@article{guerra_boys_2022, title={A new food chain: Adoption and policy implications to blockchain use in agri-food industries}, volume={44}, ISSN={["2040-5804"]}, DOI={10.1002/aepp.13163}, abstractNote={Legislation and regulation proposed to study, fund, and govern blockchain use is emerging among both US federal and state governments. These regulatory requirements, however, are not fully consistent across jurisdictions, which may add further challenge to the adoption of this technology by agri-food system firms. This study compiles and provides a descriptive overview of legislation and regulations related to blockchain technology. Implications of the current regulatory approach on the adoption of blockchain on the US agri-food system, and specifically of the wider adoption of distributed ledger technologies on food safety and market access of smaller scale farm operations, are considered.}, number={1}, journal={APPLIED ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES AND POLICY}, author={Guerra, Kathleen Krzyzanowski and Boys, Kathryn A.}, year={2022}, month={Mar}, pages={324–349} }
 @article{boys_zhang_hooker_2022, title={The international trade of US organic agri-food products: export opportunities, import competition and policy impacts}, volume={8}, ISSN={["1742-1713"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170522000163}, DOI={10.1017/S1742170522000163}, abstractNote={Abstract International markets are an important destination and source of U.S. organic agri-food products. This paper offers new insights concerning the current status and trends of U.S. organic imports and exports U.S. policies relevant to the international trade of U.S. organic agri-food products are described, characterizing specific products and partners. In addition, the impact of organic equivalency agreements (OEAs), which the U.S. has signed with Canada, the EU, Japan, South Korea and Switzerland, are examined to determine the extent to which they facilitate trade. Using highly disaggregated international trade data (HS-10) from the U.S. International Trade Commission and Statistics Canada, this analysis finds that fresh agricultural products dominate both U.S. exports and imports. Between 2017 and 2019, apples grapes, strawberries and spinach were the predominant fresh exports, while tomato sauces, vinegar and roasted coffee are the most exported processed food products. A significant majority of these exports are destined for Canada and Mexico. The most imported organic agri-food products include unroasted coffee, bananas, olive oil and soybeans. There is much more diversity in the country of origin of these imports with Mexico, Peru, Brazil, Spain and Argentina among the major organic food suppliers to the U.S. OEAs allow for mutual recognition of national organic standards between countries. This analysis finds that, while, in aggregate, OEAs were not found to impact U.S. organic imports or exports, results evaluating individual agreements do suggest that they can be effective trade policy instruments. In particular, the U.S.–Canada and the U.S.–Switzerland OEAs were found to be effective in facilitating U.S. exports. Taken together these findings offer important insights into current trade patterns, and U.S. international market and organic policy opportunities.}, journal={RENEWABLE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS}, author={Boys, Kathryn A. and Zhang, Siqi and Hooker, Neal H.}, year={2022}, month={Aug} }
 @article{ehmke_katare_kiesel_bergtold_penn_boys_2022, title={US agricultural university students' mental well-being and resilience during the first wave of COVID-19: Discordant expectations and experiences across genders}, volume={2}, ISSN={["2040-5804"]}, DOI={10.1002/aepp.13233}, abstractNote={The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic's first wave led to declining mental health and life satisfaction outcomes for college students, especially women. While women in undergraduate agricultural programs outperformed men academically prior to and during the pandemic, the achievement may have come at personal cost, especially for those women with fewer personal and environmental resiliency resources. Our research objective was to expand on personal, social, and environmental factors linked with lower mental health and life satisfaction scores for students in agriculture during the pandemic. We measured the influence of such factors across gender-based mental health and life satisfaction outcomes. Our data were collected from 2030 students using an on-line survey across six land-grant university college of agriculture in agriculturally as many distinct regions of the United States. We estimated OLS and Ordered Probit models of their mental health and life satisfaction self-assessments. Our findings reveal students' mental health and life satisfaction were reduced due to a paucity of personal (e.g., less future orientation or graduate school aspirations, food and housing insecurity, and personal health risks) and environmental (e.g., lower quality on-line learning experiences, isolation, family health risk, discrimination experiences) resiliency resources. Our results suggest women were more likely than men to be adversely affected by reduced resiliency resources. These findings suggest university emergency response policies need to address students' needs for housing and food security, on-line course development and delivery, tele health and mental health resources, broad social inclusion and diversity to decrease risk of female attrition and support all students in agricultural degree programs.}, journal={APPLIED ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES AND POLICY}, author={Ehmke, Mariah D. and Katare, Bhagyashree and Kiesel, Kristin and Bergtold, Jason S. and Penn, Jerrod M. and Boys, Kathryn A.}, year={2022}, month={Feb} }
 @article{jilcott pitts_wu_truesdale_rafferty_haynes-maslow_boys_mcguirt_fleischhacker_johnson_kaur_et al._2021, title={A four-year observational study to examine the dietary impact of the North Carolina Healthy Food Small Retailer Program, 2017-2020}, volume={18}, ISSN={["1479-5868"]}, DOI={10.1186/s12966-021-01109-8}, abstractNote={Abstract Background The North Carolina (NC) Healthy Food Small Retailer Program (HFSRP) was passed into law with a $250,000 appropriation (2016–2018) providing up to $25,000 in funding to small food stores for equipment to stock healthier foods and beverages. This paper describes an observational natural experiment documenting the impact of the HFSRP on store food environments, customers’ purchases and diets. Methods Using store observations and intercept surveys from cross-sectional, convenience customer samples (1261 customers in 22 stores, 2017–2020; 499 customers in 7 HFSRP stores, and 762 customers in 15 Comparison stores), we examined differences between HFSRP and comparison stores regarding: (1) change in store-level availability, quality, and price of healthy foods/beverages; (2) change in healthfulness of observed food and beverage purchases (“bag checks”); and, (3) change in self-reported and objectively-measured (Veggie Meter®-assessed skin carotenoids) customer dietary behaviors. Differences (HFSRP vs. comparison stores) in store-level Healthy Food Supply (HFS) and Healthy Eating Index-2010 scores were assessed using repeated measure ANOVA. Intervention effects on diet were assessed using difference-in-difference models including propensity scores. Results There were improvements in store-level supply of healthier foods/beverages within 1 year of program implementation (0 vs. 1–12 month HFS scores; p = 0.055) among HFSRP stores only. Comparing 2019 to 2017 (baseline), HFSRP stores’ HFS increased, but decreased in comparison stores ( p = 0.031). Findings indicated a borderline significant effect of the intervention on self-reported fruit and vegetable intake (servings/day), though in the opposite direction expected, such that fruit and vegetable intake increased more among comparison store than HFSRP store customers ( p = 0.05). There was no significant change in Veggie Meter®-assessed fruit and vegetable intake by customers shopping at the intervention versus comparison stores. Conclusions Despite improvement in healthy food availability, there was a lack of apparent impact on dietary behaviors related to the HFSRP, which could be due to intervention dose or inadequate statistical power due to the serial cross-sectional study design. It may also be that individuals buy most of their food at larger stores; thus, small store interventions may have limited impact on overall eating patterns. Future healthy retail policies should consider how to increase intervention dose to include more product marketing, consumer messaging, and technical assistance for store owners.}, number={1}, journal={INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY}, author={Jilcott Pitts, Stephanie B. and Wu, Qiang and Truesdale, Kimberly P. and Rafferty, Ann P. and Haynes-Maslow, Lindsey and Boys, Kathryn A. and McGuirt, Jared T. and Fleischhacker, Sheila and Johnson, Nevin and Kaur, Archana P. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Mar} }
 @article{grant_boys_xie_2021, title={A new president in the White House: implications for Canadian agricultural trade}, volume={69}, ISSN={["1744-7976"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12268}, DOI={10.1111/cjag.12268}, abstractNote={Canadian agricultural trade has experienced several volatile periods over the past 15 years The Great Recession (2007–2009), the 2015–2016 global trade slowdown, unilateral policy actions by the United States against key trade allies and the multilateral system more generally, and the impacts of the Covid‐19 pandemic are among the most significant events during this period Given the close integration of Canadian and US agricultural markets, the recent US election is likely to again impact the relative competitiveness of Canadian agricultural exports While many observers suggest President‐elect Joe Biden will return to normal times regarding multilateral cooperation with key allies and international institutions such as the World Trade Organization, the new administration is likely to face headwinds given the significant fraying of ties with key trading partners and allies due to disruptive actions taken by his predecessor This article provides an overview of potential implications of a Biden administration for Canada's agricultural trade We start by reviewing recent trade shock events affecting Canada's agricultural trade with a particular focus on trade actions taken by the United States Relevant components of the President‐elect Biden's platform, considerations affecting the implementation of this platform, and the implications of this for Canadian agricultural trade are considered Alternate abstract:AbstraitLe commerce agricole canadien a connu plusieurs periodes de volatilite au cours des 15 dernieres annees La Grande Recession (2007‐2009), le ralentissement du commerce mondial en 2015–2016, les mesures politiques unilaterales des Etats‐Unis contre les principaux allies commerciaux et le systeme multilateral en general, et les impacts de la pandemie de Covid‐19 sont parmi les evenements les plus importants durant cette periode Compte tenu de l'integration etroite des marches agricoles canadien et americain, les recentes elections americaines auront vraisemblablement a nouveau une incidence sur la competitivite relative des exportations agricoles canadiennes Alors que de nombreux observateurs suggerent que le president elu Joe Biden reviendra aux normes concernant la cooperation multilaterale avec les principaux allies et les institutions internationales telles que l'OMC, la nouvelle administration sera probablement confrontee a des vents contraires etant donne l'affaiblissement des liens avec les principaux partenaires commerciaux et allies en raison de mesures prises par son predecesseur Cet article donne un apercu des implications potentielles d'une administration Biden pour le commerce agricole du Canada Nous commencons par passer en revue les recents chocs commerciaux affectant le commerce agricole du Canada, en mettant particulierement l'accent sur les mesures commerciales prises par les Etats‐Unis Les elements pertinents de la plateforme du president elu Biden, les considerations affectant la mise en œuvre de cette plateforme et leurs implications pour le commerce agricole canadien sont pris en consideration}, number={1}, journal={CANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS-REVUE CANADIENNE D AGROECONOMIE}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Grant, Jason H. and Boys, Kathryn A. and Xie, Chaoping}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={45–58} }
 @article{knollenberg_arroyo_barbieri_boys_2021, title={Craft beverage tourism development: The contributions of social capital}, volume={20}, ISSN={["2212-5752"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100599}, DOI={10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100599}, abstractNote={This study investigates the role that social capital plays in synergizing two growing components of economic development for many communities - the tourism and craft beverage industries. By focusing on an emerging craft beverage tourism destination, Wake County in North Carolina (United States), this study illustrates the economic development outcomes that can be generated by craft beverage tourism and the forms of social capital needed to establish and sustain this type of niche tourism. Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 30 stakeholders revealed that craft beverage tourism contributes to economic development outcomes such as: (1) community capacity, (2) firm and industry capacity, (3) entrepreneurial activity, and (4) innovative infrastructure. Both bridging and bonding social capital supported these outcomes in the forms of (1) collaboration among stakeholders, (2) support for new members of the industry, (3) craft beverage stakeholders' involvement with the community, and (4) creation of a craft beverage destination. Results indicate that bonding social capital is a crucial resource for establishing and sustaining Wake County's craft beverage industry and its development as a craft beverage destination. However, there is only limited utilization of bridging social capital in efforts to advance craft beverage tourism development. Collectively, these findings outline the economic development benefits of craft beverage tourism and the social capital resources needed to achieve those benefits. These insights can facilitate the development of CBT products.}, journal={JOURNAL OF DESTINATION MARKETING & MANAGEMENT}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Knollenberg, Whitney and Arroyo, Claudia Gil and Barbieri, Carla and Boys, Kathryn}, year={2021}, month={Jun} }
 @article{boys_haynes-maslow_mcguirt_ammerman_van fleet_johnson_kelley_donadio_fleischhacker_truesdale_et al._2021, title={Perceived barriers and facilitators to participating in the North Carolina Healthy Food Small Retailer Program: a mixed-methods examination considering investment effectiveness}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1475-2727"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021003955}, DOI={10.1017/S1368980021003955}, abstractNote={The North Carolina Legislature appropriated funds in 2016-2019 for the Healthy Food Small Retailer Program (HFSRP), providing small retailers located in food deserts with equipment to stock nutrient-dense foods and beverages. The study aimed to: (1) examine factors facilitating and constraining implementation of, and participation in, the HFSRP from the perspective of storeowners and (2) measure and evaluate the impact and effectiveness of investment in the HFSRP.The current analysis uses both qualitative and quantitative assessments of storeowner perceptions and store outcomes, as well as two innovative measures of policy investment effectiveness. Qualitative semi-structured interviews and descriptive quantitative approaches, including monthly financial reports and activity forms, and end-of-programme evaluations were collected from participating HFSRP storeowners.Eight corner stores in North Carolina that participated in the two cohorts (2016-2018; 2017-2019) of the HFSRP.Owners of corner stores participating in the HFSRP.All storeowners reported that the HFSRP benefitted their stores. In addition, the HFSRP had a positive impact on sales across each category of healthy food products. Storeowners reported that benefits would be enhanced with adjustments to programme administration and support. Specific suggestions included additional information regarding which healthy foods and beverages to stock; inventory management; handling of perishable produce; product display; modified reporting requirements and a more efficient process of delivering and maintaining equipment.All storeowners reported several benefits of the HFSRP and would recommend that other storeowners participate. The barriers and challenges they reported inform potential approaches to ensuring success and sustainability of the HFSRP and similar initiatives underway in other jurisdictions.}, number={18}, journal={PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Boys, Kathryn A. and Haynes-Maslow, Lindsey and McGuirt, Jared T. and Ammerman, Alice S. and Van Fleet, Erin E. and Johnson, Nevin S. and Kelley, Casey J. and Donadio, Victoria E. and Fleischhacker, Sheila E. and Truesdale, Kimberly P. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={6555–6565} }
 @article{haynes-maslow_pitts_boys_mcguirt_fleischhacker_ammerman_johnson_kelley_donadio_bell_et al._2021, title={Qualitative perspectives of the North Carolina healthy food small retailer program among customers in participating stores located in food deserts}, volume={21}, ISSN={["1471-2458"]}, DOI={10.1186/s12889-021-11509-x}, abstractNote={Abstract Background The North Carolina Healthy Food Small Retailer Program (NC HFSRP) was established through a policy passed by the state legislature to provide funding for small food retailers located in food deserts with the goal of increasing access to and sales of healthy foods and beverages among local residents. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively examine perceptions of the NC HFSRP among store customers. Methods Qualitative interviews were conducted with 29 customers from five NC HFSRP stores in food deserts across eastern NC. Interview questions were related to shoppers’ food and beverage purchases at NC HFSRP stores, whether they had noticed any in-store efforts to promote healthier foods and beverages, their suggestions for promoting healthier foods and beverages, their familiarity with and support of the NC HFSRP, and how their shopping and consumption habits had changed since implementation of the NC HFSRP. A codebook was developed based on deductive (from the interview guide questions) and inductive (emerged from the data) codes and operational definitions. Verbatim transcripts were double-coded and a thematic analysis was conducted based on code frequency, and depth of participant responses for each code. Results Although very few participants were aware of the NC HFSRP legislation, they recognized changes within the store. Customers noted that the provision of healthier foods and beverages in the store had encouraged them to make healthier purchase and consumption choices. When a description of the NC HFSRP was provided to them, all participants were supportive of the state-funded program. Participants discussed program benefits including improving food access in low-income and/or rural areas and making healthy choices easier for youth and for those most at risk of diet-related chronic diseases. Conclusions Findings can inform future healthy corner store initiatives in terms of framing a rationale for funding or policies by focusing on increased food access among vulnerable populations.}, number={1}, journal={BMC PUBLIC HEALTH}, author={Haynes-Maslow, Lindsey and Pitts, Stephanie B. Jilcott and Boys, Kathryn A. and McGuirt, Jared T. and Fleischhacker, Sheila and Ammerman, Alice S. and Johnson, Nevin and Kelley, Casey and Donadio, Victoria E. and Bell, Ronny A. and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Jul} }
 @article{boys_fraser_2021, title={The Gap between Perception and Reality: Obstacles to Public School Use of Produce from Small Local Farms in the Southeastern United States}, volume={8}, ISSN={["2326-4403"]}, DOI={10.14485/HBPR.8.1.2}, abstractNote={Objective: Connecting farms to school foodservice operations is complex. Our purposes in this study were to: (1) identify and assess self-reported benefits and challenges to procurement and use of produce purchased directly from small farms in school foodservice operations, and (2) determine if opinions about procurement from small farms significantly differs between those with and without experience purchasing these products. Methods: An online survey was conducted with child nutrition directors from 3 southeastern states in the United States. Statistical tests assessed differences in opinions between those with and without experience purchasing with these products. Results: Directors without experience understood the benefits but significantly overestimated the difficulty in obtaining and using these products. Experience shaped director perceptions regarding perceived procurement challenges related to contract terms, ordering challenges, food safety practices, and ability of small farms to supply foodservice needs. Conclusions: Challenges exist in procuring produce from small farms (eg, lack of coordinated ordering, delivery, and communications processes, insufficient availability of products, and limited value-added processing). Sourcing products directly from these farms is not as onerous as perceived to be. Bridging}, number={1}, journal={HEALTH BEHAVIOR AND POLICY REVIEW}, author={Boys, Kathryn A. and Fraser, Angela M.}, year={2021}, month={Jan}, pages={13–27} }
 @article{willis_hughes_boys_swindall_2020, title={Economic growth through entrepreneurship: Determinants of self-employed income across regional economies}, volume={99}, ISSN={["1435-5957"]}, DOI={10.1111/pirs.12482}, abstractNote={Knowledge of the determinants of self‐employment income is critical to entrepreneurial development strategies if the development goal is to increase incomes not just employment. Using American Community Survey data, unconditional quantile regression is used to investigate differences in the relationship between entrepreneurial income and an array of individual, industry, and regional characteristics across the self‐employment income distribution. Personal attributes, such as education, race, age, and gender, both explain differences in self‐employment income and vary in importance across the income distribution. Regional agglomerative effects are significantly positive and stronger at the upper end of the self‐employed income distribution. El conocimiento de los determinantes de los ingresos del trabajo por cuenta propia es fundamental para las estrategias de desarrollo empresarial cuando el objetivo de desarrollo es aumentar los ingresos y no solo el empleo. Se utiliza la regresion de cuantiles incondicionales con datos de la Encuesta de la Comunidad Estadounidense para investigar las diferencias en la relacion entre los ingresos empresariales y una serie de caracteristicas individuales, industriales y regionales de la distribucion de los ingresos del empleo por cuenta propia. Los atributos personales, como la educacion, la raza, la edad y el genero, explican las diferencias en los ingresos del trabajo por cuenta propia y su importancia varia en toda la distribucion de los ingresos. Los efectos de aglomeracion regionales son significativamente positivos y mas fuertes en el extremo superior de la distribucion de los ingresos de los trabajadores por cuenta propia. 成長目標が、雇用だけでなく所得も増加させることである場合、アントレプレナーの成長戦略では、個人事業主の所得の決定要因に関する知識が非常に重要となる。アメリカン・コミュニティ・サーベイ (American Community Survey)のデータを用いて、無条件分位点回帰法により、アントレプレナーの所得と、個人事業主の所得分布全体における個人、産業、地域の特性との関連性における相違を検討する。学歴や人種、年齢などの個人特性および性別のどちらによっても個人事業主の所得の差を説明することができ、所得分布全体ではこれらの重要性は様々である。地域における集積効果は、有意にプラスであり、個人事業主の所得分布の上位において強力である。}, number={1}, journal={PAPERS IN REGIONAL SCIENCE}, author={Willis, David B. and Hughes, David W. and Boys, Kathryn A. and Swindall, Devin C.}, year={2020}, month={Feb}, pages={73–95} }
 @article{barrowclough_boys_carpio_2019, title={Benefits, Challenges and Trade-Offs: Buyer and Contract Characteristics Valued by Small Farm Suppliers to Wholesale Marketing Channels}, volume={44}, ISSN={["2327-8285"]}, DOI={10.22004/ag.econ.292334}, abstractNote={There is increasing interest in accessing local food products through 'conventional' food marketing systems. This study identifies and quantifies key contract characteristics and buyer attributes valued by small-scale produce farmers who are currently or are considering marketing into wholesale channels. Overall, produce farmers are receptive to entering into contracts with wholesale buyers. Substantial heterogeneity, however, is found among farmer attitudes toward the specific contract terms and in the trade-offs farmers are willing to accept between contract terms and buyer characteristics. Insights offered will enable produce buyers to more efficiently target potential suppliers and will facilitate more effective contract design.}, number={3}, journal={JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS}, author={Barrowclough, Michael and Boys, Kathryn A. and Carpio, Carlos}, year={2019}, month={Sep}, pages={605–623} }
 @article{xie_grant_boys_2019, title={Do state‐owned enterprises benefit more from China's cereal grain tariff‐rate quota regime?}, volume={67}, ISSN={["1744-7976"]}, DOI={10.1111/cjag.12213}, abstractNote={In 2016, the United States launched a formal dispute with the World Trade Organization (WTO) concerning China's wheat, corn, and rice tariff-rate quota (TRQs) administration. A formal panel was requested in August 2017, with several major grain exporters, including Canada, joining as third-party members. This study employs two unique micro-level datasets to investigate the role of state-owned and non-state-owned enterprises’ (SOE and non-SOE, respectively) in China's agricultural imports. Results suggest that SOEs are noticeably more active in importing quota-bound commodities compared to quota-free imported commodities. Moreover, the larger role of SOEs in China's cereal grain imports is negatively correlated with China's food security targets, as measured by estimated prior year stocks-to-use ratios. Conversely, above average food security targets in China's cereal grain market leads to an important extensive margin adjustment of non-SOE import participation. Finally, we find very little compelling evidence that China's September reallocation of unused TRQ has any economic or statistically significant impact on non-SOE entry into importing or the intensity with which their imports occur. En 2016, les États-Unis ont lancé une plainte formelle avec l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant l'administration par la Chine de contingents tarifaires pour le blé, le maïs et le riz. Un groupe spécial a été demandé en août 2017 et plusieurs grands exportateurs de céréales, y compris le Canada, se sont joints comme tierce partie. Cette étude utilise deux bases de données uniques pour étudier le rôle des entreprises d’État (entreprises publiques et non publiques) dans les importations agricoles de la Chine. Les résultats suggèrent que les entreprises d'État importent nettement plus de produits sous quotas que les produits importés sans quota. En outre, le rôle plus important des entreprises d'État dans les importations de céréales de la Chine présente une corrélation négative avec les objectifs de la Chine en matière de sécurité alimentaire, mesurés par les ratios stocks / utilisation de l'année précédente. Similairement, des objectifs de sécurité alimentaire supérieurs à la moyenne sur le marché chinois des céréales entraînent un important ajustement de la participation à l'importation des entreprises autres que les entreprises d'État. Finalement, nous trouvons très peu d’évidences que la réallocation par la Chine du contingent tarifaire inutilisé en septembre ait un impact économique ou statistiquement significatif sur l'entrée ou une augmentation de la participation au marché des importations par les firmes autres que les entreprises d'État.}, number={4}, journal={Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics}, author={Xie, C. and Grant, J.H. and Boys, K.A.}, year={2019}, month={Dec}, pages={397–416} }
 @article{ehmke_bonanno_boys_smith_2019, title={Food fraud: economic insights into the dark side of incentives}, volume={63}, ISSN={["1467-8489"]}, DOI={10.1111/1467-8489.12346}, abstractNote={In this review, we contextualise the articles in this special issue, relating them to existing food fraud research, and identify food fraud research trends, challenges and priorities for the near term. We accomplish these aims through a comprehensive review of research by food scientists, economists, other social scientists, legal experts, government research groups and international trade organisations. Existing food fraud research is heavily weighted towards food science, packaging and labelling, and legal areas of knowledge discovery. Moving forward, research is needed pertaining to general economic welfare outcomes from food fraud incidences, economic incentives to deter frauds, economic spillovers from fraud incidences to other food products and markets (domestic and international) and further delineation of the effect of different types of food fraud on consumer and producer welfare. The articles in this special issue make significant contributions to understanding of the role of food fraud in consumer decisions, measuring consumer welfare losses from fraud, food fraud spillover effects to other markets and new frameworks for fraud analysis.}, number={4}, journal={AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS}, author={Ehmke, Mariah Dolsen and Bonanno, Alessandro and Boys, Kathryn and Smith, Trenton G.}, year={2019}, month={Oct}, pages={685–700} }
 @article{wang_boys_hooker_2019, title={Organic innovation: The growing importance of private label products in the United States}, ISBN={["978-0-08-102037-1"]}, DOI={10.1016/B978-0-08-102037-1.00010-4}, abstractNote={Using organic food and drink product innovation data for 2015, we document the growing role of private label (PL) products in the United States. A further focus is provided through two case studies of product categories: dairy and processed fruit & vegetable products. The strategic choices of firms are described with reference to the content of organic ingredients in multiingredient foods. The performance impact on consumers is described by reporting subcategory price differentials between PL and national brand organic and conventional food and beverage products. We demonstrate that PL products may be leading organic innovation in certain dimensions, particularly value.}, journal={CASE STUDIES IN FOOD RETAILING AND DISTRIBUTION}, author={Wang, Xiaojin and Boys, Kathryn and Hooker, Neal H.}, year={2019}, pages={137–158} }
 @article{haque_foster_keeney_boys_narayanan_2019, title={Output and input bias effects of U.S. direct payments}, volume={50}, ISSN={0169-5150}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/agec.12479}, DOI={10.1111/agec.12479}, abstractNote={This study examines the national effect of U.S. direct payments on the extent and direction of biased technical change on U.S. agriculture. We also assess the economic significance of the estimated bias effects for economic policy modeling endeavors involving a reduction of domestic support payments. A two outputs (livestock and crops) and four inputs (labor, capital, land, and material) translog cost function was estimated from national time series (1948–2011) data. Results indicate that payments do not induce output‐biased technical change. We do find evidence of Hicksian bias that is land using and material input saving attributable to support payments. Global computable general equilibrium simulations suggest that price and output effects of discontinuing direct payments are 1/4 to 1/3 the size once the bias effects are incorporated.}, number={2}, journal={Agricultural Economics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Haque, Samiul and Foster, Kenneth A. and Keeney, Roman and Boys, Kathryn A. and Narayanan, Badri G.}, year={2019}, month={Jan}, pages={229–236} }
 @article{dunning_johnson_boys_2019, title={Putting Dollars to Waste: Estimating the Value of On-Farm Food Loss}, volume={34}, url={https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/283536/files/cmsarticle_671.pdf}, number={1}, journal={Choices}, author={Dunning, R.D. and Johnson, L.K. and Boys, K.A.}, year={2019} }
 @article{sharma_boys_grant_2019, title={The Bright Side of the Generalized System of (Trade) Preferences: Lessons from Agricultural Trade}, volume={44}, url={https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/281312}, DOI={10.22004/ag.econ.281312}, abstractNote={Empirical evidence on the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) for low-income countries generally portrays a rather stark prediction: the program has produced virtually no impact on intended low-income beneficiaries’ exports to high-income countries. This result, based on total merchandise trade, is misleading because it masks three underlying heterogeneities in the program: i) preference structure across countries, ii) pre-existing distortions across sectors, and iii) rules of origin. Using a theoretically consistent gravity equation for sector- and product-level trade over 1962–2010, we illustrate that the GSP has delivered significant positive effects for lowincome countries’ agricultural exports (but not necessarily for their nonagricultural exports) to developed countries.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics}, author={Sharma, A. and Boys, K.A. and Grant, J.}, year={2019}, pages={32–61} }
 @article{boys_fraser_2018, title={Linking small fruit and vegetable farmers and institutional foodservice operations: marketing challenges and considerations}, volume={34}, ISSN={1742-1705 1742-1713}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1742170518000030}, DOI={10.1017/S1742170518000030}, abstractNote={Abstract The centralized nature of the United States food production, processing and distribution system makes it difficult for small fruit and vegetable farmers to serve as suppliers to institutional foodservice operations (IFOs), such as schools and hospitals. Due to age, economic and/or health status, it is often the clients of these foodservice operations who would benefit from increasing their consumption of locally grown fruits and vegetables. Unfortunately, institutions are often limited in their resources and food preparation infrastructure, and lack market-based incentives to incorporate locally grown foods into their menus. This study identifies and suggests solutions to barriers that limit the ability of small fruit and vegetable farmers to serve as suppliers to IFOs. Data were collected through an extensive series of focus group meetings held with small-scale fruit and vegetable farmers in three South-Atlantic states. From these meetings, practical marketing considerations, such as payment terms, and processing, packaging and delivery requirements of supplying institutional foodservice buyers, were identified as obstacles to the efficient function of this market channel. Food safety challenges, including the related issues of obtaining (food) products liability insurance and food safety certifications, were also acknowledged among top concerns. A majority of the identified challenges were similar to those reported in other studies, but several were complicated by characteristics of farm production, limited food system infrastructure and marketing experiences in the study region. Several practical solutions to overcoming some of these marketing constraints are offered.}, number={03}, journal={Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Boys, Kathryn A. and Fraser, Angela M.}, year={2018}, month={Feb}, pages={226–238} }
 @article{boys_dubreuil white_groover_2017, title={Fostering rural and agricultural tourism: exploring the potential of geocaching}, volume={25}, ISSN={0966-9582 1747-7646}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1291646}, DOI={10.1080/09669582.2017.1291646}, abstractNote={ABSTRACTGeocaching is a modern-day version of “hide and seek” where participants use geographical longitude and latitude coordinates to locate a “geocache” using a GPS device or mobile app. An agriculturally focused geocache program could foster tourism, interest and educational opportunities about rural and agricultural areas, and could facilitate additional patronage of businesses that operate in these areas. As a prerequisite to such a program, however, organizations must commit to establishing and maintaining a geocache. This study explores the perceived benefits and constraints to an organization's participation in a rural or agriculturally focused geocache program. A case example of an agriculturally focused geocaching program, AgCache, is used as a starting point. In-depth interviews of program Founders and current participants explored the program's background and goals, and experiences of participating sites. Complimenting this, a survey collected information from potential host sites, and probit...}, number={10}, journal={Journal of Sustainable Tourism}, publisher={Informa UK Limited}, author={Boys, Kathryn A. and DuBreuil White, Katherine and Groover, Gordon}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={1474–1493} }
 @article{wilcock_boys_2017, title={Improving quality management: ISO 9001 benefits for agrifood firms}, volume={7}, ISSN={2044-0839}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-12-2014-0046}, DOI={10.1108/jadee-12-2014-0046}, abstractNote={Purpose ISO 9001 can offer users substantial management benefits. For developing country firms, this standard could offer both important management improvements and serve as a quality signal to foreign suppliers and potential buyers. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of ISO 9001 on food manufacturing firms in Guyana. Design/methodology/approach A multiple case study approach, using interviews with multiple managers, was used to assess the impacts of ISO 9001 in six registered and non-registered firms. Findings ISO 9001 offers supply chain management benefits. Non-registered firms reported using the standard to formalize their monitoring procedures and improve planning, sourcing, manufacturing, and delivery efficiency. Registration helped firms formalize their quality management systems; it provided guidance on improving their customer/supplier relationships, and offered tools to monitor internal processes. Registered and non-registered firms reported increased customer satisfaction, market share and inventory turnover, and reduced lead times, rework, waste, and customer complaints. Research limitations/implications The number of cases examined in this study is limited. Interview data are based on managers’ perceived experiences; it was not possible to verify this information independently. Originality/value The paper examines management benefits of adopting an international quality management standard in developing country agrifood firms.}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies}, publisher={Emerald}, author={Wilcock, Anne E. and Boys, Kathryn A.}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={2–20} }
 @article{caffarelli_ferreira_groover_boys_2016, title={Grain Consumption and Production in  Virginia: A Trend and Spatial Examination}, volume={07}, ISSN={2156-8553 2156-8561}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2016.74025}, DOI={10.4236/as.2016.74025}, abstractNote={This article couples an examination of grain production with Virginia’s livestock and poultry sector to analyze the overall magnitude and distribution of grain consumption in Virginia. Specifically, this paper describes the sources and trends over time of grain production and consumption; identifies grain surplus (and deficit) areas across Virginia’s counties; describes and applies a methodology to quantify livestock and poultry consumption requirements at the state- and county-levels; provides an updated assessment of Virginia’s ability to meet its feed grain needs; and discusses implications on the overall distribution system. Important results of the analysis reveal that grain consumption in Virginia is due mainly to demand in the poultry sector (primarily broilers and chickens). Furthermore, grain consumption in this state has generally declined over the last twenty years, due to decreasing livestock population numbers. Coupled with a slight upward trend in grain production, Virginia appears to be increasingly capable of meeting its grain needs. There is, however, an important east-west divide in the state, with western counties requiring more grain than they produce. Since grain does not appear to move from the relatively “production-rich” eastern counties, transportation infrastructure is important to bring in grain from outside the state.}, number={04}, journal={Agricultural Sciences}, publisher={Scientific Research Publishing, Inc,}, author={Caffarelli, Peter and Ferreira, Gustavo and Groover, Gordon and Boys, Kathryn}, year={2016}, pages={250–269} }
 @article{willis_carpio_boys_2016, title={SUPPORTING LOCAL FOOD SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT THROUGH FOOD PRICE PREMIUM DONATIONS: A POLICY PROPOSAL}, volume={48}, ISSN={1074-0708 2056-7405}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/AAE.2016.10}, DOI={10.1017/AAE.2016.10}, abstractNote={Abstract This study investigates consumer preferences for a marketing system that improves integration of farmers into a local food system. Attribute-based methods are used to estimate consumer willingness to pay for a locally grown product that is bundled with a local food bank (LFB) donation. Estimates reveal that, on average, households are willing to pay 11% more for locally grown relative to nonlocal agricultural products. When the locally grown product attribute is combined with a donation to support a LFB, the premium nearly doubles. Results suggest that the proposed system could provide resources to strengthen local food distribution networks.}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Willis, David B. and Carpio, Carlos E. and Boys, Kathryn A.}, year={2016}, month={May}, pages={192–217} }
 @inbook{boys_blank_2016, place={Philadelphia, PA}, title={The Evolution of Local Foods: A Retrospective and Prospective Consideration}, booktitle={The Meaning of Local Foods: A Food Marketing Management Perspective}, publisher={The Institute of Food Product Marketing}, author={Boys, K.A. and Blank, S.}, editor={Lang, M. and Stanton, J.Editors}, year={2016} }
 @article{espey_boys_2015, title={ALIGNMENT OF EFFORT: RECRUITMENT INTO UNDERGRADUATE AGRICULTURAL AND APPLIED ECONOMICS PROGRAMS}, volume={47}, ISSN={1074-0708 2056-7405}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/AAE.2015.15}, DOI={10.1017/AAE.2015.15}, abstractNote={Abstract Despite high employment rates and starting salaries for qualified graduates of agribusiness, agricultural, and applied economics (AAAE) programs, several AAAE departments have experienced years of low enrollment. This study offers insight into how AAAE programs can more effectively market themselves and recruit undergraduate students through analysis of a nationwide survey of college and department personnel and a statewide survey of high school students. Findings reveal important differences between students’ preferred information and message sources and those currently used. Gaps in understanding of AAAE across administrative units are also identified. Specific program awareness, marketing, and student recruitment recommendations are offered.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Espey, Molly and Boys, Kathryn A.}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={382–410} }
 @article{boys_ollinger_geyer_2015, title={The Food Safety Modernization Act: Implications for U.S. Small Scale Farms}, volume={41}, ISSN={0098-8588 2375-835X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858815591524}, DOI={10.1177/0098858815591524}, abstractNote={The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) reforms law governing the safety of human and animal foods produced for consumption in the United States. Recognizing the challenges that the proposed regulations would impose on small farms, Congress included an amendment to exempt small farms from the full scope of FSMA requirements. This special treatment and other issues left unaddressed by FSMA, however, present challenges for buyers of small farm products and is inducing a private sector response to these regulatory gaps. This Article reviews the current treatment of small farms under FSMA and explores some key impacts and implications of FSMA on these organizations. Particular consideration is given to the unintended consequences of the Tester-Hagan Amendment and the unaddressed issue of liability for foodborne illness.}, number={2-3}, journal={American Journal of Law & Medicine}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Boys, Kathryn A. and Ollinger, Michael and Geyer, Leon L.}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={395–405} }
 @article{hughes_boys_2015, title={What We Know and Don’t Know About the Economic Development Benefits of Local Food Systems}, volume={30}, url={https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/199293}, number={1}, journal={Choices}, author={Hughes, D. and Boys, K.A.}, year={2015}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{boys_wilcock_2014, title={Improving integration of human resources into quality management system standards}, volume={31}, ISSN={0265-671X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-07-2012-0107}, DOI={10.1108/IJQRM-07-2012-0107}, abstractNote={Purpose – Little attention has been paid to how quality management systems (QMSs) are optimized by supportive employee behavior. The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical review of the literature on the inclusion of human factors in the ISO 9000 family of standards, identify deficiencies in the standard's current treatment of these issues, and offer recommendations on how human resources (HRs) can be better integrated into these business management standards. Design/methodology/approach – This concept paper presents a survey of both academic and practitioner literature on the topic of HR and its treatment in quality standards. The focus is restricted to consideration of human factors that are specifically identified in the ISO 9001:2008 and ISO 9004:2009 standards. Findings – ISO 9001 and 9004 include some HR topics, but their treatment is insufficient to meet the demands of today's business environment. The recent addition to the ISO 9000 family, ISO 10018 – Quality Management – Guidelines on People Involvement and Competence (ISO, 2012b) will help to address the deficiency if adopted by the marketplace. To improve the usefulness of ISO 9000 standards, the breadth of human factors should be enhanced both extensively to include components of workplace culture and work design and intensively to require more rigorous treatment of the HR considerations already included in the standards. Practical implications – There is a need for more comprehensive consideration of human contributions to quality if organizations are to optimize the value they receive from their HR and their investment on the ISO 9001 QMS. Originality/value – The limited references linking HR and the ISO 9000 series of standards have focussed upon how human factors contribute (or not) to the successful use of the ISO 9000 standards. In contrast, this paper offers a comprehensive and integrative examination of how the ISO 9000 QMS standards could more comprehensively and effectively incorporate HR into a firm's practices.}, number={7}, journal={International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management}, publisher={Emerald}, author={Boys, Kathryn A. and Wilcock, Anne E.}, year={2014}, month={Jul}, pages={738–750} }
 @article{hughes_crissy_boys_2014, title={Limehouse Produce: A Unique Wholesaler of Locally Sourced Produce}, volume={45}, url={https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/190896}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Food Distribution Research}, author={Hughes, D. and Crissy, H. and Boys, K.A.}, year={2014}, pages={58–67} }
 @article{wilcock_boys_2014, title={Reduce product counterfeiting: An integrated approach}, volume={57}, ISSN={0007-6813}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2013.12.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.bushor.2013.12.001}, abstractNote={Abstract There is substantial interconnection between the reduction of product counterfeiting and quality management. This article seeks to demonstrate how integrating anti-counterfeiting initiatives into quality management strategies can reduce risk in the supply chain. We explore issues pertaining to product counterfeiting, the practical application and constraints of anti-counterfeiting initiatives within the supply chain, and the intersection of anti-counterfeiting initiatives with quality management programs. Gaps in current management strategies to address these issues are identified, and a potential remedy to address these deficiencies is proposed. Practical suggestions regarding the application of quality principles to offset counterfeiting should reduce risk in the supply chain.}, number={2}, journal={Business Horizons}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Wilcock, Anne E. and Boys, Kathryn A.}, year={2014}, month={Mar}, pages={279–288} }
 @article{boys_hughes_2013, title={A Regional Economics–Based Research Agenda for Local Food Systems}, volume={9}, ISSN={2152-0801}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2013.034.012}, DOI={10.5304/jafscd.2013.034.012}, abstractNote={The purported benefits of local food systems (LFSs) are extensive and diverse. While a growing general literature has considered various aspects of these systems, this set of issues has not been broadly considered from the perspective of regional economics — a field that is uniquely suited to assess local food systems and the policies that affect them. This commentary attempts to narrow this gap. Research topics are considered that would allow for improved examination of the extent to which LFS directly and indirectly engender local economic growth. Also incorporated are research ideas concerning how to determine the distribution of benefits (socially, across income class, and geographically). In this regard, suggestions are also made concerning how to remove some of the limitations found in current analytical approaches.}, journal={Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development}, publisher={Lyson Center for Civic Agriculture and Food Systems}, author={Boys, Kathryn and Hughes, David}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={1–6} }
 @article{boys_willis_carpio_2013, title={Consumer willingness to pay for organic and locally grown produce on Dominica: insights into the potential for an “Organic Island”}, volume={16}, ISSN={1387-585X 1573-2975}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-013-9496-3}, DOI={10.1007/s10668-013-9496-3}, abstractNote={With the intent of improving agricultural revenues and solidifying her place as an ecotourism destination, it has been proposed that the island nation of The Commonwealth of Dominica convert all agriculture to organic production. This study explores Dominica’s current and potential domestic demand for organic and/or “locally grown” produce. Surveys were conducted with Dominican consumers to assess their opinions and willingness to pay for these products, and evaluated using a maximum likelihood estimation procedure. On average, Dominican consumers are willing to pay 17.5 % more for organic, and 12 % more for locally grown, produce. These results were varied significantly across demographic segments of the sampled population, respondent tastes and preferences, the health status of their family, and the extent to which they were early adopters of new products. Despite several expected challenges of a successful transition to organic, implementation of this policy may offer a net positive welfare increase for Dominica’s permanent residents. Results from this analysis suggest that, from the perspective of domestic consumers, Dominica should continue to pursue the possibility of becoming an “Organic Island.”}, number={3}, journal={Environment, Development and Sustainability}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Boys, Kathryn A. and Willis, David B. and Carpio, Carlos E.}, year={2013}, month={Nov}, pages={595–617} }
 @article{boys_2013, title={Food Product Liability Insurance: Implications for the Marketing of Specialty Crops}, volume={28}, url={https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/161457}, number={4}, journal={Choices}, author={Boys, K.A.}, year={2013}, pages={1–5} }
 @article{grant_boys_2011, title={Agricultural Trade and the GATT/WTO: Does Membership Make a Difference?}, volume={94}, ISSN={0002-9092 1467-8276}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aar087}, DOI={10.1093/ajae/aar087}, abstractNote={Recent empirical studies have estimated the trade flow effect of membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). One important, although largely untested, conclusion from this literature is that the GATT/WTO works well if we ignore trade in agriculture - one of the institutions seemingly apparent failures. This article investigates this conclusion using a large panel of agricultural and non-agricultural trade flows. The results are impressive: the multilateral institution has delivered significant positive effects on members agricultural trade despite its sensitive nature and the reluctance of members to undertake serious reform. These findings are robust to various slices of the data and recent advances in the specification and estimation of the gravity equation to account for sample selection issues and the extensive margin of trade. Copyright 2012, Oxford University Press.}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Agricultural Economics}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Grant, J. H. and Boys, K. A.}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={1–24} }
 @article{grant_boys_2011, title={On the Road to Doha: How the WTO has Liberalized Agricultural Trade}, url={https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/04/18/on-the-road-to-doha/}, journal={Foreign Policy (The Global Magazine of News and Ideas)}, author={Grant, J.H. and Boys, K.A.}, year={2011}, month={Apr} }
 @article{moussa_lowenberg-deboer_fulton_boys_2011, title={The economic impact of cowpea research in West and Central Africa: A regional impact assessment of improved cowpea storage technologies}, volume={47}, ISSN={0022-474X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2011.02.001}, DOI={10.1016/j.jspr.2011.02.001}, abstractNote={Researchers from the Bean/Cowpea Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP), a program supported by the USAID, developed several non-chemical cowpea grain storage technologies in the 1980s. These included hermetic storage in airtight containers, improved ash storage, and the solar heater. Impact studies conducted at the country level showed that the research program was economically a good investment. As the CRSP new storage technologies spread throughout West and Central Africa, a regional assessment including spillover effects became necessary to fully comprehend the impact and guide future research investments. Therefore, this study sought to measure the economic impact of the new CRSP cowpea storage technologies at a regional level. Surveys in seven countries were used to estimate storage technology adoption. Economic surplus was used to estimate annual benefits and internal rate of return (IRR), and net present value (NPV) were calculated to summarize the net benefits. From the perspective of recipients' countries the project was a good investment. The IRR, is found to be much greater than the cost of capital. The regional IRR was found to be about 29%, much higher than the real interest rate on government bonds in West Africa at the time. For example the real interest rate on bonds issued by the government of Ghana in 2004 and 2005 was 8.9% and 5.4% respectively. The IRR is also higher than the private bank real lending rates in West Africa. From the perspective of the principal donor, the US government, the project was a good investment given that the average real interest rate on US government’s bonds was 4.8% during the period. The net present value of the investment amounts to more than 295 million US dollars which yields an annualized value of about 17 million.}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Stored Products Research}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Moussa, B. and Lowenberg-DeBoer, J. and Fulton, J. and Boys, K.}, year={2011}, month={Jul}, pages={147–156} }
 @article{boys_li_preckel_schinckel_foster_2007, title={Economic Replacement of a Heterogeneous Herd}, volume={89}, ISSN={0002-9092 1467-8276}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8276.2007.00960.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1467-8276.2007.00960.x}, abstractNote={A model was developed and used to determine the optimal slaughter weights of pigs with heterogeneous growth raised in a 1,000 head barn and marketed in truckload groups. Explicitly recognizing the heterogeneity of pig weights and marketing the herd over time in truckload batches can substantially increase profit.}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Agricultural Economics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Boys, Kathryn A. and Li, Ning and Preckel, Paul V. and Schinckel, Allan P. and Foster, Kenneth A.}, year={2007}, month={Feb}, pages={24–35} }
 @article{boys_faye_fulton_lowenberg-deboer_2007, title={The economic impact of cowpea research in Senegal: an ex-post analysis with disadoption}, volume={36}, ISSN={0169-5150 1574-0862}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2007.00213.x}, DOI={10.1111/j.1574-0862.2007.00213.x}, abstractNote={This study evaluates the impact of a long-term research collaboration between the Senegalese Institute for Agriculture Research (ISRA), and the Bean/Cowpea Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Adoption of the primary outputs from this collaboration, a nonchemical cowpea storage method and two short-season cowpea varieties, were tracked through a series of farmer interviews in 1996, 1997, and 2004 in the main cowpea growing area of Senegal. Combined with information from an impact assessment in the late 1980s, this study draws on ex-post adoption data from most of the product life cycle for the storage technology. The 2004 survey found that 60.4% of cowpea production in the main cowpea growing area of Senegal is stored in metal drums and that 69% of households use this storage technology; ISRA/CRSP improved short season varieties were determined to account for 3.6% of cowpea production. Baseline economic analysis of the most recent survey data, which includes benefits and costs of the storage technology and improved varieties, reveal an IRR to donor funding of 13%. The benefits of these technologies appear to be evenly distributed in the rural population on the basis of gender and ethnic background. Comparison of the rates of technology adoption over time, however, reveals that use of the storage technology may be decreasing; inclusion of this technology disadoption trend reduces the IRR by only 0.4% from the baseline estimate. Overall, estimated returns reveal that this collaboration has been a good investment for the U.S. and Senegalese governments, and other donors.}, number={3}, journal={Agricultural Economics}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Boys, K. and Faye, M. and Fulton, J. and Lowenberg-DeBoer, J.}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={363–375} }
 @article{wilcock_karapetrovic_boys_piche_2006, title={Use of ISO 9004:2000 and other business excellence tools in Canada}, volume={23}, ISSN={0265-671X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02656710610679833}, DOI={10.1108/02656710610679833}, abstractNote={Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of business excellence tools, particularly the extent of adoption of the ISO 9004:2000 guideline and respondents' perceptions of its usefulness. Design/methodology/approach In this paper a large empirical study was undertaken to identify the use of business excellence frameworks in Canada. The survey was based on a series of in‐depth interviews with 15 standardization experts who are all members of the Canadian Advisory Committee on Quality Management CAC/ISO/TC176. It was mailed to a sample of small, medium, and large businesses that spanned a wide range of manufacturing and service sectors, resulting in 187 responses. Findings This paper finds that the application of business excellence tools by Canadian organizations seems to be a function of both the size and location of the organization. There may be differences in use between organizations within different industry sectors, and those with different organizational structures. ISO 9004:2000 is not widely used, and probably needs a complete overhaul. Research limitations/implications The survey in this paper had a relatively low response rate. The small number of respondents who were familiar with ISO 9004:2000 precluded any statistical analysis of the data. The results are of interest to a variety of quality management researchers, as there is a paucity of literature on ISO 9004, particularly with experimental data. Practical implications Contributions in the paper extend to practitioners, as the survey included manufacturing and service sectors, both publicly and privately owned, as well as executives, since the study was aimed at top management of the organizations surveyed. Originality/value The paper shows that, while the concept of business excellence has rarely been researched from a Canadian perspective, the focus on ISO 9004:2000 makes this study totally unique.}, number={7}, journal={International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management}, publisher={Emerald}, author={Wilcock, A. and Karapetrovic, S. and Boys, K. and Piche, P.}, year={2006}, month={Aug}, pages={828–846} }
 @article{boys_wilcock_karapetrovic_aung_2005, title={Evolution towards excellence: use of business excellence programs by Canadian organizations}, volume={9}, ISSN={1368-3047}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13683040510634790}, DOI={10.1108/13683040510634790}, abstractNote={Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the broad issues related to business excellence and the application of such programs. Design/methodology/approach In brief, this study investigated the use of business excellence programs including the use of the ISO 9000:2000 series of standards, by Canadian organizations. The results of a national survey on the use of business excellence programs are reported. Findings The use of business excellence programs by Canadian organizations appears to be related to the size and location of the organization. Organization size and location also appear to be related to the sequence in which businesses choose to implement various components of business excellence as well as the difficulty they experience with that implementation. There may be differences in the use of business excellence programs between organizations within different industry sectors, and those with different organizational structures. Finally, the use of business excellence programs was found not to affect organizations' self‐reported level of excellence. Originality/value The results of this study have implications for government policy makers who seek to better support businesses, quality program administrators, and business practitioners.}, number={4}, journal={Measuring Business Excellence}, publisher={Emerald}, author={Boys, Kathryn and Wilcock, Anne and Karapetrovic, Stanislav and Aung, May}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={4–15} }
 @article{boys_karapetrovic_wilcock_2004, title={Is ISO 9004 a path to business excellence?}, volume={21}, ISSN={0265-671X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02656710410551737}, DOI={10.1108/02656710410551737}, abstractNote={ISO 9001 and ISO 9004 were created as a “consistent pair” of standards so that businesses that wanted to exceed the requirements of 9001 could use the principles of 9004 to move towards business excellence. In this paper, opinions from Canadian quality standardization experts were used to explore the needs of business against what is offered by ISO 9004 and to assist in the comparison of ISO 9004 with common business excellence models. The ISO 9004 (2000) document was perceived as needed, and as holding great potential. Suggestions for realizing that potential ranged from the inclusion of more guidance on specific business processes (for example complaints handling) to the incorporation of material that links ISO 9004 with industry‐specific standards, awards and/or general business programs. With modification, the document was seen as being able to make a valuable contribution to an organization's business excellence strategy. Without some form of recognition and/or award as offered by other business excellence models, however, the amount of usage ISO 9004 will receive is questionable.}, number={8}, journal={International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management}, publisher={Emerald}, author={Boys, Kathryn and Karapetrovic, Stanislav and Wilcock, Anne}, year={2004}, month={Oct}, pages={841–860} }