@article{johnson_whitehill_2023, title={A phoenix glimmers within the ashes: generalized defensive traits suggest hope for plants under attack by invasive pests}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1469-8137"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19230}, DOI={10.1111/nph.19230}, abstractNote={This article is a Commentary on Gossner et al. (2023), 240: 1219–1232.}, journal={NEW PHYTOLOGIST}, author={Johnson, Todd D. and Whitehill, Justin G. A.}, year={2023}, month={Aug} }
 @article{whitehill_yuen_chiang_ritland_bohlmann_2023, title={Transcriptome features of stone cell development in weevil-resistant and susceptible Sitka spruce}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1469-8137"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19103}, DOI={10.1111/nph.19103}, abstractNote={Summary}, journal={NEW PHYTOLOGIST}, author={Whitehill, Justin G. A. and Yuen, Macaire M. S. and Chiang, Angela and Ritland, Carol E. and Bohlmann, Joerg}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{gagalova_warren_coombe_wong_nip_yuen_whitehill_celedon_ritland_taylor_et al._2022, title={Spruce giga‐genomes: structurally similar yet distinctive with differentially expanding gene families and rapidly evolving genes}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15889}, DOI={10.1111/tpj.15889}, abstractNote={SUMMARY}, journal={The Plant Journal}, author={Gagalova, Kristina K. and Warren, René L. and Coombe, Lauren and Wong, Johnathan and Nip, Ka Ming and Yuen, Macaire Man Saint and Whitehill, Justin G. A. and Celedon, Jose M. and Ritland, Carol and Taylor, Greg A. and et al.}, year={2022}, month={Sep} }
 @article{gagalova_whitehill_culibrk_lin_levesque-tremblay_keeling_coombe_yuen_birol_bohlmann_et al._2022, title={The genome of the forest insect pest Pissodes strobi reveals genome expansion and evidence of a Wolbachia endosymbiont}, volume={12}, ISSN={["2160-1836"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkac038}, DOI={10.1093/g3journal/jkac038}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Gagalova, Kristina K. and Whitehill, Justin G. A. and Culibrk, Luka and Lin, Diana and Levesque-Tremblay, Veronique and Keeling, Christopher I and Coombe, Lauren and Yuen, Macaire M. S. and Birol, Inanc and Bohlmann, Jorg and et al.}, editor={Smith, SEditor}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{whitehill_yuen_bohlmann_2021, title={Constitutive and insect‐induced transcriptomes of weevil‐resistant and susceptible Sitka spruce}, url={https://doi.org/10.1002/pei3.10053}, DOI={10.1002/pei3.10053}, abstractNote={Abstract}, journal={Plant-Environment Interactions}, author={Whitehill, Justin G. A. and Yuen, Macaire M. S. and Bohlmann, Jörg}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{celedon_whitehill_madilao_bohlmann_2020, title={Gymnosperm glandular trichomes: expanded dimensions of the conifer terpenoid defense system}, volume={10}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85088592121&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1038/s41598-020-69373-5}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Scientific Reports}, author={Celedon, J.M. and Whitehill, J.G.A. and Madilao, L.L. and Bohlmann, J.}, year={2020} }
 @article{whitehill_bohlmann_2019, title={A molecular and genomic reference system for conifer defence against insects}, volume={42}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85067880215&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/pce.13571}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={10}, journal={Plant Cell and Environment}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Whitehill, Justin G.A. and Bohlmann, Jörg}, year={2019}, pages={2844–2859} }
 @article{whitehill_yuen_henderson_madilao_kshatriya_bryan_jaquish_bohlmann_2019, title={Functions of stone cells and oleoresin terpenes in the conifer defense syndrome}, volume={221}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85055290765&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/nph.15477}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={3}, journal={New Phytologist}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Whitehill, Justin G. A. and Yuen, Macaire M. S. and Henderson, Hannah and Madilao, Lina and Kshatriya, Kristina and Bryan, Jennifer and Jaquish, Barry and Bohlmann, Jörg}, year={2019}, pages={1503–1517} }
 @article{kshatriya_whitehill_madilao_henderson_kermode_kolotelo_bohlmann_2018, title={Histology of resin vesicles and oleoresin terpene composition of conifer seeds}, volume={48}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85052368518&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1139/cjfr-2018-0164}, abstractNote={ The seed coats of several conifers contain terpene-filled resin vesicles, which may be involved in the protection of the dormant embryo and the seed storage tissue against herbivores or pathogens. We analyzed the terpenoid composition of seeds from four Abies species (Abies amabilis Douglas ex J. Forbes, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl., and Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.), two Thuja species (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don and Thuja occidentalis L.), and three Tsuga species (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière, Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carrière, and Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and examined histological features of resin vesicles in seeds from one species from each genus. Resin vesicle morphology was generally similar among the species analyzed. The composition of the seed terpenes varied largely between species. The described seed terpene profiles of the nine species will serve as a foundation for future studies into the function of seed terpenes and resin vesicles in the seed coat. }, number={9}, journal={Canadian Journal of Forest Research}, author={Kshatriya, K. and Whitehill, J.G.A. and Madilao, L. and Henderson, H. and Kermode, A. and Kolotelo, D. and Bohlmann, J.}, year={2018}, pages={1073–1084} }
 @article{whitehill_henderson_strong_jaquish_bohlmann_2016, title={Function of Sitka spruce stone cells as a physical defence against white pine weevil.}, volume={11}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/27478980}, DOI={10.1111/pce.12810}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={11}, journal={Plant, cell & environment}, author={Whitehill, JG and Henderson, H and Strong, W and Jaquish, B and Bohlmann, J}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={2545–2556} }
 @article{whitehill_henderson_schuetz_skyba_yuen_king_samuels_mansfield_bohlmann_2016, title={Histology and cell wall biochemistry of stone cells in the physical defence of conifers against insects}, volume={39}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84978160942&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/pce.12654}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={8}, journal={Plant Cell and Environment}, author={Whitehill, JG and Henderson, H and Schuetz, M and Skyba, O and Yuen, MM and King, J and Samuels, AL and Mansfield, SD and Bohlmann, J}, year={2016}, pages={1646–1661} }
 @article{villari_herms_whitehill_cipollini_bonello_2016, title={Progress and gaps in understanding mechanisms of ash tree resistance to emerald ash borer, a model for wood-boring insects that kill angiosperms}, volume={209}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84949323614&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/nph.13604}, abstractNote={Summary}, number={1}, journal={New Phytologist}, author={Villari, C and Herms, DA and Whitehill, JG and Cipollini, D and Bonello, P}, year={2016}, pages={63–79} }
 @article{whitehill_rigsby_cipollini_herms_bonello_2014, title={Decreased emergence of emerald ash borer from ash treated with methyl jasmonate is associated with induction of general defense traits and the toxic phenolic compound verbascoside.}, volume={12}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/25231373}, DOI={10.1007/s00442-014-3082-8}, abstractNote={The emerald ash borer (EAB; Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) is causing widespread mortality of ash (Fraxinus spp.) in North America. To date, no mechanisms of host resistance have been identified against this pest. Methyl jasmonate was applied to susceptible North American and resistant Asian ash species to determine if it can elicit induced responses in bark that enhance resistance to EAB. In particular, phenolic compounds, lignin, and defense-related proteins were quantified, and compounds associated with resistance were subsequently tested directly against EAB larvae in bioassays with artificial diet. MeJA application decreased adult emergence in susceptible ash species, comparable to levels achieved by insecticide application. Concentration of the phenolic compound verbascoside sharply increased after MeJA application to green and white ash. When incorporated in an artificial diet, verbascoside decreased survival and growth of EAB neonates in a dose-dependent fashion. Lignin and trypsin inhibitors were also induced by MeJA, and analogs of both compounds reduced growth of EAB larvae in artificial diets. We conclude that the application of MeJA prior to EAB attack has the ability to enhance resistance of susceptible ash trees by inducing endogenous plant defenses, and report evidence that induction of verbascoside is a mechanism of resistance to EAB.}, number={4}, journal={Oecologia}, author={Whitehill, JG and Rigsby, C and Cipollini, D and Herms, DA and Bonello, P}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={1047–1059} }
 @article{chakraborty_whitehill_hill_opiyo_cipollini_herms_bonello_2014, title={Effects of water availability on emerald ash borer larval performance and phloem phenolics of Manchurian and black ash}, volume={37}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84896731705&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1111/pce.12215}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={4}, journal={Plant, Cell and Environment}, author={Chakraborty, S and Whitehill, JG and Hill, AL and Opiyo, SO and Cipollini, D and Herms, DA and Bonello, P}, year={2014}, pages={1009–1021} }
 @article{najar_landhäusser_whitehill_bonello_erbilgin_2014, title={Reserves Accumulated in Non-Photosynthetic Organs during the Previous Growing Season Drive Plant Defenses and Growth in Aspen in the Subsequent Growing Season}, volume={40}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84895073653&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10886-013-0374-0}, abstractNote={Plants store non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), nitrogen (N), as well as other macro and micronutrients, in their stems and roots; the role of these stored reserves in plant growth and defense under herbivory pressure is poorly understood, particularly in trees. Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings with different NSC and N reserves accumulated during the previous growing season were generated in the greenhouse. Based on NSC and N contents, seedlings were assigned to one of three reserve statuses: Low N-Low NSC, High N-Medium NSC, or High N-High NSC. In the subsequent growing season, half of the seedlings in each reserve status was subjected to defoliation by forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) while the other half was left untreated. Following defoliation, the effect of reserves was measured on foliar chemistry (N, NSC) and caterpillar performance (larval development). Due to their importance in herbivore feeding, we also quantified concentrations of phenolic glycoside compounds in foliage. Seedlings in Low N-Low NSC reserve status contained higher amounts of induced phenolic glycosides, grew little, and supported fewer caterpillars. In contrast, aspen seedlings in High N-Medium or High NSC reserve statuses contained lower amounts of induced phenolic glycosides, grew faster, and some of the caterpillars which fed on these seedlings developed up to their fourth instar. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis indicated that foliar phenolic glycoside concentration was related to reserve chemistry (NSC, N). Overall, these results demonstrate that reserves accumulated during the previous growing season can influence tree defense and growth in the subsequent growing season. Additionally, our study concluded that the NSC/N ratio of reserves in the previous growing season represents a better measure of resources available for use in defense and growth than the foliar NSC/N ratios.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Chemical Ecology}, author={Najar, A and Landhäusser, SM and Whitehill, JG and Bonello, P and Erbilgin, N}, year={2014}, pages={21–30} }
 @article{gangadharan_sreerekha_whitehill_ham_mackey_2013, title={The Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato type III effector HopM1 suppresses Arabidopsis defenses independent of suppressing salicylic acid signaling and of targeting AtMIN7.}, volume={8}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/24324742}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0082032}, abstractNote={Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato strain DC3000 (Pto) delivers several effector proteins promoting virulence, including HopM1, into plant cells via type III secretion. HopM1 contributes to full virulence of Pto by inducing degradation of Arabidopsis proteins, including AtMIN7, an ADP ribosylation factor-guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola strain NPS3121 (Pph) lacks a functional HopM1 and elicits robust defenses in Arabidopsis thaliana, including accumulation of pathogenesis related 1 (PR-1) protein and deposition of callose-containing cell wall fortifications. We have examined the effects of heterologously expressed HopM1Pto on Pph-induced defenses. HopM1 suppresses Pph-induced PR-1 expression, a widely used marker for salicylic acid (SA) signaling and systemic acquired resistance. Surprisingly, HopM1 reduces PR-1 expression without affecting SA accumulation and also suppresses the low levels of PR-1 expression apparent in SA-signaling deficient plants. Further, HopM1 enhances the growth of Pto in SA-signaling deficient plants. AtMIN7 contributes to Pph-induced PR-1 expression. However, HopM1 fails to degrade AtMIN7 during Pph infection and suppresses Pph-induced PR-1 expression and callose deposition in wild-type and atmin7 plants. We also show that the HopM1-mediated suppression of PR-1 expression is not observed in plants lacking the TGA transcription factor, TGA3. Our data indicate that HopM1 promotes bacterial virulence independent of suppressing SA-signaling and links TGA3, AtMIN7, and other HopM1 targets to pathways distinct from the canonical SA-signaling pathway contributing to PR-1 expression and callose deposition. Thus, efforts to understand this key effector must consider multiple targets and unexpected outputs of its action.}, number={12}, journal={PloS one}, author={Gangadharan, A and Sreerekha, MV and Whitehill, J and Ham, JH and Mackey, D}, year={2013}, month={Dec} }
 @article{whitehill_opiyo_koch_herms_cipollini_bonello_2012, title={Interspecific comparison of constitutive ash phloem phenolic chemistry reveals compounds unique to manchurian ash, a species resistant to emerald ash borer.}, volume={5}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/22588569}, DOI={10.1007/s10886-012-0125-7}, abstractNote={The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis, EAB) is an invasive wood-borer indigenous to Asia and is responsible for widespread ash (Fraxinus spp.) mortality in the U.S. and Canada. Resistance and susceptibility to EAB varies among Fraxinus spp., which is a result of their co-evolutionary history with the pest. We characterized constitutive phenolic profiles and lignin levels in the phloem of green, white, black, blue, European, and Manchurian ash. Phloem was sampled twice during the growing season, coinciding with phenology of early and late instar EAB. We identified 66 metabolites that displayed a pattern of variation, which corresponded strongly with phylogeny. Previously identified lignans and lignan derivatives were confirmed to be unique to Manchurian ash, and may contribute to its high level of resistance to EAB. Other compounds that had been considered unique to Manchurian ash, including hydroxycoumarins and the phenylethanoids calceolarioside A and B, were detected in closely related, but susceptible species, and thus are unlikely to contribute to EAB resistance of Manchurian ash. The distinct phenolic profile of blue ash may contribute to its relatively high resistance to EAB.}, number={5}, journal={Journal of chemical ecology}, author={Whitehill, JG and Opiyo, SO and Koch, JL and Herms, DA and Cipollini, DF and Bonello, P}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={499–511} }
 @article{hill_whitehill_opiyo_phelan_bonello_2012, title={Nutritional attributes of ash (Fraxinus spp.) outer bark and phloem and their relationships to resistance against the emerald ash borer.}, volume={12}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/23143945}, DOI={10.1093/treephys/tps104}, abstractNote={The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, EAB) is an alien, invasive wood-boring insect that is responsible for killing millions of ash trees since its discovery in North America in 2002. All North American ash species (Fraxinus spp.) that EAB has encountered have shown various degrees of susceptibility, while Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica Ruprecht), which shares a co-evolutionary history with this insect, is resistant. Recent studies have looked into constitutive resistance mechanisms in Manchurian ash, concentrating on the secondary phloem, which is the feeding substrate for the insect. In addition to specialized metabolism and defense-related components, primary metabolites and nutritional summaries can also be important to understand the feeding behavior of insect herbivores. Here, we have compared the nutritional characteristics (water content, total protein, free amino acids, total soluble sugars and starch, percent carbon and nitrogen, and macro- and micronutrients) of outer bark and phloem from black, green, white and Manchurian ash to determine their relevance to resistance or susceptibility to EAB. Water content and concentrations of Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, K, Li, tryptophan and an unknown compound were found to separate black and Manchurian ash from green and white ash in a principal component analysis (PCA), confirming their phylogenetic placements into two distinct clades. The traits that distinguished Manchurian ash from black ash in the PCA were water content and concentrations of total soluble sugars, histidine, lysine, methionine, ornithine, proline, sarcosine, tyramine, tyrosol, Al, Fe, K, Na, V and an unknown compound. However, only proline, tyramine and tyrosol were significantly different, and higher, in Manchurian ash than in black ash.}, number={12}, journal={Tree physiology}, author={Hill, AL and Whitehill, JG and Opiyo, SO and Phelan, PL and Bonello, P}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={1522–1532} }
 @article{li_ahn_ning_park_zeng_whitehill_lu_zhao_ding_xie_et al._2012, title={The U-Box/ARM E3 ligase PUB13 regulates cell death, defense, and flowering time in Arabidopsis.}, volume={5}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/22383540}, DOI={10.1104/pp.111.192617}, abstractNote={Abstract}, number={1}, journal={Plant physiology}, author={Li, W and Ahn, IP and Ning, Y and Park, CH and Zeng, L and Whitehill, JG and Lu, H and Zhao, Q and Ding, B and Xie, Q and et al.}, year={2012}, month={Mar}, pages={239–250} }
 @article{chen_whitehill_bonello_poland_2011, title={Differential response in foliar chemistry of three ash species to emerald ash borer adult feeding}, volume={37}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-79251609689&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1007/s10886-010-9892-1}, abstractNote={The emerald ash borer (EAB; Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire; Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is an exotic wood-boring beetle that has been threatening North American ash (Fraxinus spp.) resources since its discovery in Michigan and Ontario in 2002. In this study, we investigated the phytochemical responses of the three most common North American ash species (black, green, and white ash) in northeastern USA to EAB adult feeding. Black ash was the least responsive to EAB adult feeding in terms of the induction of volatile compounds, and levels of only two (indole and benzyl cyanide) of the 11 compounds studied increased. In green ash, levels of two [(E)-β-ocimene and indole] of the 11 volatile compounds studied were elevated, while the levels of two green leaf volatiles [hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal] decreased. White ash showed the greatest response with an increase in levels of seven of the 11 compounds studied. Qualitative differences among ash species were detected. Among the phenolic compounds detected, ligustroside was the only one detected in all three species. Oleuropein aglycone and 2 unidentified compounds were found only in black ash; coumaroylquinic acid and feruloylquinic acid were detected only in green ash; and verbascoside hexoside was detected only in white ash. EAB adult feeding did not elicit or decrease concentrations of any selected individual phenolic compounds. However, although levels of total phenolics from black and green ash foliage were not affected by EAB adult feeding, they decreased significantly in white ash. EAB adult feeding elevated chymotrypsin inhibitors in black ash. The possible ecological implications of these findings are discussed.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Chemical Ecology}, author={Chen, Y and Whitehill, JG and Bonello, P and Poland, TM}, year={2011}, pages={29–39} }
 @article{cipollini_wang_whitehill_powell_bonello_herms_2011, title={Distinguishing defensive characteristics in the phloem of ash species resistant and susceptible to emerald ash borer.}, volume={5}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/21537902}, DOI={10.1007/s10886-011-9954-z}, number={5}, journal={Journal of chemical ecology}, author={Cipollini, D. and Wang, Q. and Whitehill, J.G.A. and Powell, J.R. and Bonello, P. and Herms, D.A.}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={450–459} }
 @article{chen_whitehill_bonello_poland_2011, title={Feeding by emerald ash borer larvae induces systemic changes in black ash foliar chemistry}, volume={72}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052959681&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.07.003}, abstractNote={The exotic wood-boring pest, emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), has been threatening North American ash (Fraxinus spp.) resources, this being recognized since its first detection in Michigan, USA and Ontario, Canada in 2002. Ash trees are killed by larval feeding in the cambial region, which results in disruption of photosynthate and nutrient translocation. In this study, changes in volatile and non-volatile foliar phytochemicals of potted 2-yr-old black ash, Fraxinus nigra Marshall, seedlings were observed in response to EAB larval feeding in the main stem. EAB larval feeding affected levels of six compounds [hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-β-ocimene, methyl salicylate, and (Z,E)-α-farnesene] with patterns of interaction depending upon compounds of interest and time of observation. Increased methyl salicylate emission suggests similarity in responses induced by EAB larval feeding and other phloem-feeding herbivores. Overall, EAB larval feeding suppressed (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate emission, elevated (E)-β-ocimene emission in the first 30days, but emissions leveled off thereafter, and generally increased the emission of (Z,E)-α-farnesene. Levels of carbohydrates and phenolics increased overall, while levels of proteins and most amino acids decreased in response to larval feeding. Twenty-three amino acids were consistently detected in the foliage of black ash. The three most abundant amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, while the four least abundant were α-aminobutyric acid, β-aminoisobutyric acid, methionine, and sarcosine. Most (16) foliar free amino acids and 6 of the 9 detected essential amino acids decreased with EAB larval feeding. The ecological consequences of these dynamic phytochemical changes on herbivores harbored by ash trees and potential natural enemies of these herbivores are discussed.}, number={16}, journal={Phytochemistry}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Chen, Y. and Whitehill, J.G.A. and Bonello, P. and Poland, T.M.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={1990–1998} }
 @article{whitehill_popova-butler_green-church_koch_herms_bonello_2011, title={Interspecific proteomic comparisons reveal ash phloem genes potentially involved in constitutive resistance to the emerald ash borer.}, volume={6}, url={http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/21949771}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0024863}, abstractNote={The emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) is an invasive wood-boring beetle that has killed millions of ash trees since its accidental introduction to North America. All North American ash species (Fraxinus spp.) that emerald ash borer has encountered so far are susceptible, while an Asian species, Manchurian ash (F. mandshurica), which shares an evolutionary history with emerald ash borer, is resistant. Phylogenetic evidence places North American black ash (F. nigra) and Manchurian ash in the same clade and section, yet black ash is highly susceptible to the emerald ash borer. This contrast provides an opportunity to compare the genetic traits of the two species and identify those with a potential role in defense/resistance. We used Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) to compare the phloem proteomes of resistant Manchurian to susceptible black, green, and white ash. Differentially expressed proteins associated with the resistant Manchurian ash when compared to the susceptible ash species were identified using nano-LC-MS/MS and putative identities assigned. Proteomic differences were strongly associated with the phylogenetic relationships among the four species. Proteins identified in Manchurian ash potentially associated with its resistance to emerald ash borer include a PR-10 protein, an aspartic protease, a phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductase (PCBER), and a thylakoid-bound ascorbate peroxidase. Discovery of resistance-related proteins in Asian species will inform approaches in which resistance genes can be introgressed into North American ash species. The generation of resistant North American ash genotypes can be used in forest ecosystem restoration and urban plantings following the wake of the emerald ash borer invasion.}, number={9}, journal={PloS one}, author={Whitehill, JG and Popova-Butler, A and Green-Church, KB and Koch, JL and Herms, DA and Bonello, P}, year={2011}, month={Sep} }
 @article{whitehill_lehman_bonello_2007, title={Ips pini (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is a vector of the fungal pathogen, Sphaeropsis sapinea (Coelomycetes), to Austrian Pines, Pinus nigra (Pinaceae)}, volume={36}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-34047151693&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1603/0046-225X(2007)36[114:IPCSIA]2.0.CO;2}, abstractNote={Abstract Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.:Fr.) Dyko and Sutton, is among the most common and widely distributed pathogens of conifers worldwide. S. sapinea is disseminated over short distances by rain splash and moist wind, but significant knowledge gaps regarding long-range dispersal remain. Our objective was to determine whether or not the pine engraver beetle, Ips pini Say, is a vector of the pathogen onto Austrian pines (Pinus nigra Arnold). In 2004 and 2005, individuals of I. pini were collected with pheromone traps at two locations in central Ohio (197 and 1,017 individuals for 2004 and 2005, respectively) and screened for the presence of S. sapinea. In the field, fresh logs of Austrian pine were baited with pheromone lures, mechanically wounded, or left undisturbed. After 2 mo, logs were evaluated for insect feeding and the presence of S. sapinea along beetle galleries. Fresh logs were also inoculated in the greenhouse with adult I. pini that were either artificially infested or uninfested with S. sapinea spores to determine vectoring potential. Phoresy rates for individual collections ranged from 0 to 4.1%; average rates were 1.5 and 2.0% for 2004 and 2005, respectively. Isolation frequencies of S. sapinea from baited (15 ± 5%) and unbaited logs (3 ± 1%) differed significantly (P = 0.009). I. pini was also capable of transmitting the pathogen under controlled conditions. Based on phoresy rates, association, and artificial inoculation studies, we conclude that I. pini is able to transmit S. sapinea to Austrian pine stems.}, number={1}, journal={Environmental Entomology}, author={Whitehill, J.G.A. and Lehman, J.S. and Bonello, P.}, year={2007}, pages={114–120} }