (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). The 25 and 50% CC treatments improved AID of energy by 7.1 and 8.2%, respectively, when compared with the 0% CC treatment, and they improved AID of N by 12.2 and 12.4%, respectively (P < 0.01). The digesta particles in the jejunum exhibited a similar distribution, with a dgw (geometric mean diameter by mass) of 218, 204, and 181 μm when 0, 25, of 50% CC diets were consumed, respectively. In conclusion, birds fed pelleted and screened diets that contained 25 and 50% CC exhibited increased BW, improved FCR, and increased AID of energy and N, which was probably due to enhanced gizzard development and greater digesta retention time.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Xu, Y. and Stark, C. R. and Ferket, P. R. and Williams, C. M. and Pacheco, W. J. and Brake, J.}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={53–60} }
 @article{xu_stark_ferket_williams_auttawong_brake_2015, title={Effects of dietary coarsely ground corn and litter type on broiler live performance, litter characteristics, gastrointestinal tract development, apparent ileal digestibility of energy and nitrogen, and intestinal morphology}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps/peu016}, abstractNote={The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of the dietary inclusion of 2 coarsely ground corn (CC) levels (0 or 50%) in diets of broilers reared on 2 litter types (new wood shavings or used litter) on live performance, litter characteristics, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of energy and nitrogen (N), and intestinal morphology. No interaction effects between CC level and litter type were observed on live performance. No litter effect was observed on live performance. Dietary inclusion of 50% CC increased BW at 35 d (P<0.01) and improved cumulative feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 35 and 49 d of age (P<0.01). The 50% CC treatment increased absolute and relative gizzard weight (P<0.01) and decreased jejunum unit weight (g/cm) (P<0.01). The new litter treatment (litter N) increased absolute and relative proventriculus weight (P<0.05) but did not affect gizzard weight. An interaction effect between CC level and litter type was observed for litter N, where the 50% CC treatment reduced litter N regardless of litter type (P<0.01), but litter N was reduced by new litter only among birds fed 0% CC (P<0.05). The 50% CC inclusion increased litter pH (P<0.05) and improved the AID of energy and N by 6.8% (P<0.01) and 3.5% (P<0.05), respectively. The 50% CC treatment increased jejunum villi tip width (P<0.05) and villi surface area (P<0.01), and decreased the muscularis layer thickness (P<0.01), whereas new litter increased jejunum villi and ileum villi height (P<0.05), jejunum villi surface area (P<0.01), and the ratio of jejunum villi height to crypt depth (P<0.01). This study showed that birds fed pelleted and screened diets containing 50% CC exhibited improved BW, FCR, and AID of energy and N, in conjunction with altered morphology of the GIT and intestinal mucosa. Litter type affected some GIT traits and functions but did not affect live performance.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Xu, Y. and Stark, C. R. and Ferket, P. R. and Williams, C. M. and Auttawong, S. and Brake, J.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={353–361} }
 @article{xu_stark_ferket_williams_brake_2015, title={Effects of feed form and dietary coarse ground corn on broiler live performance, body weight uniformity, relative gizzard weight, excreta nitrogen, and particle size preference behaviors}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps/pev074}, abstractNote={In this 14-d cage study, the effects of feed form (mash and crumble) and 6 coarse ground corn ( CC: ) inclusions [0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% CC that replaced fine corn ( FC: )] on broiler live performance, BW uniformity, gizzard weight, excreta nitrogen, and particle size preference were investigated. The geometric mean diameter by mass ( DGW: ) of mash diets increased from 422 μm to 431, 471, 509, 542, and 640 μm, respectively, as the percentage of CC increased. Feed intake and BW were decreased by CC and mash at 7 d. Interactions between feed form and CC were observed for feed conversion ratio ( FCR: ) at 7 d of age (P < 0.01), and feed intake (P < 0.05), BW (P < 0.01), and gizzard weight (P < 0.01) at 14 d of age. Feed intake for all CC inclusions in crumble diets was similar and exceeded (P < 0.01) that of mash diets at 14 d. Among mash diets, the 10 and 30% CC feed intake was greater (P < 0.05) than 40 and 50% CC with 0 and 20% CC intermediate. Crumble diets produced a similar BW but greater 14-d BW than mash diets (P < 0.01). Within mash diets, 40 and 50% CC produced a smaller BW (P < 0.01). The FCR at 7 d of CC inclusions in crumble diets was improved (P < 0.01) versus the same CC in mash diets. Within mash diets, 40% CC performed poorer than 0, 10, 20, and 30% CC diets with 50% CC diet intermediate (P < 0.01). Crumble diets improved FCR at 14 d, but CC worsened FCR. Gizzard weight at 14 d was not affected by CC in crumble diets, while it increased with CC in mash diets (P < 0.01). Excreta nitrogen was increased (P < 0.01) by crumble diets. These data demonstrated that pelleting and crumbling reduced the impact of CC, produced a more consistent feed intake, and reduced selective feeding, and that CC stimulated gizzard weight in a linear manner in mash diets.}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Xu, Y. and Stark, C. R. and Ferket, P. R. and Williams, C. M. and Brake, J.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={1549–1556} }
 @article{xu_stark_ferket_williams_nusairat_brake_2015, title={Evaluation of litter type and dietary coarse ground corn inclusion on broiler live performance, gastrointestinal tract development, and litter characteristics}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps/peu057}, abstractNote={Two 49 d floor pen studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of litter type and dietary coarse ground corn (CC) inclusion on broiler live performance, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, and litter characteristics. Experiment 1 was a 2×2 factorial arrangement of 2 genders (male or female) and 2 CC levels (0 or 50%). From 15 to 35 d, the addition of CC decreased feed intake (P<0.01) and BW gain (P<0.05) of males but not females. The inclusion of CC decreased feed intake (P<0.01) and BW gain (P<0.01) from 0 to 49 d but improved adjusted feed conversion ratio (AdjFCR) from 35 to 49 d (P<0.05). Male broilers exhibited better live performance than females during the study as evidenced by greater feed intake (P<0.01) and BW gain (P<0.01), and improved FCR (P<0.01), but with increased mortality (P<0.05). The inclusion of CC increased relative gizzard weight (P<0.01) and decreased relative proventriculus weight (P<0.01) at 49 d. Experiment 2 was a 2×2 factorial arrangement of 2 CC levels (0 or 50%) and 2 litter types (ground old litter or new wood shavings litter). The inclusion of CC decreased feed intake throughout the experiment without affecting final BW when only males were used and improved FCR after 25 d (P<0.01). New litter improved FCR from 1 to 14 d (P<0.01). At 49 d, the birds fed the CC diet had reduced excreta nitrogen (P<0.05) and litter moisture (P<0.05). In conclusion, 50% CC inclusion initially produced negative effects on live performance that became positive as BW increased. The effects of CC became evident at an earlier age for males. New litter had only a marginal benefit on broiler live performance.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Xu, Y. and Stark, C. R. and Ferket, P. R. and Williams, C. M. and Nusairat, B. and Brake, J.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={362–370} }
 @article{leksrisompong_romero-sanchez_oviedo-rondon_brake_2014, title={Effect of feeder space during the growing and laying periods and the rate of feed increase at the onset of lay on broiler breeder female reproductive function}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2013-03277}, abstractNote={A study was conducted to examine how 2 feeder space allocations during the rearing period followed by 2 feeder space allocations after photostimulation and 2 female feeding to peak programs (fast or slow) affected female broiler breeder reproductive performance and mortality. Sixteen pens of 76 breeder females each were equipped with either 4 tube feeders with a 132 cm circumference pan (7.0 cm/female) or 6 feeders (10.4 cm/female) to 21 wk of age. Thereafter, 64 females were moved to breeding pens, photostimulated, and fed sex-separate from either 3 (6.2 cm/female) or 5 (10.3 cm/female) feeders with either fast or slow feeding to peak feeding programs applied to complete a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Seven males that were separately reared in a similar manner were added per pen. Individual female BW was determined at 6, 20, and 32 wk of age and BW uniformity assessed. Greater feeder space during rearing increased BW at 32 wk of age, whereas greater feeder space during lay or slow feeding to peak decreased BW at 32 wk. There were no differences in BW uniformity. Hens from the 10.4 to 10.3 cm/female combination produced a significantly greater number of eggs as compared with the 7.0 to 10.3 cm/female and 10.4 to 6.2 cm/female combinations with the 7.0 to 6.2 cm/female combination intermediate. Percentage hen-day egg production of the 10.4 to 10.3 cm/female combination hens was significantly greater than all other combinations. Livability was improved in the 10.4 to 10.3 cm/female combination relative to the 7.0 to 10.3 cm/female combination with the others intermediate. The fast feeding to peak program increased yolk weight as well as yolk:albumen ratio at 28 and 30 wk of age, but egg weight did not differ. These data indicated that increased or decreased feeder space between the growing and laying periods did not affect broiler breeder female BW, uniformity, egg weight, fertility, or hatchability. The 10.3 cm/female laying feeder space exhibited the best hen-day egg production in combination with 10.4 cm/pullet rearing but not with 7.0 cm/pullet rearing space. In a similar manner, hen mortality was greater in the 7.0 to 10.3 cm/female feeder space combination that the 10.4 to 10.3 cm/female combination.}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Leksrisompong, N. and Romero-Sanchez, H. and Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Brake, J.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={1599–1607} }
 @article{eusebio-balcazar_oviedo-rondón_wineland_pérez serrano_brake_2014, title={Effects of broiler breeder-feeding programme and feeder space change at photostimulation using maize- or wheat-based diets on eggshell properties and progeny bone development}, volume={55}, ISSN={0007-1668 1466-1799}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2014.921665}, DOI={10.1080/00071668.2014.921665}, abstractNote={Abstract 1. The effects of diet type, feeding programme and fast- or slow-feed allocation in fast-feathering Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens on eggshell properties and broiler progeny bone development were investigated in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment. 2. The birds were fed on either maize- or wheat-based diets during rearing and production and on a fast- or slow-feed allocation programme from 14 to 29 weeks of age. At 22 weeks, 69 females from each pen were placed in a layer house where feeder space (FS) either remained similar or was increased. 3. Eggs produced at 33 weeks were incubated, eggshell conductance (G) was determined and a sample of 14 chicks from each treatment combination was taken to obtain bone traits at hatching. 4. Diet type did not influence G, yolk-free body weight (BW), residual yolk weight or relative asymmetry (RA) of any bilateral traits of leg bones of hatchlings. However, breeder diet type was involved on two-way and three-way interaction effects on progeny leg bone traits. 5. Breeders feed restricted according to the slow-feeding programme laid eggs with greater G compared to those managed with the fast-feeding programme, but there was no effect of feeding programme on progeny bone traits at hatching. 6. Eggs from breeders given more FS at photostimulation had greater G than those from breeders provided with similar FS. Maternal FS change did not influence hatchling yolk-free BW; however, breeders given more FS produced progeny with heavier tibias and shanks and longer femurs compared with those provided with similar FS, but only when breeders were fed on maize. Moreover, increased maternal FS at photostimulation was associated with an increased RA of femur length in the progeny. 7. It was concluded that breeder FS change at photostimulation influenced eggshell conductance and consistently affected bone development of the broiler progeny.}, number={3}, journal={British Poultry Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Eusebio-Balcazar, P. and Oviedo-Rondón, E.O. and Wineland, M.J. and Pérez Serrano, M. and Brake, J.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={380–390} }
 @article{leksrisompong_romero-sanchez_oviedo-rondon_brake_2014, title={Effects of feeder space allocations during rearing, female strain, and feed increase rate from photostimulation to peak egg production on broiler breeder female performance}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2013-03219}, abstractNote={A study was conducted to determine if there were differences in female broiler breeder performance of 2 strains that had been subjected to 2 feeder space allocations during the growing period followed by 2 feeding to peak programs. Ross 308 and 708 pullets were reared with a single feeding program to 23 wk of age and with 2 circumferential feeder space allocations (5.3 cm/female or 7.0 cm/female) and then assigned to 2 feed increase programs (slow or fast) from photostimulation to peak egg production. The flock was moved to the laying house with 8.8 cm/female of female feeder space and photostimulated at 23 wk of age when Ross 344 males were added to create 16 pens with 60 females and 7 males each in a 2 × 2 × 2 design. The fast feed increase program significantly increased female BW at 31 wk of age, which could have contributed to an increased female mortality during the summer weather of early lay. The 708 females with 5.3 cm/female feeder space produced smaller eggs at 28 and 30 wk of age. The 708 females exhibited better fertile hatchability than 308 females due to fewer late dead embryos. There were no differences in egg production, fertility, or fertile hatchability due to the main effects of feeding to peak program or growing feeder space, but the slow feed increase from photostimulation to peak production reduced cumulative mortality.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Leksrisompong, N. and Romero-Sanchez, H. and Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Brake, J.}, year={2014}, month={May}, pages={1045–1052} }
 @article{eusebio-balcazar_leksrisompong_brake_oviedo-rondón_2014, title={Effects of feeding programme and feeder space change at photo-stimulation using maize- or wheat-based diet on growth and reproductive performance of female broiler breeders}, volume={55}, ISSN={0007-1668 1466-1799}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2014.888395}, DOI={10.1080/00071668.2014.888395}, abstractNote={Abstract 1. This study was carried out to determine the effects of breeder feeding programme to 29 weeks of age, and feeder space change at photo-stimulation using two sources of grain on breeder hen reproductive efficiency and egg characteristics. 2. Fast-feathering Cobb 500 pullet broiler breeders were housed in 16 pens of 81 females each during rearing, and fed on either maize- or wheat-based diet, formulated to have similar nutrient composition. Two feeding programmes, Fast and Slow, were used from 14 to 29 weeks of age. At 22 weeks of age, 69 females that represented the body weight (BW) distribution from each pen were placed in a layer house where feeder space either remained very similar (from 6.3 to 6.5 cm/female) or was increased (from 6.3 to 8.4 cm/female). Breeder growth performance, reproductive efficiency and egg characteristics were evaluated. 3. Data were analysed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with diet type, feeding programme and feeder space change as the main factors. The main effects of the treatments were found but there were no treatment interactions. 4. Breeders fed on wheat were consistently heavier than breeders fed on maize from 10 to 52 weeks of age and exhibited greater hen mortality during the layer phase. Breeders fed on wheat diets exhibited improved egg production while laying eggs with a greater yolk:albumen ratio compared to the maize group. 5. The Fast feeding programme increased female mortality and increased BW during the layer phase. Breeders fed according to the Slow feeding programme had better fertility, and laid eggs with lower percentage eggshell that might be associated with the lower early embryonic mortality observed in these hens as compared with the Fast feeding programme. 6. Breeders having increased feeder space at photo-stimulation matured earlier and produced more eggs compared to breeders with no change in feeder space. 7. It was concluded that the feeding of wheat, the use of the Slow feeding programme and an increase in feeder space improved some aspects of hen productivity and egg characteristics.}, number={2}, journal={British Poultry Science}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Eusebio-Balcazar, P. and Leksrisompong, N. and Brake, J. and Oviedo-Rondón, E.O.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={253–263} }
 @article{pacheco_stark_ferket_brake_2014, title={Effects of trypsin inhibitor and particle size of expeller-extracted soybean meal on broiler live performance and weight of gizzard and pancreas}, volume={93}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2014-03986}, abstractNote={Soybean meal (SBM) is a co-product that remains after the oil is removed from whole soybeans by either solvent extraction or mechanically pressing soybeans using an expeller. Expeller-extracted soybean meal (ESBM) contains more fat and less protein than solvent-extracted soybean meal (SSBM), but has higher trypsin inhibitors (TI) that limit its inclusion in poultry diets. We hypothesized that increasing the particle size of ESBM could enhance chick tolerance to dietary TI. The experiment consisted of a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement of 2 ESBM particle sizes (coarse, 1,300 µm, and fine, 530 µm) and 6 TI levels (6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 TIU/mg). A total of 672 male broiler chicks was randomly assigned among the 12 treatment combinations with 8 replicates per combination. The birds were provided with 1 kg/bird of starter diet in a crumble form. The pancreas and gizzard were excised and weighed at 16 d of age and organ weights relative to BW calculated. Feed consumption, BW, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined at 7 and 14 d of age. Increasing TI level produced a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) on BW and FCR at 14 d of age. The best performance was obtained when chicks were fed diets containing ESBM at intermediate TI levels. Increasing the particle size of the ESBM from 530 to 1,300 µm improved BW and feed intake (P < 0.01) without affecting FCR. The relative weight of the pancreas increased linearly as TI level increased (P < 0.001). The results of this study indicated that chicks performed better when fed coarse ESBM at an intermediate TI level.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Pacheco, W. J. and Stark, C. R. and Ferket, P. R. and Brake, J.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={2245–2252} }
 @article{oviedo-rondon_leandro_ali_koci_moraes_brake_2013, title={Broiler breeder feeding programs and trace minerals on maternal antibody transfer and broiler humoral immune response1}, volume={22}, ISSN={1056-6171 1537-0437}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr.2012-00708}, DOI={10.3382/japr.2012-00708}, abstractNote={SUMMARY Breeder feed restriction may negatively affect broiler progeny immunity. Sources of trace minerals (TM) with higher bioavailability in breeder diets have been reported to enhance humoral and cellular immunity in broiler progeny. An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of breeder feeding programs and TM dietary sources on maternal antibody transfer and humoral immune response of progeny to a live vaccine against Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Cobb 500 breeders were fed according to 2 feed allocation programs, sigmoid late fast and sigmoid late slow, from 14 to 29 wk of age. From 56 to 62 wk of age, breeders were fed with either inorganic TM or an organic source (OTM) to replace 30% of Cu, Zn, and Mn. Progeny broilers were vaccinated intraocularly with La Sota NDV vaccine at 7 d of age. Blood samples were collected at hatching, 4, and 14 d postvaccination. Serum antibody levels against NDV were assessed by ELISA and cytokine expression by real time PCR. At hatching, late slow breeder progeny fed diets with 30% OTM had higher antibody titers as compared with progeny of breeders fed 100% inorganic TM. Similar results were observed 2 wk postvaccination. Breeder feeding programs and TM sources affected the expression level of IL-4 in NDV vaccinated broiler progeny. It was concluded that breeder feeding programs influenced humoral immune response to NDV vaccine in the broiler progeny, and 30% OTM may increase these responses.}, number={3}, journal={The Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Oviedo-Rondon, E. O. and Leandro, N. M. and Ali, R. and Koci, M. and Moraes, V. and Brake, J.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={499–510} }
 @article{gucbilmez_ozlu_shiranjang_elibol_brake_2013, title={Effects of preincubation heating of broiler hatching eggs during storage, flock age, and length of storage period on hatchability}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2013-03133}, abstractNote={The effects of heating of eggs during storage, broiler breeder age, and length of egg storage on hatchability of fertile eggs were examined in this study. Eggs were collected from Ross 344 male × Ross 308 broiler breeders on paper flats, held overnight (1 d) at 18°C and 75% RH, and then transferred to plastic trays. In experiment 1, eggs were obtained at 28, 38, and 53 wk of flock age. During a further 10 d of storage, eggs either remained in the storage room (control) or were subjected to a heat treatment regimen of 26°C for 2 h, 37.8°C for 3 h, and 26°C for 2 h in a setter at d 5 of storage. In experiment 2, eggs from a flock at 28 wk of age were heated for 1 d of a 6-d storage period. Eggs from a 29-wk-old flock were either heated at d 1 or 5 of an 11-d storage period in experiment 3. In experiment 4, 27-wk-old flock eggs were heated twice at d 1 and 5 of an 11-d storage period. Control eggs stored for 6 or 11 d were coincubated as appropriate in each experiment. Heating eggs at d 5 of an 11-d storage period increased hatchability in experiment 1. Although no benefit of heating 28-wk-old flock eggs during 6 d of storage in experiment 2 was observed, heating eggs from a 29-wk-old flock at d 1 or 5 of an 11-d storage period increased hatchability in experiment 3. Further, heating eggs from a 27-wk-old flock twice during 11 d of storage increased hatchability in experiment 4. These effects were probably due to the fact that eggs from younger flocks had been reported to have many embryos at a stage of development where the hypoblast had not yet fully developed (less than EG-K12 to EG-K13), such that heating during extended storage advanced these embryos to a more resistant stage.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Gucbilmez, M. and Ozlu, S. and Shiranjang, R. and Elibol, O. and Brake, J.}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={3310–3313} }
 @article{pacheco_stark_ferket_brake_2013, title={Evaluation of soybean meal source and particle size on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, and gizzard development}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2013-03186}, abstractNote={Although there have been several reports concerning the effects of particle size of cereal grains on productive performance of poultry, there is limited information about the effects of soybean meal (SBM) particle size on broiler performance. The objective of the present experiments was to evaluate the effects of SBM source and particle size on broiler performance, gizzard weight, and nutrient digestibility. The first experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of 2 SBM sources: expeller-extracted (ESBM) and solvent-extracted (SSBM), and 2 particle sizes: coarse grind, 971 µm, and fine grind, 465 µm. The second experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of 2 ESBM particle sizes: coarse grind, 1,290 µm, and fine grind, 470 µm, and 2 corn particle sizes: coarse grind, 1,330 µm, and fine grind, 520 µm. In the first experiment, there was an interaction (P < 0.05) between SBM source and particle size on BW at 49 d of age. No differences in BW were observed when birds were fed coarse SSBM or ESBM, whereas birds fed diets containing fine ESBM exhibited lower BW than birds fed diets containing fine SSBM. In the second experiment, fine-grind ESBM (P < 0.05) and corn (P < 0.01) produced greater 19-d BW than did coarse grind. A significant interaction (P < 0.01) between ingredient type and particle size revealed that chicks fed coarse particles of corn or ESBM exhibited higher protein digestibility compared with chicks fed only fine particles. Corn particle size had a greater effect on gizzard weight than ESBM particle size. Birds fed diets that contained coarse corn had larger gizzards than birds fed fine corn (P < 0.01), but differences in gizzard weight were not observed when birds were fed coarse or fine ESBM. Particles greater than 1,300 µm depressed BW but improved protein digestibility.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Pacheco, W. J. and Stark, C. R. and Ferket, P. R. and Brake, J.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={2914–2922} }
 @article{thakur_brake_keelara_zou_susick_2013, title={Farm and environmental distribution of Campylobacter and Salmonella in broiler flocks}, volume={94}, ISSN={["1532-2661"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.014}, abstractNote={The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in broilers and their distribution in the indoor and outdoor farm environment. Nine hundred samples (400 faecal; 300 indoor environment; 200 outdoor environment), were collected from 10 individual broiler houses on 10 farms. Campylobacter jejuni prevalence was significantly higher (P = 0.003) in faeces (29.5%; 118/400) than the environment (0.8%; 4/500) in contrast to Salmonella Typhimurium from faecal (8.8%; 35/400) and environmental (8.4%; n = 42/500) sources (P = 0.217). S. Typhimurium predominantly exhibited antimicrobial resistance (AR) to streptomycin (46%) and tetracycline (31.5%). C. jejuni isolates exhibited AR only to tetracycline (55.5%). The PFGE profile revealed 100% similarity between S. Typhimurium isolates from faecal and environmental sources. No relationship was detected between C. jejuni isolates. The low prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in the outdoor environment indicates that it may not be a significant reservoir for transmission of these pathogens on broiler farms.}, number={1}, journal={RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE}, author={Thakur, S. and Brake, J. and Keelara, S. and Zou, M. and Susick, E.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={33–42} }
 @article{piestun_druyan_brake_yahav_2013, title={Thermal manipulations during broiler incubation alter performance of broilers to 70 days of age}, volume={92}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2012-02609}, abstractNote={Recent decades have seen significant progress in the genetic selection of fast-growing broiler chickens. Whereas in many countries the average marketing age is 5 to 6 wk, the US, French, and other markets demand heavier broilers (~4 kg) that require a longer posthatching growing period. With greater age and greater BW, the ability to cope with hot weather conditions deteriorates, which can result in increased economic losses during periods of hot weather. Recent studies have demonstrated a long-lasting effect of intermittent thermal manipulation (TM) during embryogenesis, when it was applied for 12 h/d between embryonic (E) days E7 and E16, which was shown by improved thermotolerance during acute posthatching heat stress as well as improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) and breast muscle yield. The present study was designed to elucidate the effect of TM during embryogenesis on Cobb 500 broiler performance up to 70 d of age. Hatchability and male BW were not affected by TM, but TM females demonstrated a lower (P = 0.024) BW during the entire 70-d posthatching study. However, following embryonic TM, both sexes exhibited lower (P = 0.028 and P = 0.018 for males and females, respectively) feed intake and body temperature accompanied by improved FCR and greater breast muscle weight. In light of the present and previous studies, it was concluded that intermittent TM during broiler embryonic development had a long-lasting effect on energy balance that led to improved FCR and breast muscle yield.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Piestun, Y. and Druyan, S. and Brake, J. and Yahav, S.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={1155–1163} }
 @article{piestun_druyan_brake_yahav_2013, title={Thermal treatments prior to and during the beginning of incubation affect phenotypic characteristics of broiler chickens posthatching}, volume={92}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2012-02568}, abstractNote={The significance and importance of the preincubation and incubation temperatures for broiler chickens has been elucidated by altering normal incubation conditions to study the effects on embryo development. Furthermore, only recently has convincing evidence that temperature could influence the sex ratio of avian offspring become available. The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of temperature before or during (or both) the sex determination period of incubation on hatchability, apparent sex ratio, growth and development posthatching, and secondary sexual phenotypic characteristics. Two experiments were conducted in winter and summer using Cobb 500 fertile eggs that had been stored for 4 and 9 d, respectively. Four treatments of 180 eggs each were applied: control, preheating (Pre) 30.2°C for 12 h before incubation, heating (38.1°C) the embryos between embryonic d 0 (E0) and E5 (M) of incubation, and a combination of both (Pre+M). All 3 thermal treatments increased early embryonic deaths, but improved hatchability in both experiments. The point of 50% hatchability was achieved more rapidly in the treated eggs. The BW of males and females at 35 d of age in both experiments was numerically or significantly greater in the broilers that had been exposed to thermal treatments, which was coincident with a similar trend for increased relative breast muscle weight. Secondary sexual characteristics (comb, wattles, testes in males) were also affected by thermal treatments, being heavier in most cases, which may be attributed to the finding that the 3 thermal treatments resulted in numerically or significantly increased plasma testosterone concentration in both sexes and experiments. Differences in the level of significance between the experiments probably related to the length of storage period and the season in which each experiment took place. It was concluded that thermal treatments preincubation or during the sex determination period of incubation had, in general, a positive effect on hatchability, growth performance, and secondary sexual characteristics of broiler males and females, probably caused by the increase of plasma testosterone concentration in both sexes.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Piestun, Y. and Druyan, S. and Brake, J. and Yahav, S.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={882–889} }
 @article{el-hanoun_rizk_shahein_hassan_brake_2012, title={Effect of incubation humidity and flock age on hatchability traits and posthatch growth in Pekin ducks}, volume={91}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2011-02075}, abstractNote={This study was conducted to determine the effect of incubation relative humidity (RH) from 14 to 24 d of incubation during 3 parental ages on hatchability and posthatching growth of Pekin ducklings. Egg production was divided into 3 age groups (25-35, 36-55, and 56-65 wk). A total of 21,600 hatching eggs was subjected to 55, 60, 65, and 70% RH from 14 to 24 d, whereas standard conditions were used from 0 to 14 d and 24 to 28 d of incubation. All eggs were individually weighed before setting in the incubator and again at 14 and 24 d of incubation to determine egg weight loss. A sample of 20 eggs from unhatched and hatched eggs from each group were randomly taken on the hatching day and used to determine eggshell thickness and pore number. Duckling weight at hatching was recorded and BW gain, feed consumption, feed conversion, and viability were then recorded to 21 d of age. Egg weight increased with hen age but did not differ by incubation treatment. Increasing RH from 55% to 60, 65, and 70% decreased percentage egg weight loss in a stepwise manner irrespective of parental age. Shell thickness was less for hatched eggs compared with nonhatched eggs within each parental age. Shell thickness decreased while pore density increased with increased parental age for both nonhatched and hatched eggs. The lowest embryonic mortality among the incubation periods (14-24 and 0-24 d) and best hatchability of fertile eggs was recorded with 60% RH during the first parental age (25-35 wk), 65% RH during 36-55 wk of age, and 70% RH during 56-65 wk of age. The best incubation results were directly associated with the greatest duckling BW at hatching and at 21 d of age, BW gain, feed conversion, and viability during each parental age period. It was concluded that duck eggs produced within a specific parental age period require a specific incubation RH to attain the best hatchability and posthatching duckling performance.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={El-Hanoun, A. M. and Rizk, R. E. and Shahein, E. H. A. and Hassan, N. S. and Brake, J.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={2390–2397} }
 @article{hu_stark_brake_2012, title={Evaluation of crumble and pellet quality on broiler performance and gizzard weight}, volume={11}, DOI={10.3923/javaa.2012.2453.2458}, number={14}, journal={Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances}, author={Hu, B. and Stark, C. R. and Brake, J.}, year={2012}, pages={2453–2458} }
 @article{casteel_maguire_israel_crozier_brake_2011, title={Broiler breeder manure phosphorus forms are affected by diet, location, and period of accumulation}, volume={90}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2011-01584}, abstractNote={Phosphorus (P) modifications of poultry diets have successfully decreased the total P (TP) in manures, but the effects on manure water-soluble P (WSP(M)) remain unclear. Our objectives were to characterize P forms in broiler breeder manures as affected by dietary P modification, location within the pen, and manure accumulation period. Two diets were formulated with and without phytase to attain 0.40% available P (AvP) during the breeder laying phase (22-64 wk of age). Manure was collected after accumulation periods of 48 h, 3 wk, and 39 wk in locations under the feeder and drinker and under the common area (between the feeder and drinker) of the pen. The TP, WSP(M), orthophosphate, and phytate in manure were measured. Broiler breeders that were fed phytase with a simultaneous reduction in nonphytate P (NPP) produced manures with 15% lower TP than those fed a traditional diet, but did not change WSP(M) when averaged over manure accumulation periods and locations within the pen. Regardless of diet, location within the pen, or accumulation period (r(2) = 0.76), the WSP(M) increased linearly as the manure moisture increased. As manure accumulation periods increased (48 h, 3 wk, and 39 wk), TP manure concentrations increased (11.9, 13.2, and 17.3 g/kg, respectively), orthophosphate proportions increased (73.2, 80.1, and 91.0%, respectively), and phytate proportions decreased (23.1, 17.0, and 6.7%, respectively). The mineralization of phytate and other organic complexes, which drive off carbon dioxide, presumably contributed to the increased orthophosphate and TP concentrations. Keeping breeder manures dry helps to avoid the mineralization of phytate to orthophosphate; this mineralization increased WSP(M) in our study, and thus increased the potential for elevated P loss in runoff when surface applied.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Casteel, S. N. and Maguire, R. O. and Israel, D. W. and Crozier, C. R. and Brake, J.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={2689–2696} }
 @article{leandro_ali_koci_moraes_eusebio-balcazar_jornigan_malheiros_wineland_brake_oviedo-rondon_2011, title={Maternal antibody transfer to broiler progeny varies among strains and is affected by grain source and cage density}, volume={90}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-81555201984&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2011-01573}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of broiler breeder dietary grain source and cage density on maternal antibody (MatAb) transfer to progeny in 2 genetic strains (A and B). Broiler breeders were assigned to 16 litter floor pens and fed either corn- or wheat-based diets. Breeders were administered 4 live vaccines against Newcastle disease virus (NDV). At 23 wk of age, pullets and cocks, which reflected the full BW distribution from each treatment, were moved to a cage breeder house and placed at 1 or 2 hens/cage. Breeders were artificially inseminated at 44 wk (experiment 1) and 52 wk of age (experiment 2). Eggs were collected for 8 d, incubated, and placed in individual pedigree bags at d 19 of incubation. Blood samples from 5 chicks per treatment combination were collected at hatch in both experiments. Spleen and bursa were collected from the same chicks for histomorphometry analyses in experiment 2. In the second experiment, 12 chicks per treatment were placed in cages. Progeny were provided diets based on the same grain (corn or wheat) as their parents. Serum samples were collected at 5, 9, and 13 d of age and analyzed for anti-NDV MatAb. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design considering strain, dietary grain source, and cage density as main factors. Interaction effects were observed in breeders and progeny. Experiment 1 showed that strain A chicks had lower levels of MatAb when hens were housed at 2 hens/cage rather than 1 hen/cage. The MatAb levels of strain B chickens were not affected by cage density in either experiment. Experiment 2 demonstrated similar effects of cage density on MatAb levels and the area of bursa follicles for both strains. Progeny of breeders fed corn-based diets had smaller spleen white pulp only when hens were housed at 2 hens/cage compared with 1 hen/cage. The results of these experiments suggest that breeder strain and cage-density conditions affected MatAb transfer to progeny and embryo development of spleen and bursa.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Leandro, N. M. and Ali, R. and Koci, M. and Moraes, V. and Eusebio-Balcazar, P. E. and Jornigan, J. and Malheiros, R. D. and Wineland, M. J. and Brake, J. and Oviedo-Rondon, E. O.}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={2730–2739} }
 @article{leksrisompong_romero-sanchez_plumstead_brannan_yahav_brake_2009, title={Broiler incubation. 2. Interaction of incubation and brooding temperatures on broiler chick feed consumption and growth}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2008-00412}, abstractNote={The effect of either hot or cool brooding litter temperature on feed consumption, BW, and mortality of broiler chicks that had been exposed to either normal or high temperature during latter stages of incubation was studied in 2 experiments. The duration of experiments 1 and 2 was 14 and 21 d, respectively, with BW and feed consumption determined at 2, 5, 7, and 14 d of age in experiment 1 and at 7, 14, and 21 d of age in experiment 2. High incubator temperature after embryonic d 16 decreased chick feed consumption and BW at all ages in both experiments. Hot brooding litter temperature increased feed consumption at 2 and 5 d in experiment 1 and at 7 d in experiment 2 but decreased feed consumption at 14 and 21 d in experiment 2. Feed consumption was also influenced by the incubation temperature x brooding litter temperature interaction. From 0 to 2 d or 0 to 7 d in experiments 1 and 2, respectively, the highest to lowest feed consumption was exhibited by the normal-hot, high-hot, normal-cool, and high-cool interaction groups but the order changed to normal-cool, normal-hot approximately high-cool, and high-hot from 7 to 14 and 14 to 21 d in experiment 2. Significant effects on mortality were observed in experiment 2 only where males exhibited greater mortality that was most evident in the combination of high temperature incubation followed by cool brooding. Excessive (high) eggshell temperature during the latter stages of incubation reduced feed consumption and BW through 21 d of age. However, the results showed that the hot brooding litter temperature supported increased feed consumption during the first few days of brooding even for the chicks that had been subjected to high incubation temperature. Hot brooding also reduced male mortality in experiment 2. Nonetheless, hot brooding litter temperatures should be limited as extending beyond a few days eventually decreased feed consumption.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Leksrisompong, N. and Romero-Sanchez, H. and Plumstead, P. W. and Brannan, K. E. and Yahav, S. and Brake, J.}, year={2009}, month={Jun}, pages={1321–1329} }
 @article{zakaria_plumstead_romero-sanchez_leksrisompong_brake_2009, title={The effects of oviposition time on egg weight loss during storage and incubation, fertility, and hatchability of broiler hatching eggs}, volume={88}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2009-00069}, abstractNote={An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of time of oviposition, generally representing different positions in the normal egg laying sequence, on egg weight loss during storage and incubation, and on fertility and fertile hatchability of eggs from mid-lay (42 wk) and old (67 wk) broiler breeders. A total of 1,800 eggs (900 eggs per flock age) were collected during 10 consecutive days between 0830 and 1830 h each day. The eggs were individually marked, weighed, and stored for 1 to 10 d before incubation was initiated. Egg weight remained less from collection through incubation for eggs from the mid-lay flock than those from the old flock. Fresh weight of early laid (first-in-sequence; C1) eggs was significantly greater than that for the middle-of-day laid (mid-sequence; Cs), or late-in-day laid eggs (terminal-in-sequence; Ct). Percentage of egg weight loss during storage did not differ significantly between the mid-lay and old flocks but percentage of weight loss in the mid-lay flock was greater during incubation. Egg weight loss during storage of eggs from the middle-of-day laid (Cs) eggs was significantly greater than for early laid (C1) eggs, which was greater than for the late-in-day laid (Ct) eggs. Fertility was significantly decreased due to flock age but not due to oviposition time. Fertile hatchability was also significantly decreased due to flock age, but there was no significant effect of oviposition time. Early and late dead embryos increased with flock age, but there was no significant effect of oviposition time. It was concluded that there was no effect of oviposition time on fertility or fertile hatchability even though there were significant differences in egg weight and egg weight loss during storage due to oviposition time.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Zakaria, A. H. and Plumstead, P. W. and Romero-Sanchez, H. and Leksrisompong, N. and Brake, J.}, year={2009}, month={Dec}, pages={2712–2717} }
 @article{elibol_brake_2008, title={Effect of egg position during three and fourteen days of storage and turning frequency during subsequent incubation on hatchability of broiler hatching eggs}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2007-00469}, abstractNote={Two experiments were carried out to examine the interaction of egg storage period, egg position during storage, and turning frequency during subsequent incubation on fertile hatchability and embryonic mortality of broiler hatching eggs. Broiler hatching eggs from breeder flocks at 62 and 60 wk of age were stored for either 3 or 14 d at 18 degrees C and 75% RH in either the normal large end up or inverted small end up (SEU) position and then turned either 24 or 96 times daily to 18 d of incubation in 2 experiments. The longer storage period decreased fertile hatchability, whereas storage in the SEU position improved fertile hatchability in both experiments. There was a significant storage position x length of storage period interaction in both experiments due to better fertile hatchability for the SEU eggs stored 14 d but not 3 d. The 96-times turning frequency numerically improved fertile hatchability in both experiments. A significant storage period x turning frequency interaction in experiment 1 was related to a 6.6% increase in fertile hatchability of 14-d stored eggs due to increased turning frequency. A similar numerical increase of 4.9% was observed in experiment 2. These data show that the detrimental effects of a long storage period may be practically ameliorated by either storage in the SEU position or by an increased turning frequency during subsequent incubation.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Elibol, O. and Brake, J.}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={1237–1241} }
 @article{elibol_brake_2008, title={Effect of egg weight and position relative to incubator fan on broiler hatchability and chick quality}, volume={87}, DOI={10.3382/ps2008-00014}, number={9}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Elibol, O. and Brake, J.}, year={2008}, pages={1913–1918} }
 @article{leytem_kwanyuen_plumstead_maguire_brake_2008, title={Evaluation of phosphorus characterization in broiler ileal digesta, manure, and litter samples: P-31-NMR vs. HPLC}, volume={37}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2007.0134}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Leytem, A. B. and Kwanyuen, P. and Plumstead, P. W. and Maguire, R. O. and Brake, J.}, year={2008}, pages={494–500} }
 @article{romero-sanchez_plumstead_leksrisompong_brannan_brake_2008, title={Feeding broiler breeder males. 4. Deficient feed allocation reduces fertility and broiler progeny body weight}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2007-00285}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of male broiler breeder feed intake on broiler progeny performance. In experiment 1, a low cumulative nutrition program supplied 29,580 kcal of ME and 1,470 g of CP, whereas a high cumulative nutrition program supplied 33,500 kcal of ME and 1,730 g of CP to photostimulation at 21 wk of age. Two diets (HiDiet and LoDiet) were formulated, and a single feeding program was used to achieve the selected nutrient intakes. The HiDiet group of males in experiment 1 achieved greater BW and exhibited lower fertility when fed as the LoDiet males from the onset of egg production. The HiDiet breeder males subsequently produced male broilers from eggs laid at 29 wk of age that exhibited lower BW at 42 d. This was due to the heaviest 50% of the breeder males in this treatment not gaining BW consistently due to less-than-adequate ME intake relative to their greater BW requirements. Two feeding programs during the production period (constant or increasing) were compared in experiment 2. Broilers were hatched from eggs laid at 32 and 48 wk of age to evaluate the vertical effect of male treatments on progeny performance. No difference in fertility or broiler performance was found at 32 wk. However, the constant feeding program produced lower fertility from 36 to 55 wk of age, and this resulted in a lower male and female broiler progeny BW at 42 d of age from eggs collected at 48 wk of age. Adequate breeder male feed allocation during the production period improved fertility and favorably affected broiler progeny performance in both experiments. However, broiler progeny effects were observed only when there were differences in fertility, which suggests that the males with the greatest genetic potential were not mating at these times.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Romero-Sanchez, H. and Plumstead, P. W. and Leksrisompong, N. and Brannan, K. E. and Brake, J.}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={805–811} }
 @article{oviedo-rondón_wineland_christensen_brake_2008, title={Incubation’s role in leg health}, volume={9}, number={9}, journal={Poultry USA}, author={Oviedo-Rondón, E.O. and Wineland, M.J. and Christensen, V. and Brake, J.}, year={2008}, pages={32–34} }
 @article{plumstead_leytem_maguire_spears_kwanyuen_brake_2008, title={Interaction of calcium and phytate in broiler diets. 1. Effects on apparent prececal digestibility and retention of phosphorus}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2007-00231}, abstractNote={Phytate P utilization from soybean meal (SBM) included in broiler diets has been shown to be poor and highly dependent on dietary Ca intake. However, the effect of Ca on P utilization and on the optimal ratio of Ca to nonphytate P (Ca:NPP) when diets contained varying levels of phytate has not been clearly shown and was the objective of this research. A factorial treatment structure was used with 4 dietary Ca levels from 0.47 to 1.16% and 3 levels of phytate P (0.28, 0.24, and 0.10%). Varying dietary phytate P levels were obtained by utilizing SBM produced from 3 varieties of soybeans with different phytate P concentrations. Ross 508 broiler chicks were fed 1 of 12 diets from 16 to 21 d of age. Excreta were collected from 16 to 17 d and from 19 to 20 d of age and ileal digesta was collected at 21 d of age. Apparent prececal P digestibility decreased when dietary Ca concentration increased and was higher when diets contained low-phytate SBM. The apparent digestibility of Ca and percentage of phytate P hydrolysis at the distal ileum were not reduced when dietary phytate P concentration increased. Including low-phytate SBM in diets reduced total P output in the excreta by 49% compared with conventional SBM. The optimum ratio of Ca:NPP that resulted in the highest P retention and lowest P excretion was 2.53:1, 2.40:1, and 2.34:1 for diets with 0.28, 0.24, and 0.10% phytate P. These data suggested that increased dietary Ca reduced the extent of phytate P hydrolysis and P digestibility and that the optimum Ca:NPP ratio at which P retention was maximized was reduced when diets contained less phytate P.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Plumstead, P. W. and Leytem, A. B. and Maguire, R. O. and Spears, J. W. and Kwanyuen, P. and Brake, J.}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={449–458} }
 @article{leytem_plumstead_maguire_kwanyuen_burton_brake_2008, title={Interaction of calcium and phytate in broiler diets. 2. Effects on total and soluble phosphorus excretion}, volume={87}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2007-00229}, abstractNote={Dietary Ca has been reported to influence the amount of phytate excreted from broilers and affect the solubility of P in excreta. To address the effects of dietary Ca and phytate on P excretion, 12 dietary treatments were fed to broilers from 16 to 21 d of age. Treatments consisted of 3 levels of phytate P (0.10, 0.24, and 0.28%) and 4 levels of Ca (0.47, 0.70, 0.93, and 1.16%) in a randomized complete block design. Feed phytate concentrations were varied by formulating diets with 3 different soybean meals (SBM): a low-phytate SBM, a commercial SBM, and a high phytate Prolina SBM having phytate P concentrations of 0.15 to 0.51%. Fresh excreta was collected from cages during 2 separate 24-h periods; collection I commenced after the start of dietary treatments (16 to 17 d) and collection II followed a 3-d adaptation period (19 to 20 d). Ileal samples were also collected at 21 d. Excreta samples were analyzed for total P, water soluble P (WSP), and phytate P, whereas ileal samples were analyzed for total P and phytate P. Results indicated that excreta total P could be reduced by up to 63% and WSP by up to 66% with dietary inclusion of low-phytate SBM. There was a significant effect of dietary Ca on both the excreta WSP and the ratio of WSP:total P. As dietary Ca increased, the excreta WSP and WSP:total P decreased, with the effects being more pronounced following a dietary adaptation period. There was a linear relationship between the slope of the response in WSP to dietary Ca and feed phytate content for excreta from collection II (r(2) = 0.99). There was also a negative correlation between excreta phytate concentration and excreta WSP during both excreta collections. The response in WSP to dietary manipulation was important from an environmental perspective because WSP in excreta has been related to potential for off-site P losses following land application.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Leytem, A. B. and Plumstead, P. W. and Maguire, R. O. and Kwanyuen, P. and Burton, J. W. and Brake, J.}, year={2008}, month={Mar}, pages={459–467} }
 @article{piestun_shinder_ruzal_halevy_brake_yahav_2008, title={Thermal manipulations during broiler embryogenesis: Effect on the acquisition of thermotolerance}, volume={87}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2008-00030}, abstractNote={Rapid growth rate has presented broiler chickens with serious difficulties when called on to thermoregulate efficiently in hot environmental conditions. Altering the incubation temperature may induce an improvement in the acquisition of thermotolerance (AT). This study aimed to elucidate the effect of thermal manipulations (TM) during the development of the thyroid and adrenal axis of broiler embryos on the potential of broilers to withstand acute thermal stress at marketing age. Cobb broiler embryos were subjected to TM at 39.5 degrees C and 65% RH from embryonic day 7 to 16 (inclusive), either continuously (24 h) or intermittently (12 h). After hatching chicks were raised under standard conditions to 35 d of age and then subjected to thermal challenge (35 degrees C for 5 h). Continuous TM caused a significant decline in hatchability, coupled with significantly lower BW and body temperature at hatching. The intermittent (12-h) chicks showed results similar to the controls but had significantly lower body temperature. Thermal challenge at marketing age demonstrated a significant improvement in AT in both the 12- and 24-h TM-treated broilers, which was characterized by a significantly lower level of stress (as evidenced by the level of plasma corticosterone) and rate of mortality. It was concluded that TM during the portion of embryogenesis when the thyroid and adrenal axis develop and mature had a long-lasting effect and improved the AT of broiler chickens. Whereas intermittent TM had no significant effect on hatchability and performance parameters, continuous TM negatively affected these parameters.}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Piestun, Y. and Shinder, D. and Ruzal, M. and Halevy, O. and Brake, J. and Yahav, S.}, year={2008}, month={Aug}, pages={1516–1525} }
 @article{leksrisompong_romero-sanchez_plumstead_brannan_brake_2007, title={Broiler incubation. 1. Effect of elevated temperature during late incubation on body weight and organs of chicks}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2007-00170}, abstractNote={Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of increased egg temperature during the final third of incubation on BW, yolk sac, heart, and digestive organs of broiler chicks at hatching. Egg temperatures were found to be approximately 1.0 to 1.5 degrees C higher than incubator air temperature. Elevated egg temperature (39.5 degrees C) after embryonic day 14 generally accelerated hatching time but decreased the relative weight of the heart in all 3 experiments, whereas BW and relative weights of the gizzard, proventriculus, and small intestines were significantly smaller in 2 of 3 experiments as compared with the control (approximately 38.2 degrees C). Relative weights of the yolk sac or liver were significantly larger due to elevated egg temperature in single experiments only. A striking feature of the chicks that developed at an elevated egg temperature was their white color as compared with the yellow color of chicks from eggs incubated at more normal temperatures.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Leksrisompong, N. and Romero-Sanchez, H. and Plumstead, P. W. and Brannan, K. E. and Brake, J.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={2685–2691} }
 @article{plumstead_romero-sanchez_paton_spears_brake_2007, title={Effects of dietary metabolizable energy and protein on early growth responses of broilers to dietary lysine}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.2007-00168}, abstractNote={Two studies evaluated effects of metabolizable energy (ME), digestible Lys (dLys), and amino acid (AA) balance on broiler performance. In experiment 1 diets contained 3 levels of ME (3,000, 3,100, and 3,200 kcal/kg) in combination with 4 levels of dLys (1.05, 1.13, 1.21, and 1.29%). A fixed proportion of dLys relative to CP and key indispensable AA was maintained in graded increments of CP from 21.9 to 26.9%. There was no interaction of ME and dLys for 21 d BW gain or adjusted feed conversion ratio, which improved linearly with dietary dLys. Increasing the dLys or ME had no effect on feed intake, and the linear improvement in performance was attributed to a step-wise increase in dLys when diets contained a balance of AA and CP. Experiment 2 evaluated broiler response to 20 d of age when diets contained graded increments in dLys while maintaining a fixed proportion of dLys relative to CP and indispensable AA (balanced CP), or when dLys was increased in diets by supplementing synthetic l-Lys to 1 of 2 basal diets with 22.0% CP (low CP) or 27.0% CP (high CP) without adjusting concentrations of other AA or CP. The BW gain of broilers fed the low CP diet series followed a quadratic response, and the dLys requirement was estimated to be 1.19 +/- 0.03% (1.30% total Lys). By contrast, BW gain on both the high CP and balanced CP diet series increased linearly. The higher BW gain and continued response to dLys above 1.19% when CP and AA concentrations were increased confirmed that the dLys requirement of broilers was dependent on the dietary CP. When a fixed ratio of dLys to CP was applied and indispensable and dispensable AA were not limiting, broiler BW gain and adjusted feed conversion ratio responded positively to incremental dLys up to at least 1.32% (27.2% CP) and was independent of the dietary ME over a range from 3,000 to 3,200 kcal/kg.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Plumstead, P. W. and Romero-Sanchez, H. and Paton, N. D. and Spears, J. W. and Brake, J.}, year={2007}, month={Dec}, pages={2639–2648} }
 @article{plumstead_romero-sanchez_maguire_gernat_brake_2007, title={Effects of phosphorus level and phytase in broiler breeder rearing and laying diets on live performance and phosphorus excretion}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.2.225}, abstractNote={The effects of a reduced dietary nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) level and inclusion of phytase on broiler breeder performance and P concentrations in the litter and manure were investigated. Ross 308 broiler breeder pullets and Ross 344 cockerels were placed sex-separate in a blackout growing house and fed standard starter and grower diets to 9 wk of age. At 10 wk of age, 4 treatments (A, B, C, D) were assigned to each of 4 floor pens of 68 pullets and 1 pen of 50 cockerels. From 10 to 21 wk, treatments A to D contained 0.37, 0.27, 0.27, and 0.17% NPP, respectively, with 300 phytase units (FTU)/kg of phytase added to treatments B and D. At 21 wk of age, birds were photostimulated and transferred to a two-thirds slat-litter breeder house with 16 pens of 60 pullets and 6 cockerels. A laying diet was fed from 22 to 64 wk and NPP levels of treatments A to D were adjusted to 0.37, 0.27, 0.19, and 0.09%, respectively, and phytase addition to treatments B and D was increased to 500 FTU/kg. Analysis of the litter from growing pens showed no effect on litter total P when phytase replaced 0.1% of NPP. However, decreasing the dietary NPP by 0.1% without phytase reduced the litter total P by 18%. Water-soluble P (WSP) and the WSP:total P ratio decreased when the grower dietary NPP level was reduced to 0.17% with added phytase and was correlated with litter moisture levels in growing pens. During the laying period, a reduction in NPP from 0.37 to 0.09% with added phytase reduced both the manure total P and WSP by 42%. Hen-day egg production was highest on the lowest NPP diet with phytase, but fertility decreased when the dietary NPP was reduced below 0.37%. Results showed that phytase inclusion in a broiler breeder laying diet at the expense of all added P from dicalcium phosphate reduced the manure total P and WSP concentrations by 42%, with no effect on the number of chicks produced per hen housed.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Plumstead, P. W. and Romero-Sanchez, H. and Maguire, R. O. and Gernat, A. G. and Brake, J.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={225–231} }
 @article{romero-sanchez_plumstead_brake_2007, title={Feeding broiler breeder males. 1. Effect of feeding program and dietary crude protein during rearing on body weight and fertility of broiler breeder males}, volume={86}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.1.168}, abstractNote={A 2 x 2 factorial experiment was conducted to compare the effects of 2 male broiler breeder feed allocation programs (Concave or Sigmoid) during the rearing period to 26 wk of age and the interaction with dietary CP (12 or 17%) on BW and fertility. From 0 to 2 wk, all birds received a starter diet, after which, pens were randomly assigned to the 4 treatment combinations that ended at 26 wk of age. All males were weighed individually at 4, 8, 12, 16, 22, 26, 28, 32, 36, 40, 48, 52, 56, and 64 wk of age, and fertility was determined weekly from 27 to 32 wk of age and then every 2 wk to 64 wk of age. At 49 wk of age, the male feed allocation for all treatments was increased by 5 g/d. Even when fed the same as Sigmoid program males during the production period, males reared on the Concave feeding program lost BW from 32 to 40 wk of age and exhibited lower BW from 40 to 48 wk of age, which corresponded to a more rapid decrease in fertility. The 17% CP diet increased BW from 8 to 32 wk of age, but no significant differences were subsequently observed. The 12% CP rearing diet improved both weekly and cumulative fertility. A significant interaction between rearing feeding program and dietary CP during the third quartile period showed that the Concave program-17% CP diet combination was most negatively affected. The increase in male feed allocation at 49 wk restored fertility and caused differences among treatments to diminish. These data suggested that BW during the early rearing period did not affect fertility, but an increased BW due to either providing fast feed increments toward the end of the rearing period (Concave) or feeding a 17% CP diet produced males that were unable to sustain fertility after 40 wk of age without an appropriate allocation of feed.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Romero-Sanchez, H. and Plumstead, P. W. and Brake, J.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={168–174} }
 @article{romero-sanchez_plumstead_leksrisompong_brake_2007, title={Feeding broiler breeder males. 2. Effect of cumulative rearing nutrition on body weight, shank length, comb height, and fertility}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.1.175}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of 2 planes (low and high) of cumulative nutrient intake during the rearing period on performance of broiler breeder males. The low cumulative nutrition program supplied 29,580 kcal of ME and 1,470 g of CP, whereas the high cumulative nutrition program supplied 33,500 kcal of ME and 1,730 g of CP to photostimulation at 21 wk of age. Two diets (LoDiet and HiDiet) were used with a single feeding program in experiment 1. In experiment 2, a single diet with 2 feeding programs (LoFeed and HiFeed) was used. In experiment 1, the 2 diets were blended from 21 to 24 wk to provide a gradual transition to a single common laying breeder diet that was fed during the production period. At 21 wk of age in experiment 2, males were divided into light or heavy BW groups to complete a 2 x 2 factorial design during the production period. The high plane of nutrition increased BW, shank length, and comb height during the rearing period, but the differences disappeared after 28 wk of age. Retrospective analysis showed that the heavy males at 21 wk of age in experiment 2 were also the heaviest males at 8 wk of age. Both low plane groups (LoDiet in experiment 1 and LoFeed in experiment 2) exhibited better fertility during late production. A cumulative nutrient intake during the rearing period of 29,580 kcal of ME and 1,470 g of CP was minimally sufficient for subsequent male reproductive performance.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Romero-Sanchez, H. and Plumstead, P. W. and Leksrisompong, N. and Brake, J.}, year={2007}, month={Jan}, pages={175–181} }
 @article{romero-sanchez_plumstead_brake_2007, title={Feeding broiler breeder males. 3. Effect of feed allocation program from sixteen to twenty-six weeks and subsequent feed increments during the production period on body weight and fertility}, volume={86}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/86.4.775}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to compare different feed allocation programs from 16 to 26 wk of age and during the subsequent production period on broiler breeder male BW and fertility. In experiment 1, Ross 344 males were randomly assigned to 3 rates (slow, medium, or fast) of weekly feed increase from 16 to 26 wk of age that provided a gradual increase from 85 to 110 g/male/d. Feed allocation was also increased 5 g/ male/d in a single increment at 55 wk of age after fertility had declined. In experiment 2, a 2 x 2 factorial design was used to evaluate the interaction between the slow and fast feeding programs described in experiment 1 in combination with 2 feeding programs (constant or increasing) during the subsequent production period. In experiment 1, the males on the fast feed program exhibited higher mortality after 32 wk of age and lower fertility after 46 wk of age. However, fertility recovered in all treatments after the feed allocation was increased at 55 wk of age. In experiment 2, the constant program elicited lower fertility from 36 to 55 wk. Males that received the slow feed program from 16 to 26 wk of age gained BW more slowly and apparently required less feed to sustain their BW throughout the production period. Increasing male feed allocation during the production period improved fertility.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Romero-Sanchez, H. and Plumstead, P. W. and Brake, J.}, year={2007}, month={Apr}, pages={775–781} }
 @article{leytem_plumstead_maguire_kwanyuen_brake_2007, title={What aspect of dietary modification in broilers controls litter water-soluble phosphorus: Dietary phosphorus, phytase, or calcium?}, volume={36}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2006.0334}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Leytem, A. B. and Plumstead, P. W. and Maguire, R. O. and Kwanyuen, P. and Brake, J.}, year={2007}, pages={453–463} }
 @article{elibol_brake_2006, title={Effect of egg turning angle and frequency during incubation on hatchability and incidence of unhatched broiler embryos with head in the small end of the egg}, volume={85}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/85.8.1433}, abstractNote={The effect of turning angle (from vertical) and the interaction with turning frequency during incubation on fertile hatchability, embryonic mortality, and the incidence of embryos with head in the small end of the egg (malpositioned) was studied in 2 experiments comprising 2 trials each to determine if a turning angle of less than 45 degrees could be successful. Hatching eggs from commercial broiler breeder flocks from 55 to 61 wk of age were utilized, and turning was for 18 d. Eggs were subjected to turning angles of 35, 40, or 45 degrees, with a turning frequency of 24 times daily (24x) in Experiment 1. Turning angle had no effect on fertile hatchability. However, the incidence of separately enumerated, malpositioned embryos was increased by the 35 degrees angle, compared with both the 40 and 45 degrees angles in Experiment 1. Eggs were subjected to turning angles (from vertical) of 35 degrees, with a turning frequency of either 24x or 96x daily, or 45 degrees, with 24x turning in the 2 trials of Experiment 2. Turning angle and frequency had no effect on fertile hatchability or embryonic mortality, but the incidence of separately enumerated, malpositioned embryos was increased by the 35 degrees angle with 24x turning, compared with the 35 degrees angle with 96x turning, and the 45 degrees angle, with 24x turning, in Experiment 2. These data demonstrated that the incidence of malpositioned embryos was increased by a reduced turning angle, but that this effect was ameliorated by a concomitant increase in turning frequency.}, number={8}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Elibol, O. and Brake, J.}, year={2006}, month={Aug}, pages={1433–1437} }
 @article{elibol_brake_2006, title={Effect of flock age, cessation of egg turning, and turning frequency through the second week of incubation on hatchability of broiler hatching eggs}, volume={85}, DOI={10.1093/ps/85.8.1498}, abstractNote={Hatching eggs from commercial broiler breeder flocks at 34 and 37 wk of age (young) and at 59 and 61 wk of age (old) were stored for 2 d at 18 degrees C and 75% RH and then subjected to turning frequencies of 24 or 96 times daily up to 8, 10, 12, or 14 d of incubation at standard conditions to determine if an increased turning frequency would facilitate an early cessation of turning. Turning was discontinued after the respective days were completed. Eggs remained in setter trays until combined at 18 d to complete hatching in a single machine. The young flocks exhibited significantly better fertile hatchability, as expected, but there was no overall effect due to differences in cessation of turning from 8 to 14 d of incubation (range 88.9 to 89.2%). However, turning 96 times daily produced significantly better fertile hatchability that was largely due to a significant interaction of flock age and turning frequency; the beneficial effect of increased turning frequency, largely reduced late-embryonic mortality, was more evident in the eggs from the older flocks.}, number={8}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Elibol, O. and Brake, J.}, year={2006}, pages={1498–1501} }
 @misc{maguire_brake_plumstead_2006, title={Impact of diet modification on manure phosphorus as fertilizer}, journal={Encyclopedia of Soil Science}, author={Maguire, R.O. and Brake, J. and Plumstead, P.W.}, editor={Lal, R.Editor}, year={2006}, pages={1285–1287} }
 @article{maguire_plumstead_brake_2006, title={Impact of diet, moisture, location, and storage on soluble phosphorus in broiler breeder manure}, volume={35}, ISSN={["0047-2425"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2005.0435}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Maguire, RO and Plumstead, PW and Brake, J}, year={2006}, pages={858–865} }
 @article{brake_2006, title={Nuevos paradigmas de la incubacion y crianza temprana}, volume={24}, journal={Avicultura Profesional}, author={Brake, J.}, year={2006}, pages={25–27} }
 @article{borwornpinyo_brake_mozdziak_petitte_2005, title={Culture of chicken embryos in surrogate eggshells}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/16206571}, DOI={10.1093/ps/84.9.1477}, abstractNote={The chick embryo is a classical model to study embryonic development. However, most researchers have not studied the effect of embryonic manipulation on chick hatchability. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of egg orientation and type of sealing film on the hatchability of cultured embryos. Windows were made in the small end of recipient surrogate chicken eggshells, and donor embryos were placed into the recipient eggshell for the first 3 d of incubation. Survival over the first 3 d was maximized (P < 0.05) when windowed eggs sealed with Saran Wrap were positioned with the window-end down compared with window-end up. Three-day-old cultured embryos were transferred into recipient turkey eggshells, sealed with cling film, and cultured until hatch. Water weight loss of the surrogate eggshell cultures regardless of cling film type was not significantly different from control intact eggs. The embryos cultured in turkey eggshells and sealed with Handi Wrap exhibited higher hatchability (75% +/- 10.2%) than cultures sealed with Saran Wrap (45.2% +/- 13.8%). Hatchability of control intact eggs (86.4% +/- 5.3%) was not significantly (P > 0.05) different from the hatchability of eggs sealed with Handi Wrap, which suggested that Handi Wrap was an excellent sealant for chick embryos cultured after 3 d of incubation.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Borwornpinyo, S and Brake, J and Mozdziak, PE and Petitte, JN}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={1477–1482} }
 @article{maguire_dou_sims_brake_joern_2005, title={Dietary strategies for reduced phosphorus excretion and improved water quality}, volume={34}, ISSN={["1537-2537"]}, DOI={10.2134/jeq2004.0410}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT}, number={6}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY}, author={Maguire, RO and Dou, Z and Sims, JT and Brake, J and Joern, BC}, year={2005}, pages={2093–2103} }
 @article{brake_faust_stein_2005, title={Evaluation of transgenic hybrid corn (VIP3A) in broiler chickens}, volume={84}, DOI={10.1093/ps/84.3.503}, abstractNote={A 49-d feeding study evaluated whether standard broiler diets prepared with Syngenta Seeds VIP3A transgenic derived corn grain had any unanticipated adverse effects on male or female broiler chickens as compared with diets prepared with nontransgenic (isoline) control corn grain. Two commercial lots of grain grown in North Carolina during the 1999 (NC 1999) and 2000 (NC 2000) seasons were included for reference purposes. Broiler growth was excellent with males reaching 3466 g and females reaching 2882 g at 49 d of age. Final BW of the VIP3A, isoline, and NC 1999 corn groups were within 21.1 g, whereas the NC 2000 group was 42.4 g lower than the lowest of this group. There was no overall corn source effect on adjusted feed conversion ratio (FCR) or mortality to 49 d of age. Carcass analysis demonstrated no differences in percentage yield due to corn source among males and females other than percentage wings in females. Comprehensive clinical chemical analyses of blood taken from representative birds at 49 d of age showed no differences due to corn sources. The transgenic VIP3A hybrid diets numerically supported the most rapid broiler chicken growth, the second lowest mortality rate and best FCR, without practical differences in carcass yield. The few differences found in this study were not unique to a given corn source but instead appeared to be distributed equally across the diet groups evaluated in the study. Although it was not clear whether small differences in performance were attributable to the transgenic corn per se or were due to possible slight differences in overall composition of the formulated diets, it was clear that the transgenic corn had no deleterious effects on broiler performance and carcass yield in this study.}, number={3}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Brake, J. and Faust, M. and Stein, J.}, year={2005}, pages={503–512} }
 @article{brake_2005, title={Evolution of the management of male broiler breeders. [Günümüzde yetiştirilen broiler damızlıklarda (Horoz) bakım-idare ile ilgili gelişmeler]}, volume={83}, journal={Performans}, author={Brake, J.}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={51} }
 @article{brake_2005, title={Evolution of the management of yield-type female broiler breeders. [Günümüzde yetiştirilen broiler damızlıklarda (Tavuk) bakım-idare ile ilgili gelişmeler]}, volume={78}, journal={Performans}, author={Brake, J.}, year={2005}, month={Apr}, pages={41} }
 @misc{balnave_brake_2005, title={Nutrition and management of heat-stressed pullets and laying hens}, volume={61}, ISSN={["1743-4777"]}, DOI={10.1079/wps200565}, abstractNote={Maximum daily temperatures in excess of 30°C are common in many table egg-producing regions of the world. Such temperatures require the application of specialized management and nutrition if laying hens are to produce eggs near their genetic potential. Environmentally-modified buildings have been shown to be especially advantageous for commercial layers that are housed in high density cage facilities. Directing air movement onto floor-housed birds has also been found to maximize heat loss and was beneficial as long as the air temperature did not exceed body temperature. This latter procedure was especially useful where sporadic incidences of heat stress were common. Nutritional manipulation of the diet also offers advantages, especially in overcoming problems of reduced appetite. This principle has been shown to apply to both growing pullets and adult layers. Recent research has confirmed that optimum production during lay depends on the adult hen having an adequate gut capacity and sufficient nutrition during rearing. Egg production during moderate heat stress can be improved by increasing the intake of protein relative to energy but energy requirements will likely increase in severe heat stress. Dietary supplementation with ascorbic acid and vitamin E and a supply of cool drinking water have also been reported to improve production during lay but the response to the latter treatment varied with genotype.}, number={3}, journal={WORLDS POULTRY SCIENCE JOURNAL}, author={Balnave, D and Brake, J}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={399–406} }
 @article{zakaria_plumstead_romero-sanchez_leksrisompong_osborne_brake_2005, title={Oviposition pattern, egg weight, fertility, and hatchability of young and old broiler breeders}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/84.9.1505}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to investigate egg weight, fertility, hatchability, and embryonic mortality in relation to time of oviposition of young and old broiler breeder flocks. In experiment 1, eggs were collected from 2 flocks (34 and 59 wk) for 2 d at hourly intervals between 0700 and 1900 h. Most eggs were laid between 0700 and 1300 h, but eggs were laid later in the day by the old flock. Weights of early laid (C1) eggs were significantly greater than middle laid (Cs) and the late laid (Ct) eggs in the young flock, whereas late laid eggs (Ct) were significantly smaller than early laid (C1) and middle laid (Cs) eggs in the old flock. In experiment 2, eggs from experiment 1 were categorized as early laid first-in-sequence (C1) eggs (0700 to 0800 h), the mid-sequence (Cs) eggs (0900 to 1200 h), and the late laid terminal-in-sequence (Ct) eggs (1300 to 1700 h). These eggs were incubated to determine fertility, hatchability, and stage of embryonic mortality relative to oviposition time and flock age. Fertility declined with flock age, but there were no differences due to time of oviposition. There were no differences in hatchability of fertile eggs or embryonic mortality relative to time of oviposition (sequence position) or flock age. These results suggested that although there were differences in egg weight among eggs at different times of the day (different sequence positions), there were no differences in fertility, fertile hatchability, or embryonic mortality in naturally mated broiler breeders.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Zakaria, AH and Plumstead, PW and Romero-Sanchez, H and Leksrisompong, N and Osborne, J and Brake, J}, year={2005}, month={Sep}, pages={1505–1509} }
 @article{brake_2005, title={Rearing nutrition and feeding for female broiler breeders}, volume={3}, number={1}, journal={The Poultry Professional magazine, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa}, author={Brake, J.}, year={2005}, pages={4–6} }
 @article{chen_li_balnave_brake_2005, title={The influence of dietary sodium chloride, Arginine : Lysine ratio, and methionine source on apparent ileal digestibility of arginine and lysine in acutely heat-stressed broilers}, volume={84}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/84.2.294}, abstractNote={The present study was carried out to determine the ileal digestibility of Arg and Lys in acutely heat-stressed broilers using diets varying in Arg:Lys ratio, NaCl concentration, and Met Source. Male broilers were maintained at 22 degrees C from 21 to 33 d of age and then at 32 degrees C from 33 to 38 d of age. From 28 to 38 d of age, birds were fed a diet with an Arg:Lys ratio of 1.05 and 3 g of supplemental NaCl/kg of diet with or without L-arg free base to increase the Arg:Lys to 1.35, and with or without 3 g/kg of additional NaCl. Methionine was supplied as equimolar amounts of DL-Met or 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid in a 2 x 2 x 2 design. At 38 d of age, digesta were collected from the terminal ileum, and amino acid analyses were conducted on feed and digesta samples and compared with acid-insoluble ash (dietary celite) to calculate the apparent ileal digestibilities of Lys and Arg. Increasing the NaCl concentration and the presence of HMB significantly decreased the digestibility of both Arg and Lys, whereas increasing the Arg:Lys ratio increased the digestibility of only Arg but did increase BW gain (P = 0.08). An interaction between dietary NaCl and Arg:Lys ratio as well as the 3-way interaction suggested that dietary NaCl could affect the apparent ileal digestibility of Arg and Lys at certain Arg:Lys ratios and the response may be influenced by the Met source.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Chen, J and Li, X and Balnave, D and Brake, J}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={294–297} }
 @misc{balnave_brake_2004, title={Evidence supporting the hypothesis that ambient temperature and dietary composition influence the relative efficacy of methionine and its hydroxy analogues for broilers: A review}, volume={13}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/13.4.693}, abstractNote={Abstract Many comparisons have been made between DL-methionine (DLM) and various methionine hydroxy analogues (MHA) as sources of dietary methionine activity for broilers, with conflicting results between studies often reported. A review revealed that certain dietary factors may influence the outcome of such efficacy studies. Purified crystalline amino acid diets, which are generally characterized by a low Arg:Lys ratio of 1.07 or less and high levels of dietary salt (NaCl or NaHCO3), typically have shown better growth performance with DLM than with MHA supplements. When practical or when semipurified diets that contain intact proteins were fed under thermoneutral conditions, the advantages observed, when using DLM in purified crystalline amino acid diets, were greatly reduced. Indeed, in many cases the differences in biological performance between the 2 sources of methionine activity were often not significant. These latter diets generally have had Arg:Lys ratios of 1.05 and greater and much lower concentrations of NaCl than the purified crystalline amino acid diets. With practical diets under heat stress conditions, the MHA supplements appeared to perform statistically as well as, or better than, DLM supplements as long as the Arg:Lys ratio was approximately 1.20 or greater. Thus, data exist that demonstrate that particular dietary factors and ambient temperature could inadvertently influence the outcome of efficacy studies. Further, these data suggest that the selection of methionine activity source in practical conditions should be tempered by knowledge of the prevailing Arg:Lys ratio, dietary salt inclusion levels, and the thermal environment.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Balnave, D and Brake, J}, year={2004}, pages={693–700} }
 @article{elibol_brake_2004, title={Identification of critical periods for turning broiler hatching eggs during incubation}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1466-1799"]}, DOI={10.1080/00071660400006271}, abstractNote={1. Fertile hatchability was superior from a broiler breeder flock at 29 weeks of age than at 68 weeks of age because of decreased mortality at all stages of embryo development. 2. Eggs that were either turned or not turned during the 0 to 7 d, 8 to 14 d and 15 to 18 d periods in the 8 possible combinations showed that the absence of turning from 0 to 7 d of incubation caused a decrease in fertile hatchability and an increase in all stages of embryonic mortality, and an incidence of Malposition II (head in small end of shell) that was more pronounced in a 68-week-old flock than a 29-week-old flock. 3. When eggs from 33- and 35-week-old broiler breeder flocks were either turned or not turned from 0 to 2 d, 3 to 4 d, 5 to 6 d or 7 to 8 d in the 16 possible combinations, the absence of turning from 3 to 8 d, or 0 to 2 d alone or in combination with other time periods reduced fertile hatchability and increased embryonic mortality and percentage of Malposition II. 4. The most critical period for turning commercial broiler hatching eggs during incubation was from 0 to 7 d with the single most critical 2-d period being 0 to 2 d.}, number={5}, journal={BRITISH POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Elibol, O and Brake, J}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={631–637} }
 @book{brake_2003, place={Singapore 238881}, series={American Soybean Association Technical Bulletin}, title={Broiler breeder nutrition and management}, number={PO51}, institution={American Soybean Association}, author={Brake, J.}, year={2003}, collection={American Soybean Association Technical Bulletin} }
 @book{brake_wilson_burton_huber_israel_shannon_anand_sleper_pantalone_wilcox_2003, place={Singapore 238881}, series={American Soybean Association Technical Bulletin}, title={Current status of “designer” soybeans – oil and protein Traits}, number={AN36-2003}, institution={American Soybean Association}, author={Brake, J. and Wilson, R.F. and Burton, J.W. and Huber, S.C. and Israel, D.W. and Shannon, G. and Anand, S.C. and Sleper, D.A. and Pantalone, V.R. and Wilcox, J.R.}, year={2003}, collection={American Soybean Association Technical Bulletin} }
 @article{elibol_brake_2003, title={Effect of frequency of turning from three to eleven days of incubation on hatchability of broiler hatching eggs}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/82.3.357}, abstractNote={Hatching eggs from broiler breeder flocks at 37, 41, 59, and 63 wk of age were stored for 1 or 2 d at 18 C and 75% RH and then turned 24, 48, or 96 times per day from 3 to 11 d of incubation. All eggs were turned 24 times per day from 1 to 2 d and 12 to 18 d of incubation. Fertile hatchability was better at 37 and 41 wk of age than at 59 and 63 wk of age due primarily to increased early dead embryos. Fertile hatchability was increased by turning 96 times per day compared to either 24 or 48 times per day. This improvement was due to a reduction in late embryonic mortality. There was no significant interaction of flock age x turning in storage for fertile hatchability or embryonic mortality.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Elibol, O and Brake, J}, year={2003}, month={Mar}, pages={357–359} }
 @article{brake_faust_stein_2003, title={Evaluation of transgenic event Bt11 hybrid corn in broiler chickens}, volume={82}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/82.4.551}, abstractNote={A feeding study evaluated whether standard broiler diets prepared with grain derived from Syngenta Seeds NK Brand Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Corn hybrids had any adverse effects on male or female broiler chickens. Four kinds of corn grain were used in this study: (1) grain from the Bt-expressing field corn hybrid N7070Bt, (2) grain from the N7070Bt hybrid that had been sprayed with Liberty brand herbicide (glufosinate) according to manufacturer's instructions (N7070Bt + Liberty), (3) grain from standard N7070 (non-Bt isoline of N707OBt) grain, and (4) a lot of North Carolina grown grain from the 2000 growing season (NC2000). The amino acid balance for the four lots of corn was similar relative to their crude protein content; however, the NC2000 corn had higher protein content. Diets with the higher protein NC2000 season corn were amended with a combination of sand, ground cardboard (Solka Floc), and poultry fat so that the metabolizable energy and crude protein content of the diluted diets would be similar to that of the isoline and transgenic diets. Growth of broilers was excellent with males being significantly heavier than females (2,497 g vs. 2,103 g) at 42 d of age. BW of live birds at 42 d was within 26 g for the three treatment groups fed corn that was from the same genetic background, i.e., the two Bt transgenic groups (N7070Bt, N7070Bt + Liberty), and the non-Bt N7070 isoline corn group, while BW for the NC2000 group was significantly lower by 93 g. There was no overall corn source effect on feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the isoline and transgenic corn sources to 42 d of age, but FCR was poorer for broilers consuming the commercial NC2000 corn. There was no overall effect of corn source on survivability to 42 d. Carcass analysis at 48 d demonstrated no differences in percentage carcass yield due to corn source among males and females. The transgenic N7070Bt and N7070Bt + Liberty hybrid diets supported excellent broiler chicken growth with mortality and FCR that were similar to that supported by the N7070 isoline control and better than rates from the commercial NC2000 corn without significant differences among treatment groups in carcass yield. It was clear that the transgenic corn had no deleterious or unintended effects on production traits of broiler chickens in this study.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Brake, J and Faust, MA and Stein, J}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={551–559} }
 @article{brake_balnave_2003, title={Methionine source comparisons depend on diet and temperature}, note={Reprinted and distributed in Chinese}, journal={Asian Poultry Magazine}, author={Brake, J. and Balnave, D.}, year={2003}, pages={24, 26, 28} }
 @article{plumstead_brake_2003, title={Raw material sampling: Managing nutrients and profits}, volume={54}, number={2}, journal={Feed Management}, author={Plumstead, P.W. and Brake, J.}, year={2003}, pages={21, 22, 24} }
 @article{chen_hayat_huang_balnave_brake_2003, title={Responses of broilers at moderate or high temperatures to dietary arginine: lysine ratio and source of supplemental methionine activity}, volume={54}, ISSN={["0004-9409"]}, DOI={10.1071/AR02117}, abstractNote={Recent studies have shown that the relative feed intake (FI) and bodyweight gain (BWG) responses of chronically heat-stressed broilers to equimolar additions of DL-methionine (DLM) or 2-hydroxy–4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (HMB; Alimet) can be altered by changing the arginine:lysine (arg:lys) ratio of the diet. However, no information is available concerning responses of broilers during acute heat stress. Broilers were exposed to either 22�C or 30�C during 3 consecutive 5-day experimental periods between 28 and 43 days of age. Responses to equimolar additions of the 2 sources of supplemental methionine activity were similar during exposure to 22�C at 28–33 days and 38–43 days of age. However, between 33 and 38 days of age, when the temperature was 30�C, increasing the dietary arg:lys ratio from 1.04 to 1.35 significantly improved the FI and BWG of broilers fed HMB, but not DLM. At an arg:lys ratio of 1.35, the BW gain of broilers fed HMB was significantly greater than that of broilers fed DLM. Therefore, under acute heat stress conditions the choice of a supplemental source of methionine activity should be dependent upon the dietary arg:lys ratio.}, number={2}, journal={AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH}, author={Chen, J and Hayat, J and Huang, B and Balnave, D and Brake, J}, year={2003}, pages={177–181} }
 @article{elibol_peak_brake_2002, title={Effect of flock age, length of egg storage, and frequency of turning during storage on hatchability of broiler hatching eggs}, volume={81}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.7.945}, abstractNote={Broiler hatching eggs from two young (30 and 31 wk) or two old (52 and 53 wk) breeder flocks were stored for 3, 7, or 14 d at 18 C and 75% RH while being turned 0, 4, or 24 times per day in two experiments. Apparent fertility and hatchability of total eggs differed with flock age in both experiments, but the effect was greater in Experiment 1. Hatchability of total and fertile eggs were decreased with flock age in Experiment 1 (31 and 52 wk flocks), but only hatchability of total eggs was decreased in Experiment 2. Hatchability of fertile eggs declined with length of storage period in both experiments with the most obvious effect observed in eggs stored 14 d. There was an increase in percentages of early and late embryonic mortality with length of storage period in both experiments. Hatchability of fertile eggs was increased by turning 4 or 24 times per day during storage in Experiment 1 or by four times per day, with 24 times per day intermediate, in Experiment 2. There were no storage time x turning in storage interactions. A significant interaction of flock age x turning in storage for hatchability of fertile eggs in Experiment 1 suggested that eggs from an older broiler breeder flock that exhibit reduced fertility benefited more from turning during storage than did eggs from a young broiler breeder flock.}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Elibol, O and Peak, SD and Brake, J}, year={2002}, month={Jul}, pages={945–950} }
 @article{brake_hamilton_kittrell_2002, title={Effects of the tricothecene mycotoxin diacetoxyscirpenol on egg production of broiler breeders}, volume={81}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/81.12.1807}, abstractNote={Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) on egg quality and egg production of broiler breeders. In Experiment 1, feed containing 0, 1.25, 2.5, or 5.0 mg DAS/ kg was fed from 67 to 69 wk of age followed by a 3-wk recovery period on a slat-litter floor. In Experiment 2, individually caged broiler breeder females were studied from 23 to 31 wk of age. The basal diet containing 0, 5, 10, or 20 mg DAS/kg was fed from 25 to 27 wk of age. In Experiment 3, individually caged broiler breeder hens were studied from 23 to 32 wk of age. DAS was fed at levels of 0 (basal), 5, 10, and 20 mg DAS/kg for 2 wk beginning at Week 24, followed by the basal breeder diet for 7 wk. Egg production was not affected by levels of up to 5 mg DAS/kg in the older hens of Experiment 1. When fed from 25 to 27 wk of age in Experiment 2, DAS decreased egg production at the 20 mg/kg level only. When fed from 24 to 25 wk of age in Experiment 3, DAS had no significant effect on egg production or egg quality. Short-term consumption of DAS at levels that might naturally occur appears to have little effect on broiler breeder egg production.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Brake, J and Hamilton, PB and Kittrell, RS}, year={2002}, month={Dec}, pages={1807–1810} }
 @misc{brake_2002, title={Improve chick quality by monitoring embryo and chick temperatures using the Braun Thermoscan infrared thermometer}, author={Brake, J.}, year={2002} }
 @article{brake_2002, title={NC State is working to supply more mill managers}, volume={53}, number={6}, journal={Feed Management}, author={Brake, J.}, year={2002}, pages={11–12, 13} }
 @article{brake_anderson_davis_2002, title={Nutrition and rearing of pullets}, number={October Issue}, journal={Asian Poultry Magazine}, author={Brake, J. and Anderson, K.E. and Davis, G.S.}, year={2002}, pages={26, 28, 30–31} }
 @misc{balnave_brake_2002, title={Re-evaluation of the classical dietary arginine : lysine interaction for modern poultry diets: a review}, volume={58}, ISSN={["0043-9339"]}, DOI={10.1079/wps20020021}, abstractNote={The nutritional antagonism of arginine (Arg) and lysine (Lys) was first identified and investigated in the 1950′s and 1960′s. The results of this early research suggest the optimum Arg:Lys ratio to fall between 0.8 and 1.7, depending upon dietary levels of electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and chloride. Calculations from the more recent optimum amino acid balances included in widely referenced authoritative sources suggest the optimum Arg:Lys ratio to be in the range from 0.90 to 1.18. Changes from the “optimum” value of the ratio can have adverse effects on the performance of growing poultry. The effect is more evident with an excess of lysine (low Arg:Lys ratio) than with an excess of arginine (high Arg:Lys ratio). Studies with heat-stressed broilers have shown that the optimum Arg:Lys ratio varies with ambient temperature. The Arg:Lys ratio for optimum broiler body weight gain and feed efficiency increases at high temperatures, probably because of a reduced uptake of arginine from the digestive tract. The improved response of broilers to increasing dietary Arg:Lys ratio is most clearly seen during heat stress with diets containing minimum concentrations of NaCI. This response diminishes with high dietary NaCI and with NaHCO3 supplementation, when the optimum dietary Arg:Lys ratio declines from the high ratio (~1.30) observed with low dietary NaCl. Furthermore, the nature of the methionine activity source influences the optimum dietary Arg:Lys ratio for heat-stressed broilers. The performance of broilers fed 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (HMB) is optimised at high Arg:Lys ratios (1.35) whereas broilers fed equimolar supplements of DL-methionine (DLM) tend to optimise performance at lower Arg:Lys ratios (1.05). The selection of the correct methionine activity source as a dietary supplement is likely to become more important if the current trend to exclude animal protein feed ingredients with low Arg:Lys ratios from poultry diets continues.}, number={3}, journal={WORLDS POULTRY SCIENCE JOURNAL}, author={Balnave, D and Brake, J}, year={2002}, month={Sep}, pages={275–289} }
 @article{brake_2002, title={The first load of feed-can we do better?}, number={Jan/Feb}, journal={Asian Poultry Magazine}, author={Brake, J.}, year={2002}, pages={28–32} }
 @article{brake_2002, title={The role of bile in early gastrointestinal development in poultry}, volume={11}, note={September issue}, number={3}, journal={AFMA Matrix (South African)}, author={Brake, J.}, year={2002}, pages={17–21} }
 @article{balnave_brake_2001, title={Different responses of broilers at low, high, or cyclic moderate-high temperatures to dietary sodium bicarbonate supplementation due to differences in dietary formulation}, volume={52}, ISSN={["0004-9409"]}, DOI={10.1071/AR00136}, abstractNote={   0es; temperature and NaHCO
3 cant NaHCO
3 ificant overall effect on production parameters but significant NaHCO
3 × temperature and NaHCO
3 × diet interactions were observed for BWG.
Sodium bicarbonate improved BWG at constant 31high
(25°derate—high
(25°—35cyclic moderate—high
(25°—35°C) temperature regimens. Dietary
formulations using typical Australian feed ingredients and varying in protein
sources were used with one diet containing only animal-source protein
ingredients (Diet 1) and the other diet containing predominantly plant-source
protein ingredients (Diet 2). Feed intake and bodyweight gain (BWG) of
broilers exposed to constant high or diurnal cyclic temperature regimens were
similar and significantly poorer than those of broilers exposed to low
temperatures. Dietary supplementation with NaHCO 3 had
no significant overall effect on production parameters but significant NaHCO
3×temperature and NaHCO
3×diet interactions were observed for BWG.
Sodium bicarbonate improved BWG at constant 31°C, but not at constant
20NaHCO
3 × temperature and NaHCO
3 cant NaHCO
3 ificant overall effect on production parameters but significant NaHCO
3 × temperature and NaHCO
3 × diet interactions were observed for BWG.
Sodium bicarbonate improved BWG at constant 31high
(25°derate—high
(25°—35cyclic moderate—high
(25°—35°C) temperature regimens. Dietary
formulations using typical Australian feed ingredients and varying in protein
sources were used with one diet containing only animal-source protein
ingredients (Diet 1) and the other diet containing predominantly plant-source
protein ingredients (Diet 2). Feed intake and bodyweight gain (BWG) of
broilers exposed to constant high or diurnal cyclic temperature regimens were
similar and significantly poorer than those of broilers exposed to low
temperatures. Dietary supplementation with NaHCO 3 had
no significant overall effect on production parameters but significant NaHCO
3×temperature and NaHCO
3×diet interactions were observed for BWG.
Sodium bicarbonate improved BWG at constant 31°C, but not at constant
20°C, or in the diurnal cyclic temperature regimen. Sodium bicarbonate
significantly improved BWG with Diet 2 (plant-source proteins), which
contained an arginine : lysine ratio of 1.31 but not with Diet 1
(animal-source proteins), which contained an arginine : lysine ratio of 1.01.   }, number={6}, journal={AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH}, author={Balnave, D and Brake, J}, year={2001}, pages={609–613} }
 @article{peebles_burnham_gardner_brake_bruzual_gerard_2001, title={Effects of incubational humidity and hen age on embryo composition in broiler hatching eggs from young breeders}, volume={80}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/80.9.1299}, abstractNote={There is a paucity of information regarding the influence of incubational humidity on the characteristics of broiler embryos from young hens that often produce chicks of marginal quality. Therefore, the effects of broiler breeder age (26, 28, and 30 wk) in young broiler breeders and incubator humidity (43, 53, and 63% RH) on embryonic growth between 16 and 21 d of incubation, hatching chick weight, and embryo and chick body compositions were evaluated. Hatching broiler chick BW at 21 d was lower for 26-wk-old breeders compared to those at 28 and 30 wk, and the lowest RH decreased relative wet embryo weight. Embryonic growth, on wet and DM bases, was increased in eggs from the youngest hens. Embryo moisture content (EM) was lower at 16, 17, and 19 d of incubation in eggs from breeders at 26 wk when compared to those at 28 wk of age. The effects of RH on embryo crude protein and fat composition were not consistent and varied with breeder age and length of incubation. It was demonstrated that broiler breeder age affects embryogenesis and hatching chick BW. Furthermore, EM was influenced by breeder age, and changes in incubational RH between 43 and 63% affected embryogenesis without having associated effects on EM or consistent effects on embryo crude fat and protein content. Nevertheless, a depression in embryogenesis with a reduction in incubational RH to 43% may accentuate poor posthatch performance of chicks from young breeders.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Peebles, ED and Burnham, MR and Gardner, CW and Brake, J and Bruzual, JJ and Gerard, PD}, year={2001}, month={Sep}, pages={1299–1304} }
 @article{burnham_peebles_gardner_brake_bruzual_gerard_2001, title={Effects of incubator humidity and hen age on yolk composition in broiler hatching eggs from young breeders}, volume={80}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/80.10.1444}, abstractNote={The effects of broiler breeder age (26, 28, and 30 wk) and incubator relative humidity (43, 53, and 63% RH) on yolk sac weight and composition in broiler hatching eggs between 16 and 19 d of incubation were evaluated. Percentage yolk sac weight was reduced in eggs from the youngest (26 wk) breeder hens and in eggs incubated at 53% RH. Percentage yolk moisture, in eggs from the youngest hens, was lowest at 16 d and was highest at 19 d, and percentage yolk lipid was highest at 16 and 17 d of incubation in eggs from 30-wk-old hens. Percentage yolk lipid content was higher at 63% RH compared with 53% RH in eggs from 26-wk-old breeders but was lower in eggs incubated at a 43% RH compared with 53 and 63% RH from 30-wk-old breeders. Yolk stearic and arachidonic acid concentrations were higher and myristic acid concentration was lower in eggs from the 26-wk-old hens. Conversely, the highest yolk concentrations of linolenic and palmitoleic acids occurred in eggs from 30- and 28-wk-old breeders, respectively. At 16, 17, 18, and 19 d of incubation, yolk oleic acid concentrations were significantly, but variably, affected by breeder age, whereas linoleic acid concentration was highest in 26-wk-old breeders only at 19 d. Palmitic acid concentration at 17 d was lower in eggs incubated at 53% RH compared with 43 and 63% RH. Rate of yolk uptake from the yolk sac by embryos may be increased by incubating eggs at 53% RH, and the effects of changes in RH between 43 and 63% on yolk lipid content are influenced by breeder age.}, number={10}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Burnham, MR and Peebles, ED and Gardner, CW and Brake, J and Bruzual, JJ and Gerard, PD}, year={2001}, month={Oct}, pages={1444–1450} }
 @article{benton_walsh_brake_2001, title={Effects of presence of a blastoderm on albumen height and pH of broiler hatching eggs}, volume={80}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/80.7.955}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to determine whether the presence of a blastoderm could affect albumen liquefaction of broiler hatching eggs prior to setting and during the initial stages of incubation. Eggs were stored for 0 to 3 d at 18 C and 75% RH. Albumen height and pH were measured after 0 or 2 h of incubation. In both experiments, albumen height was significantly lower in fertilized eggs compared with unfertilized eggs. The interaction of fertility with incubation time for albumen height in Experiment 1 was not significant (P < or = 0.10). In Experiment 1, albumen pH was significantly higher for fertilized eggs compared with unfertilized eggs (P < or = 0.01); the difference was similar but not significant in Experiment 2. The results suggest that the embryo contributes to albumen liquefaction and that ammonia production by the embryo may account for the effect.}, number={7}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Benton, CE and Walsh, TJ and Brake, J}, year={2001}, month={Jul}, pages={955–957} }
 @article{brake_cummings_pinedo_bafundo_2001, title={Effects of the ionophore anticoccidial semduramicin on broiler breeders}, volume={80}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/80.3.260}, abstractNote={Three experiments were conducted to assess the effects on broiler breeders of contamination of feed with the ionophore anticoccidial semduramicin. In Experiment 1, individually caged females received 0, 12.5, or 25 mg/kg diet for 3 wk from 48 to 50 wk of age. In Experiment 2, males and females in floor pens received 0, 12.5, or 25 mg/kg diet for 3 wk from 63 to 65 wk of age. In Experiment 3, individually caged males and females received 0, 3, 6, or 25 mg/kg diet for 1 wk at 31 wk of age and were mated by artificial insemination. There was a dose-related decrease in cumulative egg production and percentage shell in Experiment 1 after more than 1 wk exposure, but these effects were not observed in the other experiments. There was a decrease in cumulative fertile hatchability and a dose-related decrease after 3 wk exposure due to an increase in early embryonic mortality in Experiment 2, but these changes were not observed during the 1-wk exposure in Experiment 3. The data show that adverse effects of semduramicin require greater than 1 wk of exposure to be evident.}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Brake, J and Cummings, TS and Pinedo, CR and Bafundo, KW}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={260–265} }
 @misc{walsh_peak_knight_atwell_dibner_brake_2001, title={Oasis hatchling supplement during transit improves egg production during lay}, note={Mini-poster bulletin}, author={Walsh, T.J. and Peak, S.D. and Knight, C.D. and Atwell, C.A. and Dibner, J.J. and Brake, J.}, year={2001} }
 @article{peebles_gardner_brake_benton_bruzual_gerard_2000, title={Albumen height and yolk and embryo compositions in broiler hatching eggs during incubation}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/79.10.1373}, abstractNote={The relationship of albumen height (AH) to the compositions of yolks and embryos in hatching eggs from a young (30 wk of age) broiler breeder flock was evaluated during incubation. On Day 2 of incubation, egg weight, yolk weight, and yolk moisture, lipid, and fatty acid contents were determined in eggs from broiler breeders previously identified as laying eggs of either low or high AH. In addition, egg weight, wet and dry embryo weight, and embryo moisture and protein contents were determined on Days 10, 12, and 16, and embryo lipid content was determined on Days 12 and 16. Yolk and embryo weights were expressed as percentages of sampled egg weight. Egg, yolk, and wet embryo weights, yolk moisture and lipid contents, and embryo moisture, protein, and lipid contents were not affected by AH; however, yolk myristic acid concentration was higher, and yolk linoleic acid concentration was lower, in low AH eggs on Day 2 of incubation. Furthermore, on Day 16, dry embryo weight was significantly higher in low AH eggs. Young breeder hens laying eggs of different AH may also produce egg yolks with different fatty acid compositions. Differences in yolk fatty acid profiles between AH groups during early incubation may impact subsequent embryo DM weight without associated effects on embryo moisture, protein, or lipid contents.}, number={10}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Peebles, ED and Gardner, CW and Brake, J and Benton, CE and Bruzual, JJ and Gerard, PD}, year={2000}, month={Oct}, pages={1373–1377} }
 @article{williams_murray_brake_2000, title={Development of a model to study Aspergillus fumigatus proliferation on the air cell membrane of in ovo injected broiler eggs}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/79.11.1536}, abstractNote={A model was developed to examine the proliferation of Aspergillus fumigatus on the air cell membrane of broiler hatching eggs and to assay the effectiveness of fungal control strategies that may be used in conjunction with late embryonic egg injection. Egg yolk was identified as the nutritive media required to sustain fungal growth. Incubation was required to predispose the egg to fungal infection by allowing the yolk to come into contact with the air cell membrane. Infertile eggs and eggs containing embryos that died before 4 d of incubation (early-dead) that had been subsequently incubated for 9 d or more were equally susceptible to fungal infection. In order to evaluate potential methods of control, these eggs were punched through the blunt end of the shell with a 16-gauge needle, placed into forced-air incubators (hatchers), and exposed to air-dispersed pure cultures of A. fumigatus. The frequency of eggs exhibiting mold growth on the air cell membrane 72 h after exposure was subjected to a Chi-square analysis model. The effect of egg position within an incubator flat in relationship to the A. fumigatus source culture, the variation between flats (levels) within a given hatcher, the variation between hatchers, and the variation between replicate trials were measured and found to be potential sources of experimental error that must be minimized in order to accept the results of an evaluation. A statistically valid model was developed that can be used to evaluate various types of fungicidal treatments of hatching eggs and their relative efficacy in association with egg injection.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Williams, CJ and Murray, DL and Brake, J}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={1536–1542} }
 @article{benton_brake_2000, title={Effects of atmospheric ammonia on albumen height and pH of fresh broiler breeder eggs}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/79.11.1562}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to study the stimulatory effect of atmospheric ammonia on albumen liquefaction. Albumen height and pH were measured in fresh eggs after 1 h of exposure to 0, 142, 294, 592, 2,747, or 6,052 mg/kg ammonia vapor. In Experiment 1, eggs exposed to ammonia concentrations of 2,747 and 6,052 mg/kg exhibited a significantly reduced albumen height compared with all other treatments. The 2,747 and 6,052 mg/kg treatments produced a significantly higher albumen pH compared with the 0, 142, and 294 mg/kg ammonia treatments. In Experiment 2, eggs exposed to ammonia concentrations of 2,747 and 6,052 mg/kg had a significantly reduced albumen height compared with eggs exposed to ammonia concentrations of 0, 142, and 592 mg/kg. Albumen pH was significantly higher at the 2,747 and 6,052 mg/kg concentrations of ammonia compared with the control. The linear regression for the effects of ammonia on albumen height and pH were highly significant in both experiments. The effect on yolk pH was inconsistent. The results suggest that the presence of atmospheric ammonia contributes to albumen liquefaction.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Benton, CE and Brake, J}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={1562–1565} }
 @article{bruzual_peak_brake_peebles_2000, title={Effects of relative humidity during incubation on hatchability and body weight of broiler chicks from young breeder flocks}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/79.6.827}, abstractNote={We conducted an experiment to determine the effect of relative humidity (RH) during incubation on characteristics of hatched chicks from eggs produced by young broiler breeders. Eggs were collected for 6 consecutive d, every other week, in each of two trials from broiler breeder flocks at 26, 28, and 30 wk of age. The eggs were randomly distributed in machines according to RH treatments that were 43, 53, and 63% RH from set to pulling time at 21.75 and 22 d of incubation for Trials 1 and 2, respectively. The same dry bulb temperature (37.5 C) was used throughout incubation for both trials. Body weight at hatch, but not BW at pull (removal from machine), increased significantly with increasing RH treatment. The BW at hatch and BW at pull increased with increasing hen age. Percentages of late dead and fertile hatchability were the highest for the 63% and 53% RH treatments, respectively. These data demonstrated that, although a high RH during incubation produced chicks with increased BW at hatch, this extra weight was greatly reduced by time of pull, which suggests a significant rate of evaporation even in the presence of high RH. Further, the high RH appears to have a detrimental effect on embryonic development, as evidenced by the increased percentage of late dead.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Bruzual, JJ and Peak, SD and Brake, J and Peebles, ED}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={827–830} }
 @article{bruzual_peak_brake_peebles_2000, title={Effects of relative humidity during the last five days of incubation and brooding temperature on performance of broiler chicks from young broiler breeders}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/79.10.1385}, abstractNote={Broiler hatching eggs were subjected to one RH condition (53% RH) from 0 to 16 d and switched to one of three different RH conditions (43, 53, or 63%) from transfer at 16 d to pull time at 21.67 d of incubation. The broiler breeder ages were 27, 29, and 31 wk for Trial 1, and 26, 28, and 30 wk for Trial 2 in Experiment 1. For both trials, BW at hatch, BW at pull, hatch time, and chick weight loss between hatching and pull were measured. All unhatched eggs were opened and examined macroscopically. Experiment 2 was conducted using the chicks produced in Experiment 1. The chicks were immediately placed after pull and randomly distributed by sex into brooding pens by RH treatment in Trial 1, and by sex, RH, and brooding temperature in Trial 2. Two brooding conditions, warm and cool, were used in Trial 2. Body weight at placement, BW gain to 12 d, feed conversion, and mortality were recorded. There was no effect of RH treatment on fertile hatchability. Body weight at hatch, pull, and placement increased with hen age. Mortality was higher for the late-hatching chicks in the warm brooding conditions in Trials 1 and 2 of Experiment 2, whereas mortality was significantly greater for the early-hatching chicks and those chicks hatched at 43% RH under the cool-brooding temperature conditions. Relative humidity treatment had no effect on chick performance in the presence of warm brooding conditions. Warm brooding conditions improved BW gain to 12 d compared with cold brooding conditions. Overall, optimal chick performance was achieved at 53% RH. Chick quality problems that may be due to high or low RH during incubation can be ameliorated by proper brooding conditions.}, number={10}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Bruzual, JJ and Peak, SD and Brake, J and Peebles, ED}, year={2000}, month={Oct}, pages={1385–1391} }
 @article{brake_hamilton_kittrell_2000, title={Effects of the trichothecene mycotoxin diacetoxyscirpenol on feed consumption, body weight, and oral lesions of broiler breeders}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/79.6.856}, abstractNote={Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) on BW, feed consumption, and oral lesions of broiler breeders. In Experiment 1, caged broiler breeder hens were fed 0, 5, 10, or 20 mg DAS/kg diet from 24 to 25 wk of age. There were dose-related decreases in BW and feed consumption indicating feed refusal, as well as dose-related increases in the extent of mouth lesions. The areas of the mouth most sensitive to DAS were associated with the salivary glands and the tip of the tongue. In Experiment 2, individually caged male and female broiler breeders were fed a basal diet containing 0, 5, 10, or 20 mg DAS/kg from 25 to 27 wk of age. There were dose-related decreases in BW and feed consumption for the female broiler breeders, whereas there was a decrease in feed consumption for the male broiler breeders at the 10 and 20 mg DAS/kg levels. In Experiment 3, male broiler breeders were fed 0 or 10 mg DAS/kg diet from 23 to 25 wk of age on a litter floor. For this experiment the daily intake of feed was restricted, and the feed consumption rate was measured. There was an increased amount of unconsumed feed at 23 wk of age due to the presence of DAS. In summary, the experiments provided evidence that DAS caused decreased BW and feed consumption as well as cytotoxic injury including oral lesions in broiler breeders.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Brake, J and Hamilton, PB and Kittrell, RS}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={856–863} }
 @article{peak_walsh_benton_brake_van horne_2000, title={Effects of two planes of nutrition on performance and uniformity of four strains of broiler chicks}, volume={9}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/9.2.185}, abstractNote={Abstract Growers of broilers have recommended feeding lower protein feeds in order to reduce feed cost and nitrogen content of litter. However, the impact that very low protein feeds may have on broiler performance has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, two planes of nutrition (Standard=NRC-recommended level; or Low=66.1-69.5% as much protein) were fed to each sex of four broiler strains to 8 wk of age. Body weight, feed conversion, mortality, carcass yield, and uniformity were determined. Birds on the Low plane of nutrition had lower body weights, higher feed conversion, decreased carcass yield, and increased abdominal fat pad. In addition, the Low plane of nutrition decreased body weight uniformity and decreased uniformity of parts yield. However, the Low plane of nutrition reduced mortality to 6 wk of age and increased the percentage of dark meat yield. The data indicate that uniformity may be negatively impacted by a lower than NRC plane of nutrition, but careful application of low protein diets along with selection of an appropriate processing age will minimize the negative impact.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Peak, SD and Walsh, TJ and Benton, CE and Brake, J and Van Horne, PLM}, year={2000}, pages={185–194} }
 @article{williams_brake_2000, title={Evaluation of application methods for control of Aspergillus fumigatus proliferation on the air cell membrane of in ovo injected broiler eggs}, volume={79}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/79.11.1531}, abstractNote={Three different techniques of applying fungicides and mold inhibitors were evaluated as control methods for Aspergillus fumigatus proliferation on the air cell membrane of eggs that were infertile or contained early dead embryos following in ovo egg injection. A controlled Aspergillus challenge model was utilized that simulates the natural occurrence of fungal growth following in ovo egg injection. Methods of application examined were egg shell spray, direct air cell application prior to Aspergillus challenge, and micro-aerosol fogging in the incubation compartment during Aspergillus challenge. Fungicides and mold inhibitors used included propionic acid, propionic acid plus ammonia, phenol, quaternary ammonium plus organic tin, hydrogen peroxide, enilconazole, and an aromatase inhibitor. When applied as egg shell spray treatments or micro-aerosol fog treatments, none of the products that were tested significantly reduced the incidence of mold proliferation on the air cell membrane when compared with untreated, but otherwise challenged, controls. When applied directly to the air cell membrane prior to fungal challenge, only enilconazole and the aromatase inhibitor significantly reduced the incidence of fungal proliferation when compared with appropriate controls.}, number={11}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Williams, CJ and Brake, J}, year={2000}, month={Nov}, pages={1531–1535} }
 @article{balnave_hayat_brake_1999, title={Dietary arginine: lysine ratio and methionine activity at elevated environmental temperatures}, volume={8}, DOI={10.1093/japr/8.1.1}, abstractNote={Abstract There has been much controversy concerning the relative efficacies of equimolar quantities of DL-methionine (DLM) and 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (HMB). Inspection of published literature suggests that the dietary Arginine:Lysine (Arg:Lys) ratio could be involved, especially during heat stress. In Experiment 1, conducted at 32°C, increasing supplemental HMB from 0.16 to .32% in a diet with an Arg:Lys ratio of 1.36 produced a significant increase in body weight gain (BWG) from 21 to 38 days. However, increasing DLM in an equimolar manner did not. Feed intake (FI) was better for the HMB birds. In Experiment 2, where diets with an Arg:Lys ratio of 1.03, 1.20, or 1.34 were fed at 32°C, birds fed HMB gave significantly improved BWG and FCR at a higher FI between 42 and 48 days compared to birds fed DLM. The FI of birds fed DLM decreased more rapidly than the FI birds fed HMB as dietary Arg:Lys ration increased. Therefore, a knowledge of Arg:Lys ratio appears to be required to optimize the methionine activity source.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, author={Balnave, D. and Hayat, J. and Brake, J.}, year={1999}, pages={1–9} }
 @article{walsh_brake_1999, title={Effects of feeding program and crude protein intake during rearing on fertility of broiler breeder females}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/78.6.827}, abstractNote={Arbor Acres broiler breeder pullets were grown from hatch to 24 wk on one of four feeding programs that achieved similar cumulative intakes of ME and CP at 24 wk, but not 20 wk (photostimulation), in Experiment 1. Graphing the four programs in terms of feed per bird per day by week of age gave the general shapes of linear, convex, concave, and deeply concave with respect to 0 and 24 wk reference points. The linear program, which achieved 1,192 g CP at 20 wk (photostimulation), as compared to < 1,150 g CP for the two concave programs, exhibited the best fertility. Although the pullets reared on the convex program consumed 1,255 g CP, fertility was poor, probably due to the reduced rate of increase in feed allocation late in rearing that delayed oviduct development. In Experiment 2, pullets were fed to the same cumulative ME intake at 20 wk using either a concave or convex feeding program with respect to 0 and 20 wk reference points with two levels of dietary protein. The higher level of CP intake (1,363 vs 1,212 g) produced higher fertility. A significant feeding program by dietary protein interaction was found. Level of CP intake at photostimulation had no effect on fertility with the concave feeding program but the convex program decreased fertility at the lower CP intake as in Experiment 1.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Walsh, TJ and Brake, J}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={827–832} }
 @article{brake_hamilton_kittrell_1999, title={Effects of the tricothecene mycotoxin diacetoxyscirpenol on fertility and hatchability of broiler breeders}, volume={78}, DOI={10.1093/ps/78.12.1690}, abstractNote={Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) on fertility and hatchability of broiler breeders. In Experiment 1, naturally mated broiler breeders were studied. A limited daily allocation of feed containing 0 (basal), 1.25, 2.5, or 5.0 mg DAS/kg diet was provided from 67 to 69 wk of age in slat-litter floor pens. Fertility was consistently improved by the 5.0 mg/kg level of DAS and intermittently by the 1.25 and 2.50 mg/kg levels. The effect disappeared upon removal of DAS. In Experiment 2, individually caged broiler breeder males and females were fed a basal diet containing 0, 5, 10, or 20 mg DAS/kg diet from 25 to 27 wk of age. Semen was pooled from males within each treatment and used to inseminate females from each treatment in a 4 x 4 factorial design. Female-related fertility was increased at the 5 and 10 mg DAS/kg levels and male-related fertility was decreased by the 10 and 20 mg DAS/kg levels. Small, fluid-filled cysts were observed on the testes of many DAS-treated males upon necropsy. In summary, low levels of DAS (< or =10 mg DAS/kg) appeared to improve female-related fertility, presumably because of enhanced spermatozoal storage within the oviduct. Conversely, DAS (> or =10 mg DAS/kg) decreased male-related fertility, presumably by direct toxic effects on the testes. Overall, it appeared that levels of DAS below 5 mg DAS/kg feed would not be detrimental to fertility and hatchability.}, number={12}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Brake, J. and Hamilton, P. B. and Kittrell, R. S.}, year={1999}, pages={1690–1694} }
 @article{brake_1999, title={Evolución del diseño y del manejo de los nidos mecánicos I.Evolución del diseño}, volume={17}, number={1}, journal={Avicultura Profesional}, author={Brake, J.}, year={1999}, pages={29–31} }
 @article{brake_1999, title={Feeding the modern female broiler breeder}, volume={15}, number={11}, journal={World Poultry-Elsevier}, author={Brake, J.}, year={1999}, pages={16–18} }
 @article{coles_croom_brake_daniel_christensen_phelps_gore_taylor_1999, title={In ovo peptide YY administration improves growth and feed conversion ratios in week-old broiler chicks}, volume={78}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/78.9.1320}, abstractNote={The effects of in ovo Peptide YY (PYY) administration on growth and feed conversion ratios in a commercial broiler line were investigated. Six hundred Ross male x Cobb female eggs were administered either 0.9% saline (control) or 600 microg/kg egg weight PYY in ovo at Day 18 of incubation. On day of hatching, 210 birds from each treatment group were randomly placed by sex into pens. Body weights at placement were not different between treatment groups. Average chick body weight and adjusted pen feed conversion ratios were improved by PYY in ovo treatment at 7 d posthatch (165.7 vs. 170.2 g, P<0.02; and 1.55 vs. 1.49, P<0.04, respectively). No significant differences between treatments were noted for these parameters at 21 or 42 d of age. These results suggest that in ovo treatment of broiler chicken eggs with gastrointestinal hormones that increase intestinal nutrient absorption, such as PYY, may enhance chick performance.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Coles, BA and Croom, WJ and Brake, J and Daniel, LR and Christensen, VL and Phelps, CP and Gore, A and Taylor, IL}, year={1999}, month={Sep}, pages={1320–1322} }
 @article{croom_brake_coles_havenstein_christensen_mcbride_peebles_taylor_1999, title={Is intestinal absorption capacity rate-limiting for performance in poultry?}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1537-0437"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/8.2.242}, abstractNote={Abstract In recent years, there has been a growing perception that limitations in gastrointestinal absorption may be detrimental to posthatch survival and subsequent performance. This perception is based on a large body of information demonstrating that genetic selection for growth in domestic poultry alters intestinal structure from that of their wild counterparts. Furthermore, recent advances in our understanding of the energetic costs of absorption suggest that biochemical as well as structural changes in intestinal function have decreased absorptive function and efficiency in both chickens and turkeys. The recent discovery that some gastrointestinal peptides enhance nutrient absorption has allowed limited, direct testing of this hypothesis. The results of preliminary studies indicate that intestinal absorption enhancement technology may have beneficial practical application. More detailed studies are needed to fully assess the economic potential of intestinal absorption enhancement in poultry.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Croom, WJ and Brake, J and Coles, BA and Havenstein, GB and Christensen, VL and McBride, BW and Peebles, ED and Taylor, IL}, year={1999}, pages={242–252} }
 @article{brake_1999, title={Modern feed management for the male bird}, volume={15}, number={12}, journal={World Poultry (Doetinchem, Netherlands)}, author={Brake, J. T.}, year={1999}, pages={16} }
 @article{brake_1999, title={Recent advances in the feeding and nutrition of broiler breeders}, volume={15}, number={8}, journal={World Poultry (Doetinchem, Netherlands)}, author={Brake, J. T.}, year={1999}, pages={19} }
 @article{balnave_brake_1999, title={Responses of broilers to sodium bicarbonate supplementation of diets containing varying arginine : lysine ratios}, volume={50}, ISSN={["0004-9409"]}, DOI={10.1071/A98121}, abstractNote={
Interactions of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) with dietary
arginine : lysine (arg : lys) ratios at thermoneutral (21˚C) and high
(31˚C) temperatures were investigated with 21–42-day-old broilers
fed diets containing increasing concentrations of arginine to produce arg :
lys ratios of 1.05, 1.15, 1.25, and 1.35, with and without 16 g
NaHCO3/kg. Consistent positive relationships were
observed between increasing dietary arg : lys ratios and improved food intake
and weight gain at 31˚C with broilers fed diets without NaHCO3. The
primary response to increasing dietary arg: lys ratio in broilers receiving
NaHCO3 was increased food intake. This gave
corresponding increases in weight gain at 31˚C, but not at 21˚C.
Increases in dietary arg : lys ratio increased plasma arginine, ornithine, and
arg: lys ratio but had little effect on plasma lysine concentrations.
NaHCO3 alone had no direct effect on plasma amino acid
patterns but was important in potentiating the elevated plasma arg : lys ratio
responses observed at 31˚C in broilers receiving
NaHCO3 in their diet. The results indicate important
interrelationships exist between dietary amino acids and electrolytes, and the
existence of a nutritional requirement for bicarbonate at high temperatures.}, number={3}, journal={AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH}, author={Balnave, D and Brake, J}, year={1999}, pages={425–430} }
 @article{hayat_balnave_brake_1999, title={Sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate supplements for broilers can cause poor performance at high temperatures}, volume={40}, ISSN={["0007-1668"]}, DOI={10.1080/00071669987539}, abstractNote={1. Supplements of between 2 and 8 g of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)/l in drinking water provided between 21 and 49 d of age to broilers at 31 degrees C increased growth after 35 d of age and food intake after 42 d of age compared to unsupplemented controls. The most consistent responses were observed with 2 g NaHCO3/l. 2. Differences in weekly water intakes with different concentrations of NaHCO3 in the drinking water did not equate with variations in weekly food intake and growth. 3. Unexpected high mortality from dehydration and nephrosis was observed with a 10 g NaHCO3/l supplement. This mortality was associated with major changes in blood acid-base balance and plasma electrolyte concentrations. 4. Dietary supplements of NaHCO3 gave significantly better food conversion and numerically better growth in broilers at 31 degrees C than supplements of potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) providing similar dietary concentrations of bicarbonate. 5. Supplements of NaHCO3 were more toxic to broiler chickens when supplied in the drinking water than in the diet. This appeared to be related to the intake of sodium and alterations to cellular membrane ionic potential.}, number={3}, journal={BRITISH POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Hayat, J and Balnave, D and Brake, J}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={411–418} }
 @article{bottcher_baughman_brake_carter_wineland_1999, title={Time-averaged temperature can help ventilation}, journal={Poultry Times Special Supplement}, author={Bottcher, R.W. and Baughman, G.R. and Brake, J. and Carter, T.A. and Wineland, M.J.}, year={1999}, month={Apr}, pages={12A} }
 @book{thaxton_1998, title={Broiler Processing}, publisher={Pinnacle Strategic Resources}, author={Thaxton, Y.V.}, editor={Petitte, J.N. and Pardue, S.L. and Brake, J.Editors}, year={1998} }
 @article{qureshi_brake_hamilton_hagler_nesheim_1998, title={Dietary exposure of broiler breeders to aflatoxin results in immune dysfunction in progeny chicks}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.6.812}, abstractNote={Broiler breeder hens were fed diets amended with 0 and 10 mg/kg (Trial 1) or 0, 0.2, 1, or 5 mg/kg (Trial 2) of aflatoxin (AF). Fertile eggs collected during 14 d of AF feeding were examined for AF residues. Various immunological endpoints were examined in chicks hatched from these eggs. Eggs collected at 7 d of AF feeding (Trial 1) had 0.15 to 0.48 ng/g of AFB1 and 0.22 to 0.51 ng/g of aflatoxicol, whereas eggs collected at 14 d of AF feeding had 0.05 to 0.60 ng of AFB1/g and 0.19 to 1.20 ng of aflatoxicol/g. In both trials, AF dietary exposure resulted in embryonic mortality and reduction in hatchability compared to controls. The AF progeny chicks in Trial 2 had total anti-SRBC antibodies similar to the controls during the primary antibody response. However, at 5 and 7 d after secondary SRBC injection, the antibody levels in the 1 and 5 mg/kg AF groups were lower than those of controls. Depression in anti-Brucella abortus antibodies occurred only in chicks from the 5 mg/kg AF group. Furthermore, phagocytosis of SRBC and reactive oxygen intermediate production by macrophages from AF progeny chicks were reduced as compared with the control chicks. The findings of this study imply that the progeny chicks from hens consuming a AF-amended diet may be increasingly susceptible to disease owing to suppression of humoral and cellular immunity.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Qureshi, MA and Brake, J and Hamilton, PB and Hagler, WM and Nesheim, S}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={812–819} }
 @article{horne_brake_williams_1998, title={Economics of controlling ammonia emission from commercial layer farms}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1056-6171"]}, DOI={10.1093/japr/7.1.61}, abstractNote={Abstract This article presents a model to calculate the level of ammonia emission from commercial layer houses. The first part of the model calculates nitrogen excretion; the second part gives the total ammonia emission from layer houses, manure storage, and manure application. The results show that improved application methods can reduce the ammonia emission in a region at a lower cost than low-nitrogen feed or manure belt drying systems. Results of the separate measures for reducing ammonia emission are not additive. As there are no direct revenues from lowering ammonia emission, governmental regulations requiring such measures, as implemented in the Netherlands, will increase costs for U.S. poultry producers.}, number={1}, journal={JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH}, author={Horne, PLM and Brake, J and Williams, CM}, year={1998}, pages={61–68} }
 @article{brake_1998, title={Equipment design for breeding flocks}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.12.1833}, abstractNote={Breeding stocks require specialized equipment and facilities that accommodate both sexes and their mating behaviors. Divergence in male and female requirements has occurred due to genetic selection, particularly in heavy meat stocks. Proper equipment design requires specific knowledge about the nutritional requirements, genetics, and behavior of the particular stock within the environment intended. Attention must be paid to the relationship between the rearing and breeding environments, because preferences and behavioral patterns develop at an early age. The "correct" breeding environment is highly dependent upon the growing environment. There is evidence that some undesirable behaviors and poor fertility may arise from inadequate rearing nutrition and that nutrition can influence the development of certain behaviors.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Brake, J}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={1833–1841} }
 @article{brake_vlachos_1998, title={Evaluation of transgenic event 176 "Bt" corn in broiler chickens}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.5.648}, abstractNote={A 38-d feeding study evaluated whether standard broiler diets prepared with transgenic Event 176-derived "Bt" corn (maize) grain had any adverse effects on male or female broiler chickens as compared to diets prepared with nontransgenic (isogenic) control corn grain. No statistically significant differences in survival or BW were observed between birds reared on mash or pelleted diets prepared with transgenic corn and similar diets prepared using control corn. Broilers raised on diets prepared from the transgenic corn exhibited significantly better feed conversion ratios and improved yield of the Pectoralis minor breast muscle. Although it is not clear whether this enhanced performance was attributable to the transgenic corn per se, or due to possible slight differences in overall composition of the formulated diets, it was clear that the transgenic corn had no deleterious effects in this study.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Brake, J and Vlachos, D}, year={1998}, month={May}, pages={648–653} }
 @article{brake_walsh_1998, title={Fertility feeding}, volume={192}, number={3}, journal={Feed Milling Int'l}, author={Brake, J. and Walsh, T.J.}, year={1998}, pages={12–16} }
 @article{brake_balnave_dibner_1998, title={Optimum dietary arginine : lysine ratio for broiler chickens is altered during heat stress in association with changes in intestinal uptake and dietary sodium chloride}, volume={39}, ISSN={["0007-1668"]}, DOI={10.1080/00071669888511}, abstractNote={1. The effects of varying the dietary arginine:lysine (Arg:Lys) ratio for broiler chickens at thermoneutral and high temperatures was studied in a series of 5 experiments which measured intestinal epithelial transport or evaluated growth and food efficiency with practical diets or diets supplemented with L-arginine free base. 2. The growth studies showed that increasing the Arg:Lys ratio at high temperatures produced consistent improvements in food conversion without any loss in growth. 3. Increasing dietary sodium chloride concentration reduced the Arg:Lys ratio necessary for optimum food conversion. 4. Food conversion responses were improved whether L-arginine free base was used as a dietary supplement in place of an inert filler or practical diets with differing ingredients were used to vary the Arg:Lys ratio. 5. In the presence of an equimolar concentration of lysine the uptake of arginine by the intestinal epithelium of heat-stressed broilers was reduced significantly compared with that of broilers at thermoneutral temperatures. 6. The results indicate that the ideal amino acid balance for broilers varies with ambient temperature.}, number={5}, journal={BRITISH POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Brake, J and Balnave, D and Dibner, JJ}, year={1998}, month={Dec}, pages={639–647} }
 @article{brake_pardue_1998, title={Providing credentials to our graduates}, volume={77}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/77.2.208}, abstractNote={Provision of meaningful professional credentials to Poultry Science graduates requires the sharing of expertise among a number of departments. Increased access to specialized poultry courses will assist in assuring that all graduates have excellent technical credentials. Greater access could be brought about through distance learning materials developed on a regional basis. Professional credentials will protect the marketability of our graduates in a changing industry and provide them a starting point for continued professional development. All departments, large and small, can claim an essential niche in the instruction and examination process. Another benefit is that to maintain their professional status, graduates would periodically participate in seminars and short courses and be encouraged to maintain active memberships in associations such as the Poultry Science Association.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Brake, J and Pardue, SL}, year={1998}, month={Feb}, pages={208–210} }
 @article{bains_brake_pardue_1998, title={Reducing leg weakness in commercial broilers}, volume={14}, number={1}, journal={World Poultry-Elsevier}, author={Bains, B.S. and Brake, J. and Pardue, S.L.}, year={1998}, pages={24–25, 27} }
 @article{benton_balnave_brake_1998, title={The use of dietary minerals during heat stress in broilers}, volume={14}, DOI={10.15232/s1080-7446(15)31828-3}, abstractNote={Abstract Mineral supplementation has been conclusively demonstrated to decrease mortality and improve growth of broilers during heat stress. The most effective supplement appears to be NaHCO 3 , which, although it has no favorable effect on pH, relieves the bicarbonate (HCO 3 − ) deficiency brought about by a developing respiratory alkalosis. Blood pH may be reduced with NH 4 Cl supplements but its potency as an acid leaves a much narrower margin for error. At the present time dietary electrolyte balance [(DEB; (Na + ) + (K + ) − (Cl − )] appears to be inappropriate for predicting the growth of heat-stressed broilers. The dietary arginine:lysine ratio has been found to be important during heat stress but is also influenced by dietary NaCl levels. Practical mineral supplementation during heat stress requires close attention to all dietary minerals and amino acid balance.}, number={4}, journal={Professional Animal Scientists}, author={Benton, C.E. and Balnave, D. and Brake, J.}, year={1998}, pages={193–196} }
 @inbook{brake_1997, place={Doetchem, The Netherlands}, title={Broiler Breeder Management}, booktitle={The Poultry Production Guide}, publisher={Misset International}, author={Brake, J.}, editor={Ed., Naheeda KhanEditor}, year={1997}, pages={1–37} }
 @article{brake_walsh_benton_petitte_meijerhof_penalva_1997, title={Egg handling and storage}, volume={76}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/9037701}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.1.144}, abstractNote={The temperature and relative humidity of storage, as well as the gaseous environment, interact with the fertile egg over time during storage in such a way as to affect the success of incubation either negatively or positively. This interaction occurs both above and below the "physiological zero", at which embryonic metabolism is minimal. This interaction below physiological zero implies that certain physical aspects of the egg must be affected by the environmental conditions. As the eggshell is a relatively fixed component, changes in albumen, shell membranes, cuticle, yolk, or embryo proper must account for these time- and environment-related effects. It is concluded that the major contributor is the albumen, as it is obviously the most dynamic component below physiological zero and is strategically positioned.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Brake, J and Walsh, TJ and Benton, CE and Petitte, JN and Meijerhof, R and Penalva, G}, year={1997}, month={Jan}, pages={144–151} }
 @article{brake_1997, title={Immune status -- the role of vitamins}, volume={5}, number={1}, journal={Feed Mix}, author={Brake, J.}, year={1997}, pages={21} }
 @article{gorman_balnave_brake_1997, title={The effect of altering the dietary arginine to lysine ratio on the breast meat yield of broiler chickens at moderate and high temperatures}, volume={48}, ISSN={["0004-9409"]}, DOI={10.1071/A96085}, abstractNote={
In 4 experiments broilers were housed at moderate or high temperatures and fed
diets containing arginine : lysine (arg : lys) ratios ranging from 1·01
to 1·45 from 3 weeks of age until reaching a processing weight of
2·2 kg. The effects of temperature and arg : lys ratio on breast meat
yield were determined. In the first 3 experiments, increasing the arg : lys
ratio increased breast meat yield at moderate temperatures and reduced breast
meat yield at high temperatures. Hypothesised response curves are presented to
explain the different responses in breast meat yield to arg : lys ratio at
moderate and high temperatures. Expt 4 was designed to test the validity of
the hypothesised response curves. The pattern of the responses obtained from
this experiment supports the hypothesis.
}, number={5}, journal={AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH}, author={Gorman, I and Balnave, D and Brake, J}, year={1997}, pages={709–714} }
 @article{walsh_brake_1997, title={The effect of nutrient intake during rearing of broiler breeder females on subsequent fertility}, volume={76}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.1093/ps/76.2.297}, abstractNote={Broiler breeder females were grown to similar 20-wk BW with diets containing levels of CP ranging from 11 to 20% CP in four experiments. At 20 wk of age, the pullets were mixed with sex-separate reared males, grown with a 17% CP, 2.89 kcal ME/g diet. Treatment BW at 20 wk of age were between 1.94 and 2.11 kg per pullet. Birds were photostimulated at 20 wk of age. Irrespective of cumulative energy intake or 20-wk BW, pullets that consumed less than 1,180 g of CP exhibited reduced fertility. These results demonstrate a relationship between CP intake by females during rearing and subsequent fertility.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={Walsh, TJ and Brake, J}, year={1997}, month={Feb}, pages={297–305} }
 @article{brake_1996, title={Induced molting an effective tool}, volume={11}, number={4}, journal={Milne's Poultry Digest}, author={Brake, J.}, year={1996}, pages={27} }
 @article{brake_garlich_1996, title={Manejos para controlar la ascitis}, volume={14}, number={3}, journal={Avicultura Profesional}, author={Brake, J. and Garlich, J.D.}, year={1996}, pages={22–23, 25} }
 @article{brake_1996, title={Optimización del almacenaje de nuevos fértiles}, volume={14}, number={6}, journal={Avicultura Profesional}, author={Brake, J.}, year={1996}, pages={26–31} }
 @article{brake_1996, title={Optimization of egg handling and storage}, volume={12}, number={9}, journal={World Poultry-Misset}, author={Brake, J.}, year={1996}, pages={33–39} }
 @article{benton_brake_1996, title={The effect of broiler breeder flock age and length of egg storage on egg albumen during early incubation}, volume={75}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0751069}, abstractNote={The objective of these two experiments was to determine the temporal changes in albumen during storage and early incubation as a means of understanding some of the effects of egg storage on early embryonic development. Eggs from 30- or 50-wk-old broiler breeder hens were incubated (37.5 C dry bulb, 30 C wet bulb) after storage for 0 (fresh) or 5 d (18 C, 75% RH) in Experiment 1. Albumen height, albumen pH, and egg weight loss were recorded at 2, 24, 48, and 66 h of incubation. The same measurements were taken on another group of eggs from 43-wk-old hens stored for 0 (fresh), 4, 8, or 12 d in Experiment 2. All hens were of the same strain. Egg weight loss during incubation was significantly greater in fresh eggs than in stored eggs in Experiment 1. Fresh eggs had significantly greater albumen height and significantly lower albumen pH than stored eggs in both experiments. These differences diminished with length of incubation. Because the blastoderm is located adjacent to the albumen, changes in the viscosity or pH of the albumen may play an integral role in determining the viability of the embryo during the very early stages of development. Incubation of fresh eggs without storage appears to expose the developing embryo to an inappropriate trans-vitelline membrane pH gradient and a thick albumen that may slow vital gas diffusion and limit nutrient availability. These conditions may cause an increased incidence of embryonic death.}, number={9}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Benton, C.E., Jr. and Brake, J.}, year={1996}, pages={1069–1075} }
 @article{walsh_rizk_brake_1995, title={Effects of storage for 7 or 14 days at two temperatures in the presence or absence of carbon dioxide on albumen characteristics, weight loss and early embryonic mortality of broiler hatching eggs}, volume={74}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Walsh, T.J. and Rizk, R.E. and Brake, J.}, year={1995}, pages={1403–1410} }
 @article{anderson_havenstein_brake_1995, title={Effects of strain and rearing dietary regimens on brown-egg pullet growth and strain, rearing dietary regimens, density, and feeder space effects on subsequent laying performance}, volume={74}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0741079}, abstractNote={The objective of this experiment was to compare the growth and development of two brown-egg strains when grown on three different dietary regimens, i.e., a "normal" step-down protein (SDP) regimen, a step-up protein regimen with a low energy starter (SUPLES), and a step-up protein regimen with a high energy starter (SUPHES). The SUPLES and SUPHES feeding regimens resulted in significantly lower BW and feed conversion, shorter sternum length, and lower tibial breaking strength than the SDP regimen. The weights of the liver, spleen, and fat pad were not different among the three regimens. The high energy starter in the SUPHES regimen significantly reduced FC below that obtained with the SUPLES program. The SUPHES regimen significantly reduced total feed cost compared with the other two feeding regimens. Both step-up protein regimens reduced total protein, energy, Ca, P, lysine, and sulfur amino acid consumption. Because tibial breaking strength was also reduced by the step-up protein regimens, the data suggest that the levels of dietary Ca and P should be increased with these programs to compensate for the reduced consumption associated with them.}, number={7}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Anderson, K.E. and Havenstein, G.B. and Brake, J.}, year={1995}, pages={1079–1092} }
 @misc{brake_rosseland_1995, place={San Antonio, TX}, title={Incubation and Hatching}, journal={The Ratite Encyclopedia}, publisher={Ratite Records, Inc}, author={Brake, J. and Rosseland, B.L.}, year={1995}, pages={103–116} }
 @book{bains_brake_1995, place={Sydney}, title={Physiological and Metabolic Functions of Ascorbic Acid in Commercial Chickens}, note={Translated into Chinese, 1997.}, publisher={Roche Products Pty, LTD}, author={Bains, B.S. and Brake, J.}, year={1995} }
 @article{brake_havenstein_ferket_rives_giesbrecht_1995, title={Relationship of Sex, Strain, and Body Weight to Carcass Yield and Offal Production in Turkeys}, volume={74}, ISSN={0032-5791}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0740161}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0740161}, abstractNote={Three strains of male and female market turkeys (British United Turkeys, Hybrid, and Nicholas) were grown under commercial contract production conditions and slaughtered at a range of BW (4,200 to 17,640 g) and age (13 to 22 wk) that covers the range of commercial market weights in use at the time of the study. During processing, the weight of blood, feathers, head, neck, feet plus shanks, heart, liver, gizzard, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, water uptake, hot and chilled carcass with fat pad, fat pad alone, tail, wings, drumsticks, thigh meat, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, scapula meat, lower back, upper back with ribs, breast skin, thigh skin, thigh bone, and hind half (legs, thighs, and saddle) were determined. The data were subjected to least squares analyses using models that included strain and sex effects relative to live BW. Significant differences in yield between the sexes but not among strains were found for feet plus shanks, gizzard, hot and chilled carcass with fat pad, and scapula meat. Similarly, significant differences in yield among strains but not between sexes alone were found for blood, feathers, heart, and hind half. The relationships of live BW with all other variables showed both strain and sex differences in yield. Whereas whole carcass yield as a function of BW was affected by sex alone, most other components varied by both sex and strain. Thus, choice of strain, sex, and age at slaughter affect the projected production of edible carcass and offal components.}, number={1}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Brake, J. and Havenstein, G.B. and Ferket, P.R. and Rives, D.V. and Giesbrecht, F.G.}, year={1995}, month={Jan}, pages={161–168} }
 @article{timmons_gates_bottcher_carter_brake_wineland_1995, title={Simulation analysis of a new temperature control method for poultry housing}, volume={62}, DOI={10.1006/jaer.1995.1082}, abstractNote={A new control method for temperature control is presented which utilizes both a time-integrated value (TIV) and an instantaneous value of inside air temperature as the basis for making control decisions. Current control strategies neglect the thermal history of both the air space and the animal but there are gains to be made by using a control algorithm that employs dynamic control of the target control variable. It is demonstrated that increased economic efficiency is obtained using time-integrated control. Simulation analysis was used to predict energy savings and changes in bird performance for a series of TIV control algorithms. On the basis of these simulations, it was concluded that the TIV control strategy imporoved net returns compared with those obtained using a conventional control strategy. TIV control targets for temperature should be selected to reduce excessive fan usage and to prevent any mortality if at all possible. The economic parameters assumed for feed cost and meat value have a large impact on the selection of an optimal control strategy.}, journal={Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research}, author={Timmons, M.B. and Gates, R.S. and Bottcher, R.W. and Carter, T.A. and Brake, J. and Wineland, M.J.}, year={1995}, pages={237–245} }
 @article{bottcher_brake_baughman_magura_1995, title={Vertically directed mixing fans as an alternative to tunnel ventilation}, volume={11}, number={3}, journal={World Poultry-Misset}, author={Bottcher, R.W. and Brake, J. and Baughman, G.R. and Magura, J.R.}, year={1995}, month={Apr}, pages={24–29} }
 @article{bottcher_brake_baughman_magura_1995, title={Vertically directed mixing fans for cooling floor-raised poultry}, volume={11}, DOI={10.13031/2013.25782}, journal={Applied Engineering Agriculture}, author={Bottcher, R.W. and Brake, J. and Baughman, G.R. and Magura, J.R.}, year={1995}, pages={591–599} }
 @article{liljequist_jacobson_keeley_currin_pardue_bottcher_brake_1994, title={A harness and computer system to facilitate automated body temperature data collection in heat-stressed broilers}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0730817}, abstractNote={An easy-to-use, low-cost system was developed that permitted nearly continuous, automated core body temperature (Tc) readings on 7-wk-old male broiler chickens via direct computer linkage to thermistor probes held in place by a specially designed harness. Elevated Tc was noted in heat stress studies following the replacement of expelled temperature probes in some hyperthermic birds. To demonstrate the usefulness of the data collection system described herein, three treatments with three to four birds per treatment were used to examine this observation. Birds were designated as handled only (HAN), handled to remove and replace the temperature probe (RPL), or left as nonhandled controls (CON). Treatments had no effect on subsequent Tc in experiments when the thermoregulatory capacity of the birds was not challenged. However, when the birds were sufficiently challenged, Tc of HAN and RPL birds increased within 4 min of the initiation of handling and remained above baseline for up to 45 min. The Tc of CON birds in that trial also increased, but to a smaller degree, within 5 min and remained above baseline for up to 20 min. This study indicates that Tc of hyperthermic birds can be superelevated by simulated manual placement of cloacal temperature probes and that fixed probes connected to an automated data monitoring and collection system is a relatively simple way to avoid this problem.}, number={6}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Liljequist, B.L. and Jacobson, B.M. and Keeley, T.P. and Currin, R.D. and Pardue, S.L. and Bottcher, R.W. and Brake, J.}, year={1994}, pages={817–824} }
 @article{brake_rosseland_1994, title={Basics of ratite incubation}, number={24}, journal={The Australian Ostrich Association Journal}, author={Brake, J.T. and Rosseland, B.}, year={1994}, month={Jan}, pages={11–15} }
 @article{brake_keeley_jones_1994, title={EFFECT OF AGE AND PRESENCE OF PERCHES DURING REARING ON TONIC IMMOBILITY FEAR REACTIONS OF BROILER BREEDER PULLETS}, volume={73}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0731470}, abstractNote={Broiler breeders were housed in pens in an all-litter house with an 8-h photoperiod from hatching to 20 wk of age. They were reared either in the presence or absence of perches (7 cm per bird) and on either a 14% or a 17% CP diet. The duration of the tonic immobility (TI) fear response was measured in 15- and in 20-wk-old birds; each pullet was tested individually and once only. There was an apparent age-related increase in the duration of TI, which was attenuated by the provision of perches during rearing. The results are discussed in terms of maturational and environmental influences on the development and alleviation of fear.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BRAKE, J and KEELEY, TP and JONES, RB}, year={1994}, month={Sep}, pages={1470–1474} }
 @article{brake_1994, title={Environmental agents vs layers}, volume={81}, number={9}, journal={Canada Poultryman}, author={Brake, J.}, year={1994}, month={Sep}, pages={29–32} }
 @article{brake_1994, title={Feed removal remains predominant method of molt induction}, volume={XLI}, number={13}, journal={The Poultry Times}, author={Brake, J.}, year={1994}, month={Jun}, pages={6–9} }
 @article{brake_davis_rosseland_delfel_1994, title={Further refinements in the incubation and hatching of ratites}, volume={7}, number={65}, journal={The Ostrich News}, author={Brake, J. and Davis, G.S. and Rosseland, B. and Delfel, S.}, year={1994}, month={Feb}, pages={54–59} }
 @misc{brake_khamidullin_samnilova_1994, title={Male only grill for poultry feeding}, volume={5275131}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Brake, J. T. and Khamidullin, T. and Samnilova, L.}, year={1994} }
 @article{brake_1994, title={Management programs for optimum broiler breeder performance (in Korean)}, journal={Korean Poultry Journal}, author={Brake, J.}, year={1994}, month={Jan}, pages={99–106} }
 @article{brake_liljequist_1994, title={Properly managed air can correct many house problems}, volume={XLI}, number={20, Sept. 26}, journal={The Poultry Times}, author={Brake, J. and Liljequist, B.L.}, year={1994}, pages={18} }
 @article{bottcher_bisesi_brake_pardue_etheredge_1994, title={Reducing mixing fan thermostat set points in naturally ventilated broiler housing during hot weather}, volume={3}, DOI={10.1093/japr/3.3.289}, abstractNote={Abstract Performance of poultry during hot weather has been improved by reducing the air temperature and increasing air movement over the birds during the coolest portion of a diurnal cycle. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of increasing the use of mixing fans at night during hot weather in naturally ventilated houses on four broiler farms. Mixing fan thermostats wee set according to the standard policy of the cooperating company in the control houses and 5 or 10°F lower in the test houses. When thermostat settings were reduced by 10°F for summer flocks in 1991 and 1992, several results appeared: average weight gain was 0.02 to 0.18 lbs greater, feed conversion ratio was 0.01 to 0.04lb/lb lower, and mortality was 0.2 to 1.2% lower in the test houses than in the control houses. Based on electricity and production costs, the net benefit to the grower varied from $25 to $275 per house for these summer flocks. For flocks that extended into the fall of 1992, there was little effect on feed conversion or livability, so the growers experienced net losses averaging $96 per house.}, journal={Journal of Applied Poultry Research}, author={Bottcher, R.W. and Bisesi, P.S. and Brake, J. and Pardue, S.L. and Etheredge, A.M.}, year={1994}, pages={289–296} }
 @article{brake_1994, title={Reevaluando las práticas de manejo}, volume={41}, number={7}, journal={Industria Avicola}, author={Brake, J.}, year={1994}, month={Jul}, pages={30–32} }
 @article{soliman_rizk_brake_1994, title={Relationship between shell porosity, shell thickness, egg weight loss, and embryonic development in Japanese Quail eggs}, volume={73}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0731607}, abstractNote={Japanese quail eggs that hatched (H) or pipped (PIP) exhibited less weight loss through 15 d of incubation than did eggs that died late (LD), whereas eggs containing early dead (ED) embryos exhibited the greatest weight loss. The pore concentration at the large end of each egg was greatest in H eggs when compared with all other types. The pore concentration at the equator was greatest in H eggs and least in the eggs of the ED embryos. All other egg types lay statistically between these two types with regard to equator porosity. The small end pore concentration was similar in H, INF, and LD eggs and in the LD, PIP, and ED eggs. The least number was exhibited by the ED eggs and most by the H eggs. The thinnest shells at the small end were exhibited by H eggs, whereas thicker small end shells were exhibited by ED, LD, and PIP egg types. No differences were observed at the large end or equator. The data suggest that ED eggs exhibit excessive weight loss even though shell porosity was lower and shell thickness was similar to other egg types. This suggests that some functional component of the egg such as the shell membrane or albumen may contribute to this excessive weight loss. A similar statement can be made for LD eggs, which experienced greater weight loss through 15 d than did PIP or H eggs.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Soliman, F.N.K. and Rizk, R.E. and Brake, J.}, year={1994}, pages={1607–1611} }
 @article{brake_blakely_1993, title={Broiler breeder feeding, fleshing, frame and reproduction}, volume={65}, number={3}, journal={Feedstuffs}, author={Brake, J. and Blakely, J.R.}, year={1993}, month={Jan}, pages={30–32} }
 @article{brake_khamidullin_fisinin_1993, title={EXCLUSION OF BROILER BREEDER FEMALES FROM MALE FEEDERS WITH A MALE ONLY GRILL .1. BEHAVIORAL AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0720429}, abstractNote={A series of experiments was conducted in order to develop a feeder grill that would allow broiler breeder males, but not females, to eat. Females are typically excluded from male feeders by increasing the height of the feeder. However, male feeder heights that exclude most females increase the time required for males to consume a given amount of feed 19 to 60%. Typical male feeder height from floor to feeder pan lip in commercial practice is 55 cm, which is about the distance from floor to the head of the male in an erect posture. Females measure about 40 cm in an erect posture. Because the necks of males (8.0 cm) are longer than those of females (6.3 cm), the lip of male feeder pans was extended horizontally 12.7 cm with a wire mesh on the assumption that females could not stretch their necks enough to reach the feed. However, the females learned quickly to perch on the extended lip and eat. Total exclusion of females from the male feeder, regardless of feeder height, was achieved by placing a horizontal upper mesh 5.6 to 10.2 cm above the extended lip, and connecting the upper mesh to the lower extended lip of the feeder with vertical bars spaced 5.1 cm apart. The horizontal upper mesh prevented perching by females and the 5.1-cm spacing of the vertical bars allowed males but not females to reach the feed by inserting their heads and necks up to their shoulders.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, number={3}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BRAKE, J and KHAMIDULLIN, TN and FISININ, VI}, year={1993}, month={Mar}, pages={429–436} }
 @article{vick_brake_walsh_1993, title={Effect of incubation humidity and flock age on hatchability of broiler hatching eggs}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0720251}, abstractNote={Abstract The present study was conducted to determine the effect of incubation humidity (different wet bulb temperature at same dry bulb temperature) on hatchability and embryonic development with respect to flock age. All eggs in Experiment 1 were collected from a flock of broiler breeders over a 4-day period every 4 wk from 28 to 64 wk of age. On the day following the 4th day of collection, half the eggs were placed in an incubator at a wet bulb temperature of 28.3±.5 C, and the remaining half were placed in an incubator at a wet bulb temperature of 30.0±.5 C. The dry bulb temperature was 37.5 C in all cases. A second experiment was conducted with eggs collected from 34- and 66-wk-old flocks. Incubation conditions were the same as in Experiment 1 with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design. When pooled across breeder age in Experiment 1, hatchability of fertile eggs was increased and early embryonic mortality was decreased by the 28.3 C wet bulb temperature. The improvement was most evident when the flock was young. Data from Experiment 2 suggest that the reduced early embryonic mortality was due to increased water loss in the 34-wk-old flock in the lower wet bulb temperature treatment during the first 3 days of incubation, which presumably increased oxygen influx. When the flock was older, there was evidence of lower hatchability in some larger eggs due to lower wet bulb temperature. The data suggest that lower incubation wet bulb temperature overcomes barriers to water loss and vital gas diffusion, which are evident in small eggs from young flocks but not present in larger eggs from older flocks.}, number={2}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Vick, S.V. and Brake, J. and Walsh, T.J.}, year={1993}, pages={251–258} }
 @article{brake_walsh_vick_1993, title={Hatchability of broiler eggs as influenced by storage and internal quality}, number={1}, journal={Zootecnica International}, author={Brake, J. and Walsh, T. J. and Vick, S. V.}, year={1993}, pages={30} }
 @article{brake_1993, title={INFLUENCE OF NEST PAD COLOR ON NEST PREFERENCE, PERCENTAGE OF FLOOR EGGS, AND EGG-PRODUCTION OF BROILER BREEDER HENS}, volume={72}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0721663}, abstractNote={Abstract Conventional brown AstroTurf® nest pads were compared with black, green, and gray AstroTurf® nest pads in paired preference tests. Broiler breeder hens were offered a choice between brown and one of the other three colors within a single pen, and eggs laid per week per nest hole were counted. Hens significantly preferred gray over brown, and this preference persisted even when the pad color arrangement was reversed at 49 wk of age. No discrimination between the other colors and brown was found, and reversing the color scheme had no effect on nest position selection. A second study was conducted in which hens were allowed to lay in nests equipped either with brown or gray nest pads. The hens exposed only to gray nest pads laid significantly fewer floor eggs between 25 and 40 wk of age. The birds laying on gray AstroTurf® nest pads also exhibited significantly improved egg production and feed conversion.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BRAKE, J}, year={1993}, month={Sep}, pages={1663–1666} }
 @article{davis_parkhurst_brake_1993, title={Light intensity and sex ratio effects on egg production, egg quality characteristics, and fertility in breeder pekin ducks}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0720023}, abstractNote={Abstract A flock of 520, 11-wk-old breeder Pekin ducklings was raised in 20 floor pens in a curtain-sided poultry house under decreasing day lengths. At 22 wk of age, the ducklings were photostimulated (16 h of light/day) with a combination of natural daylight and artificial light. After dusk, half of the ducklings were exposed to 10 lx of incandescent (IN) light and the other half were maintained under 172 lx of high-pressure sodium (HPS) light. In addition, each light treatment consisted of an equal number of pens with two different sex ratios, 22 hens:4 drakes (15% males) and 21 hens:5 drakes (19% males). Egg production, egg quality characteristics, and fertility were monitored from 22 to 52 wk of age. Ducklings housed under 172 lx of HPS light exhibited significantly (P ≤ .05) greater egg production between 23 and 34 wk of age. Egg weight, shell weight, and shell thickness were not consistently affected by the different light treatments or sex ratios. The sex ratios did not affect percentage egg fertility, but fertility was significantly (P ≤.05) higher in the HPS light treatment during the last 15 wk of the study. It was concluded that HPS light of 172 lx can enhance egg production in breeder Pekin ducklings prior to peak production (37 wk), and HPS light can improve fertility following the peak egg production period. Furthermore, this study indicated that a breeder duckling flock with 15% males was adequate to achieve optimum fertility.}, number={1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Davis, G.S. and Parkhurst, C.R. and Brake, J.}, year={1993}, pages={23–29} }
 @article{brake_1993, title={Nest pad color can be used to reduce floor eggs}, volume={52}, number={7}, journal={Poultry Digest}, author={Brake, J. T.}, year={1993}, pages={28} }
 @book{brake_1993, series={Hy-Line International Technical Bulletin}, title={Progress in induced molting: The use of house temperature to improve your program}, note={also reprinted in Poultry International and Zootechnica International}, number={HLST 16}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1993}, month={Sep}, pages={4}, collection={Hy-Line International Technical Bulletin} }
 @article{brake_1993, title={Pullet flock chicks should be segregated for extra care}, volume={40}, number={16}, journal={Poultry Times}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1993}, month={Aug}, pages={20} }
 @article{brake_1993, title={RECENT ADVANCES IN INDUCED MOLTING}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0720929}, abstractNote={Abstract Molt induction methods that produce a complete cessation of lay, reproductive involution for several days, and loss of nearly 50% of the primary feathers are the most successful. Feed deprivation and high levels of dietary zinc have proven to be the most consistent methods available. Calcium appears to play a pivotal role in molt induction as calcium carbonate feeding prolongs ovulation during the initial stages of an induced molt and dietary zinc has been shown to interfere with calcium-related metabolic activities at the level of the ovary. The primary site of action of feed deprivation appears to be at the level of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis, where calcium is involved in many endocrine pathways. The physiological basis of postmolt rejuvenation has been related to the extent of ovarian and oviducal involution. Evidence suggests that restructuring of receptor or membrane functions in the oviduct is the basis for rejuvenation. A body weight loss of about 30% appears to be necessary for appropriate restructuring of the shell gland.}, number={5}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BRAKE, J}, year={1993}, month={May}, pages={929–931} }
 @article{brake_havenstein_scheideler_ferket_rives_1993, title={Relationship of Sex, Age, and Body Weight to Broiler Carcass Yield and Offal Production}, volume={72}, ISSN={0032-5791}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0721137}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0721137}, abstractNote={Abstract Male and female broilers (feather-sexable strain) at 28, 35, 42, and 49 days of age were utilized to determine the effect of sex, age, and BW on yield of various offal and edible carcass components. Individual bird BW ranged from 756 to 2,970 g. During processing, weight of blood, feathers, head, neck, feet, preen gland, heart, liver, gizzard, gastrointestinal tract, fat pad, hind half (legs, thighs, and saddle), wings, Pectoralis major, breast skin, Pectoralis minor, back with lungs, rib cage, water uptake, and whole dressed carcass were determined. Regression analyses were used to generate equations describing the relationship between carcass components and BW for each sex and with the sexes combined. The data were also subjected to analysis of variance to determine age and sex effects on an absolute weight and percentage of live BW basis. Yields of body components changed with increasing age and BW. In general, the percentage of edible components increased, and the percentage of offal decreased with increasing age and BW. When expressed on a percentage of live BW basis, significant sex effects existed for feathers, head, neck, feet, heart, liver, fat pad, hind half, breast skin, and Pectoralis minor. Thus, the yield of offal components vary more by sex than does yield of edible carcass components.}, number={6}, journal={Poultry Science}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Brake, J. and Havenstein, G.B. and Scheideler, S.E. and Ferket, P.R. and Rives, D.V.}, year={1993}, month={Jun}, pages={1137–1145} }
 @article{brake_walsh_vick_1993, title={Relationship of egg storage time, storage conditions, flock age, eggshell and albumen characteristics, incubation conditions, and machine capacity to broiler hatchability - Review and model synthesis}, volume={16}, number={1}, journal={Zootechnica International}, author={Brake, J. and Walsh, T.J. and Vick, S.V.}, year={1993}, month={Jan}, pages={30–41} }
 @article{pardue_brake_seib_wang_1993, title={Relative bio-availability of L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate in broiler chickens}, volume={72}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0721330}, abstractNote={Broiler chick diets and drinking water were supplemented with two sources of vitamin C: crystalline L-ascorbic acid (AsA) or L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (APP) to provide 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,600, and 3,200 ppm (mg/kg) AsA. The bioavailability of APP relative to AsA, as estimated by the change in plasma AsA concentration, was evaluated during 24-h periods of supplementation. When provided in the feed, no differences in dietary AsA content were attributed to vitamin source. In contrast, APP administration at 25 and 50 ppm, resulted in higher (P < .001) AsA values in drinking water when compared with AsA supplementation. Plasma AsA values were elevated (P < .05) above baseline when either AsA or APP were supplemented in the feed or water at a level of 400 ppm or greater. Plasma AsA concentrations, following supplementation of the diets, were higher (P < .05) in AsA-treated (800 ppm) chicks when compared with APP-supplemented chicks. During water supplementation, AsA (800 ppm) and APP (3,200 ppm) administration resulted in higher plasma AsA values when compared with their alternate vitamin source. At all other levels of water supplementation, no differences in plasma AsA were associated with vitamin source. The absence of a consistent difference in plasma AsA, relative to vitamin source, suggests that the isolated differences observed may be due to chance. It was concluded that APP was of similar bioavailability to that of AsA, as estimated by the ability to elevate plasma AsA concentrations in broiler chicks.}, number={7}, journal={Poult. Sci}, author={Pardue, S.L. and Brake, J. and Seib, P.A. and Wang, X.Y.}, year={1993}, pages={1330–1338} }
 @article{phillips_ellner_oukama_brake_1992, title={A mathematical model for estimation of broiler egg weight loss from physical dimensions and air cell size during incubation}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0710625}, abstractNote={A formula was derived that will enable hatcheries to estimate percentage weight loss using the width, length, and air cell diameter of the egg. The formula was derived by fitting an equation to the shape of the egg and using this shape equation to obtain estimates of air cell volume and egg volume. These estimates were coupled with the principle that weight = density x volume to give the final formula as a function of air cell diameter divided by egg width. The formula was tested by comparing its estimated values with measured values from eggs set at two different incubation conditions chosen to cover the range of conditions found in commercial hatcheries. As the day of transfer approached, embryo size and distortion of the air cell caused inaccuracies to develop in the results of this equation. However, data suggest that the equation can be used to calculate percentage weight loss until approximately the 16th day of incubation.}, number={4}, journal={Poult. Sci}, author={Phillips, L. and Ellner, S. and Oukama, R. and Brake, J.}, year={1992}, pages={625–630} }
 @article{breeding_berry_brake_1992, title={Maintenance of duodenum weight during a molt induced by dietary zinc in a low calcium diet}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0711408}, abstractNote={The duodenal loop was excised from hens that had been induced to molt by a low-calcium diet containing 2,800 ppm zinc in the form of zinc sulfate heptahydrate. This was compared to that of hens pair-fed a layer diet. In Experiment 1, hens exhibited an increased duodenum weight after receiving the zinc diet for 14 days but no differences remained 14 days later. In Experiment 2, increased duodenum weight was noted after 4 days on the zinc diet and this persisted through 10 days. This greater tissue weight was observed whether expressed on a wet or dry weight basis. Thus, there was a persistency of tissue mass. The duodenum does not regress during a zinc-induced molt as it does during a fast-induced molt.}, number={8}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Breeding, S.W. and Berry, W.D. and Brake, J.}, year={1992}, pages={1408–1411} }
 @article{brake_1992, title={Mechanisms of and metabolic requirements for complete and rapid reproductive rejuvenation during an induced molt - a brief review}, volume={23}, DOI={10.2307/3676658}, journal={Ornis Scand.}, author={Brake, J.}, year={1992}, pages={335–339} }
 @article{breeding_brake_garlich_johnson_1992, title={Molt induced by dietary zinc in a low calcium diet}, volume={71}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0710168}, abstractNote={Three experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that zinc has a specific effect independent of anorexia during induction of molt. In Experiment 1, hens were fed a low-calcium (.08%) basal molt diet to which was added 0, 110, 620, or 1,120 mg/kg (ppm) zinc as zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4.7H2O) for 7 days and 0, 1, 400, 2,800, or 4,200 ppm zinc, respectively, for the following 14 days. In Experiment 2, hens were provided ad libitum access to the low-calcium basal molt diet with 2,800 ppm added zinc for 14 days during which a paired control hen received a similar amount of the low-calcium basal molt diet. In Experiment 3, hens were fed the low-calcium basal molt diet on a restricted basis amended with either 0 or 2,800 ppm zinc on a restricted basis for 10 days. In Experiment 1, all hens that consumed zinc had significantly fewer days to last oviposition as compared with control hens, and this occurred without significant differences in body weight or feed consumption for the lowest zinc group. When compared with the control group, higher levels of zinc did decrease body weight and feed consumption. In Experiment 2, the hens consuming the diet with 2,800 ppm zinc (Zn2800) reached last oviposition significantly sooner than control hens, although the Zn2800 hens actually consumed more feed. In Experiment 3, the Zn2800 hens lost more body weight than control hens due partially to earlier reproductive tract regression. Serum luteinizing hormone was increased in the Zn2800 hens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, number={1}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Breeding, S.W. and Brake, J. and Garlich, J.D. and Johnson, A.L.}, year={1992}, pages={168–180} }
 @article{brake_1992, title={New poultry feeding system developed}, volume={39}, number={26}, journal={Poultry Times}, author={Brake, J.}, year={1992}, month={Dec}, pages={14} }
 @article{johnson_brake_1992, title={Zinc-induced molt: Evidence for a direct inhibitory effect on granulosa cell steroidogenesis}, volume={71}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0710161}, abstractNote={Results from previous studies indicate that the use of dietary zinc may provide an effective means to initiate an induced molt in laying hens. Although much evidence indicates that high concentrations of zinc (10,000 to 20,000 ppm) cause the cessation of lay primarily by depressing feed intake, recent data suggest that lower concentrations (2,800 ppm) in a calcium-deficient diet may act via a direct action on the ovary. Therefore, a series of in vitro studies was conducted to evaluate whether zinc can affect granulosa cell progesterone production. Incubation of granulosa cells from the largest preovulatory (F1) follicle with zinc as zinc sulfate (.1 to 10 microM) had no effect on basal progesterone production. By contrast, ovine luteinizing hormone-stimulated progesterone production was inhibited (P less than .05) in a dose-related fashion by zinc in both the sulfate and acetate forms (1 to 10 microM). Furthermore, zinc attenuated oLH- and forskolin-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) formation, and inhibited 8-bromo-cAMP- and calcium ionophore (A23187)-induced progesterone production. Such results indicate both pre- and post-cAMP sites of action for zinc's inhibitory actions on progesterone production in F1 granulosa cells. Finally, ovine follicle-stimulating hormone-stimulated cAMP accumulation and progesterone production in granulosa cells collected from 9- to 12-mm follicles (a stage of development representing the early, rapid growth phase) were suppressed (P less than .05) by co-incubation of cells with zinc.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Johnson, A.L. and Brake, J.}, year={1992}, pages={161–167} }
 @article{sheldon_brake_1991, title={Hydrogen peroxide as an alternative hatching egg disinfectant}, volume={70}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0701092}, abstractNote={The present study examined the effectiveness of H2O2 at different concentrations to disinfect broiler hatching eggshell surfaces and to maintain hatching potential. Under pure culture conditions, .50% H2O2 yielded over a 6 log kill in 30 s of three potential eggshell bacterial contaminants. Under higher H2O2 demands, such as occurs on eggshell surfaces, H2O2 concentrations of 5% (vol/vol) were required to disinfect the shell surfaces (approximately 5 log reduction). Hatchability of fertile eggs from a 44-wk-old flock was significantly increased by 2% following spraying 5% H2O2 in comparison to untreated controls. Level of contaminated eggs and "early-dead" embryos were significantly reduced in the H2O2-treated eggs. In comparison with formaldehyde fumigation, no significant difference in hatchability due to H2O2 treatment was detected in eggs from a 30- or 56-wk-old flock. Eggshell permeability, as measured by egg moisture loss in an incubator, was not significantly affected by H2O2 (5%) or formaldehyde fumigation when compared with untreated or water-sprayed control eggs. These results demonstrated that H2O2 compared favorably to formaldehyde as a hatching egg disinfectant without adversely affecting hatching potential. Under some conditions, H2O2 actually improved the hatching potential of fertile broiler eggs compared with hatchability of untreated eggs.}, number={5}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Sheldon, B.W. and Brake, J.}, year={1991}, pages={1092–1098} }
 @article{berry_brake_1991, title={Induced molt increases eggshell quality and calbindin-D28k content of eggshell gland and duodenum of aging hens (Gallus domesticus)}, volume={70}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0700655}, abstractNote={Abstract Aged laying hens, which were induced to molt by fasting to a 30% loss of their original body weight or by administration of a diet containing 2% zinc as zinc oxide, experienced reproductive involution and cessation of egg production. Both of the molting treatments resulted in improvement of eggshell density by time of oviposition of the 10th egg after the return to egg production postmolt. Both molting treatments significantly increased the amount of calbindin in the shell gland and duodenum of molted hens as compared with control hens at the 10th egg after return to egg production postmolt.}, number={3}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Berry, W.D. and Brake, J.}, year={1991}, pages={655–657} }
 @inbook{brake_1991, place={Beijing, PRC}, title={New developments in restricted feeding}, note={in Chinese}, booktitle={New Developments in Poultry Breeder's Restricted Feeding}, publisher={Beijing Poultry Breeding Co., LTD}, author={Brake, J.}, editor={Cuiping, LiEditor}, year={1991}, pages={10–14} }
 @article{brake_1991, title={RESEARCH NOTE - LACK OF EFFECT OF A LIVE YEAST CULTURE ON BROILER BREEDER AND PROGENY PERFORMANCE}, volume={70}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0701037}, abstractNote={Broiler breeders were fed corn and soybean diets containing 0, .1, .3, or .5% of a live yeast culture from 21 through 64 wk of age. In addition to assessing various breeder reproductive variables, chicks from each treatment level were grown to 17 days of age at 30, 40, 50, and 60 wk of breeder age. With the exception of a significant decrease in fertility at the .3% level, there were no effects on broiler breeder or progeny performance.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BRAKE, J}, year={1991}, month={Apr}, pages={1037–1039} }
 @article{brake_axtell_campbell_1991, title={RETENTION OF LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY AFTER FEEDING CYROMAZINE (LARVADEX) FOR THE INITIAL 20 WEEKS OF LIFE OF SINGLE COMB WHITE LEGHORN LAYERS}, volume={70}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0701873}, abstractNote={Single Comb White Leghorn pullets were fed cyromazine (Larvadex) continuously at levels of 0, 25, 250, and 1,000 mg/kg diet (ppm) from hatch to 20 wk of age. Fresh manure was bioassayed for toxicity to housefly, Musca domestica, larvae beginning at the 6th wk after removal of cyromazine from the feed, and at weekly intervals thereafter. At 6 wk after removal of the feed additive there was 51.6% fly mortality at 25 ppm, 75.7% at 250 ppm, and 86.5% at 1,000 ppm relative to the 0-ppm control. Fly mortality decreased to less than 10.7% mortality at 13 and 15 wk postremoval for hens grown on 25 ppm and 250 ppm cyromazine, respectively. Hens grown on 1,000 ppm cyromazine produced manure that was still exhibiting more than 50% fly mortality 20 wk after removal of the feed additive. These data demonstrate retention of cyromazine in laying hens for up to 20 wk after feeding the chemical to the birds at 5 to 200 times greater than the maximum recommended rate for the initial 20 wk of life.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BRAKE, J and AXTELL, RC and CAMPBELL, WR}, year={1991}, month={Sep}, pages={1873–1875} }
 @article{brake_rosseland_1991, title={Ratite incubation - A framework for further refinement}, volume={4}, number={28}, journal={The Ostrich News}, author={Brake, J.T. and Rosseland, Bruce}, year={1991}, month={Jan}, pages={32–33} }
 @article{brake_1991, title={To manage stress, you must first understand its causes}, volume={38}, number={12}, journal={Poultry Times}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1991}, month={Jun}, pages={21} }
 @article{brake_1990, title={EFFECT OF 4 LEVELS OF ADDED FAT ON BROILER BREEDER PERFORMANCE}, volume={69}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0691659}, abstractNote={Broiler breeders were fed corn-soybean diets and reared under 8 h of incandescent light. Birds were photostimulated with a mixture of incandescent light and daylight at 20 wk of age. Corn-soybean breeder diets with 0, 2, 4, and 6% added poultry fat were fed from 24 to 64 wk of age. Daily feed allocations were adjusted to provide comparable calculated protein intake at peak egg production; calculated ME intake was 413, 437, 461, and 484 kcal per bird per day for the 0, 2, 4, and 6% added fat diets, respectively. Feed was gradually reduced such that ME intake reached 400, 415, 429, and 422 kcal ME per bird per day from 57 to 64 wk of age for the respective diets. When compared with 0%, all levels of added fat significantly increased egg production and feed conversion. Fertility was increased significantly with the 4% added fat when compared with fertility at 2%; fertility with 0 or 6% added fat was intermediate. Female body weight increased in a dose-related manner in response to added fat. Chicks per hen was maximized at 4% added fat. Taken together, the data are interpreted to mean that 4% added fat is near the optimum for broiler breeders.}, number={10}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BRAKE, J}, year={1990}, month={Oct}, pages={1659–1663} }
 @article{brake_sheldon_1990, title={EFFECT OF A QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SANITIZER FOR HATCHING EGGS ON THEIR CONTAMINATION, PERMEABILITY, WATER-LOSS, AND HATCHABILITY}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0690517}, abstractNote={The present study tested the biocidal effectiveness of the quaternary ammonium Hatching Egg Sanitizer Spray (HES Spray) in disinfecting broiler hatching eggs and in terms of its effects on eggshell permeability, water loss, and hatchability. The application of HES at a 1.5% or a 3.0% concentration resulted in significant reductions in the total aerobic counts on the egg surface of 98.1% and 99.9%, respectively, within 30 min of application. Molds and yeasts were significantly reduced by 3.0% HES at 14 days of incubation. Significant reductions in total aerobic counts on the egg surface due to 1.5% and 3.0% HES were also observed on eggs that were allowed to "sweat." The 3.0% HES concentration also reduced coliforms on egg surfaces. Hatchability of fertile eggs from a 32-wk-old flock was significantly increased, over 6.0%, by spraying 1.5% or 3.0% HES in comparison to controls that were not sprayed, with no significant difference in hatchability due to treatment observed in eggs from flocks that were 36, 42, 46, or 62 wk of age. This change in hatchability associated with spraying HES may be due to a change in eggshell permeability (respiration) caused by an interaction of HES with the eggshell cuticle.}, number={4}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BRAKE, J and SHELDON, BW}, year={1990}, month={Apr}, pages={517–525} }
 @article{brake_hagler_jones_1990, title={EFFECT OF FEEDING DIETS CONTAINING CORN TREATED WITH A COMMERCIAL MOLD INHIBITOR (MYCO CURB) ON BROILER-BREEDER PERFORMANCE}, volume={69}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0690037}, abstractNote={Corn purchased from commercial sources was split at delivery and was left untreated or treated with a commercial mold inhibitor. Feed was prepared from these two lots of corn from within 1 wk to as much as 20 wk after delivery over the course of two experiments. There was evidence of reduced mold growth due to the mold inhibitor, particularly in the second experiment where initial mold populations were higher. Mycotoxins were evident in feed samples, regardless of the corn treatment. There was no significant effect from the treatment of corn on growth, livability, egg production, feed conversion, egg weight, or the eggshell quality of broiler breeders. Treatment of corn with a mold inhibitor significantly increased hatchability of fertile eggs in both experiments. Fertility was also significantly improved in the second experiment. These data suggest that using corn treated with a mold inhibitor results in significantly better hatchability in broiler breeders than untreated corn, although there were no observed differences in the incidence of mycotoxins in the samples taken.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BRAKE, J and HAGLER, WM and JONES, FT}, year={1990}, month={Jan}, pages={37–44} }
 @article{stikeleather swann_brake_1990, title={Effect of dry bulb temperature, relative humidity and eggshell conductance on egg weight loss during days 17 to 21 of incubation}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0690545}, abstractNote={Abstract Broiler hatching eggs of similar weight were incubated at 37.2 C dry-bulb (DB) temperature and a relative humidity (RH) of 59%. On Day 17 of incubation, the eggs were randomly divided into three groups. The eggs in Group 1 served as the control, the eggs in Group 2 were washed in sodium hypochlorite to disrupt the cuticle, and the eggs in Group 3 were partially dipped in a colloid solution to seal the pores in the pointed region of the eggshell. These treatments altered eggshell conductance. Eggs from all three groups were randomly placed in incubators operating at a DB temperature of 36.7, 37.2, or 37.8 C and at a 59% RH (Experiment 1), or at 51%, 59%, or 67% RH, and at a DB temperature of 37.2 C (Experiment 2). Individual egg weights were recorded on Day 17 (before and after shell treatment), Day 18, Day 19, and at external pipping. Chick weight at hatch, eggshell weight, and time of hatch were also recorded. A DB temperature of 37.8 C resulted in the least weight loss from Day 17 to Day 18 of incubation; a DB temperature of 36.7 C resulted in the least weight loss from Day 18 to Day 19 of incubation. Chick weight at hatch or the time of hatch was not affected by the DB temperature. An incubation RH of 67% resulted in the least weight loss from Day 17 of incubation to external pipping. Chick weight at hatch was not affected by the RH. However, the 67% RH resulted in a significantly longer incubation period. Colloid-treated eggs lost significantly less weight from Day 17 to external pipping than untreated eggs. Chick weight at hatch was unaffected by shell treatment; however, in Experiment 1, the colloid-treated eggs took longer to hatch.}, number={4}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Stikeleather Swann, G. and Brake, J.}, year={1990}, pages={545–553} }
 @article{stikeleather swann_brake_1990, title={Effect of dry bulb temperature, relative humidity and eggshell conductance on egg weight loss during the first three days of incubation}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0690535}, abstractNote={Abstract Broiler hatching eggs of similar weight were randomly divided into three groups. The first group of eggs served as the control, the second group was washed in sodium hypochlorite to disrupt the cuticle, the third group was dipped partially in a colloid solution to seal the pores in the pointed region of the eggshell. These treatments altered eggshell conductance, measured as milligrams of water loss per day per torr, from Day 2 to Day 3 of incubation. Eggs from all three groups were randomly placed in incubators operating at a dry-bulb (DB) temperature of 36.7, 37.2, or 37.8 C and at a relative humidity (RH) of 59% (Experiment 1), or at an RH of 51, 59, or 67% at a DB temperature of 37.2 C (Experiment 2) for the first 3 days of incubation. At the end of Day 3 of incubation, all eggs were transferred into an incubator operating at a DB temperature of 37.2 C and at 59% RH for the remainder of the incubation period. Individual egg weights were recorded on Days 1, 2, 3, and 18, and at external pipping. Chick weight at hatch and eggshell weight were also recorded. The incubating DB temperature had no effect on egg weight loss from Day 0 of incubation to external pipping. However, a DB temperature of 37.8 C produced significantly heavier chicks at hatch, when the chick weight at hatch was expressed as a percentage of initial egg weight. A relative humidity of 51% resulted in the greatest weight loss from Day 0 to Day 1 and from Day 2 to Day 3 of incubation, and the least weight loss from Day 1 to Day 2 of incubation. Eggs treated with colloid and chlorine lost significantly more weight from Day 0 to Day 1 of incubation; however, the colloid-treated eggs lost significantly less weight from Day 2 of incubation to external pipping. The colloid-treated eggs produced heavier chicks at hatch.}, number={4}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Stikeleather Swann, G. and Brake, J.}, year={1990}, pages={535–544} }
 @article{brake_1990, title={El problema está en la caseta de recria}, volume={37}, number={3}, journal={Industria Avicola}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1990}, month={Mar}, pages={8–14} }
 @article{brake_1990, title={Importance of sanitation for breeding birds}, volume={3}, number={16}, journal={The Ostrich News}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1990}, month={Jan}, pages={20–21} }
 @misc{sheldon_brake_1990, title={Method for sanitizing and improving the hatchability of hatchery eggs}, volume={4932359}, publisher={Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office}, author={Sheldon, B. W. and Brake, J. T.}, year={1990} }
 @article{brake_1990, title={Nidos mecanicos? Que la gallina le responda}, volume={37}, number={2}, journal={Industria Avicola}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1990}, pages={18–19} }
 @article{stikeleather swann_brake_1990, title={Relationship of incubation dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures to time of hatch and chick weight at hatch}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0690887}, abstractNote={Abstract In two experiments, broiler hatching eggs were incubated under conditions that permitted comparison of dry-bulb (DB) and wet-bulb (WB) temperatures. The experiment covered both the setter (1 to 17 days) and hatcher (18 to 21.5 days) phases. In Experiment 1, DB temperatures of 37.2 and 37.5 C and WB temperatures of 28.3 and 30.0 C from 1 to 21.5 days were compared in a 2 by 2 factorial design that extended through both the setter and hatcher phases. Overall, chicks hatched earlier under the higher of the DB conditions and the lower of the WB conditions. There was a significant DB by WB interaction, attributed to the early hatching effect of a lower WB temperature being more pronounced at the higher DB temperature. Increased chick weight was recorded at the higher WB temperature. In Experiment 2, the DB temperature in the setter phase (D1) and the hatcher phase (D2) as well as the WB temperature in the setter phase (W1) and hatcher phase (W2) at the same levels as in Experiment 1 were compared in a 2 by 2 by 2 by 2 factorial design. Time of hatch was decreased by the high Dl temperature, but no other main effect was observed. Regression analysis showed interactions of Dl by D2, Dl by W1, Dl by W2, and W1 by D2 for the intercept as well as for the linear and quadratic components of the response. The W1 by W2 interaction was significant for the intercept and for the linear component. The D2 by W2 interaction was significant for the intercept only. These interactions were interpreted to be caused by the relative effects of DB temperature on rate of metabolic water production and the water-vapor pressure within the egg as well as by the effect of WB temperature on the moisture and concentration gradient between the egg and incubator. Chick weight at time of hatch was affected by the time of removal from the incubator. Chick weight was also directly related to time of hatch and to the holding time within the incubator.}, number={6}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Stikeleather Swann, G. and Brake, J.}, year={1990}, pages={887–897} }
 @article{brake_1990, title={Some features to consider when buying mechanical nests}, volume={49}, number={2}, journal={Poultry Digest}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1990}, pages={18–20} }
 @article{brake_1990, title={THE EFFECT OF A 2-HOUR INCREASE IN PHOTOPERIOD AT 18-WEEKS-OF-AGE ON BROILER BREEDER PERFORMANCE}, volume={69}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0690910}, abstractNote={Abstract The effects of an increase in photoperiod from 8 to 10 h at 18 wk of age on broiler-breeder performance was examined in two experiments. A control group received an 8 h photoperiod at 20 wk of age in each experiment. The rearing photoperiod of 8 h was supplied by a mixture of daylight and supplemental incandescent light in Experiment 1 and by incandescent light only in Experiment 2. Males and females were treated alike. The birds received a 14 to 16 h photoperiod supplied by a mixture of daylight and incandescent light after 20 wk of age. An increased photoperiod of 10h from 18 to 20 wk of age significantly increased fertility on a cumulative basis in both experiments when compared with the 8-h control group. The effect was more pronounced in Experiment 2 where incandescent light was used for rearing. Additionally, male livability was significantly better for the increased photoperiod (10 h) group in Experiment 2. No other significant effects were evident. Broiler-breeder males may be photostimulated to mature and exhibit increased fertility without adversely affecting female reproductive performance when grown in the same light environment as the females. This is possible because the broiler-breeder male appears to possess a lower threshold for photostimulation when compared with the female. These data provide a management system to improve broiler-breeder fertility.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BRAKE, J}, year={1990}, month={Jun}, pages={910–914} }
 @article{brake_1990, title={The broiler for the 1990's - Are primary breeders addressing the needs of the industry?}, volume={53}, number={4}, journal={Broiler Industry}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1990}, month={Apr}, pages={40–42} }
 @article{brake_baughman_1989, title={COMPARISON OF LIGHTING REGIMENS DURING GROWTH ON SUBSEQUENT SEASONAL REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE OF BROILER BREEDERS}, volume={68}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0680079}, abstractNote={Abstract The effects of daylight vs. incandescent lighting regimens during growth on responsiveness to seasonal light effects during lay were examined in three experiments. Broiler breeders were reared on an 8-h photoperiod from 1 to 20 wk of age. The photoperiod was produced by daylight supplemented with incandescent light (800 lx) or by using incandescent light only (20 lx). Birds were subsequently placed in curtain-sided breeder houses during autumn or spring. Birds grown with those of Experiment 1 were also housed in a total light control cage facility where constant or seasonal light environments could be simulated using computer-driven daily changes. Birds grown in incandescent light had greater egg production when lay started in autumn or in constant light environments than birds grown in daylight. Increased rate of lay was exhibited by birds grown in daylight when lay started in the simulated spring light environment. Egg specific gravity was significantly higher for birds grown in daylight than in incandescent light in both in-season and out-of-season experiments. Lighting regimens during rearing that improve laying performance of flocks commencing lay during autumn did not improve performance under spring conditions. These data suggest that the use of low intensity (20 lx) incandescent light during rearing increases the sensitivity of broiler breeders to fall and winter laying conditions.}, number={1}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BRAKE, J and BAUGHMAN, GR}, year={1989}, month={Jan}, pages={79–85} }
 @article{brake_ort_wages_campbell_1989, title={EFFECTS OF CGA-72662 (LARVADEX) IN TURKEYS DURING REARING AND REPRODUCTION}, volume={68}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0680731}, abstractNote={Turkeys were fed CGA-72662 (Larvadex) at treatment levels of 0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg diet from hatch to 16 wk of age, when the 500 mg/kg level was reduced to 250 mg/kg because of a significant reduction in feed intake. All diets continued through 40 wk of age. Body weight, feed consumption, livability, egg production, fertility, hatchability, and progeny performance were examined. Turkeys fed a treatment level of 2,000 mg CGA-72662/kg diet exhibited reduced growth rate and feed consumption prior to sexual maturity and decreased fertility and poult weight after sexual maturity. Necropsies suggested that the kidney was the primary site of lesions at the 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg diet treatment levels. The kidneys were characterized as enlarged, nodular, and cystic, containing urate deposits and areas of necrosis. These data indicate that dosage levels of CGA-72662 at 250 mg/kg diet produced no deleterious effects on growth, feed consumption, egg production, fertility, hatchability, livability, or progeny performance.}, number={6}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BRAKE, J and ORT, JF and WAGES, DP and CAMPBELL, WR}, year={1989}, month={Jun}, pages={731–738} }
 @article{brake_garlich_baughman_1989, title={EFFECTS OF LIGHTING PROGRAM DURING THE GROWING PERIOD AND DIETARY-FAT DURING THE LAYING PERIOD ON BROILER BREEDER PERFORMANCE}, volume={68}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0681185}, abstractNote={In two experiments, broiler breeders were grown in either of two lighting regimens, fed diets without added fat, and then fed diets with or without 5% added poultry fat during the subsequent laying period. In Experiment 1 half the birds were subjected to decreasing daylength using daylight (800 lx) and half were subjected to 9 h of incandescent light (20 lx) to 20 wk of age. In Experiment 2 the lighting regimen was either an 8-h photoperiod supplied by daylight (800 lx) or an 8-h photoperiod supplied by incandescent light (20 lx) to 20 wk of age. Added dietary fat produced significantly higher egg weight (Experiments 1 and 2), egg production (Experiment 2), and significantly lower fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs (Experiments 1 and 2). Short photoperiods (8 or 9 h) provided by incandescent light produced significantly higher fertility (Experiments 1 and 2) and hatchability of fertile eggs (Experiment 2), and significantly lower egg specific gravity, shell percentage (Experiment 1), egg weight, and eggshell weight (Experiment 2). Effects on fertility may be related to higher female body weight during lay due to daylight rearing or added fat, or relative changes in light intensity at photostimulation.}, number={9}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BRAKE, J and GARLICH, JD and BAUGHMAN, GR}, year={1989}, month={Sep}, pages={1185–1192} }
 @article{brake_1989, title={Effect of light source during rearing}, volume={5}, number={3}, journal={Poultry (Doetinchem, Netherlands)}, author={Brake, J. T.}, year={1989}, pages={11} }
 @article{stabel_reffett_spears_brown_brake_1989, title={Effect of selenium on glutathione peroxidase and the immune response of stressed calves challenged with Pasteurella hemolytica}, volume={67}, DOI={10.2527/jas1989.672557x}, abstractNote={The present study was conducted to determine whether a marginal Se deficiency affects health, blood characteristics and the immune response of calves subjected to stresses associated with weaning, shipping (332 km) and Pasteurella hemolytica inoculation. Treatments were 1) -Se, 2) -Se/P. hemolytica, 3) +Se (.1 mg Se/kg feed) and 4) +Se/P. hemolytica. Previous Se intake was controlled; dams of -Se calves were fed diets marginally deficient in Se (.03 to .05 mg/kg), whereas dams of +Se calves received a s.c. injection of 30 mg Se (as sodium selenite) every 60 d. Calves were inoculated with P. hemolytica intratracheally on d 3 following weaning and transport. Inoculation with P. hemolytica increased (P less than .05) body temperatures, platelet counts, serum IgM concentrations and serum antibody titers and decreased serum albumin concentrations at 4 to 7 d postinoculation. Weight gains for the 21-d study were not affected by Se status, although whole blood and plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were higher (P less than .05) for +Se calves. Plasma GSH-Px increased (P less than .01) in calves showing signs of morbidity. Increases in plasma GSH-Px were correlated positively with body temperature. Serum IgM concentrations were higher (P less than .05) in +Se calves on d 17, but Se-supplemented calves had lower (P less than .05) anti-P. hemolytica titers on d 17 than -Se calves. Selenium status did not affect body temperatures, plasma creatine phosphokinase or serum IgG and albumin concentrations. These results indicate that Se status can affect IgM concentrations following stress.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Animal Science}, author={Stabel, J. and Reffett, J.K. and Spears, J.W. and Brown, T.T., Jr and Brake, J.}, year={1989}, pages={557–564} }
 @article{brake_1989, title={El cuidado de los pollitos en la planta de incubacion}, volume={36}, number={6}, journal={Industria Avicola}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1989}, month={Jun}, pages={15–17} }
 @article{brake_1989, title={Heat production is a natural by-product of poultry}, volume={36}, number={11}, journal={Poultry Times}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1989}, month={May}, pages={12} }
 @book{carey_brake_1989, place={Raleigh, NC}, series={Poultry Science and Technology Guide}, title={Induced Molting of Commercial Layers}, number={10, revised}, institution={Extension Poultry Science, N.C. State University}, author={Carey, J.B. and Brake, J.T.}, year={1989}, collection={Poultry Science and Technology Guide} }
 @article{brake_1989, title={Manejando el desarrollo embrional}, volume={36}, number={4}, journal={Industria Avicola}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1989}, month={Apr}, pages={22–30} }
 @article{brake_1989, title={The role of ascorbic acid in poultry production: Ascorbic acid, stress and immunity}, number={1}, journal={Zootechnica International}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1989}, month={Jan}, pages={37–38, 40} }
 @article{attar_brake_1988, title={Ammonia control: Benefits and trade-offs}, volume={47}, number={558}, journal={Poultry Digest}, author={Attar, A.J. and Brake, J.T.}, year={1988}, month={Aug}, pages={362–365} }
 @article{brake_1988, title={Diet, acclimation and environment effects on heat related mortality}, volume={47}, number={555}, journal={Poultry Digest}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1988}, month={May}, pages={234–242} }
 @article{murray_brake_thaxton_satterlee_1988, title={Effect of ACTH and dietary ascorbic acid on the graft-versus-host reaction capacity of chickens}, volume={67}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0670313}, abstractNote={Two trials using the splenomegaly assay were conducted to assess the effects of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and dietary ascorbic acid (AA) on the ability of chickens to mount a graft-vs.-host reaction (GVHR). Broiler chicks served as blood donors. Birds received AA at levels of 0, 150, or 300 mg/kg of feed (ppm). At 6 wk of age, donor birds from each AA group received either three intramuscular injections of ACTH in gelatin at 12-h intervals, comparable injections of the gelatin, or no injections. Thirteen-day-old Single Comb White Leghorn embryos served as recipients. Two recipient embryos per donor were injected in a chorioallantoic vein with either whole blood (Trial 1) or saline-washed and reconstituted blood cells (Trial 1). Eggs were further incubated for 6 days, at which time the embryos were killed and each spleen excised. Relative spleen weights were expressed as milligrams of spleen/100 g embryonic body weight. Significant differences in relative spleen weight or donor plasma corticosterone (CS) levels did not occur in Trial 1. In Trial 2, regardless of AA treatment, relative spleen weights of embryos that received blood cells from donors treated with ACTH were significantly lower than controls. Donor CS was significantly lower in birds that received ACTH. These results indicate that, when washed and reconstituted blood cells are injected into recipients and donor plasma CS is decreased, GVHR capacity is suppressed in ACTH-treated donors.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Murray, D.L. and Brake, J. and Thaxton, J.P. and Satterlee, D.G.}, year={1988}, pages={313–318} }
 @article{brake_j.p_brake_murray_1988, title={Effect of cortisol on cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity to phytohemagglutinin in chickens}, volume={67}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0670669}, abstractNote={Three independent trials were conducted to determine if cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) was affected by the injection of cortisol in broiler cockerels. Trials 1 and 2 were similar, and Trial 3 imposed a period of heat stress in combination with cortisol. At 6 wk of age, chicks were injected intramuscularly with 2 mg of cortisol in a corn oil vehicle/500 g body weight at 48, 36, 24, and 12 h prior to challenge with PHA-P. Controls received an equal amount of corn oil on the same schedule. Each chick received .05 mL of PHA-P (100 micrograms) in the right wattle and an equal volume of saline in the left wattle. The CBH was assessed by measuring the thickness of wattles at various times from 0 to 48 h after challenge with PHA-P. Wattle indices were calculated. Birds were necropsied at 48 h post-PHA-P, and bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and both adrenals excised and weighed. Cortisol produced a significantly greater CBH response in Trials 1 and 2 as indicated by higher wattle indices at 48 h and at 6 h in Trial 3. Regression analysis indicated significantly greater intercepts for the cortisol responses in Trials 1 and 3 and a significantly greater linear component for the cortisol response in Trial 2. Body weights and relative bursa and spleen weights were reduced significantly by cortisol, whereas relative adrenal weights were increased significantly in Trials 2 and 3. These data indicated that cortisol enhanced CBH to the mitogen PHA-P in broiler cockerels. This is in contrast to reported immunosuppressive effects of other glucocorticoids.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Brake, N.P. and J.P, Thaxton and Brake, J. and Murray, D.L.}, year={1988}, pages={669–673} }
 @article{brake_1988, title={Managing embryonic development}, volume={47}, number={557}, journal={Poultry Digest}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1988}, month={Jul}, pages={326–338} }
 @article{brake_1988, title={Relationship of time of feeding and strain to egg shell quality and hatchability in broiler breeders}, volume={67}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0670538}, abstractNote={The relationship of feeding time to egg production, egg weight, egg shell quality, fertility, and hatchability was examined in two trials. Slow and fast-feathering strain Hubbard females were used in Trial 1 and slow-feathering strain Arbor Acres females were used in Trial 2. Feeding times of 0800 or 1300 h throughout the laying periods were compared. Slow feathering females in Trial 1 exhibited significantly increased egg weight and significantly decreased percentage shell when compared with fast-feathering females. Feeding at 1300 h increased significantly egg specific gravity, egg shell weight, and percentage shell in Trials 1 and 2. Significant interactions of feeding time and strain occurred in Trial 1 with respect to fertility and hatch of all eggs set. Feeding at 1300 h increased fertility and hatch of all eggs set in fast-feathering hens but the opposite occurred in slow-feathering hens in Trials 1 and 2. Within slow-feathering hens, hatch of fertile eggs was decreased by 1.7% (Trial 1) and 1.5% (Trial 2). The results show that afternoon feeding that provides calcium intake near the time of egg shell calcification decreased significantly hatchability in eggs from two slow-feathering strains of females but not in eggs from a fast-feathering strain. These results suggest that altering time of feed intake can decrease hatchability.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Brake, J.}, year={1988}, pages={538–543} }
 @article{brake_1988, title={Stress of birds and modern poultry management relationship defined}, volume={47}, number={555}, journal={Poultry Digest}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1988}, month={May}, pages={226–232} }
 @article{berry_gildersleeve_brake_1987, title={Characterization of different hematological responses due to molts induced by zinc or fasting}, volume={66}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0661841}, abstractNote={Single Comb White Leghorn hens were induced to molt by complete fasting for 11 days (FAST) or feeding a layer ration that contained 20,000 ppm zinc as zinc oxide for 11 days (ZINC). In both cases hens lost approximately 30% of their initial body weight. A control (CON) group was maintained. At 4, 8, 12, 18, and 42 days after initiation of the treatments, total erythrocyte numbers (TRBC), percent packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume, hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCHb), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were determined. Erythrocytes were characterized as reticulocytes, intermediate Stage VII erythrocytes, or mature Stage VIII erythrocytes. The FAST hens exhibited significantly increased PCV through 18 days, which was not exhibited by ZINC hens. The FAST treatment increased TRBC on Days 8 and 12 and decreased TRBC on Day 42 while ZINC decreased TRBC on Day 4 and increased TRBC on Day 12. The FAST hens exhibited decreased Hb on Day 42, as reproduction resumed. Both ZINC and FAST hens exhibited decreased MCHb and MCHC on Day 12. Percentages of reticulocytes were decreased at Day 4 by FAST and increased at Days 8 and 18 by ZINC. Stage VII erythrocytes were decreased on Days 4 and 12 in FAST hens whereas ZINC hens exhibited a decrease on Day 4 and an increase on Days 8 and 18. Concomitantly, FAST hens exhibited an increase in Stage VIII erythrocytes on Days 4 and 12, whereas an increase on Day 4 and decreases on Days 8 and 18 were observed in ZINC hens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Berry, W.D. and Gildersleeve, R.P. and Brake, J.}, year={1987}, pages={1841–1845} }
 @article{andrews_berry_brake_1987, title={Effect of lighting program and nutrition on feather replacement of molted single comb white leghorn hens}, volume={66}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0661635}, abstractNote={This experiment concerned the induced molt of 320 60-wk old Single Comb White Leghorn hens placed two per cage in two adjoining sections of a light-tight, fan-ventilated poultry building. Treatments compared were: 1) lighting program: Washington (WSU) vs. North Carolina (NCSU). The WSU program used 8 h light/day for 28 days beginning 7 days before fast. The NCSU program used continuous light for 7 days prior to fast, followed by 12 h light/day for 21 days. The light portion of the photoperiod was then increased in steps in both treatments to 16 h. 2) Molt diet: cracked corn (CC) vs. 16% protein molt ration (MR) for 14 days. 3) Laying diet. A 14% protein mash calculated to contain .60% or .65% total sulfur amino acids (TSAA) or ascorbic acid (AA) at 0 or 50 ppm added to the laying mash. Day 1 was designated as the first day of photoperiod modification. Primary and secondary feather loss and subsequent primary feather growth were all significantly increased by the WSU light program at 56, 84, and 112 days. Total and average growth of new primaries was significantly increased by MR at 56 days and total primary feather growth by .65% TSAA at 112 days. No effects due to AA were observed. Photoperiod had the greatest effect on molt per se, with MR and .65% TSAA increasing early and late growth, respectively.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Andrews, D.K. and Berry, W.D. and Brake, J.}, year={1987}, pages={1635–1639} }
 @article{andrews_berry_brake_1987, title={Effect of lighting program and nutrition on reproductive performance of molted SCWL hens}, volume={66}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0661298}, abstractNote={Two adjoining rooms in a light-tight, fan-ventilated, insulated house were used for a study involving 320 Single Comb White Leghorn hens, 60 wk of age, placed two per cage. These hens were subjected to an induced molt which compared two lighting programs, two molt rations, two levels of total sulfur amino acids (TSAA), and two levels of ascorbic acid (AA) in a factorial arrangement. There were four treatments. Treatment 1 compared the Washington lighting program (WSU), consisting of an 8-h light photoperiod for 28 days beginning 7 days before fast with the North Carolina program (NCSU), consisting of a 24-h light photoperiod for 7 days prior to fast followed by 12 h light/day for 21 days. After 28 days, light duration was increased to 16 h/day in stages for both programs. Treatment 2 consisted of feeding cracked corn (CC) or 16% protein molt ration (MR) for 2 weeks: Treatment 3, feeding of 14% layer mash with either .60% or .65% TSAA; and Treatment 4, addition of either 0 or 50 ppm AA to the 14% layer mash. After molting, egg production was increased in the NCSU lighting program and .65% TSAA treatments. Feed conversion was improved by the NCSU lighting treatment. Deaths were fewer in diets with 50 ppm AA. Egg weight, specific gravity, and shell weight were not affected by any treatment. A significant light X molt diet interaction occurred due to better performance of MR birds compared with CC birds in the NCSU lighting program, whereas on the WSU lighting program, CC produced better performance. These data indicated that combining features of various molt programs may not produce optimum results.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Andrews, D.K. and Berry, W.D. and Brake, J.}, year={1987}, pages={1298–1305} }
 @article{murray_brake_thaxton_1987, title={Effects of ACTH and dietary ascorbic acid on cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity to phytohemagglutinin in chickens}, volume={66}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0661846}, abstractNote={Two trials were conducted to assess the effects of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and dietary ascorbic acid (AA) on cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) to phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) in chickens. Broiler chicks received AA at levels of 0, 150, or 300 mg/kg of feed (ppm) continuous from hatching. At 6 to 7 wk of age, birds from each AA group received either 2 IU ACTH/100 g of body weight, 4% gelatin, or no ACTH or gelatin injections. Injections were given 12 h prior to, at the time of, and at 12 and 24 h after an intradermal wattle injection with PHA-P. Responses to PHA-P were determined as wattle indices. Injections of ACTH reduced body weight gain in both trials and decreased relative bursa weight in Trial 1. Injections of ACTH and dietary AA increased plasma cholesterol in both trials. Peak CBH wattle response occurred at 24 h post PHA-P injection. Injections of ACTH decreased mean wattle index at 18 and 36 h post PHA-P injection in Trial 1 and 18 and 24 h post PHA-P injection in Trial 2. The addition of AA ameliorated the ACTH-mediated suppression of CBH in a dose-related manner.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Murray, D.L. and Brake, J. and Thaxton, J.P.}, year={1987}, pages={1846–1852} }
 @article{murray_brake_thaxton_gildersleeve_1987, title={Effects of ACTH and dietary ascorbic acid on delayed type hypersensitivity to human gamma globulin in chickens}, volume={66}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0661859}, abstractNote={Three trials were conducted to assess the effects of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and dietary ascorbic acid (AA) on delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to human gamma globulin (HGG) in chickens. Broiler chicks received AA at 0, 150, or 300 mg/Kg of feed (ppm) continuously from hatching, were sensitized at 5 wk of age to HGG emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant, and 2 wk postsensitization, were challenged with an intradermal injection of HGG into a wattle. Birds from each AA group received ACTH at either HGG sensitization, challenge, or both. There were uninjected controls and a vehicle control group, which received gelatin at both sensitization and challenge. The ACTH and gelatin injections were given at 12-h intervals beginning 12 h prior to HGG. Responses to DTH were determined as wattle indices. In all three trials, birds that received ACTH at challenge exhibited a DTH response at 18 and 24 h postchallenge that suppressed, compared with that of controls. Birds that received ACTH at sensitization had a greater wattle response than that of birds that received ACTH at challenge, and this effect was enhanced by dieting AA. In Trial 2, birds that received ACTH at sensitization had a greater wattle response at 18 h post HGG challenge than that of controls. Total leucocyte numbers were unaffected; however, heterophil:lymphocyte ratios were lower in birds that received ACTH at sensitization than in birds that received ACTH at challenge and birds that received ACTH at challenge had fewer lymphocytes. Whether given at challenge or at sensitization, ACTH decreased plasma AA when measured at those times. The 300 ppm level of AA increased plasma AA concentration. Adrenal gland and wattle AA levels were unaffected; however, spleen AA concentration was lower in birds given ACTH at challenge.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Murray, D.L. and Brake, J. and Thaxton, J.P. and Gildersleeve, R.P.}, year={1987}, pages={1859–1869} }
 @article{peebles_brake_1987, title={Eggshell quality and hatchability in broiler breeder eggs}, volume={66}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0660596}, abstractNote={Abstract Relationships among selected variables of eggshell quality in broiler breeder eggs were determined over complete production cycles in three experiments. Variables measured were egg weight (EW), egg specific gravity (SG), eggshell weight (SW), water vapor conductance (G), and regional pore concentration (PC) and eggshell thickness (ST) (Experiments 1 and 2). Hatchability was examined in one experiment (Experiment 3). Eggshell weight, ST, and SG were all positively correlated with each other and PC in three regions of the shell (small end, equator, and large end) were highly positively correlated among themselves in Experiments 1 and 2. Pore concentration showed negative correlations with SG and ST but was positively correlated with G and G per 100 g EW (G/EW) in Experiments 1 and 2. Egg weight and shell weight increased with bird age in Experiments 2 and 3; however, negative trends over time were found for SG, PC, G, and G/EW in Experiment 2 and for G/EW and hatchability in Experiment 3. Quadratic regressions were similar for G/EW, hatch of fertile eggs, and hatch of total eggs in Experiment 3. Percentage hatch of fertile eggs peaked at Week 47 and was statistically lower at Weeks 55, 59, and 63, and percentage hatch of total eggs set was statistically lower at Weeks 55 and 59 than at Weeks 35, 39, and 47. It was concluded that eggshell quality changes with bird age. Conductance/egg weight appeared to be a useful indicator of hatchability, and the contribution of reduced G/EW to decreased hatchability was most evident late in production when eggshell surface area to egg volume ratio was lowest.}, journal={Poultry Science}, year={1987}, pages={596–604} }
 @article{brake_Oct./Nov. 1987, title={Hatchability of abnormal broiler breeder eggs}, journal={Poultry Missett}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={Oct./Nov. 1987}, month={Oct./Nov. 1987}, pages={24–25} }
 @book{carey_brake_1987, place={Raleigh, NC}, series={Poultry Science & Technology Guide}, title={Induced Molting as a Management Tool}, number={9}, institution={Extension Poultry Science, N.C. State University}, author={Carey, J.B. and Brake, J.T.}, year={1987}, collection={Poultry Science & Technology Guide} }
 @article{brake_1987, title={Influence of presence of perches during rearing on incidence of floor laying in broiler breeders}, volume={66}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0661587}, abstractNote={Broiler breeders were reared in an all-litter blackout house on an 8-h photoperiod either in the presence or absence of perches (28 cm per bird) from hatching to 20 wk of age. The configuration of the perches resembled that on the standard 12-hole nest boxes in the curtain-sided slat-litter laying house to which birds were moved at 20 wk of age. Birds reared in the presence of perches exhibited a significantly reduced incidence of floor egg laying during each of two experiments. Birds reared with perches laid 3.6 vs. 8.6% floor eggs (Experiment 1) and 9.7 vs. 12.6% floor eggs (Experiment 2) when compared with birds reared without perches. The opportunity to learn perching behavior during rearing influences laying and nesting behavior in broiler breeders.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Brake, J.}, year={1987}, pages={1587–1589} }
 @article{brake_1987, title={Managing the onset of broiler breeder production}, volume={3}, number={2}, journal={Indian River Breeder Update}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1987}, month={May} }
 @article{berry_brake_1987, title={Postmolt performance of laying hens molted by high dietary zinc, low dietary sodium and fasting - egg production and eggshell quality}, volume={66}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0660218}, abstractNote={Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) hens, 65 weeks of age, were assigned to one of four dietary treatments: fasting to a body weight loss of 34% (FAST), administration of a diet containing less than or equal to 500 ppm sodium for 42 days (Lo Na), administration of a diet containing 20,000 ppm zinc for 10 days (Hi Zn), and a control (CON) diet. The hens were subjected to two photoperiod treatments, those receiving 17 hr (17-hr) of light per day throughout the 32-week experiment and those restricted to 8 hr of light per day for the first 42 days followed by a .5 hr/day increase until 17 hr was reached. Egg production and mortality were recorded daily. Feed consumption, feed conversion, and livability were determined weekly. Beginning on Day 56, eggs were collected at 28-day intervals for determination of egg weight, egg specific gravity, and shell weight. During the molt phase (1 to 6 weeks), the 17-hr light day significantly increased egg production, feed consumption, and decreased feed conversion (kg/doz) across all groups when compared with the 8-hr light/day treatments, but FAST treatments consumed identical amounts under both light treatments. From 7 to 32 weeks during the postmolt phase, egg production was significantly increased and feed conversion decreased by the FAST and Hi Zn treatments relative to CON, Lo Na treatment was intermediate. Feed consumption was significantly higher for the FAST treatment. Overall, there were not significant effects on egg production, feed consumption, and feed conversion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Berry, W.D. and Brake, J.}, year={1987}, pages={218–226} }
 @article{peebles_brake_gildersleeve_1987, title={The effects of eggshell cuticle removal and incubation humidity on embryonic development and hatchability of broilers}, volume={66}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0660834}, abstractNote={The effects of eggshell cuticle removal and two levels of incubation humidity 28.3 C [50% relative humidity (RH)] and 30.0 C (55% RH) wetbulb temperature (WB) on embryonic mortality and hatchability were determined from broiler hatching eggs laid during 38, 42, 48, and 54 weeks of age. Variables measured were: egg weight loss during the first 17 days of incubation, hatch at Days 19.5 and 20.5 of incubation, hatch of fertile eggs, stage of embryonic mortality, and chick weight at 21.5 days of incubation. Day 0 to 17 percentage egg weight loss was increased when the incubation humidity was lowered and the loss was greater than that observed after cuticle removal. A greater percentage of chicks hatched on Day 19.5 at 28.3 C than at 30.0 C WB. The percentage hatch of 38-week fertile eggs was improved at the higher humidity; the higher humidity also decreased late dead and increased pipped embryonic mortalities. Cuticle removal decreased early dead and increased late dead mortality. At Week 38 cuticle removal and lower humidity resulted in a decrease in chick weight at 21.5 days of incubation. For Weeks 42, 48, and 54 combined, pipped mortality was increased by higher humidity and late dead mortality was increased by cuticle removal. Water loss from the egg was increased by cuticle removal or by lowering incubation humidity from 30.0 C to 28.3 C WB, or by both, but lowering humidity was more effective. Changes in humidity and cuticle removal may affect vital gas exchange to different degrees.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Peebles, E.D. and Brake, J. and Gildersleeve, R.P.}, year={1987}, pages={834–840} }
 @article{brake_1986, title={A different look at hatchability}, number={18}, journal={Vineland Update}, author={Brake, John T.}, year={1986}, month={Jun} }
 @article{brake_1986, title={Dark houses for today's breeders}, volume={49}, number={11}, journal={Broiler Industry}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1986}, month={Nov} }
 @article{timmons_baughman_brake_1986, title={Flexible housing for broiler breeders}, volume={65}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0650253}, abstractNote={Broiler breeder performance in a conventional curtain sidewall house and a flexible (FLEX) house from 27 to 64 weeks was compared in two separate trials. Trial 1 was initiated in June of 1982 and Trial 2 in October of 1983. The conventional house was equipped with thermostatically controlled curtains and a stirring (Casablanca type) fan. The FLEX house was equipped with exhaust fans, insulated lightproof curtains, and an evaporative pad system. This allowed the FLEX house to be operated either as a conventional house or as an enclosed house. The breeders in the FLEX house exhibited numerical improvements in egg production, fertility, hatchability, and feed conversion in Trial 1, but opposite results were obtained in Trial 2. These conflicting results are discussed in terms of house temperature, light intensity, and seasonal time of flock placement.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Timmons, M.B. and Baughman, G.R. and Brake, J.}, year={1986}, pages={253–257} }
 @article{brake_1986, title={Flock servicing problems}, volume={73}, number={2}, journal={Canada Poultryman}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1986}, month={Feb} }
 @article{brake_1986, title={Shell quality and embryonic development}, volume={73}, number={1}, journal={Canada Poultryman}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1986}, month={Jan} }
 @article{brake_1986, title={Stress and flock management}, volume={73}, number={7}, journal={Canada Poultryman}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1986}, month={Jul} }
 @article{peebles_brake_1986, title={The effect of induced molting on water vapor conductance and other eggshell quality parameters of broiler breeders}, volume={65}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0651270}, abstractNote={The effects of an induced molt on selected eggshell quality parameters, including the conductance of water vapor (G), were determined in broiler breeders in two separate trials. The parameters analyzed were: egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, specific gravity, pore concentration at the small end, equator, and large end regions of the egg, G, and the change in G with cuticle removal (ΔG). Molting increased specific gravity in both trials. Pore concentration increased in all three regions of the egg with molting in Trial 1 and at the equator in Trial 2. Water vapor conductance decreased after the molt in both trials, and ΔG was lower postmolt in Trial 2. Eggshell weight and thickness were increased after the molt in Trial 2. We concluded that molting may lead to a decrease in G despite increased pore numbers due to altered cuticle morphology, pore configuration, and increased shell thickness.}, journal={Poultry Science}, year={1986}, pages={1270–1274} }
 @article{peebles_brake_1986, title={The role of the cuticle in water vapor conductance by the eggshell of broiler breeders}, volume={65}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0651034}, abstractNote={Abstract The effects of cuticle removal on the water vapor conductance (G) by eggshells from broiler breeders were determined in five experiments. The efficacy of washing eggs in sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) as a means to remove cuticle was demonstrated in Experiment 1. Birds housed in slat litter pens were used in Experiment 2, 4, and 5, while individually caged birds were used in Experiment 3. Conductance measurements before and after cuticle removal were made in desiccators in Experiments 2, 3, and 4, and G measurements, with and without the cuticle, were made in incubators in Experiment 5. Conductance before and after cuticle removal was measured at various time periods between Weeks 33 and 66. Water vapor conductance was increased to a highly significant degree after cuticle removal at Weeks 54, 58, and 61 in Experiment 2. Conductance was significantly higher after cuticle removal at Weeks 42, 46, 50, and 54 and significantly lower after cuticle removal at Weeks 38 and 64 in Experiment 3. Conductance was significantly higher after cuticle removal at Weeks 33, 37, 45, 49, and 61 and significantly lower after cuticle removal at Week 65 in Experiment 4. The greatest changes in conductance with cuticle removal (AG) were + 1.80 at Week 33 and —2.40 at Week 65 in Experiment 4. In Experiment 5, G was significantly higher with the cuticle removed than it was with the cuticle intact at Weeks 48, 54, and 66. It was concluded that the cuticle may either impede or enhance water vapor diffusion as a function of a bird’s age. The influence of the cuticle is, in turn, affected by the humidity of the air surrounding the egg.}, journal={Poultry Science}, year={1986}, pages={1034–1039} }
 @article{brake_berry_thaxton_1985, title={Cellular changes in the spleen during an induced molt}, volume={64}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0641031}, abstractNote={Agranulocytes proliferated in spleens of molted hens and both leucocytic and erythrocytic cells exhibited decreased numbers of pyknotic nuclei. These changes were confined to the period when the reproductive tract regressed. It was concluded that there is a relationship between the physiological status during an induced molt and the cellular population of the spleen.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Brake, J. and Berry, W.D. and Thaxton, P.}, year={1985}, pages={1031–1034} }
 @article{berry_brake_1985, title={Comparison of parameters associated with molt induced by fasting, zinc, and low dietary sodium in caged layers}, volume={64}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0642027}, abstractNote={Abstract Three trials were conducted to compare the physiological effects of fasting, the effects of a low level of dietary sodium, and a high dietary level of zinc as induced molting agents for commercial strains of laying hens. Photoperiod modifications were included in the third trial. The Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) laying hens were induced to molt by fasting (FAST) to a body weight loss of 30 to 34% by administration of a diet containing 500 mg/kg sodium (Lo Na) for 42 days or by administration of a diet containing 20,000 mg/kg added zinc (Hi Zn) for 7 (Trial 1) or 10 (Trials 2 and 3) days. Water was available ad libitum and photoperiod was maintained at 17 hr except in Trial 3 in which half of the hens received a photoperiod of 8 hr during the first 42 days of the experiment. Both the FAST and Hi Zn treatments produced a cessation of egg production within five days after the initiation of treatment. Egg production was reduced but did not cease in the Lo Na treatment. Body weights, liver, ovary, oviduct, and right adrenal weights were determined at regular intervals. The FAST treatment produced the greatest degree of body and organ weight loss, while the Lo Na treatment produced the least. The Hi Zn treatment produced intermediate results. Right adrenal weight exhibited no consistent change. The 8-hr photoperiod tended to reduce body weight and significantly reduced the weights of liver, ovary, and oviduct regardless of dietary treatment.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Berry, W.D. and Brake, J.}, year={1985}, pages={2027–2036} }
 @article{brake_1985, title={Comparison of two nesting materials for broiler breeders}, volume={64}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0642263}, abstractNote={Abstract The performance of broiler breeders, when exposed to either shavings or artificial nest pads and factors affecting nest preference, were studied in four trials. When given a choice, hens preferred shavings to nest pads but eggs laid on nest pads exhibited reduced contamination. When exposed to either material exclusively, hens laid fewer floor eggs and exhibited increased hatch of fertile eggs (percent) in the presence of nest pads. Painting galvanized nests flat black reduced preference regardless of nest material. Placing the artificial nest pad over a concave rather than flat bottom in the nest increased preference.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Brake, J.}, year={1985}, pages={2263–2266} }
 @book{carter_carey_wineland_brake_1985, place={Raleigh, NC}, series={Poultry Science & Technology Guide}, title={Determining Nutrient Intake of Broiler Breeders and Commercial Layers}, number={36}, institution={Extension Poultry Science, N.C. State University}, author={Carter, T.A. and Carey, J.B. and Wineland, M.J. and Brake, J.T.}, year={1985}, collection={Poultry Science & Technology Guide} }
 @article{brake_berry_peebles_ort_campbell_1985, title={EFFECT OF FEEDING CGA-72662 (LARVADEX) DURING GROWTH ON BODY-WEIGHT, FEED CONSUMPTION, LIVABILITY, PRODUCTION, AND EGG QUALITY OF SINGLE COMB WHITE LEGHORN LAYERS}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0640247}, abstractNote={Abstract Two trials were conducted to assess the effects of CGA-72662 (Larvadex®) on White Leghorns when fed continuously through the growing period. Trial 1 was a dosimetry battery trial to 4 weeks of age and Trial 2 was conducted in floor pens through 16 weeks and in cages from 17 to 32 weeks of age. CGA-72662 was fed from hatch to 4 weeks and from hatch to 20 weeks in Trials 1 and 2, respectively. CGA-72662 significantly depressed body weight of White Leghorn females when fed at levels greater than 250 ppm from hatch through either 4 or 20 weeks of age. Livability was not affected. Feed consumption was decreased by 1,000 ppm through 16 weeks of age (Trial 2). Egg production and feed conversion were not significantly affected by treatment. Internal and external egg quality were not affected consistently. It was concluded that CGA-72662 has no detrimental effects on growth, livability, or reproduction when fed at up to 250 ppm continuously during rearing.}, number={2}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BRAKE, J and BERRY, WD and PEEBLES, ED and ORT, JF and CAMPBELL, WR}, year={1985}, pages={247–252} }
 @article{brake_garlich_peebles_1985, title={EFFECT OF PROTEIN AND ENERGY-INTAKE BY BROILER BREEDERS DURING THE PREBREEDER TRANSITION PERIOD ON SUBSEQUENT REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE}, volume={64}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0642335}, abstractNote={Abstract Two levels of protein and two levels of energy were fed to broiler breeders during the prebreeder period (18 to 23 weeks of age) after which a standard breeder diet was provided to all birds. The differences in intake during the prebreeder period was 140 g protein/bird between the high protein (HP) and low protein (LP) groups and 1145 kcal ME/bird between the high energy (HE) and low energy (LE) groups. Body weights did not differ during the prebreeder period or subsequent breeder period. Cumulative egg production was similar among all treatments with numerical advantages for HP and LE birds due to improved production after 55 weeks of age. Significant protein × energy interactions occurred for egg weight during Weeks 25 to 44, but no significant overall effect was observed. Egg specific gravity was not affected significantly. Fertility did not differ; however, the LP birds exhibited significantly better hatch of fertile eggs and significantly decreased late deads when compared to HP birds. The HE birds exhibited significantly less early embryonic mortality but significantly more late embryonic mortality when compared to LE birds. Hatch of fertile eggs did not differ due to prebreeder energy levels.}, number={12}, journal={POULTRY SCIENCE}, author={BRAKE, J and GARLICH, JD and PEEBLES, ED}, year={1985}, month={Dec}, pages={2335–2340} }
 @article{miller_krista_brake_bolden_mcdaniel_mora_1985, title={Effects of caponization and body weight, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular variables in hypertensive and hypotensive turkey lines}, volume={64}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0641002}, abstractNote={Effects of caponization and blood pressure selection on serum lipids, severity of atherosclerosis, body weight, hematocrit, and relative ventricular weight in hypertensive and hypotensive lines of turkeys were evaluated in two trials. At 8 weeks of age, half the turkeys from each line were caponized. Body weights, blood pressure, and blood samples were obtained from each treatment at 8, 20, and 30 weeks of age. A total of 56 and 72 birds were used in Trials 1 and 2, respectively. Birds were necropsied at 30 weeks of age. Hypertensive turkeys had significantly greater serum cholesterol and total lipid than hypotensive turkeys only at 30 weeks of age in Trial 1. Lower relative ventricular weights were observed in hypotensive turkeys within both trials. Hypertensive birds exhibited a more severe degree of atherosclerosis and higher relative heart weight than hypotensive turkeys. Caponization significantly increased total serum lipid only at 20 weeks of age in Trial 2. Average body weight of caponized turkeys was significantly lower (1.2) than the control turkeys at 30 weeks of age. Caponized turkeys exhibited lower relative ventricular weight in Trial 1 but not Trial 2 and an increase in blood pressure only in Trial 2. Caponization suppressed body weight, decreased hematocrit values, and had no significant effect upon plaque severity. The presence or absence of male sex hormones had virtually no effect on proposed atherogenic stimuli thereby suggesting another mechanism by which the female is afforded a higher degree of protection.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Miller, L.E. and Krista, L.M. and Brake, J. and Bolden, S.L. and McDaniel, G.R. and Mora, E.}, year={1985}, pages={1002–1014} }
 @article{pardue_thaxton_brake_1985, title={Influence of supplemental ascorbic acid on broiler performance following exposure to high environmental temperature}, volume={64}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0641334}, abstractNote={The present study was conducted to determine if dietary ascorbic acid (AA) would improve growth, feed efficiency, and livability of broilers following an acute heating episode. Supplemental AA was provided in the diets at calculated levels of 0, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm, continuously. Females that received 1000 ppm exhibited significantly greater body weights at 2 and 4 weeks of age. No significant effects due to AA supplementation were observed in body weights of males. At 4 weeks of age, chicks were heated on two consecutive days by increasing the ambient temperature (38.3 C at bird level) in the production facility. Heating significantly reduced body weights in males, but not females, at 5 and 7 weeks of age. Feed conversions were increased after heating, but significant effects due to AA were not found. Ascorbic acid did not improve overall livability significantly in either sex, but heat-associated mortality was reduced in supplemented females.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Pardue, S.L. and Thaxton, J.P. and Brake, J.}, year={1985}, pages={1334–1338} }
 @article{brake_hamilton_jones_1985, title={New crop corn syndrome}, volume={9}, number={2}, journal={Breakthrough}, author={Brake, J. and Hamilton, P. and Jones, F.}, year={1985}, month={Jun} }
 @article{brake_1985, title={Principles and pitfalls of black-out housing}, volume={1}, number={6}, journal={Indian River Breeder Update}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1985}, month={Apr} }
 @article{peebles_brake_1985, title={Relationship of dietary ascorbic acid to broiler breeder performance}, volume={64}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0642041}, abstractNote={Abstract Supplemental ascorbic acid (AA) at 0, 50, and 100 ppm (mg/kg diet) was fed to broiler breeders throughout a complete production cycle. The effects of supplementation on egg production, fertility, hatchability, egg weight, egg specific gravity, and eggshell weight were determined. Ascorbic acid at both 50 and 100 ppm significantly increased hen-day egg production, hatch of fertile eggs, specific gravity, and mortality. Fertility was improved at 50 ppm. Body weight gain on similar limited feed intakes was higher in AA-supplemented birds. Much of the improvement in hatch of fertile eggs was due to a decrease in early embryonic mortality. It was concluded that supplemental AA improved nutrient utilization, which was favorable to the production of hatching eggs. Ascorbic acid at 50 ppm appeared adequate to achieve most beneficial effects in broiler breeders.}, journal={Poultry Science}, year={1985}, pages={2041–2048} }
 @article{brake_1985, title={Relationship of egg weight, specific gravity and shell weight to time of oviposition and feeding in broiler breeders}, volume={64}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0642037}, abstractNote={Abstract The relationship of oviposition time (OT) to egg weight, specific gravity, and shell weight was examined in two trials. Trial 1 was at 38 and 39 weeks of age, while Trial 2 was conducted at 44 weeks of age. Two commercial strains were utilized. The feeding time (FT) was 0800 hr in Trial 1 and either 0800 or 1300 hr in Trial 2. Egg weight was greatest for eggs laid before 0900 hr OT in Trial 1. Specific gravity was highest for eggs laid between 1500 to 1900 hr and lowest from 0900 to 1300 hr OT. Shell weight was greatest for 1900 to 0700 hr OT and lowest at 0900 to 1300 hr OT. A significant OT × FT interaction occurred for all parameters in Trial 2, which indicated a differential diurnal distribution due to different FT. No overall change in egg weight or specific gravity was observed. Shell weight was increased significantly by the 1300 hr FT when compared to the 0800 hr FT. It was concluded that there is a diurnal variation in egg weight, specific gravity, and shell weight exhibited by limit-fed broiler breeders and this pattern can be modified somewhat by different FT.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Brake, J.}, year={1985}, pages={2037–2040} }
 @article{peebles_brake_1985, title={Relationship of eggshell porosity to stage of embryonic development in broiler breeders}, volume={64}, ISSN={["1525-3171"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0642388}, abstractNote={Abstract Broiler breeder eggs with early dead (ED) embryos possessed significantly thinner membranes and significantly thicker eggshells than were observed for shells from eggs that hatched (H), were pipped (P), or contained late dead (LD) embryos (eggshell type). Overall pore concentration was significantly greater in H than in ED eggshells and significantly greater in ED than in LD or P eggshells. At the large end, eggshells from H eggs exhibited a significantly greater pore concentration compared to all other eggshell types. Pore concentrations at the equator and small end were significantly greater in H and ED eggshells when compared to eggshells from LD and P embryos. Large end pore concentration was significantly greater than at either the equator or small end in H eggshells. Optimum hatchability may depend on a proper eggshells region-pore concentration relationship as well as a sufficiently high number of pores in all three regions of the shell. Embryonic mortality may result from insufficient pore numbers. An excessively thick shell, which may negate the compensatory effects of high pore numbers at the equator and small end, may account for some ED embryos.}, number={12}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={PEEBLES, ED and BRAKE, J}, editor={Peebles, E.D. and Brake, J.Editors}, year={1985}, pages={2388–2391} }
 @article{pardue_thaxton_brake_1985, title={Role of ascorbic acid in chicks exposed to high environmental temperature}, volume={58}, DOI={10.1152/jappl.1985.58.5.1511}, abstractNote={ This study was conducted to determine if ascorbic acid (AA) 1) increases resistance to high environmental temperature in young chickens and 2) alters heat-induced changes in several physiological responses. Groups of male chicks received either a standard ration containing 1,000 mg/kg (ppm) of AA or the ration without AA. Chicks were brooded for 3 wk and then maintained at 22 +/- 0.8 degrees C. At 4 wk of age, both AA-supplemented and control chicks were exposed to 30 min of heating (43 +/- 0.1 degrees C and 40 +/- 2% rh) on each of 3 consecutive h in an environmentally controlled chamber. Chicks were challenged with sheep erythrocytes (1 ml, 10(5) cells, iv) 12 h postheating. Heating reduced plasma potassium, body weight gain, relative bursa and spleen weights, and anti-sheep erythrocyte levels. Heating increased cloacal temperature, plasma protein, corticosteroid levels, and mortality. AA ameliorated many of these stress-related responses. }, journal={Journal of Applied Physics}, author={Pardue, S.L. and Thaxton, J.P. and Brake, J.}, year={1985}, pages={1511–1516} }
 @article{brake_1985, title={Stress and flock health}, number={15}, journal={Vineland Update}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1985}, month={Nov} }
 @article{brake_ort_carter_campbell_1984, title={Effects of the insect grower regulator CGA-72662 (Larvadex®) on broiler breeder production, hatchability and subsequent chick performance}, volume={63}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0630910}, abstractNote={Broiler breeders were fed CGA -72662 ( Larvadex ) at dosages of 0, 30, 300, and 3000 mg/kg (ppm) diet in a standard breeder diet from 25 to 65 weeks of age. The 3000 ppm level was reduced stepwise to 1000 ppm from 25 to 27 weeks due to a significant increase in male and female mortality. Feed consumption did not differ significantly due to treatment. However, birds fed 300 ppm exhibited significantly improved feed conversion and increased egg production on a hen-day basis compared to those fed 0 and 30 ppm with the 1000 ppm level intermediate. On an egg per hen-housed basis, birds fed 300 ppm produced significantly more eggs than those fed 0 ppm with 30 ppm intermediate. Hens fed 1000 ppm produced significantly fewer eggs than all other treatments due to higher initial mortality. Body weight gains for males and females among treatments were similar. Mortality was significantly greater at 1000 ppm than for all other treatments. Egg specific gravity at 50 and 60 weeks was not affected significantly by any treatment. Egg weight, when compared to the 0 ppm level, was decreased significantly at the 1000 ppm level at 50 weeks and by both 300 and 1000 ppm levels at 60 weeks. Egg shell weight was not affected significantly at 50 weeks, but was decreased significantly by both 300 and 1000 ppm Larvadex at 60 weeks. There were no significant effects due to treatment level on fertility, early deads , pipped eggs, hatchability of fertile eggs, or hatchability of eggs set.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Brake, J. and Ort, J.F. and Carter, T.A. and Campbell, W.R.}, year={1984}, pages={910–916} }
 @article{brake_1984, title={Induced molting of broiler breeders}, volume={43}, number={508}, journal={Poultry Digest}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1984}, month={Jun} }
 @book{martin_siopes_brake_1984, place={Raleigh, NC}, series={Poultry Science & Technology Guide}, title={Light Management for Broiler Breeders}, number={33}, institution={Extension Poultry Science, N.C. State University}, author={Martin, G.A. and Siopes, T.D. and Brake, J.T.}, year={1984}, collection={Poultry Science & Technology Guide} }
 @article{brake_1984, title={Photostimulation and controlled lighting}, volume={1}, number={2}, journal={Indian River Breeder Update}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1984}, month={Oct} }
 @article{garlich_brake_parkhurst_thaxton_morgan_1984, title={Physiological profile of caged layers during one production year, molt, and postmolt: Egg production, egg shell quality, liver, femur, and blood parameters}, volume={63}, ISSN={["0032-5791"]}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0630339}, abstractNote={A longitudinal study of a flock of Single Comb White Leghorn pullets was initiated at 19 weeks of age (preproduction) and continued through a production year, a forced molt, and for 4 months of postmolt production. A representative sample of hens was obtained at 12-week intervals during the first year and at subsequent selected times. Liver lipid, femur weight, femur volume, femur density, egg weight, shell weight, percent shell, milligrams shell/square centimeter of shell surface area, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, and serum alkaline phosphatase were determined. Percent hen-day production peaked at 90% and then declined by .6 to .7% each week during the first production year. After molting, percent hen-day egg production peaked at 80% and declined .9% per week over the subsequent 20 weeks. Egg weight increased continually during the first production year. Shell weight was greatest immediately postmolt; thereafter it declined. Shell thickness was greatest at 31 weeks of age and declined throughout the first year. After molting, the shell thickness of 83-week-old hens was similar to values of hens about 37 weeks of age. Serum calcium and phosphorus of laying hens were influenced by age, feed intake and environmental temperature. The lowest values occurred during hot weather. Liver lipid was lowest in nonlaying hens (17 to 20%) and was approximately 42% of dry weight in laying hens. Femur density was greater in laying than nonlaying hens.}, number={2}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Garlich, J. and Brake, J. and Parkhurst, C.R. and Thaxton, J.P. and Morgan, G.W.}, year={1984}, pages={339–343} }
 @article{pardue_thaxton_brake_1984, title={Plasma ascorbic acid concentration following ascorbic acid loading in chicks}, volume={63}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0632492}, abstractNote={Three trials were conducted to determine the changes in plasma ascorbic acid (AA) associated with varying levels and duration of supplemental AA. In Trial 1, supplemental AA was provided in the drinking water at 0, 5, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 micrograms/ml (ppm). Plasma AA concentrations were significantly elevated in chicks receiving 250 ppm AA or greater. In Trial 2, plasma AA concentrations increased significantly within 4 hr of supplementation in chicks receiving 1000 ppm AA. Statistically, maximum AA values occurred some 8 hr following the initiation of supplementation. Removal of the supplemented water resulted in rapid declines in plasma AA in Trial 3. Plasma AA values significantly higher than controls were maintained 16 hr after the removal of the supplemental water. Values returned to those of controls within 20 hr.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Pardue, S.L. and Thaxton, J.P. and Brake, J.}, year={1984}, pages={2492–2496} }
 @article{brake_garlich_carter_1984, title={Relationship of dietary calcium level during the prelay phase of an induced molt to postmolt performance}, volume={63}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0632497}, abstractNote={Leghorn laying hens were induced to molt by a combination of photoperiod reduction and fasting for 14 days, during which time the hens lost 31.5% of their initial body weight. The hens were then assigned to one of four diets containing 1.0, 1.75, 2.5, or 3.5% calcium until egg production resumed. The 3.5% calcium diet was fed to all treatments from the resumption of 5% egg production. Postmolt egg production and feed conversion were not affected significantly. Egg weight, shell weight, and egg specific gravity were not affected consistently. It was concluded that high dietary calcium levels immediately postfast have no adverse effect on postmolt performance.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Brake, J. and Garlich, J.D. and Carter, T.A.}, year={1984}, pages={2497–2500} }
 @article{brake_1984, title={Search for change in breeder management}, volume={47}, number={5}, journal={Broiler Industry}, author={Brake, John T.}, year={1984}, month={May} }
 @book{wineland_brake_1984, place={Raleigh, NC}, series={Poultry Science & Technology Guide}, title={Trouble-Shooting Fertility and Hatchability Problems}, number={34}, institution={Extension Poultry Science, N.C. State University}, author={Wineland, M.J. and Brake, J.T.}, year={1984}, collection={Poultry Science & Technology Guide} }
 @article{ascorbic acid and broiler breeder performance_1983, volume={8}, number={6}, journal={Breakthrough}, year={1983}, month={Dec} }
 @article{farmer_roland_brake_eckman_1983, title={Calcium metabolism in broiler breeder hens. 1. The calcium status of the digestive tract of broiler breeders throughout a 24-hour period}, volume={62}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0620459}, abstractNote={Dry matter and calcium content of the digestive tract were determined on two groups of broiler breeders during a 24-hr period. The individually caged hens were fed either ad lib or restricted to 122 g of feed during a 4-hr feeding period each day from 0700 to 1100 hr. The hens received artificial light from 0700 to 2300 hr. On Day 14 of the feeding program a total of 100 hens, 10 from each group, were necropsied at selected intervals (0700, 1100, 1900, 2300, 0300 hr), and the contents of the various segments of the digestive tract and feces were collected and analyzed for dry matter and calcium. The calcium analysis also included any endogenous excretions and, therefore, absorption values are apparent. Hens restricted to 122 g feed per day had only 51.7% of the dry matter and 64.2% of the calcium consumed during the 4-hr feeding period remaining in the digestive tract at 1100 hr. By 2300 hr only 20.6% of the feed and 28.1% of the calcium remained. Hens had only approximately 14% (14.2 g) of their total dry matter intake and 16% (.70 g) of the calcium available for absorption from 0300 hr. The ad lib group, with an average intake of 171 g feed per day, had consumed only 26% of their daily feed intake by 1100 hr. Fifty-five percent of the dry matter consumed and 22% of the calcium remained in the digestive tract at 1100 hr. It was concluded that broiler hens restricted to morning feeding do not maintain a constant and equal metering of dry matter or calcium from the crop into the digestive tract throughout a 24-hr period.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Farmer, M. and Roland, D.A., Sr. and Brake, J. and Eckman, M.K.}, year={1983}, pages={459–464} }
 @book{brake_carey_1983, place={Raleigh, NC}, series={Poultry Science & Technology Guide}, title={Induced Molting of Caged Layers}, number={10}, institution={Extension Poultry Science, N.C. State University}, author={Brake, John T. and Carey, John B.}, year={1983}, collection={Poultry Science & Technology Guide} }
 @article{brake_1983, title={Precision management of induced molting}, volume={7}, number={4}, journal={Breakthrough}, author={Brake, John T.}, year={1983}, month={Jul} }
 @article{brake_1983, title={Slimming programs for chickens broadens profit margin}, volume={2}, number={2}, journal={Research Perspectives}, author={Brake, J.T.}, year={1983}, month={Jul} }
 @article{baker_brake_mcdaniel_1983, title={The relationship between body weight loss during an induced molt to postmolt egg production, egg weight, and shell quality in caged layers}, volume={62}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0620409}, abstractNote={Two trials were conducted to determine the relationship between percent body weight loss (% BWL) during an induced molt and postmolt performance. The molt was induced by fasting and photoperiod manipulation. Four groups with 24, 27, 31, or 35% BWL (Trial 1) or 20, 25, 30, or 35% BWL (Trial 2) were utilized in each trial. Performance was evaluated on the basis of 24 weeks of egg production and determinations of egg weight (EW), specific gravity (SG), and shell weight (SW) conducted during Weeks 8 (Trial 2 only), 18, and 24 following the removal of feed. The 27 and 31% BWL groups of Trial 1 and the 30 and 35% BWL groups of Trial 2 produced significantly more eggs per hen housed than the remaining treatments in their respective trial. Differences in SG and SW at the end of the trial were most pronounced in Trial 1 where the 27 and 21% BWL groups exhibited significantly greater SG and SW at Week 24 than did the 24 or 35% BWL groups. No significant differences occurred for SG at Week 24 of Trial 2, but the 35% BWL group exhibited significantly improved SW when compared to the 25% BWL group with the remaining groups intermediate. The EW was greatest for the 31% BWL and least for the 35% BWL group at 24 weeks in Trial 1 but did not differ in Trial 2. It was concluded that a body weight loss of approximately 27 to 31% produced optimum postmolt performance.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Baker, M. and Brake, J. and McDaniel, G.R.}, year={1983}, pages={409–413} }
 @article{brake_peebles_pardue_1983, title={Vitamin C and broiler breeders}, volume={30}, number={6}, journal={Industria Avicola}, year={1983}, month={Jun} }
 @article{giambrone_brake_1982, title={Automatic watering system for avians reared in modified isolation cabinets}, volume={61}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0611924}, abstractNote={Abstract An automatic watering system was designed and constructed for modified Horsfall-Bauer isolation cabinets. This system employed a trigger type drinking cup that allowed automatic flow of water over a large pressure range. An additional feature allowed the height of the cup to be adjusted from outside of the cabinet to permit different age birds to drink. An overflow drain was also included to prevent flooding of the cabinet in the event of a malfunction.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Giambrone, J.J. and Brake, J.}, year={1982}, pages={1924–1926} }
 @article{roland_brake_1982, title={Influence of premolt production on postmolt performance with explanation for improvement in egg production due to force molting}, volume={61}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0612473}, abstractNote={Abstract Performance of force-molted hens as influenced by premolt production was determined in two experiments using 720 Babcock hens. Hens selected to be laying at a low (41%), average (59%), and high (75%) rate of production were divided into two groups. One half of the hens were force molted (FM) and the other half served as controls (CON). On completion of the fasting period, blood was collected for chemical analyses from 10 hens per group. These hens were then necropsied and weights of the ovary, oviduct, liver, and fat pad determined. During the last 4 weeks of the postmolt period, dietary calcium was increased from 3.5 to 4.5% in half of each group. Postmolt production was directly related to premolt production. The hens laying the highest rate premolt showed no improvement, whereas those laying at the lowest rate showed the greatest improvement. The FM hens exhibited a lower incidence of shell-less eggs than CON hens. Premolt production appeared to have little influence on postmolt egg weight, organ weights, and blood constituents. However, shell weight and egg specific gravity were significantly improved by force molting. Increasing dietary calcium had no significant influence on shell weight and specific gravity in FM hens in either experiment but significantly increased specific gravity and shell weight of CON hens during Experiment 2. It was concluded that most of the improvement in production in force-molted hens was caused by a reduction in shell-less eggs and not by an increase in ovulation. Also, only a portion of the improvement in shell quality could be explained by an increase in feed intake (calcium intake) after molting due to the increase in production. An improvement in calcium metabolism was postulated to be a major cause of improved shell quality.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Roland, D.A., Sr. and Brake, J.}, year={1982}, pages={2473–2481} }
 @article{brake_1982, title={Maintaining hatchability in broiler breeders}, volume={7}, number={1}, journal={Breakthough}, author={Brake, John T.}, year={1982}, month={Jul} }
 @article{thaxton_gilbert_hester_brake_1982, title={Mercury toxicity as compared to ACTH induced physiological stress in the chicken}, volume={11}, DOI={10.1007/bf01056080}, journal={Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology}, author={Thaxton, J.P. and Gilbert, J. and Hester, P.Y. and Brake, J.}, year={1982}, pages={509–514} }
 @article{brake_baker_morgan_thaxton_1982, title={Physiological changes in caged layers during a forced molt. 4. Leucocytes and packed cell volume}, volume={61}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0610790}, abstractNote={Packed cell volume and circulating leucocyte numbers in force-molted, Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) hens were examined. Two groups of SCWL hens, reared under commercial conditions, were subjected to force molting (FM) at 70 (Trial 2) and 72 weeks of age (Trial 1). The force molting procedure consisted of a reduced photoperiod (6 hr), feed removal for 12 days (Trials 1 and 2), and water withdrawal for 1 day (Trial 1 only). Cessation of egg production was achieved in 6 days. Control (CON) hens were maintained in each trial with no change in daylength, and feed and water were available ad libitum. The FM hens exhibited a significant increase in packed cell volume (PCV) from the time of feed removal until immediately prior to resumption of egg production. This effect was not associated with water deprivation. The FM hens exhibited numerically increased numbers of total leucocytes (TWBC) and monocytes throughout the nonlaying period. However, the increase was significant on Day 14 of both trials for TWBC and on Days 21 and 35 (Trial 1) and Days 14 and 48 (Trial 2) for monocytes. A significant eosinophilia was observed on Days 7 and 14 of both trials. Changes associated with lymphocytes, heterophils, and basophils were inconsistent. Lymphocytes were increased significantly in the FM hens of Trial 2 from Day 21 to Day 48, but no significant difference occurred in Trial 1. A heterophilia was exhibited by the FM hens of Trial 1 on Days 7 and 14, but not in Trial 2. Conversely, a significant basophilia was observed on Days 7 and 14 in Trial 2, but not in Trial 1. These data suggested that an increased PCV, eosinophilia, and possibly increased TWBC and monocyte numbers were associated with a forced molt in caged SCWL hens.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Brake, J. and Baker, M. and Morgan, G.W. and Thaxton, P.}, year={1982}, pages={790–795} }
 @article{brake_mcdaniel_1981, title={Factors affecting broiler breeder performance}, volume={60}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0600726}, abstractNote={Abstract Two experiments were conducted to assess the relationship of body weight during a 12-day fast to postmolt performance of broiler breeder hens. The hens were individually caged Hubbard broiler breeders and were force molted by reducing the photoperiod, withdrawing feed for 12 days, and withdrawing water for 2 days. Body weight change during the fast was expressed as either body weight loss (LOSS) during the 12-day fast or as the body weight (BDWT) on Day 12. Egg production, egg shell quality (specific gravity), and egg weight were assessed for seven or eight 28-day periods. Fertility and hatch of fertile eggs were also determined. Improved postmolt egg production and reduced egg weight were more closely associated with BDWT than LOSS. No other consistent relationship was found. These data demonstrated that a body weight of approximately 2.4 to 3.0 kg must be reached during a fast to maximize postmolt egg production under these experimental conditions.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Brake, J. and McDaniel, G.R.}, year={1981}, pages={726–729} }
 @article{mcdaniel_brake_bushong_1981, title={Factors affecting broiler breeder performance. 1. Relationship of daily feed intake level to reproductive performance of pullets}, volume={60}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0600307}, abstractNote={Abstract Five feeding regimens, using four restriction levels and full feed, were tested to determine the effects of feed restriction on reproductive performance of broiler breeders. At 31, 39, and 52 weeks of age, females were artificially inseminated on two consecutive days with .05 cc semen from males of the same age, and eggs were collected for 9 days and incubated at each production period. In general, females that received the higher levels of feed exhibited lower egg production, lower fertility, and hatchability, heavier body and egg weights, and poorer shell quality. Fertility, shell quality, and production were not influenced by feeding regimens at 31 weeks of age; whereas, feeding regimens significantly affected these traits at 39 and 52 weeks of age.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={McDaniel, G.R. and Brake, J. and Bushong, R.D.}, year={1981}, pages={307–312} }
 @article{mcdaniel_brake_eckman_1981, title={Factors affecting broiler breeder performance. 4. The interrelationship of some reproductive traits}, volume={60}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0601792}, abstractNote={Abstract A series of experiments was conducted to determine the interrelationship of some reproductive traits in pullet and force-molted broiler breeder females. Correlation coefficients were obtained among fertility, hatch of fertile eggs, egg shell quality (specific gravity), hen-day production, and body weight. Body weight was negatively correlated with all traits except egg weight. Egg shell quality exhibited a consistently significant positive correlation with fertility. Eggs with specific gravities of 1.080. Additionally, duration of fertility was longer in hens producing eggs with higher specific gravities. Fertility was also positively correlated with hatch and hen-day production in pullets but not with force-molted hens. Hatch and hen-day production were found to consistently exhibit a positive correlation.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={McDaniel, G.R. and Brake, J. and Eckman, M.K.}, year={1981}, pages={1792–1797} }
 @article{brake_1981, title={Force molting commercial layers}, volume={20}, number={3}, journal={Poultry International}, author={Brake, John T.}, year={1981}, month={Mar} }
 @article{brake_garlich_parkhurst_thaxton_morgan_1981, title={Physiological profile of caged layers during one production year, molt, and postmolt - Organ weights and blood constituents}, volume={60}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0602157}, abstractNote={Abstract Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) hens were sampled at 3 month intervals during a production season, a forced molt, and for 2 months postmolt. At each sampling time serum and organ weights were obtained. Body weight, liver weight, ovary weight, oviduct weight, right adrenal weight, spleen weight, adrenal cholesterol, hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum glucose, serum cholesterol, and serum total protein were determined. An increase in body weight and stable relative organ weights were observed throughout the season as well as fluctuations of blood constituents due to age, reproductive status, environmental effects, and forced molting.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Brake, J. and Garlich, J.D. and Parkhurst, C.R. and Thaxton, P. and Morgan, G.W.}, year={1981}, pages={2157–2160} }
 @article{brake_morgan_thaxton_1981, title={Recrudescence of the thymus with repopulation of lymphocytes during an artificially induced molt of the domestic chicken: Proposed model system}, volume={5}, DOI={10.1016/s0145-305x(81)80012-2}, abstractNote={Thymic recrudescence accompanied by a lymphocytic repopulation was induced in Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) hens by an artificially induced molt. Molting induction involved manipulating the photoperiod combined with periods of food and water deprivation. Thymic recrudescence was evidenced by an increase in size and number of thymic lobes and repopulation of cortical lymphocytes. Lymphocytic repopulation occurred only in molting hens, and upon resumption of reproduction, the thymus again regressed. Artificially induced molting is a model system for studying the immunologic, physiologic, and endocrinologic effects of lymphocytic repopulation in the thymus.}, journal={Developmental & Comparative Immunology}, author={Brake, J. and Morgan, G.W. and Thaxton, P.}, year={1981}, pages={105–112} }
 @article{baker_brake_1981, title={Relationship of body weight loss during a forced molt of commercial layers to optimum postmolt performance}, volume={28}, number={2}, journal={Highlights of Agricultural Research}, author={Baker, Michael and Brake, J.}, year={1981} }
 @article{bushong_brake_1980, title={A molting program for backyard flocks}, volume={2}, number={10}, journal={Backyard Poultry}, author={Bushong, R.D. and Brake, John T.}, year={1980}, month={Oct} }
 @article{brake_1980, title={Advances in force molting commercial layers}, volume={86}, number={12}, journal={Poultry Tribune}, author={Brake, John T.}, year={1980}, month={Dec} }
 @article{thaxton_morgan_brake_williams_1980, title={Cage brooding followed by floor grow-out: A technique for rearing broilers}, volume={59}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0590681}, abstractNote={Abstract Broiler chicks were maintained in Petersime brooding batteries for three weeks and then transferred to floor pens in a conventional broiler facility for five additional weeks. Hatchmates were reared in floor pens for eight weeks. Comparisons of growth, feed efficiency, carcass quality, and a survey of physiological fitness of both treatment groups were made. The battery brooded birds exhibited lower final body weights and lower feed conversion ratios than the floor reared birds. Differences in mortality, general product quality, and physiological fitness were not found. However, humoral immune responsiveness, as indicated by increased anti-SRBC antibody levels, was better in the floor reared birds. This management technique is suggested as a possible method for the commercial rearing of broilers.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Thaxton, P. and Morgan, G.W. and Brake, J. and Williams, D.M.}, year={1980}, pages={681–685} }
 @article{brake_hester_thaxton_morgan_sikes_1980, title={Effect of mercury toxicity on serum osmolality, plasma sodium and potassium, and serum protein in the chicken}, volume={9}, DOI={10.1007/bf01055295}, abstractNote={Juvenile male chickens were exposed continuously to 300 micrograms/ml of mercury (Hg) in the form of mercuric chloride (HgCl2), via the drinking water, from hatching through six weeks of age. Serum osmolality and plasma potassium were increased significantly as a result of the Hg treatment. Plasma sodium was increased numerically in two of the three trials. Of the serum proteins, only albumin and the transferrins exhibited a consistent significant increase. It is concluded that alterations in serum ions and proteins account for the significant increase in plasma osmolality. The increase in transferrins may represent a mechanism to bind and detoxify Hg.}, journal={Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology}, author={Brake, J. and Hester, P.Y. and Thaxton, P. and Morgan, G.W. and Sikes, C.V.}, year={1980}, pages={431–436} }
 @article{mcdaniel_brake_1980, title={Feeding regimes and their effect on reproductive performance of broiler breeder females}, volume={27}, number={1}, journal={Highlights of Agricultural Research}, author={McDaniel, G.R. and Brake, J.T.}, year={1980} }
 @article{brake_1980, title={Forced molting and extra eggs}, volume={43}, number={6}, journal={Broiler Industry}, author={Brake, John T.}, year={1980}, month={Jun}, pages={76–78} }
 @article{brake_bushong_1980, title={Forced molting of commercial layers}, volume={4}, number={5}, journal={Alabama Feather Facts}, author={Brake, John T. and Bushong, R.D.}, year={1980} }
 @article{brake_1980, title={How to get an extra cycle from broiler breeders}, volume={27}, number={8}, journal={Industria Avicola}, author={Brake, John T.}, year={1980}, month={Aug} }
 @book{brake_bushong_1980, place={Auburn, AL}, series={Agriculture and Natural Resources/Animal Science Circular}, title={Poultry Production: Forced Molting of Commercial Layers}, number={ANR-208}, institution={Alabama Cooperative Extension Service}, author={Brake, John T. and Bushong, R.D.}, year={1980}, collection={Agriculture and Natural Resources/Animal Science Circular} }
 @article{brake_koon_flood_mannix_1980, title={Relationship of intermittent dark or lighted periods to the performance of SCWL hens}, volume={27}, number={4}, journal={Highlights of Agricultural Research}, author={Brake, John T. and Koon, J. L. and Flood, C.A., Jr. and Mannix, J.G.}, year={1980} }
 @article{brake_1980, title={You can't molt a fat chicken}, volume={27}, number={9}, journal={Industria Avicola}, author={Brake, John T.}, year={1980}, month={Sep} }
 @article{brake_1979, title={Auburn program reduces molt period to six weeks}, volume={51}, number={34}, journal={Feedstuffs}, author={Brake, John T.}, year={1979}, month={Aug} }
 @article{brake_thaxton_garlich_sherwood_1979, title={Comparison of fortified ground corn and pullet grower feeding regimes during a forced molt on subsequent layer performance}, volume={58}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0580785}, abstractNote={Abstract A flock of 160 Hyline W-36 (Trial 1) and a flock of 3,000 Shaver 288 SCWL hens (Trial 2) were force molted by a combination of photoperiod manipulation and feed and water withdrawal. Feed was withdrawn for ten days and water was withdrawn for two days beginning on the third day of feed withdrawal. Following the period of feed and water withdrawal, half of each flock was fed a fortified ground corn ration and the other half was fed a pullet grower ration for 18 days. Feed consumption, feed conversion, egg production, and mortality were determined during the molt and for five (Trial 1) or six (Trial 2) 28-day periods thereafter. Quantitative assessments of egg size and shell quality were conducted. The hens which received the pullet grower ration returned to production earlier than those fed the fortified ground corn ration and reached peak production four weeks earlier than the group fed the fortified ground corn ration. Overall, the hens which received the pullet grower ration exhibited improved egg production and maintained egg size and shell quality comparable to that of the hens which received the fortified ground corn ration. Additionally, no significant difference in overall feed utilization or mortality was observed.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Brake, J. and Thaxton, P. and Garlich, J.D. and Sherwood, D.H.}, year={1979}, pages={785–790} }
 @article{brake_koon_jr._1979, title={Facility expands poultry research capabilities}, volume={26}, number={3}, journal={Highlights of Agricultural Research}, author={Brake, John and Koon, J.L. and Jr., C.A. Flood}, year={1979} }
 @article{brake_1979, title={Force molt caged layers in six weeks}, volume={26}, number={2}, journal={Highlight of Agricultural Research}, author={Brake, John T.}, year={1979} }
 @article{brake_mcdaniel_1979, title={Force molting caged broiler breeder hens}, volume={26}, number={4}, journal={Highlights of Agricultural Research}, author={Brake, J. and McDaniel, G.R.}, year={1979} }
 @article{brake_thaxton_1979, title={Physiological changes in caged layers during a forced molt. 1. Body temperature and selected blood constituents}, volume={58}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0580699}, abstractNote={The effects of forced molting on body temperature and selected blood constituents were studied. Caged layers, reared under commercial conditions, were force molted successively at 72 and 104 weeks of age. This was accomplished by removing feed for up to 12 days and water for up to 3 days while simultaneously reducing the day length to 10 hr or less. This procedure resulted in a cessation of egg production within one week of the initiation of feed removal. There was a significant increase in body temperature during feather loss and renewal. Packed cell volume and hemoglobin increased significantly immediately upon removal of feed and water and remained elevated above control levels for the duration of the pause in egg production, while plasma total calcium, and inorganic phosphate decreased significantly during the corresponding period. Plasma total protein and plasma glucose did not exhibit consistent trends. Body temperature and the levels of the measured plasma consituents returned to normal levels upon the resumption of egg production.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Brake, J. and Thaxton, P.}, year={1979}, pages={699–706} }
 @article{brake_thaxton_benton_1979, title={Physiological changes in caged layers during a forced molt. 3. Plasma thyroxine, plasma triiodothyronine, adrenal cholesterol, and total adrenal steroids}, volume={58}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0581345}, abstractNote={The effects of forced molting on plasma levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and adrenal cholesterol and total adrenal steroid content were studied. Commercially available strains of Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) hens, reared and maintained under commercial conditions, were used in the three trials. The hens were moved to environmentally modified facilities prior to the forced molt which was accomplished by reducing daylength and by withdrawing feed and water. Egg production ceased within one week of initiation of this procedure. The hens were sampled either daily or an alternate days for up to 22 days beginning at the time of feed removal. Plasma T4 initially decreased upon removal of feed, but increased above control levels by the sixth day of feed withdrawal. Plasma T3 levels remained relatively constant throughout the feed withdrawal period. Resumption of feeding with a fortified ground corn ration resulted in a decrease in T4 and concomitant increase in T3. Changes in adrenal cholesterol and total adrenal steroids were not consistent. However, there was a trend toward increased total adrenal steroids during feed withdrawal, and an increase in adrenal cholesterol upon the resumption of feeding.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Brake, J. and Thaxton, P. and Benton, E.H.}, year={1979}, pages={1345–1350} }
 @article{brake_1978, title={Fast six-week molt based on pullet grow ration}, journal={Australian Poultry World}, author={Brake, John T.}, year={1978}, month={Dec}, pages={5–6} }
 @article{brake_1978, title={Fast six-week molt based on pullet grow ration}, volume={37}, number={437}, journal={Poultry Digest}, author={Brake, John T.}, year={1978}, month={Jul}, pages={346–352} }
 @book{brake_carter_1978, place={Raleigh, NC}, series={Poultry Science & Technology Guide}, title={Force Molting of Caged Layers}, number={10}, institution={Extension Poultry Science, N.C. State University}, author={Brake, John and Carter, Thomas}, year={1978}, collection={Poultry Science & Technology Guide} }
 @phdthesis{brake_1978, place={Raleigh, NC}, title={The Physiology of Forced Molting}, school={North Carolina State University}, author={Brake, John T.}, year={1978} }
 @article{hester_brake_sikes_thaxton_pardue_1978, title={The excretory system of young chickens experiencing mercury toxicity. Effects on kidney development, morphology and function}, volume={7}, DOI={10.1007/bf02332054}, abstractNote={Four trials were conducted to determine if toxic levels of mercury affect kidney development, morphology, and renal function. Mercury, administered via the drinking water as mercuric chloride caused a reduction in gross kidney weight, an increase in relative kidney weight and a slight but significant increase in the percentage water retained by left kidney of 6-week-old cockerels. Mercury had no effect on renal function of 6-week-old birds as indicated by the clearance of phenol red from circulation. Histological discontinuity of the kidney was extensive and evidenced by foamy cell degeneration and nuclear pyknosis. Although mercury caused gross alterations in the morphology of the kidney, normal excretory function was maintained.}, journal={Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology}, author={Hester, P.Y. and Brake, J. and Sikes, C.V. and Thaxton, P. and Pardue, S.L.}, year={1978}, pages={257–271} }
 @article{brake_thaxton_1977, title={A new look at force molting}, volume={3}, number={1}, journal={Breakthrough}, author={Brake, John T. and Thaxton, J.Paul}, year={1977}, month={Mar} }
 @article{hester_thaxton_morgan_brake_1977, title={Immunosuppression in chickens by passive transfer of preparation of specific immunoglobulins}, volume={56}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0562091}, abstractNote={The immunosuppressive effects of passive transfers of specific immunoglobulin preparations obtained from immune or hyperimmune sera were evaluated in chickens which were challenged with sheep red blood cells. The data indicate that IgY, fractionated from immune sera, and IgY and IgM, fractionated from hyperimmune sera, when passively administered at the doses employed in this study resulted in antibody-mediated suppression.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Hester, P.Y. and Thaxton, P. and Morgan, G.W. and Brake, J.}, year={1977}, pages={2091–2097} }
 @article{brake_thaxton_hester_1977, title={Mercury induced cardiovascular abnormalities in the chicken}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1007/bf02097768}, abstractNote={Juvenile chickens were either chronically exposed to 300 microgram/ml of Hg in the drinking water (chronic dosage--CD) or acutely exposed to either 3 mg of Hg/kg body wt (acute low dosage--ALD) or 12 mg of Hg/kg body wt (acute high dosage--AHD) administered intramuscularly for five consecutive days. Only the CD and AHD treatments retarded normal growth. Relative heart weights were increased by the CD treatment, decreased by the AHD treatment, and remained unchanged during the ALD treatment. Relative aorta weights were increased by the CD treatment but decreased by the AHD treatment. ECG analyses revealed a consistent decrease in the amplitude of the R-S and T waves with the greatest effects present in the acute (ALD and AHD) treatments. Histological examination revealed that Hg caused myocardial histopathological changes characterized as a myocarditis with polymorphonuclear and lymphocytic infiltration and fatty degeneration. It is concluded tha Hg causes cardiovascular disturbances in chickens even when administered at levels which do not inhibit normal growth.}, journal={Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology}, author={Brake, J. and Thaxton, P. and Hester, P.Y.}, year={1977}, pages={269–277} }
 @article{young_brake_thaxton_morgan_edens_1975, title={Enhanced immunosuppression in bursectomized chickens by passive transfer of antibody}, volume={54}, DOI={10.3382/ps.0541203}, abstractNote={Three trials were conducted using commercial broiler cockerels to determine the immunological consequences of passive transfers of immune sera to bursectomized chickens. The data illustrate that passive transfers of immune sera to juvenile chickens which had been surgically bursectomized immediately after hatching caused a suppression of the primary hemagglutination response which was greater than that caused by bursectomy or passive transfer of immune sera alone. However, when these same birds were given a secondary challenge of antigen the resulting secondary hemagglutination response was normal. These data indicate that the passive transfer of immune sera to bursectomized chickens greatly limits their ability to mount primary humoral responses, while not affecting the ability to develop anamnestic immunity.}, journal={Poultry Science}, author={Young, P.S. and Brake, J. and Thaxton, P. and Morgan, G.W. and Edens, F.W.}, year={1975}, pages={1203–1209} }
 @article{brake_thaxton_1975, title={Facts and fancies about force molting}, journal={North Carolina Egg Marketing Association Bulletin}, author={Brake, John and Thaxton, Paul}, year={1975}, month={Apr} }