@article{hill_lackmann_2011, title={The Impact of Future Climate Change on TC Intensity and Structure: A Downscaling Approach}, volume={24}, ISSN={["1520-0442"]}, DOI={10.1175/2011jcli3761.1}, abstractNote={AbstractA comprehensive analysis of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity change in a warming climate is undertaken with high-resolution (6- and 2-km grid spacing) idealized simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. With the goal of isolating the influence of thermodynamic aspects of climate change on maximum hurricane intensity, an idealized TC is placed within a quiescent, horizontally uniform tropical environment computed from averaged reanalysis data for the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The analyzed tropical environment is used for control simulations. Changes between the periods 1990–99 and 2090–99 are computed using output from 13 GCMs from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), for the A1B, A2, and B1 emissions scenarios. These changes are then added to the reanalysis-derived initial and boundary conditions used in the control simulations. Some processes known to impact TC intensity, such as environmental vertical wind shear and sea surf...}, number={17}, journal={JOURNAL OF CLIMATE}, author={Hill, Kevin A. and Lackmann, Gary M.}, year={2011}, month={Sep}, pages={4644–4661} }
 @article{hill_lackmann_2009, title={Analysis of Idealized Tropical Cyclone Simulations Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model: Sensitivity to Turbulence Parameterization and Grid Spacing}, volume={137}, ISSN={["1520-0493"]}, DOI={10.1175/2008MWR2220.1}, abstractNote={Abstract The Weather Research and Forecasting Advanced Research Model (WRF-ARW) was used to perform idealized tropical cyclone (TC) simulations, with domains of 36-, 12-, and 4-km horizontal grid spacing. Tests were conducted to determine the sensitivity of TC intensity to the available surface layer (SL) and planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterizations, including the Yonsei University (YSU) and Mellor–Yamada–Janjic (MYJ) schemes, and to horizontal grid spacing. Simulations were run until a quasi-steady TC intensity was attained. Differences in minimum central pressure (Pmin) of up to 35 hPa and maximum 10-m wind (V10max) differences of up to 30 m s−1 were present between a convection-resolving nested domain with 4-km grid spacing and a parent domain with cumulus parameterization and 36-km grid spacing. Simulations using 4-km grid spacing are the most intense, with the maximum intensity falling close to empirical estimates of maximum TC intensity. Sensitivity to SL and PBL parameterization also exists...}, number={2}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Hill, Kevin A. and Lackmann, Gary M.}, year={2009}, month={Feb}, pages={745–765} }
 @article{hill_lackmann_2009, title={Influence of Environmental Humidity on Tropical Cyclone Size}, volume={137}, ISSN={["1520-0493"]}, DOI={10.1175/2009MWR2679.1}, abstractNote={Abstract Observations demonstrate that the radius of maximum winds in tropical cyclones (TCs) can vary by an order of magnitude; similar size differences are evident in other spatial measures of the wind field as well as in cloud and precipitation fields. Many TC impacts are related to storm size, yet the physical mechanisms that determine TC size are not well understood and have received limited research attention. Presented here is a hypothesis suggesting that one factor controlling TC size is the environmental relative humidity, to which the intensity and coverage of precipitation occurring outside the TC core is strongly sensitive. From a potential vorticity (PV) perspective, the lateral extent of the TC wind field is linked to the size and strength of the associated cyclonic PV anomalies. Latent heat release in outer rainbands can result in the diabatic lateral expansion of the cyclonic PV distribution and balanced wind field. Results of idealized numerical experiments are consistent with the hypothe...}, number={10}, journal={MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW}, author={Hill, Kevin A. and Lackmann, Gary M.}, year={2009}, month={Oct}, pages={3294–3315} }