@article{dorman_hopperstad_reich_majumder_kennedy_reisig_greene_reay‐jones_collins_bacheler_et al._2021, title={Landscape‐level variation in
            <i>Bt
            crops predict
            <scp>
              <i>Helicoverpa ze
            
            <scp>
              <i>a
            
            (
            <scp>Lepidoptera: Noctuidae
            ) resistance in cotton agroecosystems}, volume={77}, ISSN={1526-498X 1526-4998}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.6585}, DOI={10.1002/ps.6585}, abstractNote={AbstractBACKGROUNDHelicoverpa zea (Boddie) damage to Bt cotton and maize has increased as a result of widespread Bt resistance across the USA Cotton Belt. Our objective was to link Bt crop production patterns to cotton damage through a series of spatial and temporal surveys of commercial fields to understand how Bt crop production relates to greater than expected H. zea damage to Bt cotton. To do this, we assembled longitudinal cotton damage data that spanned the Bt adoption period, collected cotton damage data since Bt resistance has been detected, and estimated local population susceptibility using replicated on‐farm studies that included all Bt pyramids marketed in cotton.RESULTSSignificant year effects of H. zea damage frequency in commercial cotton were observed throughout the Bt adoption period, with a recent damage increase after 2012. Landscape‐level Bt crop production intensity over time was positively associated with the risk of H. zea damage in two‐ and three‐toxin pyramided Bt cotton. Helicoverpa zea damage also varied across Bt toxin types in spatially replicated on‐farm studies.CONCLUSIONSLandscape‐level predictors of H. zea damage in Bt cotton can be used to identify heightened Bt resistance risk areas and serves as a model to understand factors that drive pest resistance evolution to Bt toxins in the southeastern United States. These results provide a framework for more effective insect resistance management strategies to be used in combination with conventional pest management practices that improve Bt trait durability while minimizing the environmental footprint of row crop agriculture. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.}, number={12}, journal={Pest Management Science}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Dorman, Seth J and Hopperstad, Kristen A and Reich, Brian J and Majumder, Suman and Kennedy, George and Reisig, Dominic D and Greene, Jeremy K and Reay‐Jones, Francis PF and Collins, Guy and Bacheler, Jack S and et al.}, year={2021}, month={Aug}, pages={5454–5462} }
 @article{dorman_hopperstad_reich_kennedy_huseth_2021, title={Soybeans as a non-Bt refuge for Helicoverpa zea in maize-cotton agroecosystems}, volume={322}, ISSN={0167-8809}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107642}, DOI={10.1016/j.agee.2021.107642}, abstractNote={Geospatial models are crucial for identifying likely ‘hot-spots’ of Bt resistance evolution in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), thereby improving regional insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies and planted refuge compliance. To characterize H. zea distributions in relation to land use , we used historical trapping data collected from 2008 to 2019 in North Carolina to model the spatial and temporal abundance of H. zea populations across Bt -dominated landscapes. Helicoverpa zea abundance was standardized across site-year observations, and candidate landscape composition and configuration predictors of H. zea abundance were obtained. Spatiotemporal Bayesian hierarchical models were developed to make posterior predictions of H. zea abundance from environmental covariates, and results were used to generate interpolation prediction maps to visualize H. zea abundance across the sampled region. Our results suggest inverse distance weighted (IDW) soybeans is the most important predictor of H. zea abundance through time in row crop agroecosystems in North Carolina. Soybeans in North Carolina and southeastern U.S. likely serves as a critical non- Bt refuge for delaying H. zea resistance to Bt toxins in landscapes dominated by Bt maize and cotton. Moreover, soybean abundance can be used to predict the spatial abundance of H. zea in this region. Results can be applied to understand population dynamics of H. zea in landscapes dominated by genetically engineered (GE) crops expressing Bt toxins and will enable the development of sound insect resistance management strategies of H. zea populations to GE toxins targeting noctuid pests of maize and cotton. This work will also drive future geospatial studies investigating environmental predictors of resistance evolution in arthropod pests to GE technologies in crop production systems. Landscape-level variation in soybeans predicts spatial and temporal Helicoverpa zea abundance and likely serves as important non- Bt refugia in maize and cotton agroecosystems. • Helicoverpa zea population dynamics in row crops relate to landscape drivers • Landscape-level soybean and cotton variation in the southeastern U.S. associate with increased H. zea abundance through time • Soybeans likely serve as critical non- Bt refugia for delaying H. zea resistance in maize and cotton agroecosystems}, journal={Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Dorman, Seth J. and Hopperstad, Kristen A. and Reich, Brian J. and Kennedy, George and Huseth, Anders S.}, year={2021}, month={Dec}, pages={107642} }
 @article{hopperstad_sallam_reiskind_2021, title={Estimations of Fine-Scale Species Distributions of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Eastern Florida}, volume={58}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa216}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjaa216}, abstractNote={Abstract
               Many species distribution maps indicate the ranges of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) overlap in Florida despite the well-documented range reduction of Ae. aegypti. Within the last 30 yr, competitive displacement of Ae. aegypti by Ae. albopictus has resulted in partial spatial segregation of the two species, with Ae. aegypti persisting primarily in urban refugia. We modeled fine-scale distributions of both species, with the goal of capturing the outcome of interspecific competition across space by building habitat suitability maps. We empirically parameterized models by sampling 59 sites in south and central Florida over time and incorporated climatic, landscape, and human population data to identify predictors of habitat suitability for both species. Our results show human density, precipitation, and urban land cover drive Ae. aegypti habitat suitability, compared with exclusively climatic variables driving Ae. albopictus habitat suitability. Remotely sensed variables (macrohabitat) were more predictive than locally collected metrics (microhabitat), although recorded minimum daily temperature showed significant, inverse relationships with both species. We detected minor Aedes habitat segregation; some periurban areas that were highly suitable for Ae. albopictus were unsuitable for Ae. aegypti. Fine-scale empirical models like those presented here have the potential for precise risk assessment and the improvement of operational applications to control container-breeding Aedes mosquitoes.}, number={2}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, publisher={Oxford University Press (OUP)}, author={Hopperstad, Kristen A. and Sallam, Mohamed F. and Reiskind, Michael H.}, editor={Hamer, GabrielEditor}, year={2021}, month={Mar}, pages={699–707} }
 @article{pless_hopperstad_ledesma_dixon_henke_powell_2020, title={Sunshine versus gold: The effect of population age on genetic structure of an invasive mosquito}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2045-7758"]}, DOI={10.1002/ece3.6661}, abstractNote={AbstractThe genetic diversity and structure of invasive species are affected by the time since invasion, but it is not well understood how. We compare likely the oldest populations of Aedes aegypti in continental North America with some of the newest to illuminate the range of genetic diversity and structure that can be found within the invasive range of this important disease vector. Aedes aegypti populations in Florida have probably persisted since the 1600‐1700s, while populations in southern California derive from new invasions that occurred in the last 10 years. For this comparison, we genotyped 1,193 individuals from 28 sites at 12 highly variable microsatellites and a subset of these individuals at 23,961 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This is the largest sample analyzed for genetic structure for either region, and it doubles the number of southern California populations previously analyzed. As predicted, the older populations (Florida) showed fewer indicators of recent founder effect and bottlenecks; in particular, these populations have dramatically higher genetic diversity and lower genetic structure. Geographic distance and driving distance were not good predictors of genetic distance in either region, especially southern California. Additionally, southern California had higher levels of genetic differentiation than any comparably sized documented region throughout the worldwide distribution of the species. Although population age and demographic history are likely driving these differences, differences in climate and transportation practices could also play a role.}, number={18}, journal={ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION}, author={Pless, Evlyn and Hopperstad, Kristen A. and Ledesma, Nicholas and Dixon, Daniel and Henke, Jennifer A. and Powell, Jeffrey R.}, year={2020}, month={Sep}, pages={9588–9599} }
 @article{spence beaulieu_hopperstad_dunn_reiskind_2019, title={Simplification of vector communities during suburban succession}, volume={14}, ISSN={1932-6203}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215485}, DOI={10.1371/journal.pone.0215485}, abstractNote={Suburbanization is happening rapidly on a global scale, resulting in changes to the species assemblages present in previously undeveloped areas of land. Community-level changes after anthropogenic land-use change have been studied in a variety of organisms, but the effects on arthropods of medical and veterinary importance remain poorly characterized. Shifts in diversity, abundance, and community composition of such arthropods, like mosquitoes, can significantly impact vector-borne disease dynamics due to varying vectorial capacity between different species. In light of these potential implications for vector-borne diseases, we investigated changes in mosquito species assemblage after suburbanization by sampling mosquitoes in neighborhoods of different ages in Wake County, North Carolina, US. We found that independent of housing density and socioeconomic status, mosquito diversity measures decreased as suburban neighborhoods aged. In the oldest neighborhoods, the mosquito assemblage reached a distinct suburban climax community dominated by the invasive, peridomestic container-breeding Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito. Aedes albopictus is a competent vector of many pathogens of human concern, and its dominance in suburban areas places it in close proximity with humans, allowing for heightened potential of host-vector interactions. While further research is necessary to explicitly characterize the effects of mosquito community simplification on vector-borne disease transmission in highly suburbanized areas, the current study demonstrates that suburbanization is disrupting mosquito communities so severely that they do not recover their diversity even 100 years after the initial disturbance. Our understanding of the community-level effects of anthropogenic land-use change on arthropod vectors will become increasingly important as we look to mitigate disease spread in a global landscape that is continually developed and altered by humans.}, number={5}, journal={PLOS ONE}, publisher={Public Library of Science (PLoS)}, author={Spence Beaulieu, Meredith R. and Hopperstad, Kristen and Dunn, Robert R. and Reiskind, Michael H.}, editor={Leisnham, Paul T.Editor}, year={2019}, month={May}, pages={e0215485} }
 @article{salas_conway_schuenzel_hopperstad_vitek_vacek_2017, title={Morganella morganii (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) is a lethal pathogen of Mexican fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae}, volume={100}, ISSN={["1938-5102"]}, DOI={10.1653/024.100.0422}, abstractNote={Abstract Tephritid pests, such as the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), represent a major threat to fruit production worldwide. In order to control these pests, sterile insect technique is used to suppress and eradicate wild populations. For this control method to be successful, hundreds of millions of flies must be produced weekly in mass rearing facilities. The large quantity of artificial diet and close proximity of flies at various life stages allows bacteria from family Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and others to multiply and spread more easily. In this study, bacteria with a possible pathogenic effect were isolated from Mexican fruit fly eggs and dead Mexican fruit fly larvae. Two strains of bacteria associated with dead and dying larvae were identified using the 16S rRNA sequence as a species of Morganella. Further sequencing of multiple genes and the entire genomes identified both strains as Morganella morganii. Pathogenicity tests were completed to assess this bacterium as a Mexican fruit fly pathogen. Several measures of pathogenicity including effects on larval and pupal weight, adult percent emergence, and flight ability were measured for the 2 strains of Morganella compared against a control. In all cases, the presence of the Morganella strains significantly reduced all quality control measurements compared to the control. Also, at 105 colony forming units per ml or higher levels of inoculum, the presence of Morganella resulted in 100% mortality of larvae. This study illustrates that Morganella morganii is an extremely lethal pathogen of mass reared Mexican fruit flies.}, number={4}, journal={FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST}, author={Salas, Bacilio and Conway, Hugh E. and Schuenzel, Erin L. and Hopperstad, Kristen and Vitek, Christopher and Vacek, Don C.}, year={2017}, month={Dec}, pages={743–751} }
 @article{reiskind_hopperstad_2017, title={Surveillance for Immature Mosquitoes in Windshield Wash Basins at Gas Stations}, volume={54}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, url={https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjx129}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjx129}, abstractNote={Abstract Gas stations often provide windshield wash basins (WWBs) that customers may use to clean their windshields. Motivated by casual observations, we conducted a survey of WWBs in and around Raleigh, NC, to determine whether these WWBs also serve as larval habitats for mosquitoes. We found that 27.7% (95% CI: 12.4–43.14%) of the 36 surveyed gas stations had mosquito larvae in their WWBs, and 22.4% (95% CI: 15.07–29.1%) of the 152 WWBs surveyed were positive for mosquito larvae. Two species were identified inhabiting these containers: Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Aedes albopictus was associated with clear, unturbid water, whereas Cx. quinquefasciatus did not have any significant association with water characteristics. Pupae of both species were observed, suggesting these habitats could be sources of pest mosquitoes. Gas stations may be a convenient surveillance target for vector control specialists and may provide insight into human-aided mosquito dispersal.}, number={6}, journal={Journal of Medical Entomology}, author={Reiskind, M.H. and Hopperstad, K.A.}, year={2017}, pages={1775–1777} }
 @article{reiskind_griffin_janairo_hopperstad_2016, title={Mosquitoes of field and forest: the scale of habitat segregation in a diverse mosquito assemblage}, volume={31}, ISSN={0269-283X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mve.12193}, DOI={10.1111/mve.12193}, abstractNote={AbstractKnowledge of the distribution of arthropod vectors across a landscape is important in determining the risk for vector‐borne disease. This has been well explored for ticks, but not for mosquitoes, despite their importance in the transmission of a variety of pathogens. This study examined the importance of habitat, habitat edges, and the scale at which mosquito abundance and diversity vary in a rural landscape by trapping along transects from grassland areas into forest patches. Significant patterns of vector diversity and distinct mosquito assemblages across habitats were found. The scale of individual species' responses to habitat edges was often dramatic, with several species rarely straying even 10 m from the edge. The present results suggest blood‐seeking mosquito species are faithful to certain habitats, which has consequences for patterns of vector diversity and risk for pathogen transmission. This implies that analysts of risk for pathogen transmission and foci of control, and developers of land management strategies should assess habitat at a finer scale than previously considered.}, number={1}, journal={Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Reiskind, M. H. and Griffin, R. H. and Janairo, M. S. and Hopperstad, K. A.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={44–54} }
 @article{hopperstad_reiskind_2016, title={Recent Changes in the Local Distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in South Florida, USA}, volume={53}, ISSN={["1938-2928"]}, DOI={10.1093/jme/tjw050}, abstractNote={Abstract Disease transmission is directly tied to the spatial distribution of disease vectors. The distribution of Aedes aegypti (L.) in the United States has diminished since the introduction of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in the 1980s. However, Ae. aegypti persists in some urban areas, particularly in south Florida. The pattern of habitat segregation of these two species is well documented, but the consistency of this phenomenon over time is unknown. To examine the dynamics of the local distributions of these two species, we studied the spatial pattern of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus over time at a fine landscape scale in Palm Beach County, FL. We compared patterns from 2006–2007 with their distributions in 2013, taking into account abiotic factors of microclimate and land cover. We found evidence for a local shift in Ae. aegypti distribution, but could not attribute this to changes in measured abiotic factors. Alternatively, the interaction between Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus that initially resulted Ae. aegypti decline may be being attenuated through natural selection. This study confirms the importance of monitoring the changing ranges of these two important vector species.}, number={4}, journal={JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY}, author={Hopperstad, K. A. and Reiskind, M. H.}, year={2016}, month={Jul}, pages={836–842} }