@article{kaiser_lindberg_craig_2007, title={Assessing the flexibility of managers: A comparison of methods}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1468-2389"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1468-2389.2007.00366.x}, abstractNote={Despite keen interest, questions remain about defining and measuring the behavioral flexibility of managers. This paper reports a conceptual and empirical comparison of three alternative methods of assessing this construct. Results suggest that the way managerial flexibility is typically assessed in practice – as a trait‐like characteristic with coworker ratings that describe a general tendency to vary behavior across situations – is deficient. However, more complex models that represent flexibility as a higher‐order construct reflecting mastery of specific and opposing behaviors in both the social/interpersonal domain and the functional/organizational domain show promise. They demonstrate construct validity evidence, predict as much as 42% of the variance in overall effectiveness, and provide more specific diagnostic information to guide behavior change.}, number={1}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT}, author={Kaiser, Robert B. and Lindberg, Jennifer T. and Craig, S. Bartholomew}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={40–55} }