@article{smart_seekamp_van berkel_vukomanovic_smith_2023, title={Socio-spatial factors influence climate change adaptation decisions of rural coastal landowners}, volume={7}, ISSN={["1572-9761"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10980-023-01734-7}, journal={LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY}, author={Smart, Lindsey S. and Seekamp, Erin and Van Berkel, Derek and Vukomanovic, Jelena and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2023}, month={Jul} }
 @article{smart_vukomanovic_taillie_singh_smith_2021, title={Quantifying Drivers of Coastal Forest Carbon Decline Highlights Opportunities for Targeted Human Interventions}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2073-445X"]}, DOI={10.3390/land10070752}, abstractNote={As coastal land use intensifies and sea levels rise, the fate of coastal forests becomes increasingly uncertain. Synergistic anthropogenic and natural pressures affect the extent and function of coastal forests, threatening valuable ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and storage. Quantifying the drivers of coastal forest degradation is requisite to effective and targeted adaptation and management. However, disentangling the drivers and their relative contributions at a landscape scale is difficult, due to spatial dependencies and nonstationarity in the socio-spatial processes causing degradation. We used nonspatial and spatial regression approaches to quantify the relative contributions of sea level rise, natural disturbances, and land use activities on coastal forest degradation, as measured by decadal aboveground carbon declines. We measured aboveground carbon declines using time-series analysis of satellite and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) imagery between 2001 and 2014 in a low-lying coastal region experiencing synergistic natural and anthropogenic pressures. We used nonspatial (ordinary least squares regression–OLS) and spatial (geographically weighted regression–GWR) models to quantify relationships between drivers and aboveground carbon declines. Using locally specific parameter estimates from GWR, we predicted potential future carbon declines under sea level rise inundation scenarios. From both the spatial and nonspatial regression models, we found that land use activities and natural disturbances had the highest measures of relative importance (together representing 94% of the model’s explanatory power), explaining more variation in carbon declines than sea level rise metrics such as salinity and distance to the estuarine shoreline. However, through the spatial regression approach, we found spatial heterogeneity in the relative contributions to carbon declines, with sea level rise metrics contributing more to carbon declines closer to the shore. Overlaying our aboveground carbon maps with sea level rise inundation models we found associated losses in total aboveground carbon, measured in teragrams of carbon (TgC), ranged from 2.9 ± 0.1 TgC (for a 0.3 m rise in sea level) to 8.6 ± 0.3 TgC (1.8 m rise). Our predictions indicated that on the remaining non-inundated landscape, potential carbon declines increased from 29% to 32% between a 0.3 and 1.8 m rise in sea level. By accounting for spatial nonstationarity in our drivers, we provide information on site-specific relationships at a regional scale, allowing for more targeted management planning and intervention. Accordingly, our regional-scale assessment can inform policy, planning, and adaptation solutions for more effective and targeted management of valuable coastal forests.}, number={7}, journal={LAND}, author={Smart, Lindsey S. and Vukomanovic, Jelena and Taillie, Paul J. and Singh, Kunwar K. and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{smart_taillie_poulter_vukomanovic_singh_swenson_mitasova_smith_meentemeyer_2020, title={Aboveground carbon loss associated with the spread of ghost forests as sea levels rise}, volume={15}, ISSN={["1748-9326"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85092484857&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1088/1748-9326/aba136}, abstractNote={Coastal forests sequester and store more carbon than their terrestrial counterparts but are at greater risk of conversion due to sea level rise. Saltwater intrusion from sea level rise converts freshwater-dependent coastal forests to more salt-tolerant marshes, leaving ‘ghost forests’ of standing dead trees behind. Although recent research has investigated the drivers and rates of coastal forest decline, the associated changes in carbon storage across large extents have not been quantified. We mapped ghost forest spread across coastal North Carolina, USA, using repeat Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) surveys, multi-temporal satellite imagery, and field measurements of aboveground biomass to quantify changes in aboveground carbon. Between 2001 and 2014, 15% (167 km2) of unmanaged public land in the region changed from coastal forest to transition-ghost forest characterized by salt-tolerant shrubs and herbaceous plants. Salinity and proximity to the estuarine shoreline were significant drivers of these changes. This conversion resulted in a net aboveground carbon decline of 0.13 ± 0.01 TgC. Because saltwater intrusion precedes inundation and influences vegetation condition in advance of mature tree mortality, we suggest that aboveground carbon declines can be used to detect the leading edge of sea level rise. Aboveground carbon declines along the shoreline were offset by inland aboveground carbon gains associated with natural succession and forestry activities like planting (2.46 ± 0.25 TgC net aboveground carbon across study area). Our study highlights the combined effects of saltwater intrusion and land use on aboveground carbon dynamics of temperate coastal forests in North America. By quantifying the effects of multiple interacting disturbances, our measurement and mapping methods should be applicable to other coastal landscapes experiencing saltwater intrusion. As sea level rise increases the landward extent of inundation and saltwater exposure, investigations at these large scales are requisite for effective resource allocation for climate adaptation. In this changing environment, human intervention, whether through land preservation, restoration, or reforestation, may be necessary to prevent aboveground carbon loss.}, number={10}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS}, author={Smart, Lindsey S. and Taillie, Paul J. and Poulter, Benjamin and Vukomanovic, Jelena and Singh, Kunwar K. and Swenson, Jennifer J. and Mitasova, Helena and Smith, Jordan W. and Meentemeyer, Ross K.}, year={2020}, month={Oct} }
 @article{bitsura-meszaros_seekamp_davenport_smith_2019, title={A PGIS-Based Climate Change Risk Assessment Process for Outdoor Recreation and Tourism Dependent Communities}, volume={11}, ISBN={2071-1050}, ISSN={2071-1050}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123300}, DOI={10.3390/su11123300}, abstractNote={Climate change is affecting human and geophysical systems in a variety of complex and interdependent ways. For nature-based tourism-dependent communities like those along the North Shore of Lake Superior in Minnesota, impacts to the region’s abundant natural resources can subsequently affect the livelihoods of individuals who depend upon those resources to provide essential ecosystem services and support the region’s economy. Many of the area’s natural and outdoor recreation resources are collaboratively managed, making cooperation essential to address climate change impacts. In this study, we engaged North Shore stakeholders in a climate change risk assessment process through an exploratory application of participatory geographic information systems (PGIS). Stakeholder involvement allows for the co-production of science to deliver locally-relevant data and information. Involving stakeholders through a PGIS-based climate change risk assessment process allows locally-relevant data and information to be represented and visualized spatially. We used PGIS focus groups, as well as pre- and post-surveys, to solicit stakeholders’ perceptions of risk thresholds (i.e., the time scale of impacts) and climate-related risk severity to sites with built infrastructure, natural amenities, and recreation and tourism destinations. The stakeholders’ knowledge, as well as their commitment to their communities and local environments, influenced general perceptions of region-wide climate-related vulnerabilities. The PGIS exercises generated important discussion among stakeholders and shed light on how to more efficiently collect spatially-explicit data and information from stakeholders that can be used to inform mitigation and adaptation efforts.}, number={12}, journal={Sustainability}, publisher={MDPI AG}, author={Bitsura-Meszaros, Karly and Seekamp, Erin and Davenport, Mae and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={3300} }
 @article{smith_wilkins_leung_2019, title={Attendance trends threaten future operations of America's state park systems}, volume={116}, ISSN={["0027-8424"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902314116}, DOI={10.1073/pnas.1902314116}, abstractNote={Significance State park lands in the United States are important to the health and well-being of the American public. Managing these lands for human enjoyment comes at a cost, however. Management requires capital to ensure visitors’ health and safety, to provide infrastructure and services that facilitate desired outdoor recreation activities, and to protect natural and cultural resources. By constructing and analyzing a dataset describing the operations of all 50 state park systems in the United States, we were able to determine the operating costs of state park systems will likely increase substantially in the coming decades. These increases are largely attributable to continued increases in attendance (visitor-hours) and, to a much lesser extent, climate change. This research examines how the operating expenditures of America’s state park systems will be affected by a continued growth in attendance consistent with observed trends as well as potential climate futures. We construct a longitudinal panel dataset (1984–2017) describing the operations and characteristics of all 50 state park systems. These data are analyzed with a time-varying stochastic frontier model. Estimates from the model are used to forecast operating expenditures to midcentury under four different scenarios. The first scenario assumes annual attendance within each state park system will continue to grow (or decline) at the same average annual rate that it has over the period of observation. The subsequent scenarios assume statewide annual mean temperatures will increase following the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 greenhouse gas emissions trajectories. Operating expenditures under a scenario where annual growth in attendance stays consistent with observed trends are forecasted to increase 756% by midcentury; this is an order of magnitude larger than projected expenditures under any of the climate scenarios. The future climate change scenarios yielded increases in operating expenditures between 25% (RCP2.6) and 61% (RCP8.5) by 2050. Attendance is the single largest factor affecting the operations of America’s state park systems, dwarfing the influence of climate change, which is significant and nontrivial. The future of America’s state park systems will depend upon increased support from state legislatures, as well as management actions that generate funds for the maintenance of existing infrastructure and facilities, and the provisioning of services.}, number={26}, journal={PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}, publisher={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Wilkins, Emily J. and Leung, Yu-Fai}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={12775–12780} }
 @article{matney_slocumb_smith_bonsall_supak_2019, title={Implementation and Evaluation of a Geospatial Management Solution for the U.S. National Park Service's Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program}, volume={37}, ISSN={2160-6862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2019-9250}, DOI={10.18666/JPRA-2019-9250}, abstractNote={Many U.S. federal land management agencies experience difficulties modernizing the management of their geospatial data. These data are frequently administered using desktop-based geographic information systems (GIS) that require specialized skillsets to operate, potentially rendering insights derived from their usage inaccessible to large swaths of land managers. The increasing scale and complexity of geospatial data necessitates modern management tools. While many land managers regularly seek out novel strategies, there is limited discussion in the literature of applying contemporary web-based GIS techniques to land management problems. This research note presents a standardized geospatial approach in the form of a web GIS tool called a Geospatial Management Solution (GMS). Key components of a GMS are described, alongside its implementation within the U.S. National Park Service's Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance (RTCA) program based on their identified needs. Our results include recommendations for land managers considering implementing a GMS, and suggestions for future research. Subscribe to JPRA}, number={2}, journal={The Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, publisher={Sagamore Publishing, LLC}, author={Matney, Jason A. and Slocumb, William S. and Smith, Jordan W. and Bonsall, Peter and Supak, Stacy K.}, year={2019}, pages={132–143} }
 @article{koch_dorning_van berkel_beck_sanchez_shashidharan_smart_zhang_smith_meentemeyer_et al._2019, title={Modeling landowner interactions and development patterns at the urban fringe}, volume={182}, ISSN={["1872-6062"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.09.023}, DOI={10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.09.023}, abstractNote={Population growth and unrestricted development policies are driving low-density urbanization and fragmentation of peri-urban landscapes across North America. While private individuals own most undeveloped land, little is known about how their decision-making processes shape landscape-scale patterns of urbanization over time. We introduce a hybrid agent-based modeling (ABM) – cellular automata (CA) modeling approach, developed for analyzing dynamic feedbacks between landowners’ decisions to sell their land for development, and resulting patterns of landscape fragmentation. Our modeling approach builds on existing conceptual frameworks in land systems modeling by integrating an ABM into an established grid-based land-change model – FUTURES. The decision-making process within the ABM involves landowner agents whose decision to sell their land to developers is a function of heterogeneous preferences and peer-influences (i.e., spatial neighborhood relationships). Simulating landowners’ decision to sell allows an operational link between the ABM and the CA module. To test our hybrid ABM-CA approach, we used empirical data for a rapidly growing region in North Carolina for parameterization. We conducted a sensitivity analysis focusing on the two most relevant parameters—spatial actor distribution and peer-influence intensity—and evaluated the dynamic behavior of the model simulations. The simulation results indicate different peer-influence intensities lead to variable landscape fragmentation patterns, suggesting patterns of spatial interaction among landowners indirectly affect landscape-scale patterns of urbanization and the fragmentation of undeveloped forest and farmland.}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, author={Koch, Jennifer and Dorning, Monica A. and Van Berkel, Derek B. and Beck, Scott M. and Sanchez, Georgina M. and Shashidharan, Ashwin and Smart, Lindsey S. and Zhang, Qiang and Smith, Jordan W. and Meentemeyer, Ross K. and et al.}, year={2019}, month={Feb}, pages={101–113} }
 @article{mccreary_seekamp_larson_smith_davenport_2019, title={Predictors of visitors’ climate-related coping behaviors in a nature-based tourism destination}, volume={26}, ISSN={2213-0780}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2019.03.005}, DOI={10.1016/j.jort.2019.03.005}, abstractNote={Climate change affects the supply of nature-based tourism opportunities as well as the demand visitors place on those opportunities. Climate-induced changes in visitor demand, specifically climate-related coping behaviors (e.g., seeking safer recreation sites, changing trip timing, using weather forecasts to plan trips), are influenced by multiple factors such as season of visit, specific visitor attributes, and general climate change beliefs and concern. Understanding the relationships between visitor characteristics and coping behaviors within the context of a changing climate will help recreation managers and tourism providers anticipate shifts in demand and adapt strategically. In this study, we present results from a series of binary logistic regression models of summer and winter visitor survey data to examine climate-related coping behaviors within a regional nature-based tourism area (the North Shore region of Lake Superior in Minnesota). Findings reveal that winter recreationists, younger visitors, and visitors who are concerned about climate change, are most inclined to use behavioral coping in response to changing climate and environmental conditions. Specifically, we found that winter season recreationists are much more likely to report having experienced a past climate-related impact, and that weather information, alternative gear, and flexibility in timing their trips are important in overcoming these constraints. Further, younger visitors were more likely to use informational (weather forecast) coping, site substitution, and activity substitution to respond to climate-related impacts. This study expands upon climate-related recreation and tourism research by documenting how recreationists’ informational, spatial, and temporal coping behaviors vary across visitor characteristics. Further research is needed to determine if the behavioral coping preferences and patterns found in this study emerge across diverse contexts. However, our findings here can help managers begin to strategically plan and collaborate to maintain destination-level attractiveness to visitors despite changing environmental conditions. Management implications: Understanding how visitors respond to environmental changes is important in sustaining ‘weather-resistant’ visitor flows. In anticipation of on-site disruptions and future demand shifts, regional partnerships within nature-based destinations may mitigate reductions in visitor demand and accommodate shifting patterns in visitor flows. For example, recreation managers and tourism providers could identify and jointly market alternative recreation opportunities when conditions are not conducive to participating in desired activities, as well as develop a networked approach for communicating weather and site safety information.}, journal={Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={McCreary, Allie and Seekamp, Erin and Larson, Lincoln R. and Smith, Jordan W. and Davenport, Mae A.}, year={2019}, month={Jun}, pages={23–33} }
 @article{birendra_morais_peterson_seekamp_smith_2019, title={Social network analysis of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurial network}, volume={19}, ISSN={["1742-9692"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85054790856&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/1467358417715679}, abstractNote={Social networks are an important element of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs rely on social networks to access ideas, information, and resources to facilitate their entrepreneurial process. Strong and weak ties influence the entrepreneurial process in unique ways. This study utilized social network analysis approach to examine wildlife tourism microentrepreneurship through in-person structured interviews with 37 microentrepreneurs from North Carolina’s Pamlico Sound Region. Specifically, this study examined the extent of network ties, the type of support received from those network ties, and the process of creating and maintaining the business network ties. Weak ties were more prevalent than strong ties. Support was received in terms of marketing and advertising, information sharing, and product sponsorship. Weak ties were established through professional workshops and seminars or while working in the same territory, whereas reciprocity, togetherness, communication, and trust were identified as major factors to maintain weak ties. This study suggests that cognitive social capital factors (e.g. reciprocity, togetherness, and trust) can be highly important toward effective use of social networks, as well as to ensure entrepreneurial success.}, number={2}, journal={TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY RESEARCH}, author={Birendra, K. C. and Morais, Duarte B. and Peterson, M. Nils and Seekamp, Erin and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2019}, month={Apr}, pages={158–169} }
 @article{kc_morais_smith_peterson_seekamp_2019, title={Using Social Network Analysis to Understand Trust, Reciprocity, and Togetherness in Wildlife Tourism Microentrepreneurship}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1557-7554"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-85064658907&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1177/1096348019840794}, abstractNote={High levels of trust, reciprocity, and togetherness embedded within entrepreneurial networks are believed to facilitate cooperation that enables success among individual business owners. This study examines the effects of social influence, network characteristics, and entrepreneurial motivations on trust, reciprocity, and togetherness in a network of wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs. Thirty-seven wildlife tourism microentrepreneurs from North Carolina’s Pamlico Sound Region were recruited for in-person structured interviews. Data were analyzed using social network analysis, specifically a series of linear network autocorrelation models in conjunction with supportive qualitative assessment. Microentrepreneurs expressing a high level of trust were connected with microentrepreneurs expressing a low level of trust in their peers. Conversely, microentrepreneurs with strong feelings of reciprocity were connected with microentrepreneurs having similar feelings. These findings illustrate that the presence of equally reciprocal relationships is not an indication of equally trusting relationships. The findings also suggest that higher numbers of business ties tend to diminish the levels of trust, reciprocity, and togetherness toward connected peers.}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF HOSPITALITY & TOURISM RESEARCH}, author={Kc, Birendra and Morais, Duarte B. and Smith, Jordan W. and Peterson, M. N. and Seekamp, Erin}, year={2019}, month={Nov}, pages={1176–1198} }
 @article{baran_tabrizian_zhai_smith_floyd_2018, title={An exploratory study of perceived safety in a neighborhood park using immersive virtual environments}, volume={35}, ISSN={1618-8667}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.08.009}, DOI={10.1016/j.ufug.2018.08.009}, abstractNote={Spatial configuration and physical characteristics of landscape features can strongly influence perceptions of fear and danger. This study examined how situational characteristics, particularly spatial enclosure shaped by surrounding vegetation, are related to perception of safety in a park setting. Study stimuli involved eight 360° immersive virtual environments (IVE) representing low, medium, and high spatial enclosure situations based on the degree of visual and locomotive permeability shaped by the physical arrangement of vegetation. Forty-eight students experienced the IVEs wearing a head mounted display device and then indicated on a 5-point scale how safe they would feel walking alone in that location during the day. Immediately after rating each IVE, participants indicated the main reasons they would feel either safe or unsafe in that particular location. Analysis results indicated that subjects perceived high enclosure environments as significantly less safe than medium and low enclosure environments. In addition to enclosure formed by vegetation, attributes that contributed to perception of safety were presence of non-threatening people and paths. Results indicated that gender differences in perceived safety were significant for the high and medium enclosed environments only. Study findings would allow urban planners and park managers to better understand how the spatial characteristics of existing or planned urban greenspace are likely to influence perceived safety and consequently use patterns and the attainment of social and psychological benefits provided by urban parks. Such an understanding can help generate evidence-based guidelines for improving safety while preserving desired aesthetic and ecological properties of the landscape.}, journal={Urban Forestry & Urban Greening}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Baran, Perver K. and Tabrizian, Payam and Zhai, Yujia and Smith, Jordan W. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={72–81} }
 @article{li_burroughs_halim_penbrooke_seekamp_smith_2018, title={Assessing soundscape preferences and the impact of specific sounds on outdoor recreation activities using qualitative data analysis and immersive virtual environment technology}, volume={24}, ISSN={2213-0780}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2018.08.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.jort.2018.08.001}, abstractNote={Soundscape ecology is an interdisciplinary field focused, in part, on understanding the relationship between humans and sounds from biological, geophysical, and anthropogenic sources. In this study, we utilized immersive virtual environment technology to identify individuals’ soundscape preferences in parks and protected areas, their emotional perceptions towards these sounds, and the recreational activities they believe would be most impacted by these sounds. Findings from the study were congruent with previous research: There is a clear preference for biophony and geophony and an aversion to anthropophony. Participants also provided insight about the types of activities they found most conducive with individual sounds and soundscapes. We suggest that park and protected area managers take management actions that preserve biophonic and geophonic sounds to improve visitor experiences. We also suggest they educate visitors about the types of sounds they are likely to hear at a specific recreation setting so that visitors experiences are not negatively affected by unmet expectations. Park managers may be able to use the findings presented in this study to: Mitigate the negative impacts that anthropogenic sounds are likely to have on visitors’ experiences. Communicate with visitors about the various types of sounds present at recreation settings so visitors have more accurate expectations about possible recreation experiences. Include information on soundscapes and their impact on recreation experiences in educational materials, allowing visitors to make more informed decisions prior to their visits.}, journal={Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Li, Jing and Burroughs, Kaitlin and Halim, Mirza Farzana and Penbrooke, Teresa L. and Seekamp, Erin and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={66–73} }
 @article{hestetune_mccreary_holmberg_wilson_seekamp_davenport_smith_2018, title={Research note: Climate change and the demand for summer tourism on Minnesota's North Shore}, volume={24}, ISSN={2213-0780}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2018.10.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.jort.2018.10.003}, abstractNote={Very little outdoor recreation and tourism research uses scientifically-grounded climate change projections or weather data to predict future recreation demand using standard contingent behavior methods. The demand studies that have presented visitors with projected changes to climate and weather are limited to predicting visitation demand in a single season at a single destination. This research note reports a replication of a winter tourism demand model for the summer tourism season at the same nature-based tourism destination. A comparison of model findings between the two seasons allows us to determine if, and how, summer and winter tourism demand to a specific destination will be affected by climate change. While winter demand is driven by multiple dimensions of place meanings, summer travel is motivated solely by how the destination shapes individuals’ identities. This replication also considers an additional weather variable – daily high temperature on the day visitors completed the survey – to better understand the relationship between in situ weather conditions and recreationists’ intended travel behaviors. North Shore visitors’ future travel behavior, contingent upon warmer temperatures and altered environmental conditions, was not significantly different than past travel behavior. The projected conditions presented in the scenarios might not have been severe enough that respondents believed they would substantially impact recreational opportunities on the North Shore. The maximum daily high temperature on the day a respondent was surveyed was not significantly related to contingent travel behaviors. Recreation resource managers and those in the tourism industry are not likely to see substantial shifts in tourism demand to the region over the next 20 years.}, journal={Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Hestetune, Adam and McCreary, Allie and Holmberg, Kerry and Wilson, Bruce and Seekamp, Erin and Davenport, Mae A. and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={21–25} }
 @article{jones_edwards_bocarro_bunds_smith_2017, title={An integrative review of sport-based youth development literature}, volume={20}, ISSN={["1743-0445"]}, DOI={10.1080/17430437.2015.1124569}, abstractNote={Abstract Sport is frequently regarded as an effectual mechanism for promoting positive youth development (PYD). However, this connection is not inherent, and depends upon a variety of programmatic and contextual factors. To help elucidate these linkages, scholars have called for more process-based approaches to programme evaluation and research. This paper contributes to that agenda by presenting the results of a systematic integrative review of the empirical sport-based PYD literature. Using a theory of change to guide coding and analysis, these findings demonstrate how various aspects of the change process (i.e. resources/inputs, outcomes, impacts) have been integrated into empirical research. In addition to identifying trends and gaps in the literature, the authors use this information to provide informed recommendations for future research in the area of sport-based PYD.}, number={1}, journal={SPORT IN SOCIETY}, author={Jones, Gareth J. and Edwards, Michael B. and Bocarro, Jason N. and Bunds, Kyle S. and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={161–179} }
 @article{smith_bitsura-meszaros_keane_2016, title={Differences between Conservatives and Liberals in Information-Seeking Behavior and Perceived Risks Associated with Climate-Driven Changes to Local Forest Conditions}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1948-8335"]}, DOI={10.1175/wcas-d-15-0046.1}, abstractNote={AbstractIdeological value sets have the potential to shape individuals’ preferences as well as their psychological and behavioral responses to new information. Being socially constructed, ideologies are likely to be formed and modified through the exchanges individuals have in their established information and communication networks. This study examined whether or not individuals’ political ideologies and their access to climate-related information are related to several key factors influencing their perceived capacity to adapt to climate-driven changes to local forest conditions. The key factors investigated include: perceived risk; the willingness to learn about potential impacts; the willingness to plan for variable climate futures; and a general perception of self-efficacy. Data come from a mail survey completed by 420 full-time residents living in three amenity-rich forest-related communities in western North Carolina (United States). The results suggest individuals’ political ideologies are related ...}, number={1}, journal={WEATHER CLIMATE AND SOCIETY}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Bitsura-Meszaros, Karly and Keane, Rosemary}, year={2016}, month={Jan} }
 @article{leung_smith_seekamp_conlon_mayer_guo_walden-schreiner_adams_keane_2016, title={The Effects of 2D and 3D Imagery and an Educational Message on Perceptions of Trail Impacts}, volume={36}, ISSN={0885-8608}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.3375/043.036.0115}, DOI={10.3375/043.036.0115}, abstractNote={ABSTRACT: The method of experiencing recreational resources, whether it be through on-site participation in an activity or viewing an image of the resource, might directly affect an individual's preference for, and evaluation of, those resources. In this research note, we explore the effect of three-dimensional (3D) displays, which are now widely available to consumer markets, on an individual's perceptions of degraded trail conditions. We also explore the hypothesis that viewing an educational message about responsible hiking behavior influences perceptions of trail conditions. The effects of imagery type and the educational message were tested through experimentally varying types of trail impacts (muddiness and erosion) and impact severity (minimal and severe) across 20 images presented to individuals in a controlled laboratory setting on a 60-inch, 3D capable LCD monitor. Results indicate neither the use of 3D imagery nor the presence of an educational message had a significant main effect on perceptions of trail degradation, but significant two-way interaction effects between image type and impact type on perceptions were identified. Perceptions of trail impacts were significantly different across impact type and severity level. These findings suggest the utility of 3D imagery in perception studies might be restricted to certain impact types (e.g., erosion); the findings also raise concerns over the efficacy of educational materials.}, number={1}, journal={Natural Areas Journal}, publisher={Natural Areas Journal}, author={Leung, Y.-F. and Smith, J.W. and Seekamp, E. and Conlon, K. and Mayer, J. and Guo, T. and Walden-Schreiner, C. and Adams, B. and Keane, R.}, year={2016}, month={Jan}, pages={88–92} }
 @article{smith_slocumb_smith_matney_2015, title={A Needs-Assessment Process for Designing Geospatial Data Management Systems within Federal Agencies}, volume={11}, ISSN={["1542-0361"]}, DOI={10.1080/15420353.2015.1048035}, abstractNote={Many federal agencies face challenges with designing geospatial data management systems. This paper presents and documents a needs-assessment process that can be employed to prioritize agencies’ geospatial information needs; identify agencies’ capacity to manage a centralized geodatabase; determine agencies’ capacity to deliver Web-mapping services to the public; and identify barriers, such as data security and limited financial resources, that constrain agencies’ ability to design and manage a geospatial data management system. The paper details the needs-assessment process and documents its application to the National Park Service (NPS) Conservation and Outdoor Recreation (COR) Branch programs. The NPS COR Branch is comprised of nine disparate programs, such as the National Trails System and the Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance program, each of which has specific geospatial data management and delivery needs. The needs-assessment process, tested through its application to the NPS COR Branch programs, provides a comprehensive and logical workflow for system developers and administrators to use as they create or refine geospatial data management systems.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MAP & GEOGRAPHY LIBRARIES}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Slocumb, William S. and Smith, Charlynne and Matney, Jason}, year={2015}, pages={226–244} }
 @article{dorning_smith_shoemaker_meentemeyer_2015, title={Changing decisions in a changing landscape: How might forest owners In an urbanizing region respond to emerging bioenergy markets?}, volume={49}, ISSN={["1873-5754"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.06.020}, abstractNote={The global bioenergy market has considerable impacts on local land use patterns, including landscapes in the Southeastern United States where increased demand for bioenergy feedstocks in the form of woody biomass is likely to affect the management and availability of forest resources. Despite extensive research investigating the productivity and impacts of different bioenergy feedstocks, relatively few studies have assessed the preferences of private landowners, who control the majority of forests in the eastern U.S., to harvest biomass for the bioenergy market. To better understand contingent behaviors given emerging biomass markets, we administered a stated preference experiment to private forest owners in the rapidly urbanizing Charlotte Metropolitan region. Respondents indicated their preferences for harvesting woody biomass under a set of hypothetical market-based scenarios with varying forest management plans and levels of economic return. Our analytical framework also incorporated data from a previously-administered revealed preference survey and spatially-explicit remote sensing data, enabling us to analyze how individuals’ ownership characteristics, their emotional connection the forests they manage, and the spatial patterns of nearby land uses, influence willingness to grow bioenergy feedstocks. We found conditional support for feedstock production, even among woodland owners with no history of active management. Landowners preferred higher economic returns for each management plan. However low-intensity harvest options were always preferred to more intensive management alternatives regardless of economic return, suggesting that these landowners may be more strongly motivated by aesthetic or quality-of-life concerns than feedstock revenues. Our analysis indicated preferences were dependent upon individual and environmental characteristics, with younger, more rural landowners significantly more interested in growing feedstocks relative to their older and more urban counterparts. While this study focuses on one small sample of urban forest owners, our results do suggest that policy makers and resource managers can better inform stand-level decision-making by understanding how feedstock production preferences vary across populations.}, journal={LAND USE POLICY}, author={Dorning, Monica A. and Smith, Jordan W. and Shoemaker, Douglas A. and Meentemeyer, Ross K.}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={1–10} }
 @article{guo_smith_leung_seekamp_moore_2015, title={Determinants of Responsible Hiking Behavior: Results from a Stated Choice Experiment}, volume={56}, ISSN={0364-152X 1432-1009}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0513-1}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-015-0513-1}, abstractNote={This research examined the determinants of responsible hiking behavior through a lab-based experiment in which two managerial factors believed to influence individuals' behavior (the presentation of an educational message and the method of displaying degraded trail conditions) were varied across four experimental treatments in a 2 × 2 between subjects factorial design. The effect of trail degradation type (muddiness and erosion) and severity (moderate or severe) of trail degradation were also examined within each of the 4 treatment groups. Analyses revealed neither the educational message nor the method of displaying the image had a consistent and expected impact on individuals' behavioral intentions. In fact, participants who viewed the educational message were more likely to indicate they would hike off the trail. The effects of both trail degradation type and severity were consistent and significant with muddiness and more severe levels of degradation having a greater influence on individuals' intent to hike on the edge of or off the trail. The analyses also revealed both gender and hiking frequency had significant effects on behavioral intentions. Female participants were more likely to indicate they would turn around than males when they encountered degraded trail sections. Women were also less likely to indicate they would hike off the trail than men. Collectively, these findings highlight a variety of ways recreation resource managers can more efficiently inform recreationists about the impacts of off-trail hiking and prioritize trail management needs.}, number={3}, journal={Environmental Management}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Guo, Tian and Smith, Jordan W. and Leung, Yu-Fai and Seekamp, Erin and Moore, Roger L.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={765–776} }
 @article{bitsura-meszaros_mccreary_smith_seekamp_davenport_nieber_wilson_anderson_messer_kanazawa_2015, title={Examining tourism destination risk and community adaptive capacity along the north shore of Lake Superior}, volume={3}, journal={Michigan Journal of Sustainability}, author={Bitsura-Meszaros, K. and McCreary, A. and Smith, J. W. and Seekamp, E. and Davenport, M. A. and Nieber, J. and Wilson, B. and Anderson, D. H. and Messer, C. and Kanazawa, M.}, year={2015}, pages={111–119} }
 @misc{smith_2015, title={Immersive Virtual Environment Technology to Supplement Environmental Perception, Preference and Behavior Research: A Review with Applications}, volume={12}, ISSN={["1660-4601"]}, DOI={10.3390/ijerph120911486}, abstractNote={Immersive virtual environment (IVE) technology offers a wide range of potential benefits to research focused on understanding how individuals perceive and respond to built and natural environments. In an effort to broaden awareness and use of IVE technology in perception, preference and behavior research, this review paper describes how IVE technology can be used to complement more traditional methods commonly applied in public health research. The paper also describes a relatively simple workflow for creating and displaying 360° virtual environments of built and natural settings and presents two freely-available and customizable applications that scientists from a variety of disciplines, including public health, can use to advance their research into human preferences, perceptions and behaviors related to built and natural settings.}, number={9}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2015}, month={Sep}, pages={11486–11505} }
 @article{keane_smith_2015, title={Information Presentation of Coastal Morphological Change: Potential Implications for Perceptions of Climate Change Impacts}, volume={43}, ISSN={["1521-0421"]}, DOI={10.1080/08920753.2015.1088762}, abstractNote={Visual imagery of costal morphological change processes must be accompanied by supporting information to make change processes understandable. We explored the influence of supporting information (graphs and numeric values) on perceptions of coastal morphological change processes through an experiment delivered to coastal recreationists. Supporting information was presented alongside four imagery types: human perspective digital elevation models (DEMs), human perspective digital photographs, aerial views of DEMs and aerial photography. We found neither the use of graphs nor numeric values influenced respondents' perceptions of coastal environmental change. However, perceptions varied significantly across imagery type; human perspective digital photographs and aerial photographs yielded higher ratings compared to human perspective DEMs and aerial views of DEMs. The results suggest supporting information representing increasingly severe rates of beach erosion and shoreline movement does not translate into perceptions of increasingly dramatic geophysical processes; this is consistent with previous empirical findings. The results also suggest individuals perceive coastal change processes as more severe when those processes are presented through photographs, particularly aerial photographs. Scientists, educators and coastal land use managers struggling to communicate the magnitude and severity associated with coastal geophysical processes are advised to use comparative aerial photography when possible.}, number={6}, journal={COASTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Keane, Rosemary and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2015}, pages={651–667} }
 @article{smith_leung_seekamp_walden-schreiner_miller_2015, title={Projected impacts to the production of outdoor recreation opportunities across US state park systems due to the adoption of a domestic climate change mitigation policy}, volume={48}, ISSN={1462-9011}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.12.013}, DOI={10.1016/j.envsci.2014.12.013}, abstractNote={Numerous empirical and simulation-based studies have documented or estimated variable impacts to the economic growth of nation states due to the adoption of domestic climate change mitigation policies. However, few studies have been able to empirically link projected changes in economic growth to the provision of public goods and services. In this research, we couple projected changes in economic growth to US states brought about by the adoption of a domestic climate change mitigation policy with a longitudinal panel dataset detailing the production of outdoor recreation opportunities on lands managed in the public interest. Joining empirical data and simulation-based estimates allow us to better understand how the adoption of a domestic climate change mitigation policy would affect the provision of public goods in the future. We first employ a technical efficiency model and metrics to provide decision makers with evidence of specific areas where operational efficiencies within the nation's state park systems can be improved. We then augment the empirical analysis with simulation-based changes in gross state product (GSP) to estimate changes to the states’ ability to provide outdoor recreation opportunities from 2014 to 2020; the results reveal substantial variability across states. Finally, we explore two potential solutions (increasing GSP or increasing technical efficiency) for addressing the negative impacts on the states’ park systems operating budgets brought about by the adoption of a domestic climate change mitigation policy; the analyses suggest increasing technical efficiency would be the most viable solution if/when the US adopts a greenhouse gas reduction policy.}, journal={Environmental Science & Policy}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Leung, Yu-Fai and Seekamp, Erin and Walden-Schreiner, Chelsey and Miller, Anna B.}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={77–88} }
 @article{smith_pijanowski_2014, title={Human and policy dimensions of soundscape ecology}, volume={28}, ISSN={["1872-9495"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.05.007}, abstractNote={Soundscape ecology is an emergent and potentially transformative scientific discipline. However, the majority of research within the field has been conducted by natural scientists focused on quantifying the characteristics and dynamics of soundscapes and examining their effect on non-human biota. A more holistic approach to the science and management of soundscapes requires full integration with the social and policy sciences. To facilitate the development of this integration, we propose an integrative human and policy dimensions of soundscape ecology framework that conceptualizes the complex and dynamic relationships between humans and their acoustic environments. The framework is grounded in four distinct disciplines – health, psychology, economics and anthropology – that have used different methodologies and metrics to focus on certain aspects of human–soundscape interactions. We provide a review of previous empirical research within each of these fields. Along the way, we identify unexplored avenues of discipline-specific research that can further the field of soundscape ecology. The human and policy dimensions of soundscape ecology framework provide the logic and structure upon which an interdisciplinary body of scholarship can be built in the future. We conclude by utilizing our review and integrative framework to propose specific focused soundscape policy and management recommendations. We argue the anthropogenic dominance of soundscapes can be mitigated through more proactive, integrative and holistic soundscape policies and management practices.}, journal={GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE-HUMAN AND POLICY DIMENSIONS}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Pijanowski, Bryan C.}, year={2014}, month={Sep}, pages={63–74} }
 @article{sotomayor_barbieri_stanis_aguilar_smith_2014, title={Motivations for Recreating on Farmlands, Private Forests, and State or National Parks}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1432-1009"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0280-4}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-014-0280-4}, abstractNote={This study explores the importance of different motivations to visit three types of recreational settings--farms, private forests, and state or national parks. Data were collected via a mail-back questionnaire administered to a stratified random sample of households in Missouri (USA). Descriptive and inferential statistics reveal both similarities and discontinuities in motivations for visiting farms, private forests, and state or national parks for recreation. Being with family, viewing natural scenery, and enjoying the smells and sounds of nature were all highly important motivations for visiting the three types of settings. However, all 15 motivations examined were perceived to be significantly more important for visits to state or national parks than to farms or private forests. Findings suggest that individuals are more strongly motivated to recreate at state and national parks relative to farmlands or forests. Post hoc paired t tests comparing motivations between both agricultural settings (farms and private forests) revealed significant differences in eight different recreational motivations. Individuals tended to place more importance on the ability to use equipment and test their skills when considering recreating on private forests. Conversely, social motivations (e.g., doing something with the family) were more important when individuals were considering recreating on farmland. Collectively, the findings suggest individuals expect distinctly different outcomes from their visits to farmlands, private forests, or state or national parks. Consequently, all three types of recreational settings have competitive advantages that their managers could capitalize on when making decisions about how to attract new visitors or produce the most desirable experiences for current recreationists.}, number={1}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Sotomayor, Sandra and Barbieri, Carla and Stanis, Sonja Wilhelm and Aguilar, Francisco X. and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={138–150} }
 @article{perry-hill_smith_reimer_mase_mullendore_mulvaney_prokopy_2014, title={The influence of basic beliefs and object-specific attitudes on behavioural intentions towards a rare and little-known amphibian}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1448-5494"]}, DOI={10.1071/wr13218}, abstractNote={Abstract Context. Given the decline in amphibian populations worldwide, it is essential to build a better understanding of human behaviours that jeopardise their survival. Much of the literature regarding the social–psychological determinants of behaviours related to wildlife has focussed solely on general wildlife beliefs rather than specific attitudes towards a particular species. Aims. The goal of this study was to assess how individuals’ behavioural intentions towards a rare and little-known species, the hellbender salamander (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis), are influenced by their attitudes towards the animal and their more general beliefs about wildlife. Methods. Questionnaires were distributed to landowners in Missouri (n = 1 065) and Indiana (n = 1 378) in counties where the hellbender is known to exist. A multinomial logit regression model was used to assess the relationship between basic wildlife beliefs, species-specific attitudes and behavioural intentions towards the hellbender. Key results. The response rate was 36.6% in Missouri and 41.0% in Indiana. The more value individuals placed on non-hunting wildlife experiences, the less likely they were to say they would engage in a behaviour harmful to the animal (β = –0.47, P = 0.030). The more negative the attitudes towards the hellbender held by individuals, the less likely they were to say they would remove the hook (β = –0.55, P < 0.001), put the animal back (β = –0.77, P < 0.001), or call a resource professional (β = –0.33, P = 0.023). A comparison of the Akaike information criterion (AIC) scores and model log-likelihood values without (AIC = 2 858.36; LLV = –1 395.18) and with (AIC = 2 232.60; LLV = –1 077.30) the species-specific attitude measure showed that its inclusion improved the model. Conclusions. Positive attitudes towards the hellbender and mutualistic wildlife beliefs were related to non-detrimental behavioural intentions. However, attitudes towards the animal were found to be a stronger and more consistent predictor of behavioural intentions than basic wildlife beliefs. Implications. Efforts to conserve rare or little-known species should focus outreach strategies on developing positive attitudes towards these species, so as to achieve desired changes in behaviour.}, number={4}, journal={WILDLIFE RESEARCH}, author={Perry-Hill, Rebecca and Smith, Jordan W. and Reimer, Adam and Mase, Amber S. and Mullendore, Nathan and Mulvaney, Kate K. and Prokopy, Linda S.}, year={2014}, pages={287–299} }
 @article{smith_2013, title={Adaptive Participation in Forest Planning Contingent on a Hypothetical Large-Scale Forest Disturbance}, volume={59}, ISSN={["1938-3738"]}, DOI={10.5849/forsci.12-043}, abstractNote={Public involvement in management decisions is a vital requirement for successful adaptive forest management. I suggest that a critical and systematic examination is needed to understand why various publics become involved in forest-related management decisions and, more importantly, how public involvement in forest planning is likely to change under altered biophysical and social conditions caused by large-scale forest disturbances such as invasive species outbreaks. I address this need through a field-based stated preference experiment administered to three communities located near national forests within the eastern United States. I specifically examine three reasons that might compel individuals to become involved in forest planning: the loss of forest-related jobs, the loss of recreational amenities, and the loss of wildlife habitat and also examine the effects of gender on contingent behavior. The data suggest that all three potential losses have significant effects on individuals’ behavioral intentions to participate in forest planning. The potential loss of wildlife habitat had the strongest influence on individuals’ behavioral intentions. The potential loss of local forest-related jobs and recreational amenities had slightly less influence. Behavioral intentions to participate in forest planning also differed significantly by gender. The results suggest that changes in biophysical and social systems due to large-scale forest disturbances have the potential to dramatically alter public participation in environmental decisionmaking processes. Various factors, including the system properties likely to be affected, the extent to which those properties are affected, and the gender of potential participants, are likely to be key variables that result in new patterns of involvement in forest planning and management decisions. FOR. SCI. 59(6):637–648.}, number={6}, journal={FOREST SCIENCE}, author={Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={637–648} }
 @article{smith_anderson_davenport_leahy_2013, title={Community Benefits From Managed Resource Areas An Analysis of Construct Validity}, volume={45}, ISSN={["2159-6417"]}, DOI={10.18666/jlr-2013-v45-i2-3011}, abstractNote={Abstract This research develops a theoretically informed measurement instrument for assessing local community members' perceptions of benefits that managed resource areas provide to their communities. We suggest five distinct types of community benefits dominate individuals' perceptions. These community benefits are ecological, economic, quality of life, physical and aesthetic, and social solidarity. We empirically tested the community benefits measurement instrument for construct validity with data collected from five samples of residents living adjacent to four managed resource areas.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Anderson, Dorothy H. and Davenport, Mae A. and Leahy, Jessica E.}, year={2013}, pages={192–213} }
 @article{smith_leahy_anderson_davenport_2013, title={Community/Agency Trust and Public Involvement in Resource Planning}, volume={26}, ISSN={["0894-1920"]}, DOI={10.1080/08941920.2012.678465}, abstractNote={We hypothesize and test a positive relationship between the extent to which local community members trust a management agency and their willingness to engage in resource-related public discourse and involvement. We employ a multilevel generalized mixed model to analyze data collected from five different samples of residents living near managed resource areas. Counter to our proposed hypotheses, results suggest individuals’ level of dispositional trust, their belief that management shares similar values as them, and their trust in the moral competency of the management agency were all found to be significantly and negatively related to public involvement in resource-related activities. These findings suggest that the central role of building trust among local constituents within many planning frameworks needs to be reconsidered with consideration given to both the needs of individuals who trust an agency and the desires of distrusting individuals who are more likely to become involved in public involvement efforts.}, number={4}, journal={SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Leahy, Jessica E. and Anderson, Dorothy H. and Davenport, Mae A.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={452–471} }
 @article{smith_leahy_anderson_davenport_2013, title={Community/Agency Trust: A Measurement Instrument}, volume={26}, ISSN={["1521-0723"]}, DOI={10.1080/08941920.2012.742606}, abstractNote={Many natural resource management agencies invest considerable time and financial resources into building relationships with their constituents. Theoretically, the building of trust produces a relationship that leads to socially acceptable planning and positive management outcomes. Despite the central role trust plays in natural resource management, empirical attempts to measure the construct have been limited. This research note presents the development and validation of a psychometric instrument intended to measure the trust held by local community members living adjacent to managed natural resource areas. The instrument is based in current theory, and exhibits reliable and valid psychometric properties when applied to different study populations. Our intention is to provide an accepted instrument through which knowledge regarding the unique dimensions of community/agency trust, and the entire trust construct as a whole, can be furthered.}, number={4}, journal={SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Leahy, Jessica E. and Anderson, Dorothy H. and Davenport, Mae A.}, year={2013}, month={Apr}, pages={472–477} }
 @article{siderelis_smith_2013, title={Ecological Settings and State Economies as Factor Inputs in the Provision of Outdoor Recreation}, volume={52}, ISSN={["1432-1009"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-013-0083-z}, abstractNote={State parks play a substantial role in the provision of outdoor recreation opportunities within the United States. Park operators must make crucial decisions in how they allocate capital expenditures, labor, and parkland to maintain recreation opportunities. Their decisions are influenced, in part, by the ecological characteristics of their state's park system as well as the vitality of their state's economy. In this research, we incorporate the characteristics of states' ecosystems and their local economies into a formal production analysis of the states' park systems from the years 1986 to 2011. Our analysis revealed all three factors of production were positive and inelastic. Expenditures on labor had the largest effect on both park utilization and operational expenditures. Our analysis also found a large degree of variability in the effects of ecological characteristics on both utilization and operating expenditures. Parkland utilization and operational expenditures were more elastic in areas such as Oceania and Mediterranean California relative to other ecological regions. These findings lead us to conclude that state park operators will experience variable levels of difficulty in both accommodating increasing demands for recreation from state parks and maintaining the existing quality of outdoor recreation provided within their system.}, number={3}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Siderelis, Christos and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={699–711} }
 @article{smith_2013, title={Information Networks in Amenity Transition Communities: A Comparative Case Study}, volume={41}, ISSN={["1572-9915"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10745-013-9595-7}, abstractNote={Amenity transition, a major socio demographic trend in areas rich in natural resources, is characterized by economic and population growth as a result of retirement in-migration, increased rates of second home ownership, and increases in the number of industries that do not need to be proximate to a specific geographic location. Amenity transition is also characterized by increased intra-community conflict between long-term residents and in-migrants. This research analyzes whether the population growth accompanying amenity transition is associated with variations in the structure and characteristics of intra-community informational networks, as sociological theory would suggest. Methodologically, this is accomplished through a comparative analysis of the structure and characteristics of informational networks in three communities undergoing amenity transition. The analyses suggest population density is not related to either the structure of informational networks or the concentration of trust/distrust within them. When considered in conjunction with previous empirical work, these findings suggest the conflicts associated with amenity transition are more likely to arise because of conflicting value systems and ideologies as opposed to social structural changes in the communities themselves.}, number={6}, journal={HUMAN ECOLOGY}, author={Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={885–903} }
 @article{smith_moore_l._sommerville_2013, title={Non-sovereign visitor satisfaction: A case study of military training on the Appalachian Trail}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1080/13606719.2013.796182}, abstractNote={Nearly all recreation research has focused on understanding the behavior of individuals operating with sovereignty. But what happens when managers are concerned with providing opportunities for individuals at a recreation setting in spite of, rather than because of, the users' rational decisions to maximize personal utility? We begin to address this question through an analysis of the determinants of visit satisfaction experienced by 109 military personnel who completed a 75-mile training hike on the Appalachian Trail. The data show a significant and negative relationship between perceived crowding and visit satisfaction; they also reveal a significant and positive relationship between perceptions of place uniqueness and visit satisfaction. These findings suggest that the efforts of managers to accommodate ‘special uses’ of recreation resources can be guided by the same assumptions as their efforts to provide ‘traditional’ recreation experiences, thus helping managers ensure recreationists and other resource users have the opportunity to realize satisfying experiences.}, number={3}, journal={Managing Leisure}, author={Smith, J. W. and Moore, R. and L. and Sommerville, M.}, year={2013}, pages={1–13} }
 @article{smith_moore_2013, title={Social-Psychological Factors Influencing Recreation Demand: Evidence From Two Recreational Rivers}, volume={45}, ISSN={["1552-390X"]}, DOI={10.1177/0013916512446335}, abstractNote={Traditional methods of estimating demand for recreation areas involve making inferences about individuals’ preferences. Frequently, the assumption is made that recreationists’ cost of traveling to a site is a reliable measure of the value they place on that resource and the recreation opportunities it provides. This assumption may ignore other important social-psychological factors influencing individuals’ behavior. In this study, the authors augment a traditional travel cost model with several of these factors, namely, individuals’ social-psychological attachment to the resource and their motivations for recreating there. Using data collected from two visitor use surveys of recreational rivers, the authors find that individuals’ affective and emotional attachments to recreation settings as well as certain desired recreation experiences have significant effects on recreation demand. These results reveal that various social-psychological constructs can be incorporated into a traditional travel cost model to create empirically and theoretically more robust estimates of recreation demand.}, number={7}, journal={ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Moore, Roger L.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={821–850} }
 @article{smith_floyd_2013, title={The urban growth machine, central place theory and access to open space}, volume={4}, ISSN={1877-9166}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2013.03.002}, DOI={10.1016/j.ccs.2013.03.002}, abstractNote={The provision of urban open space occurs through political and economic mechanisms that could marginalize racial minority groups. In this research, we explore two competing hypotheses of marginalized access to open space (greenways, parks, and natural areas). The first hypothesis couples Logan and Molotch’s “growth machine” theory with the concepts of laissez-faire racism and White privilege. Urban space is conceptualized as contested terrain being sought after by local elites who utilize their political and economic will to co-opt government decision making authority. The second hypothesis—central place theory—posits that access to open space is determined by the spatial patterns of economic agglomeration. Analyzing Raleigh, North Carolina as a case study, the results do not support either the growth machine theory or central place theory. Rather, urban growth is found to have very localized social consequences, seen through variations in different racial/ethnic groups’ level of access to open space.}, number={2}, journal={City, Culture and Society}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Floyd, Myron F.}, year={2013}, month={Jun}, pages={87–98} }
 @article{siderelis_moore_leung_smith_2012, title={A nationwide production analysis of state park attendance in the United States}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1095-8630"]}, url={http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84862815761&partnerID=MN8TOARS}, DOI={10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.01.005}, abstractNote={This study examined the production of U.S. states' park visits from 1984 to 2010 by state. In specifying the production equation in terms of the influences of the states' parklands, labor, and capital investments on the annual attendances, we found that state governments will experience an ongoing need for more labor to maintain their parklands if attendance is to increase in the future. Results also indicated that more capital expenditures are not likely to increase park utilization rates. Post-estimation procedures involved the application of the response residuals to identify the capacity utilization rates of the states' park systems over the past 27 years. Past utilization rates revealed operators met or exceeded capacity utilization expectations from 1984 through 1990. However, beginning in 1991, the annual mean utilization rate for the nation's supply of states' parks signaled a trend toward excess capacity. Our forecast revealed the mean utilizations over the next three years will vary between 90% and 95%. Post-estimation procedures also examined the relationship between state park management orientations (towards either public-lands preservation or recreational development) and projected annual capacity utilization rates. Results indicate that the quantity of added facilities to broaden their appeal to the public (i.e., a recreation orientation) was not important in explaining utilization capacities. However, an orientation toward public-lands preservation related significantly to greater utilization rates. In our view, the public will continue to accept current cost structures for continued operations of the states' parks on the compelling need for access to outdoor recreation to contribute to the visitor well-being.}, journal={JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Siderelis, Christos and Moore, Roger L. and Leung, Yu-Fai and Smith, Jordan W.}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={18–26} }
 @article{smith_moore_anderson_siderelis_2012, title={Community Resilience in Southern Appalachia: A Theoretical Framework and Three Case Studies}, volume={40}, ISSN={["1572-9915"]}, DOI={10.1007/s10745-012-9470-y}, abstractNote={A fundamental assumption in nearly all research on social adaptation to environmental change is that there is a concomitant and inverse relationship between human communities’ dependence upon particular natural resources affected by environmental change and those communities or societies’ resilience to disturbances. However, recent theoretical and empirical developments suggest resilience is a dynamic social process determined, in part, by the ability of communities to act collectively and solve common problems. The interactional approach to community is utilized to develop a framework whereby various patterns of social interaction define the process of social resilience. Data come from multiple mixed methods case studies of forest dependent communities within Southern Appalachia. The findings reveal varied processes of social resilience can occur in communities with similar levels of resource dependence; a community’s composition of internal social ties and their cross-scale linkages to external agencies and organizations define these processes.}, number={3}, journal={HUMAN ECOLOGY}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Moore, Roger L. and Anderson, Dorothy H. and Siderelis, Christos}, year={2012}, month={Jun}, pages={341–353} }
 @article{smith_anderson_moore_2012, title={Social Capital, Place Meanings, and Perceived Resilience to Climate Change}, volume={77}, ISSN={["1549-0831"]}, DOI={10.1111/j.1549-0831.2012.00082.x}, abstractNote={This research analyzes individuals' perceived resilience to changing climatic conditions. Specifically, we suggest individual resilience is composed of an awareness of localized risks created because of climate change, a willingness to learn about, and plan for, the potential impacts of altered environmental conditions, and general appraisals of personal adaptive capacities. We hypothesize that resilience is influenced by the characteristics of individuals' social networks and also by their social-psychological dependence on local environments. Using data collected in three resource-associated communities within the southeastern United States, our analysis suggests bonding ties may limit individuals' willingness to seek new information about the potential impacts of climate change. Conversely, the data suggest the use of a diverse array of bridging ties is positively associated with information-seeking behavior. The data also support our hypothesis that individuals' social psychological dependencies on the local environment influences their perceived resilience to changing climatic conditions. By gaining a clearer understanding of how individuals' social networks and social-psychological dependencies affect their perceived ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions, decision makers can focus on policy solutions that increase adaptive capacities and build social resilience.}, number={3}, journal={RURAL SOCIOLOGY}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Anderson, Dorothy H. and Moore, Roger L.}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={380–407} }
 @article{smith_siderelis_moore_anderson_2012, title={The effects of place meanings and social capital on desired forest management outcomes: A stated preference experiment}, volume={106}, ISSN={["1872-6062"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.03.009}, abstractNote={Planners and managers responsible for public-trust resources are often faced with making difficult value-laden decisions requiring trade offs between alternative, and often competing, outcomes. To make more informed decisions within volatile socio-political climates, resource managers and planners need an understanding of the benefits local community members would like the resource to produce, and an understanding of the social and psychological factors that influence those preferences. In this research, we focused on two increasingly important factors – social capital and place-based social–psychological attachments – that influence public preferences for management outcomes. We conducted a stated preference field experiment on residents living in three forest related communities within Southern Appalachia in the Southeastern United States. The experiment elucidated responses to hypothetical management plans designed to produce distinctly different outcomes. The results reveal ecologically focused management plans were the most preferred, much more so than plans designed to produce aesthetic, recreational, or economic outcomes. The data also reveal both individuals’ stocks of social capital as well as their place-based social–psychological attachments influence evaluation of competing management outcomes. Our methodological approach and empirical findings advance both the analytical approaches used to study multiple use public resources and existing knowledge regarding how social and psychological factors influence individuals’ decision-making processes.}, number={2}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Siderelis, Christos and Moore, Roger L. and Anderson, Dorothy Fl}, year={2012}, month={May}, pages={207–218} }
 @article{smith_moore_2011, title={Perceptions of Community Benefits from Two Wild and Scenic Rivers}, volume={47}, ISSN={["0364-152X"]}, DOI={10.1007/s00267-011-9671-y}, abstractNote={Wild and Scenic Rivers provide a host of psychological, social, ecological, and economic benefits to local communities. In this study, we use data collected from recreational users of two Wild and Scenic Rivers to examine perceptions of the benefits provided by the rivers to local communities. Our purposes are (1) to determine if similar perceptions of community benefits exist across the two rivers, (2) to determine if individuals’ proximity to the rivers are related to the benefits they perceive, (3) to determine if individuals’ prior recreation experience on the river is related to variations in perceived benefits, (4) to determine if users’ sociodemographic characteristics are related to perceived community benefits, and (5) to determine if the influence of these characteristics on perceived community benefits is similar across the two resource areas. Perceived benefits were found to be analogous across both rivers as individuals consistently ranked ecological/affective benefits as well as tangible benefits similarly. Recreationists living further from the river ranked ecological and affective benefits as significantly less important than those individuals living closer to the river. Women perceived the community benefits produced by the resource areas to be significantly more important when compared to men. Significant relationships were also found between perceived benefits and recreationists’ previous use of the river, their age, and their level of education. With the exception of resource proximity and prior use history, the effects of user characteristics on perceived community benefits were not statistically different across the two rivers. These findings imply similar patterns of perceived community benefits exist across distinct resource areas and that the relationships between user characteristics and perceived benefits are also similar across the study rivers.}, number={5}, journal={ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Moore, Roger L.}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={814–827} }
 @article{smith_davenport_anderson_leahy_2011, title={Place meanings and desired management outcomes}, volume={101}, ISSN={["1872-6062"]}, DOI={10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.03.002}, abstractNote={Federal land management agencies and social scientists have been attempting to understand place meanings and the perceptions of resource users for decades. In this research, we suggest that understanding the relationships between the meanings individuals ascribe to managed landscapes and those individuals’ preferences for management outcomes have become increasingly important. The processes of devolution and globalization have simultaneously increased the need for locally informed collaborative management and increased the importance of local ‘place’. Following the cognitive perspective on place, we examine how individuals’ place meanings affect their desired management outcomes. Data come from a questionnaire administered to residents living near three U.S. Army Corps of Engineers managed projects within Illinois’ Kaskaskia River Watershed. Confirmatory factor analysis is employed to validate a seven-dimensional scale of place meanings and a six-dimensional scale of desired management outcomes. Subsequent structural equation modeling revealed that desired management outcomes were significantly influenced by place meanings (12 significant relationships found). Most notably, the analysis revealed that believing the managed resource area contributed to the local community's identity significantly and positively influenced all of the possible management outcomes. The connection between resource management and community identity matters. Other findings reveal individuals attached a variety of meanings to the resource, and that these meanings can affect desired management preferences in distinct and potentially conflicting ways. In sum, our findings begin to unravel some of the complexities between the various meanings attached to managed landscapes and their affect on desired management outcomes.}, number={4}, journal={LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Davenport, Mae A. and Anderson, Dorothy H. and Leahy, Jessica E.}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={359–370} }
 @article{smith_burr_reiter_2010, title={Specialization among off-highway vehicle owners and its relationship to environmental worldviews and motivations}, volume={28}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Smith, J. W. and Burr, S. W. and Reiter, D. K.}, year={2010}, pages={57–73} }
 @article{smith_siderelis_moore_2010, title={The Effects of Place Attachment, Hypothetical Site Modifications and Use Levels on Recreation Behavior}, volume={42}, ISSN={["0022-2216"]}, DOI={10.1080/00222216.2010.11950221}, abstractNote={Abstract This study integrates place attachment dimensions into a travel cost model utilizing stated preferences for various hypothetical scenarios involving site development and changes to current use levels at a Bureau of Land Management Special Recreation Management Area. We examine changes in intended behavior contingent on hypothetical scenarios and varying levels of place identity and dependence. Results suggest trip behavior to the area will either remain the same or decline in frequency given each of the hypothetical scenarios. The analysis also revealed visitors' level of place identity was significantly related to intended trip behavior while place dependence was not. These findings reveal travel cost modeling approach can incorporate both stated preferences and psychometric scaling to provide useful information for resource managers.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH}, author={Smith, Jordan W. and Siderelis, Christos and Moore, Roger L.}, year={2010}, pages={621–640} }
 @article{smith_2009, title={An ethnographic autobiography of a short-term study abroad experience}, volume={24}, DOI={10.1080/1937156x.2009.11949626}, abstractNote={Abstract The purpose of this article is to explore the unique contributions the study abroad experience can make to the knowledge and skills acquired while studying parks, recreation, and tourism management. These unique contributions are analyzed through an ethnographic autobiography of the author's personal engagement as a graduate student in a summer study abroad course to Kenya. Data consist of the author's personal travel journal, which was recorded throughout the course. Open and axial coding reveal three concepts that captured the extent to which the study abroad experience led to acquired knowledge that otherwise had not been gained through classroom-based learning: culture, connections between park management and social well-being, and community-based conservation efforts in action. Analysis also revealed one concept, analytical and inquisitive problem solving, which encapsulated the distinctive learning processes facilitated through participation in the course. Also, the unique value the study abroad experience offers for parks, recreation, and tourism department programs is explored.}, journal={Schole: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education}, author={Smith, J. W.}, year={2009}, pages={50–64} }
 @article{jordan_smith_cox_thompson_jeon_palacios_patterson_peel_henderson_2009, title={An exploration of the meanings of parks in Oklahoma}, volume={27}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Park and Recreation Administration}, author={Jordan, D. J. and Smith, J. W. and Cox, A. and Thompson, T. and Jeon, J. and Palacios, I. and Patterson, A. and Peel, J. and Henderson, K.}, year={2009}, pages={17–32} }
 @article{henderson_patterson_palacios_jeon_peel_cox_smith_thompson_2009, title={The tie that binds? A case study of student perceptions of their recreation-related majors}, volume={24}, DOI={10.1080/1937156x.2009.11949624}, abstractNote={Abstract Academic departments change to meet university and social demands. The dynamic nature of higher education leads to discourse among park and recreation educators over the unifying purpose that binds the academic field as well as practice. The purpose of this research was to use a case study at one major university to explore how undergraduate students perceived their recreation-related majors and the connections among specialty areas within the department. Analyses of focus groups along with other documents revealed four themes: learning environment, dealing with misperceptions, identification with a specialty, and connections among specializations. Students generally do not perceive connections across their academic specialties, but feel a sense of cultural commonality within the department regarding these themes. Similar to concerns raised about the fragmentation of knowledge in higher education, student perceptions reflected this phenomenon in their recreation-related majors.}, journal={Schole: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education}, author={Henderson, K. and Patterson, A. and Palacios, I. and Jeon, J. and Peel, J. and Cox, A. and Smith, J. W. and Thompson, T.}, year={2009}, pages={21–37} }