@article{tao_chen_jian_wang_zhu_zhu_langdon_2015, title={Anneal hardening of a nanostructured Cu-Al alloy processed by high-pressure torsion and rolling}, volume={628}, ISSN={["1873-4936"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.msea.2015.01.055}, abstractNote={Abstract A Cu–7 wt% Al alloy was processed by high-pressure torsion and rolling to obtain nanostructure and then annealed at a series of different temperatures. Annealing at 250 °C for 120 min produced higher strength, which is attributed to the formation of nanoscale annealing twins. It is proposed that the high densities of stacking faults and nonequilibrium grain boundaries, combined with the high residual shear stresses in the deformed samples, contribute to the development of nanoscale annealing twins during the recrystallization process.}, journal={MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING}, author={Tao, Jingmei and Chen, Guangming and Jian, Weiwei and Wang, Jun and Zhu, Yuntian and Zhu, Xinkun and Langdon, Terence G.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={207–215} }
 @article{wang_conrad_2014, title={Contribution of the space charge to the grain boundary energy in yttria-stabilized zirconia}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1573-4803"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10853-014-8331-z}, abstractNote={A model based on the effect of a modest applied dc electric field on grain growth is proposed for the contribution of the space charge to the grain boundary (GB) energy in 3 mol % yttria-stabilized zirconia (3 YSZ). The model considers that the total GB energy $$ \gamma_{\text{b}}^0 $$ (the capillary driving force for grain growth) consists of three major components: (a) $$ \gamma_{\text{b}}^\varSigma $$ due to the misorientation between neighboring grains, (b) $$ \gamma_{\text{b}}^{\text{s}} $$ due to the size misfit between the segregated solute and the solvent cations, and (c) $$ \gamma_{\text{b}}^{\text{e}} $$ the electrostatic (space charge) component, which results from the segregation of the aliovalent yttrium ions to the grain boundaries. The former two components combined comprise 40 % of the total GB energy in 3 YSZ and the electrostatic component 60 %. Based on the model, the calculated magnitudes of the three components were in qualitative accord with theoretical considerations and with values reported in the literature. A reduction in $$ \gamma_{\text{b}}^{\text{e}} , $$ and in turn in $$ \gamma_{\text{b}}^0 , $$ results from the bias exerted by the applied field on the space charge potential that occurs with the segregation of the yttrium ions to the grain boundaries. The observed reduction of grain growth in 3 YSZ by an applied electric field is attributed mainly to the reduction in $$ \gamma_{\text{b}}^{\text{e}} $$ by the field.}, number={17}, journal={JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE}, author={Wang, Jun and Conrad, Hans}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={6074–6080} }
 @article{conrad_wang_2014, title={Equivalence of AC and DC electric field on retarding grain growth in yttria-stabilized zirconia}, volume={72-73}, ISSN={["1359-6462"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.10.010}, abstractNote={It is shown that the full-cycle mean value of a 60 Hz AC field is equivalent to a DC field in its effect on retarding grain growth in 3 mol.% yttria-stabilized zirconia. This equivalence is in keeping with the proposed physical mechanism for the retardation at E < ∼30 V cm−1. A second decrease in the grain size with field occurs at a mean AC field of ∼100 V cm−1, which may be the precursor for “flash” sintering.}, journal={SCRIPTA MATERIALIA}, author={Conrad, Hans and Wang, Jun}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={33–34} }
 @inproceedings{wang_conrad_2013, title={Grain boundary resistivity in yttria-stabilized zirconia}, volume={240}, booktitle={Processing and properties of advanced ceramics and composites v}, author={Wang, J. and Conrad, H.}, year={2013}, pages={175–188} }
 @article{obare_wang_conrad_2013, title={Grain size distribution in 3 mol.% yttria-stabilized zirconia sintered with a small AC electric field}, volume={68}, ISSN={["1359-6462"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.09.018}, abstractNote={The grain size stereology in 3 mol.% yttria-stabilized zirconia sintered with a small AC field was essentially the same as in specimens sintered without field or with an equivalent DC field. With the DC field there was no clear difference adjacent to the positive electrode compared to near the negative electrode. Thus, neither polarization nor stereology are major factors in the greater retarding effect of an AC field on grain growth compared to an equivalent DC field.}, number={2}, journal={SCRIPTA MATERIALIA}, author={Obare, J. and Wang, J. and Conrad, H.}, year={2013}, month={Jan}, pages={111–113} }
 @article{wang_yang_conrad_2013, title={Transient-regime grain growth in nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia annealed without and with a DC electric field}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1359-6462"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.05.001}, abstractNote={Grain size exponents considerably larger than normally reported occurred for grain growth in nanoscale 3 mol.% yttria-stabilized zirconia annealed without and with a DC electric field at 1300 and 1400 °C. It is shown that the large exponents correspond to the transition regime predicted by solute drag theory. The observed smaller grain growth rate with an electric field compared to without is in keeping with a reduction in the capillary driving force.}, number={5}, journal={SCRIPTA MATERIALIA}, author={Wang, J. and Yang, Di and Conrad, H.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={351–353} }
 @article{wang_conrad_2012, title={Effect of electric field on solute solubility in Al alloys measured by hardness}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1743-2847"]}, DOI={10.1179/1743284711y.0000000121}, abstractNote={ The influence of dc electric field on pertinent solute solubility during the solution heat treatment of Al–Mg–Si–Cu AA 6111 Al alloy was determined by employing Vickers hardness and resistivity. Thermodynamic analysis of the results showed that the field decreased both entropy Δ Ss and enthalpy Δ Hs of the solution, but still gave a reduction in the Gibbs free energy Δ Gs = Δ Hs– TΔ Ss and in turn an increase in solubility. The reduction in Δ Gs obtained from the hardness tests was similar to that from the resistivity measurements. The decrease in Δ Gs by the field suggests that there exists an electronic aspect to the Gibbs free energy of the solution in addition to the size misfit. The solid solution strengthening corresponding to the increase in solubility by the field was in accord with the Mott–Nabarro model. Considering several Al–Mg2Si alloys, the solubility increase by an electric field was proportional to the difference in valence between the pertinent solute and the Al host. }, number={9-10}, journal={MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY}, author={Wang, J. and Conrad, H.}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={1198–1201} }
 @article{conrad_wang_2011, title={Influence of the nature of an electric field applied during the solution heat treatment of the Al-Mg-Si-Cu Alloy AA6111 on subsequent natural aging}, volume={102}, ISSN={["2195-8556"]}, DOI={10.3139/146.110590}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH}, author={Conrad, Hans and Wang, Jun}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={1331–1335} }