@article{kaber_kaufmann_alexander_kim_naylor_prinzel_pankok_gil_2013, title={Testing and Validation of a Psychophysically Defined Metric of Display Clutter}, volume={10}, ISSN={["2327-3097"]}, DOI={10.2514/1.i010048}, abstractNote={Combinations of cockpit display features may lead to increased pilot perceptions of clutter. This research sought to capture pilot perceptions of display clutter associated with primary flight display features during a vertical takeoff and landing scenario and to validate a multidimensional measure of clutter previously developed for a fixed-wing environment. Sixteen active fixed-wing pilots were recruited for the study that used a simulator configured as a vertical takeoff and landing aircraft. A factor analysis was used to reduce the number of subdimensions of the clutter measure based on previous ratings data. The simplified measure revealed an increase in the number of active display features to cause an increase in perceived clutter. Displays including synthetic vision system features were perceived as significantly more cluttered than those without. Although a tunnel (highway in the sky) feature also contributed to clutter, pilots achieved higher navigation system failure detection rates when the fe...}, number={8}, journal={JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE INFORMATION SYSTEMS}, author={Kaber, David and Kaufmann, Karl and Alexander, Amy L. and Kim, Sang-Hwan and Naylor, James T. and Prinzel, Lawrence J., III and Pankok, Carl, Jr. and Gil, Guk-Ho}, year={2013}, month={Aug}, pages={359–368} }
 @article{kaber_alexander_stelzer_kim_kaufmann_hsiang_2008, title={Perceived Clutter in Advanced Cockpit Displays: Measurement and Modeling with Experienced Pilots}, volume={79}, ISSN={["1943-4448"]}, DOI={10.3357/ASEM.2319.2008}, abstractNote={INTRODUCTION
Synthetic and enhanced vision systems (SVS and EVS) are being introduced into the cockpit to promote safety under workload conditions. Integration of existing iconic imagery with SVS and EVS displays may lead to perceptions of clutter. This research evaluated head-up display (HUD) features, including SVS, EVS, traffic collision avoidance system symbology, flight pathway (TUNNEL) guidance, and different primary flight display symbol sets, on pilot perceptions of clutter. A perceptual decomposition of the construct of clutter was also conducted.


METHOD
During a simulated landing, 4 expert pilots viewed images of 16 HUD configurations. Pilots rated clutter for each image and the utility of pairs of terms for describing clutter.


RESULTS
Results revealed all HUD features and two-way interactions to be significant in perceived clutter. Ratings increased with additional features. The presence of EVS, TUNNEL, and an expanded symbol set contributed the most. Regression models were developed to predict the likelihood of clutter ratings based on pilot perceptions of display characteristics. Pairs of terms found to have the greatest use for describing clutter included "redundant/orthogonal," "monochromatic/colorful," "salient/not salient," "safe/unsafe," and "dense/sparse" (in that order). A factor analysis revealed underlying display qualities explaining approximately 78% of variability in perceived clutter, including global density, feature similarity, feature clarity, and the dynamic nature of displays. These qualities corresponded with the display descriptor terms plus the terms "static/dynamic."


DISCUSSION
The study provided information on the relationship of display features and pilot perceptions of clutter. We identified terminology pilots use to describe clutter and latent display variables that drive perceived clutter.}, number={11}, journal={AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE}, author={Kaber, David B. and Alexander, Amy L. and Stelzer, Emily M. and Kim, Sang-Hwan and Kaufmann, Karl and Hsiang, Simon}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={1007–1018} }